Biometrics - Knowledge

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biometric characteristics lack the distinctiveness and permanence to recognize an individual uniquely and reliably, and can be easily faked, they provide some evidence about the users identity that could be beneficial. In other words, despite the fact they are unable to individualize a subject, they are effective in distinguishing between people. Combinations of personal attributes like gender, race, eye color, height and other visible identification marks can be used to improve the performance of traditional biometric systems. Most soft biometrics can be easily collected and are actually collected during enrollment. Two main ethical issues are raised by soft biometrics. First, some of soft biometric traits are strongly cultural based; e.g., skin colors for determining ethnicity risk to support racist approaches, biometric sex recognition at the best recognizes gender from tertiary sexual characters, being unable to determine genetic and chromosomal sexes; soft biometrics for aging recognition are often deeply influenced by ageist stereotypes, etc. Second, soft biometrics have strong potential for categorizing and profiling people, so risking of supporting processes of stigmatization and exclusion.

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adaptive biometrics have received a significant attention from the research community. This research direction is expected to gain momentum because of their key promulgated advantages. First, with an adaptive biometric system, one no longer needs to collect a large number of biometric samples during the enrollment process. Second, it is no longer necessary to enroll again or retrain the system from scratch in order to cope with the changing environment. This convenience can significantly reduce the cost of maintaining a biometric system. Despite these advantages, there are several open issues involved with these systems. For mis-classification error (false acceptance) by the biometric system, cause adaptation using impostor sample. However, continuous research efforts are directed to resolve the open issues associated to the field of adaptive biometrics. More information about adaptive biometric systems can be found in the critical review by Rattani

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humanitarianism can create conflict due to varying interests of the groups involved in the particular situation. Disputes over the use of biometrics between aid programs and party officials stalls the distribution of resources to people that need help the most. In July 2019, the United Nations World Food Program and Houthi Rebels were involved in a large dispute over the use of biometrics to ensure resources are provided to the hundreds of thousands of civilians in Yemen whose lives are threatened. The refusal to cooperate with the interests of the United Nations World Food Program resulted in the suspension of food aid to the Yemen population. The use of biometrics may provide aid programs with valuable information, however its potential solutions may not be best suited for chaotic times of crisis. Conflicts that are caused by deep-rooted political problems, in which the implementation of biometrics may not provide a long-term solution.

755:"Cancelable biometrics refers to the intentional and systematically repeatable distortion of biometric features in order to protect sensitive user-specific data. If a cancelable feature is compromised, the distortion characteristics are changed, and the same biometrics is mapped to a new template, which is used subsequently. Cancelable biometrics is one of the major categories for biometric template protection purpose besides biometric cryptosystem." In biometric cryptosystem, "the error-correcting coding techniques are employed to handle intraclass variations." This ensures a high level of security but has limitations such as specific input format of only small intraclass variations. 216: 254:. During enrollment, biometric information from an individual is captured and stored. In subsequent uses, biometric information is detected and compared with the information stored at the time of enrollment. Note that it is crucial that storage and retrieval of such systems themselves be secure if the biometric system is to be robust. The first block (sensor) is the interface between the real world and the system; it has to acquire all the necessary data. Most of the times it is an image acquisition system, but it can change according to the characteristics desired. The second block performs all the necessary pre-processing: it has to remove 200:(or authentication) mode the system performs a one-to-one comparison of a captured biometric with a specific template stored in a biometric database in order to verify the individual is the person they claim to be. Three steps are involved in the verification of a person. In the first step, reference models for all the users are generated and stored in the model database. In the second step, some samples are matched with reference models to generate the genuine and impostor scores and calculate the threshold. The third step is the testing step. This process may use a 274:). The matching program will analyze the template with the input. This will then be output for a specified use or purpose (e.g. entrance in a restricted area), though it is a fear that the use of biometric data may face mission creep. Selection of biometrics in any practical application depending upon the characteristic measurements and user requirements. In selecting a particular biometric, factors to consider include, performance, social acceptability, ease of circumvention and/or spoofing, robustness, population coverage, size of equipment needed and 266:. A template is a synthesis of the relevant characteristics extracted from the source. Elements of the biometric measurement that are not used in the comparison algorithm are discarded in the template to reduce the file size and to protect the identity of the enrollee. However, depending on the scope of the biometric system, original biometric image sources may be retained, such as the PIV-cards used in the Federal Information Processing Standard Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors (FIPS 201). 1750: 190: 3691: 373:(FMR, also called FAR = False Accept Rate): the probability that the system incorrectly matches the input pattern to a non-matching template in the database. It measures the percent of invalid inputs that are incorrectly accepted. In case of similarity scale, if the person is an imposter in reality, but the matching score is higher than the threshold, then he is treated as genuine. This increases the FMR, which thus also depends upon the threshold value. 346:

with stored values for Verification. The system was tested with fingerprint databases, achieving 75% verification accuracy at an equal error rate of 25% and processing time approximately 50 seconds for enrollment and 22 seconds for Verification. High security due to palm vein encryption, effective against biometric spoofing, and the multimodal approach ensures reliability if one biometric fails. Potential for integration with

444:'s theory of fingerprints and physiognomy. According to Lebovic, Galton's work "led to the application of mathematical models to fingerprints, phrenology, and facial characteristics", as part of "absolute identification" and "a key to both inclusion and exclusion" of populations. Accordingly, "the biometric system is the absolute political weapon of our era" and a form of "soft control". The theoretician 815:

we are improving the way we collaborate within the U.S. Government to identify and weed out terrorists and other dangerous people, we have the same obligation to work with our partners abroad to prevent terrorists from making any move undetected. Biometrics provide a new way to bring terrorists' true identities to light, stripping them of their greatest advantage—remaining unknown.

