240:, which is one source of light, and can be deemed to constitute a "distress signal" or background chemical process, but this mechanism is yet to be demonstrated. The difficulty of teasing out the effects of any supposed biophotons amid the other numerous chemical interactions between cells makes it difficult to devise a testable hypothesis. A 2010 review article discusses various published theories on this kind of signaling.
201:
Biophotons have been also observed in the roots of stressed plants. In healthy cells, the concentration of ROS is minimized by a system of biological antioxidants. However, heat shock and other stresses changes the equilibrium between oxidative stress and antioxidant activity, for example, the rapid
113:
to produce an image, using an exposure time of typically 15 minutes for plant materials. Photomultiplier tubes have been used to measure biophoton emissions from fish eggs, and some applications have measured biophotons from animals and humans. Electron
Multiplying CCD (EM-CCD) optimized for the
193:
recognition and activation of defense signaling networks leading to the hypersensitive response, which is one of the mechanisms of the resistance of plants to pathogen infection. It involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have crucial roles in
233:) showed that the spectral distribution of the emission fell over a wide range of wavelengths, from 200 to 750 nm. Popp's work on the biophoton emission's statistical properties, namely the claims on its coherence, was criticised for lack of scientific rigour.
80:
in the visible and ultraviolet frequencies ranging from 10 to 10 W/cm (approx 1-1000 photons/cm/second). This low level of light has a much weaker intensity than the visible light produced by bioluminescence, but biophotons are detectable above the background of
753:
Dotta BT, Saroka KS, Persinger MA (April 2012). "Increased photon emission from the head while imagining light in the dark is correlated with changes in electroencephalographic power: support for BĂłkkon's biophoton hypothesis".
434:
Rastogi A, PospĂsil P (August 2010). "Ultra-weak photon emission as a non-invasive tool for monitoring of oxidative processes in the epidermal cells of human skin: comparative study on the dorsal and the palm side of the hand".
88:
While detection of biophotons has been reported by several groups, hypotheses that such biophotons indicate the state of biological tissues and facilitate a form of cellular communication are still under investigation,
243:
The hypothesis of cellular communication by biophotons was highly criticised for failing to explain how could cells detect photonic signals several orders of magnitude weaker than the natural background illumination.
214:
reported "ultraweak" photon emissions from living tissues in the UV-range of the spectrum. He named them "mitogenetic rays" because his experiments convinced him that they had a stimulating effect on
121:
of biological tissues in the visible and ultraviolet frequencies ranges from 10 to 10 W/cm with a photon count from a few to nearly 1000 photons per cm in the range of 200 nm to 800 nm.
173:. That this process is a contributing factor to spontaneous biophoton emission has been indicated by studies demonstrating that biophoton emission can be increased by depleting assayed tissue of
1000:
Kataoka Y, Cui Y, Yamagata A, Niigaki M, Hirohata T, Oishi N, Watanabe Y (July 2001). "Activity-dependent neural tissue oxidation emits intrinsic ultraweak photons".
189:
Imaging of biophotons from leaves has been used as a method for assaying R gene responses. These genes and their associated proteins are responsible for
177:
or by addition of carbonyl derivatizing agents. Further support is provided by studies indicating that emission can be increased by addition of
1520:
1137:"Highly sensitive determination of transient generation of biophotons during hypersensitive response to cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea"
1537:
965:
Ursini F, Barsacchi R, Pelosi G, Benassi A (July 1989). "Oxidative stress in the rat heart, studies on low-level chemiluminescence".
114:
detection of ultraweak light have also been used to