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certified personal identities, there is no certainty of right, no civil liberty. One can claim his rights, including the right to refuse to be identified, only if he is an identifiable subject, if he has a public identity. In such a sense, biometrics could play a pivotal role in supporting and promoting respect for human dignity and fundamental rights.

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If the electronic biometric identifier is stolen, it is nearly impossible to change a biometric feature. This renders the person's biometric feature questionable for future use in authentication, such as the case with the hacking of security-clearance-related background information from the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) in the United States.

490:, using pattern-recognition techniques, based on images of human vascular patterns. The advantage of this newer technology is that it is more fraud resistant compared to conventional biometrics like fingerprints. However, such technology is generally more cumbersome and still has issues such as lower accuracy and poor reproducibility over time. 307:. Feature level fusion is believed to be more effective than the other levels of fusion because the feature set contains richer information about the input biometric data than the matching score or the output decision of a classifier. Therefore, fusion at the feature level is expected to provide better recognition results. 838:

to disguise, the true and total extent of national capabilities in areas related directly to the conduct of security-related activities. This also potentially applies to Biometrics. It goes on to say that this is a classic feature of intelligence and military operations. In short, the goal is to preserve the security of '

130:, and knowledge-based identification systems, such as a password or personal identification number. Since biometric identifiers are unique to individuals, they are more reliable in verifying identity than token and knowledge-based methods; however, the collection of biometric identifiers raises privacy concerns. 1235:.§ The project was also met with mistrust regarding the safety of the social protection infrastructures. To tackle the fear amongst the people, India's supreme court put a new ruling into action that stated that privacy from then on was seen as a fundamental right. On 24 August 2017 this new law was established. 341:, ensuring only the correct user can access the system. The cancelable Biometrics concept allows biometric traits to be altered slightly to ensure privacy and avoid theft. If compromised, new variations of biometric data can be issued. The Encryption fingerprint template is encrypted using the palm vein key via 1247:, was introduced by the National Registration Department of Malaysia on 5 September 2001 with Malaysia becoming the first country in the world to use an identification card that incorporates both photo identification and fingerprint biometric data on a built-in computer chip embedded in a piece of plastic. 745:

One advantage of passwords over biometrics is that they can be re-issued. If a token or a password is lost or stolen, it can be cancelled and replaced by a newer version. This is not naturally available in biometrics. If someone's face is compromised from a database, they cannot cancel or reissue it.

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Certain members of the civilian community are worried about how biometric data is used but full disclosure may not be forthcoming. In particular, the Unclassified Report of the United States' Defense Science Board Task Force on Defense Biometrics states that it is wise to protect, and sometimes even

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To ensure we can shut down terrorist networks before they ever get to the United States, we must also take the lead in driving international biometric standards. By developing compatible systems, we will be able to securely share terrorist information internationally to bolster our defenses. Just as

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Other scholars have emphasized, however, that the globalized world is confronted with a huge mass of people with weak or absent civil identities. Most developing countries have weak and unreliable documents and the poorer people in these countries do not have even those unreliable documents. Without

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refused to enter the United States in protest at the United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator (US-VISIT) program's requirement for visitors to be fingerprinted and photographed. Agamben argued that gathering of biometric data is a form of bio-political tattooing, akin to the tattooing of

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It is possible that data obtained during biometric enrollment may be used in ways for which the enrolled individual has not consented. For example, most biometric features could disclose physiological and/or pathological medical conditions (e.g., some fingerprint patterns are related to chromosomal

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as the turning point for the cultural language of our present: "in the language of cultural studies, the aftermath of 9/11 was a moment of articulation, where objects or events that have no necessary connection come together and a new discourse formation is established: automated facial recognition

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as females." Consequently, Browne argues that the conception of an objective biometric technology is difficult if such systems are subjectively designed, and are vulnerable to cause errors as described in the study above. The stark expansion of biometric technologies in both the public and private

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A basic premise in the above proposal is that the person that has uniquely authenticated themselves using biometrics with the computer is in fact also the agent performing potentially malicious actions from that computer. However, if control of the computer has been subverted, for example in which

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or crossover error rate (EER or CER): the rate at which both acceptance and rejection errors are equal. The value of the EER can be easily obtained from the ROC curve. The EER is a quick way to compare the accuracy of devices with different ROC curves. In general, the device with the lowest EER is

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of biometrics by the private sector adds to this danger of loss of human value. Indeed, corporations value the biometric characteristics more than the individuals value them. Browne goes on to suggest that modern society should incorporate a "biometric consciousness" that "entails informed public

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Adaptive biometric systems aim to auto-update the templates or model to the intra-class variation of the operational data. The two-fold advantages of these systems are solving the problem of limited training data and tracking the temporal variations of the input data through adaptation. Recently,

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operations. This encrypted Fingerprint is hidden within the face image using steganographic techniques. Enrollment and Verification for the Biometric data (Fingerprint, palm vein, face) are captured, encrypted, and embedded into a face image. The system extracts the biometric data and compares it

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can be worsened by worn-out or cut fingerprints. While unimodal biometric systems are limited by the integrity of their identifier, it is unlikely that several unimodal systems will suffer from identical limitations. Multimodal biometric systems can obtain sets of information from the same marker

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Biometrics are employed by many aid programs in times of crisis in order to prevent fraud and ensure that resources are properly available to those in need. Humanitarian efforts are motivated by promoting the welfare of individuals in need, however the use of biometrics as a form of surveillance

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or relative operating characteristic (ROC): The ROC plot is a visual characterization of the trade-off between the FMR and the FNMR. In general, the matching algorithm performs a decision based on a threshold that determines how close to a template the input needs to be for it to be considered a

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consist in submitting fake biometric traits to biometric systems, and are a major threat that can curtail their security. Multi-modal biometric systems are commonly believed to be intrinsically more robust to spoof attacks, but recent studies have shown that they can be evaded by spoofing even a

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Besides the main purpose of the card as a validation tool and proof of citizenship other than the birth certificate, MyKad also serves as a valid driver's license, an ATM card, an electronic purse, and a public key, among other applications, as part of the Malaysian Government Multipurpose Card

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Traits are physical, behavioral or adhered human characteristics that have been derived from the way human beings normally distinguish their peers (e.g. height, gender, hair color). They are used to complement the identity information provided by the primary biometric identifiers. Although soft

143:(1999) identified seven such factors to be used when assessing the suitability of any trait for use in biometric authentication. Biometric authentication is based upon biometric recognition which is an advanced method of recognising biological and behavioural characteristics of an Individual. 1202:

is the largest biometric database in the world. It is a biometrics-based digital identity assigned for a person's lifetime, verifiable online instantly in the public domain, at any time, from anywhere, in a paperless way. It is designed to enable government agencies to deliver a retail public

775:, take the advantage of the advancement of the well-established biometric research for their recognition front-end to conduct recognition. Although this increases the restrictions on the protection system, it makes the cancellable templates more accessible for available biometric technologies 298:

Multimodal biometric systems can fuse these unimodal systems sequentially, simultaneously, a combination thereof, or in series, which refer to sequential, parallel, hierarchical and serial integration modes, respectively. Fusion of the biometrics information can occur at different stages of a

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During the enrollment phase, the template is simply stored somewhere (on a card or within a database or both). During the matching phase, the obtained template is passed to a matcher that compares it with other existing templates, estimating the distance between them using any algorithm (e.g.

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Essentially, cancelable biometrics perform a distortion of the biometric image or features before matching. The variability in the distortion parameters provides the cancelable nature of the scheme. Some of the proposed techniques operate using their own recognition engines, such as Teoh

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Second, in identification mode the system performs a one-to-many comparison against a biometric database in an attempt to establish the identity of an unknown individual. The system will succeed in identifying the individual if the comparison of the biometric sample to a template in the

3155:"Testimony of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy Kathleen Kraninger, Screening Coordination, and Director Robert A. Mocny, US-VISIT, National Protection and Programs Directorate, before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security, 'Biometric Identification'" 310:

Furthermore, the evolving biometric market trends underscore the importance of technological integration, showcasing a shift towards combining multiple biometric modalities for enhanced security and identity verification, aligning with the advancements in multimodal biometric systems.

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According to an article written in 2009 by S. Magnuson in the National Defense Magazine entitled "Defense Department Under Pressure to Share Biometric Data" the United States has bilateral agreements with other nations aimed at sharing biometric data. To quote that article:

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diseases, iris patterns could reveal sex, hand vein patterns could reveal vascular diseases, most behavioral biometrics could reveal neurological diseases, etc.). Moreover, second generation biometrics, notably behavioral and electro-physiologic biometrics (e.g., based on

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debate around these technologies and their application, and accountability by the state and the private sector, where the ownership of and access to one's own body data and other intellectual property that is generated from one's body data must be understood as a right."

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Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals. Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological characteristics which are related to the shape of the body. Examples include, but are not limited to

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M. Savvides, B. V. K. V. Kumar, and P. K. Khosla, "'Corefaces' – Robust Shift-Invariant PCA based Correlation Filter for Illumination Tolerant Face Recognition", presented at IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'04),

587:, which is life in the human context, with meanings and purposes. Agamben envisages the reduction to bare bodies for the whole humanity. For him, a new bio-political relationship between citizens and the state is turning citizens into pure biological life ( 712:

As per the recent ISO/IEC 30107 standard, presentation attacks are defined as "presentation to the biometric capture subsystem with the goal of interfering with the operation of the biometric system". These attacks can be either impersonation or

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An operator signature is a biometric mode where the manner in which a person using a device or complex system is recorded as a verification template. One potential use for this type of biometric signature is to distinguish among remote users of

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as of 7 November 2013. It aims to cover the entire population of 1.2 billion in a few years. However, it is being challenged by critics over privacy concerns and possible transformation of the state into a surveillance state, or into a

379:(FNMR, also called FRR = False Reject Rate): the probability that the system fails to detect a match between the input pattern and a matching template in the database. It measures the percent of valid inputs that are incorrectly rejected. 185:

Proper biometric use is very application dependent. Certain biometrics will be better than others based on the required levels of convenience and security. No single biometric will meet all the requirements of every possible application.

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Miller said the United States has bilateral agreements to share biometric data with about 25 countries. Every time a foreign leader has visited Washington during the last few years, the State Department has made sure they sign such an

262:, etc. In the third block, necessary features are extracted. This step is an important step as the correct features need to be extracted in an optimal way. A vector of numbers or an image with particular properties is used to create a 493:

On the portability side of biometric products, more and more vendors are embracing significantly miniaturized biometric authentication systems (BAS) thereby driving elaborate cost savings, especially for large-scale deployments.

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of the person "where the system establishes whether the person is who she (implicitly or explicitly) denies to be". The latter function can only be achieved through biometrics since other methods of personal recognition, such as

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Many different aspects of human physiology, chemistry or behavior can be used for biometric authentication. The selection of a particular biometric for use in a specific application involves a weighting of several factors. Jain

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Measurability (collectability) relates to the ease of acquisition or measurement of the trait. In addition, acquired data should be in a form that permits subsequent processing and extraction of the relevant feature

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showed that during the past two decades biometric systems have penetrated the civilian market, and blurred the lines between governmental forms of control and private corporate control. Kelly A. Gates identified

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recognition system. In case of feature level fusion, the data itself or the features extracted from multiple biometrics are fused. Matching-score level fusion consolidates the scores generated by multiple

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M. A. Dabbah, W. L. Woo, and S. S. Dlay, "Secure Authentication for Face Recognition", presented at Computational Intelligence in Image and Signal Processing, 2007. CIISP 2007. IEEE Symposium on, 2007.

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Multimodal biometric systems use multiple sensors or biometrics to overcome the limitations of unimodal biometric systems. For instance iris recognition systems can be compromised by aging irises and

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match. If the threshold is reduced, there will be fewer false non-matches but more false accepts. Conversely, a higher threshold will reduce the FMR but increase the FNMR. A common variation is the

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started a collection of fingerprints of criminals in Argentina. Josh Ellenbogen and Nitzan Lebovic argued that Biometrics originated in the identification systems of criminal activity developed by

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deterrence. The selection of a biometric is based on user requirements and considers sensor and device availability, computational time and reliability, cost, sensor size, and power consumption.

3243:. Unclassified Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. p. 84. Archived from 2410: 3424: 530:, promoted the development of a future capability to require biometric authentication to access certain public networks in his keynote speech at the 2009 Biometric Consortium Conference. 2741: 1223:) of a person. The data is transmitted in encrypted form over the internet for authentication, aiming to free it from the limitations of physical presence of a person at a given place. 3473: 3503: 3398: 571:). By turning the human subject into a collection of biometric parameters, biometrics would dehumanize the person, infringe bodily integrity, and, ultimately, offend human dignity. 3437:"Building a Biometric National ID: Lessons for Developing Countries from India's Universal ID Program", Alan Gelb and Julia Clark, The Center for Global Development, October 2012, 2516: 579:

Jews during the Holocaust. According to Agamben, biometrics turn the human persona into a bare body. Agamben refers to the two words used by Ancient Greeks for indicating "life",

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When thieves cannot get access to secure properties, there is a chance that the thieves will stalk and assault the property owner to gain access. If the item is secured with a

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Cancelable biometrics is a way in which to incorporate protection and the replacement features into biometrics to create a more secure system. It was first proposed by Ratha

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Acceptability relates to how well individuals in the relevant population accept the technology such that they are willing to have their biometric trait captured and assessed.

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Several methods for generating new exclusive biometrics have been proposed. The first fingerprint-based cancelable biometric system was designed and developed by Tulyakov

1920: 1513:"Passwords are incredibly insecure, so websites and apps are quietly tracking your mouse movements and smartphone swipes without you knowing to make sure it's really you" 3717: 2566: 1528:

Passwords are incredibly insecure, so websites and apps are quietly tracking your mouse movements and Android swipes without you knowing to make sure it's really you

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controlled by a hacker, then knowledge of the identity of the user at the terminal does not materially improve network security or aid law enforcement activities.

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based on information derived from the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Subcommittee on Biometrics. Published by Fulcrum Biometrics, LLC, July 2013

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Mordini E, Ashton H (2012), "The Transparent Body – Medical Information, Physical Privacy and Respect for Body Integrity'". In Mordini E, Tzovaras D (eds),

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pertaining to different modalities. Finally, in case of decision level fusion the final results of multiple classifiers are combined via techniques such as

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A. B. J. Teoh, A. Goh, and D. C. L. Ngo, "Random Multispace Quantization as an Analytic Mechanism for BioHashing of Biometric and Random Identity Inputs",

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Mordini E, Ashton H,(2012), "The Transparent Body – Medical Information, Physical Privacy and Respect for Body Integrity", in Mordini E, Tzovaras D (eds),

2661: 1512: 392:, which is obtained using normal deviation scales on both axes. This more linear graph illuminates the differences for higher performances (rarer errors). 550:: zebra stripes, blood vessel patterns in rodent ears, muzzle prints, bat wing patterns, primate facial recognition and koala spots have all been tried. 91:, odor/scent, voice, shape of ears and gait. Behavioral characteristics are related to the pattern of behavior of a person, including but not limited to 979:

Among low to middle income countries, roughly 1.2 billion people have already received identification through a biometric identification program.

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Covert identification: The subject is identified without seeking identification or authentication, i.e. a subject's face is identified in a crowd.

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means the trait should be sufficiently different for individuals in the relevant population such that they can be distinguished from one another.

2091: 405:(FTE or FER): the rate at which attempts to create a template from an input is unsuccessful. This is most commonly caused by low-quality inputs. 3344:"If the EMB uses technology to collect voter registration data, is biometric data captured and used during registration? | International IDEA" 2738: 3465: 3158: 2489: 2279:

Palaniappan, Ramaswamy (2006). "Electroencephalogram Signals from Imagined Activities: A Novel Biometric Identifier for a Small Population".

329:, where the palm vein acts as a cryptographic key, offering a high level of security since palm veins are unique and difficult to forge. The 3495: 3443: 1998: 1767:

Sahoo, Soyuj Kumar; Choubisa, Tarun; Prasanna, SR Mahadeva (1 January 2012). "Multimodal Biometric Person Authentication : A Review".

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Oezcan, V. (2003). "Germany Weighs Biometric Registration Options for Visa Applicants", Humboldt University Berlin. Retrieved 2006-06-11.

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Unintended application scope: The authentication process correctly identifies the subject when the subject did not wish to be identified.

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attacks. Impersonation attacks try to gain access by pretending to be someone else. Obfuscation attacks may, for example, try to evade

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Involves minutiae extraction (terminations and bifurcations) and matching techniques. Steps include image enhancement, binarization,

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In testimony before the US House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security on "biometric identification" in 2009,

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extraction, and minutiae thinning. The Face system uses class-based scatter matrices to calculate features for recognition, and the

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Ratha, N. K., J. H. Connell, and R. M. Bolle. (2001). "Enhancing security and privacy in biometrics based authentication systems".

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Mordini E, Rebera A (2011) "No Identification Without Representation: Constraints on the Use of Biometric Identification Systems".

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One such proposed system of Multimodal Biometric Cryptosystem Involving the Face, Fingerprint, and Palm Vein by Prasanalakshmi The

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Feng, Y. C.; Yuen, P. C.; Jain, A. K. (1 March 2010). "A Hybrid Approach for Generating Secure and Discriminating Face Template".

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A. Rattani, "Adaptive Biometric System based on Template Update Procedures", PhD thesis, University of Cagliari, Italy, 2010

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Biometrics have been considered also instrumental to the development of state authority (to put it in Foucauldian terms, of

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and Robert A Mocny commented on international cooperation and collaboration with respect to biometric data, as follows:

1482:"Analysis and improvement of a multi-factor biometric authentication scheme: Analysis and improvement of a MFBA scheme" 1331: 287: 3052: 212:

is a common use of the verification mode, "where the aim is to prevent multiple people from using the same identity".

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Yang, Wencheng; Wang, Song; Sahri, Nor Masri; Karie, Nickson M.; Ahmed, Mohiuddin; Valli, Craig (14 September 2021).

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A glossary of biometrics terms, offering detailed definitions to supplement existing resources. Published May 2023.

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they are able to encode and use in matching. The following are used as performance metrics for biometric systems:

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that found that the gender classification system being researched "is inclined to classify Africans as males and

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as a form of identification and access control. It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under

3644: 3662:"Germany to phase-in biometric passports from November 2005". (2005). E-Government News. Retrieved 2006-06-11. 3527:"Explaining Trust in Large Biometric Infrastructures: A Critical Realist Case Study of India's Aadhaar Project" 2188: 1227: 205: 3373: 2098:. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari. Cagliari, Italy, 6 March 2012. 2062: 1845: 851: 1725: 3764: 983: 363: 3674: 674:

Unintended functional scope: The authentication goes further than authentication, such as finding a tumor.

2439: 990:'s ICTs in Elections Database, some of the countries using (2017) Biometric Voter Registration (BVR) are 607: 215: 2931: 2353:

Arnau-González, Pablo; Katsigiannis, Stamos; Arevalillo-Herráez, Miguel; Ramzan, Naeem (February 2021).

1953:"Discriminant Correlation Analysis: Real-Time Feature Level Fusion for Multimodal Biometric Recognition" 1694:"Biometrics comes of age: despite accuracy and security concerns, biometrics are gaining in popularity" 181:

Circumvention relates to the ease with which a trait might be imitated using an artifact or substitute.

3440:"Building a Biometric National ID: Lessons for Developing Countries from India's Universal ID Program" 1413:

Blanco-Gonzalo, Ramon; Lunerti, Chiara; Sanchez-Reillo, Raul; Guest, Richard Michael (22 March 2018).

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Many countries, including the United States, are planning to share biometric data with other nations.

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Marcel, Sébastien; Nixon, Mark S.; Li, Stan Z., eds. (2014). "Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing".

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Permanence relates to the manner in which a trait varies over time. More specifically, a trait with

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French National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences (2007), Opinion N° 98,

2123:"Collision Avoidance on National and Global Scales: Understanding and Using Big Biometric Entropy" 1693: 3875: 3680:

Dunstone, T. and Yager, N., 2008. Biometric system and data analysis. 1st ed. New York: Springer.

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are body measurements and calculations related to human characteristics and features. Biometric

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from the sensor, to enhance the input (e.g. removing background noise), to use some kind of

2405: 1610: 1426: 961: 32: 3268: 2438:. Biometric Consortium Conference. Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida. Archived from 1226:

About 550 million residents have been enrolled and assigned 480 million Aadhaar

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Proc. Int'l Workshop Pattern Recognition for Crime Prevention, Security, and Surveillance

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The Biometric State: The Promise and Peril of Digital Government in the New South Africa

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permanence will be reasonably invariant over time with respect to the specific matching

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falls within a previously set threshold. Identification mode can be used either for

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The block diagram illustrates the two basic modes of a biometric system. First, in

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Performance relates to the accuracy, speed, and robustness of technology used (see

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The discriminating powers of all biometric technologies depend on the amount of

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In the context of biometric systems, presentation attacks may also be called "

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Universality means that every person using a system should possess the trait.

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Several methods have been proposed to counteract presentation attacks.

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Systems can be designed to use a template stored on media like an

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Rather than tags or tattoos, biometric techniques may be used to

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Some researchers have coined the term 27:Metrics related to human characteristics 3557: 3524: 2120: 1755: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1662: 1660: 1510: 486:) signals have emerged. An example is 14: 3853: 3446:from the original on 17 September 2018 2968:"Cancelable biometrics – Scholarpedia" 2965: 2690: 2659: 2169:"Characteristics of Biometric Systems" 2011: 1946: 1944: 1918: 1728:. In Jain, AK; Flynn; Ross, A (eds.). 591:) depriving them from their humanity ( 553: 497: 474:Recent advances in emerging biometrics 3706: 3506:from the original on 13 February 2018 3427:from the original on 25 October 2013. 3409:from the original on 7 December 2017. 3298:. The Center for Global Development. 3161:from the original on 18 February 2010 2836:from the original on 20 November 2010 2695:. 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(2007), " 2406:Scientific Computing 2316:. pp. 569–572. 2094:2 April 2015 at the 1851:: NIST SP 800–76–2. 962:United Arab Emirates 480:electroencephalogram 377:False non-match rate 240:negative recognition 236:positive recognition 210:Positive recognition 33:Biometrics (journal) 3830:Speaker recognition 3745:Biometric passports 3502:. 28 January 2018. 3102:IBM Systems Journal 2954:IBM Systems Journal 2553:New York: Routledge 2442:on 18 February 2010 2289:10.1007/11875581_73 2175:on 17 October 2008. 1615:2021Senso..21.6163Y 1431:2018PLoSO..1394111B 1357:Speaker recognition 1307:Government database 1221:mobile phone number 840:sources and methods 653:electrocardiography 554:Issues and concerns 528:Booz Allen Hamilton 498:Operator signatures 440:(1853–1914) and by 3815:Private biometrics 3805:Keystroke dynamics 3616:on 2 November 2010 3544:10.1002/isd2.12053 3500:The Times of India 3405:. 30 August 2017. 3403:The Economic Times 2936:The New York Times 2720:Birth Registration 2672:on 20 January 2017 2594:Agamben G.(1998), 1825:. 10 December 2018 1337:Private biometrics 1327:Keystroke dynamics 1052:Dominican Republic 988:International IDEA 807:Kathleen Kraninger 786:are understood as 520:United States Navy 438:Alphonse Bertillon 399:the most accurate. 227: 194: 3848: 3847: 3780:Forensic podiatry 3280:planet biometrics 3136:Mordini E (2013) 3059:, pp. 30–38, 2005 2900:978-1-4471-6523-1 2808:978-0-13-239077-4 2634:978-3-642-01792-6 2461:Schneier, Bruce. 2298:978-3-540-45485-4 2204:Josh Ellenbogen, 2067:Aratek Biometrics 1739:978-0-387-71040-2 1678:978-0-7923-8345-1 1624:10.3390/s21186163 665:emotion detection 542:Animal biometrics 484:electrocardiogram 456:homeland security 415:Template capacity 293:voice recognition 16:(Redirected from 3883: 3800:Iris recognition 3775:Face recognition 3750:Biometric points 3727: 3720: 3713: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3289: 3283: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3249: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3213:on 12 March 2010 3209:. Archived from 3198: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3151: 3145: 3134: 3128: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3016: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2963: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2832:. Kuala Lumpur. 2819: 2813: 2812: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2735: 2729: 2716: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2668:. Archived from 2657: 2651: 2650: 2608: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2573: 2560: 2554: 2547: 2541: 2530: 2524: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2256:Kelly A. Gates, 2254: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2232:Critical Inquiry 2228: 2222: 2219:Critical Inquiry 2215: 2209: 2202: 2196: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2137: 2127: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2099: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1997:. 12 July 2012. 1987: 1981: 1980: 1963:(9): 1984–1996. 1948: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1898:Federal Register 1890: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1850: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1794: 1784: 1764: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1721: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1664: 1655: 1654: 1644: 1626: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1561: 1552:(3): 1998–2026. 1537: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1517:Business Insider 1508: 1502: 1501: 1498:10.1002/sec.1010 1477: 1471: 1470: 1460: 1442: 1410: 1394: 1383: 1217:demographic data 723:face recognition 707:spoofing attacks 691:biometric device 661:electromyography 642:right to privacy 396:Equal error rate 371:False match rate 272:Hamming distance 220:Biometric Island 85:iris recognition 73:face recognition 57:computer science 43: 36: 21: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3835:Soft biometrics 3736: 3731: 3687: 3677:, January 2007. 3635: 3633:Further reading 3630: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3556: 3552: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3290: 3286: 3276:Wayback Machine 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3250:on 13 June 2011 3247: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3199: 3195: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3135: 3131: 3125:Wayback Machine 3112: 3108: 3104:40(3): 614–634. 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3050: 3046: 3014:10.1.1.389.5322 2997: 2993: 2964: 2960: 2947: 2943: 2928: 2924: 2901: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2837: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2765: 2756: 2752: 2746:Wayback Machine 2736: 2732: 2727:Wayback Machine 2717: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2658: 2654: 2635: 2609: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2571:Wayback Machine 2561: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2531: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2435:KeyNote Address 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2397: 2390: 2351: 2347: 2332: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2199: 2193:Wayback Machine 2184: 2180: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2107:Prasanalakshmi, 2106: 2102: 2096:Wayback Machine 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2037: 2033: 2026: 2010: 2006: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1949: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1900:. 9 August 2018 1892: 1891: 1887: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1796: 1795: 1765: 1756: 1740: 1722: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1665: 1658: 1595: 1591: 1538: 1534: 1521: 1519: 1509: 1505: 1478: 1474: 1425:(3): e0194111. 1411: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1297:Fuzzy extractor 1257: 1241: 1233:Banana republic 1196: 1152:Solomon Islands 854: 848: 835: 800: 784:Soft biometrics 781: 743: 734: 703: 687: 648: 646:medical privacy 634: 621:commodification 576:Giorgio Agamben 561: 556: 544: 513: 500: 476: 464: 430: 424: 360: 305:majority voting 284: 136: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3889: 3879: 3878: 3876:Identification 3873: 3868: 3863: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3810:Mouse tracking 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3700:at Wiktionary 3686: 3685:External links 3683: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3642: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3601: 3576: 3550: 3517: 3487: 3457: 3430: 3412: 3390: 3378:aceproject.org 3365: 3335: 3305: 3284: 3261: 3224: 3193: 3184:|journal= 3146: 3129: 3106: 3093: 3084: 3074: 3061: 3044: 3007:(1): 103–117. 2991: 2958: 2941: 2922: 2899: 2873: 2848: 2814: 2807: 2789: 2776: 2763: 2750: 2730: 2711: 2698: 2683: 2652: 2633: 2600: 2587: 2574: 2555: 2542: 2525: 2523:, 31:2, 267–82 2508: 2480: 2453: 2424: 2409:. New Jersey. 2388: 2345: 2330: 2304: 2297: 2271: 2262: 2249: 2236: 2223: 2210: 2197: 2178: 2160: 2151:|journal= 2113: 2100: 2086:Zahid Akhtar, 2079: 2054: 2031: 2024: 2004: 1982: 1940: 1911: 1885: 1876:|journal= 1836: 1810: 1754: 1738: 1711: 1684: 1677: 1656: 1589: 1532: 1503: 1492:(4): 617–625. 1472: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1367:Voice analysis 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1262:Access control 1258: 1256: 1253: 1240: 1237: 1195: 1192: 966:United Kingdom 850:Main article: 847: 844: 834: 831: 799: 796: 780: 777: 742: 739: 733: 730: 719:face detection 702: 699: 686: 683: 682: 681: 678: 675: 633: 630: 560: 557: 555: 552: 543: 540: 512: 509: 499: 496: 475: 472: 463: 460: 442:Francis Galton 423: 420: 419: 418: 412: 406: 400: 393: 380: 374: 359: 356: 283: 280: 276:identity theft 183: 182: 179: 176: 169: 165: 154: 148: 135: 132: 113:behaviometrics 93:mouse movement 79:, palm print, 71:, palm veins, 53:authentication 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3888: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3840:Vein matching 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3790:Hand geometry 3788: 3786: 3785:Gait analysis 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3692: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3545: 3540: 3537:(6): e12053. 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3212: 3208: 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2275: 2266: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2201: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2156: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2117: 2110: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2027: 2025:9780306822988 2021: 2017: 2016: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1995:Science Daily 1992: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1881: 1868: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1840: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1806: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1751: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1529: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1405: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1362:Vein matching 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1302:Gait analysis 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1236: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 977: 975: 971: 970:United States 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 853: 843: 841: 829: 828: 822: 817: 816: 810: 808: 803: 795: 791: 789: 785: 776: 774: 770: 767:and Savvides 766: 761: 756: 753: 752: 747: 738: 729: 726: 724: 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3820:Retinal scan 3733: 3696: 3688: 3675:German Times 3618:. Retrieved 3614:the original 3604: 3592:. Retrieved 3589:SecureIDNews 3588: 3579: 3567:. Retrieved 3563: 3553: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3508:. Retrieved 3499: 3490: 3478:. Retrieved 3469: 3460: 3448:. Retrieved 3433: 3415: 3402: 3393: 3381:. Retrieved 3377: 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3348:www.idea.int 3347: 3338: 3326:. Retrieved 3318:www.idea.int 3317: 3308: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3264: 3252:. Retrieved 3245:the original 3240: 3227: 3215:. Retrieved 3211:the original 3206: 3196: 3175:cite journal 3163:. Retrieved 3149: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3115: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3087: 3077: 3069: 3064: 3056: 3047: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2975: 2972:Scholarpedia 2971: 2961: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2925: 2882: 2876: 2864:. Retrieved 2860: 2851: 2838:. Retrieved 2827: 2817: 2798: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2771: 2766: 2758: 2753: 2733: 2714: 2706: 2701: 2692: 2686: 2674:. Retrieved 2670:the original 2665: 2655: 2616: 2595: 2590: 2582: 2577: 2558: 2550: 2545: 2537: 2528: 2520: 2511: 2499:. Retrieved 2493: 2483: 2471:. Retrieved 2456: 2444:. Retrieved 2440:the original 2434: 2427: 2415:. Retrieved 2404: 2358: 2348: 2313: 2307: 2280: 2274: 2265: 2257: 2252: 2244: 2243:David Lyon, 2239: 2231: 2226: 2218: 2213: 2205: 2200: 2181: 2173:the original 2163: 2142:cite journal 2116: 2111:, July 2011 2103: 2082: 2070:. Retrieved 2066: 2057: 2044: 2034: 2014: 2007: 1994: 1985: 1960: 1956: 1931:. Retrieved 1927: 1914: 1902:. Retrieved 1897: 1888: 1867:cite journal 1839: 1827:. Retrieved 1822: 1813: 1799:cite journal 1775:(1): 54–75. 1772: 1768: 1729: 1702:. Retrieved 1697: 1687: 1668: 1609:(18): 6163. 1606: 1602: 1592: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1527: 1520:. Retrieved 1516: 1506: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1422: 1418: 1408: 1381: 1342:Retinal scan 1249: 1242: 1225: 1197: 1148:Sierra Leone 1016:Burkina Faso 981: 978: 946:Saudi Arabia 942:South Africa 855: 836: 825: 824: 819: 813: 812: 804: 801: 792: 787: 782: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 754: 750: 748: 744: 735: 727: 711: 704: 688: 669: 649: 626: 604:surveillance 597: 592: 588: 584: 580: 573: 562: 545: 532: 514: 501: 492: 477: 468: 465: 431: 414: 408: 402: 395: 389: 382: 376: 370: 361: 327:cryptography 323:Cryptosystem 320: 313: 309: 297: 285: 268: 263: 251: 249: 239: 235: 228: 219: 209: 198:verification 195: 184: 157: 140: 137: 117: 112: 65: 61:surveillance 48: 47: 45: 3620:13 December 3594:13 December 3450:27 February 3254:20 February 3217:20 February 3165:20 February 2840:11 December 2709:, 22, 9:488 2495:Smithsonian 2446:20 February 1933:20 February 1904:22 February 1829:22 February 1522:22 November 1209:fingerprint 1140:Philippines 1048:Ivory Coast 922:New Zealand 918:Netherlands 715:obfuscation 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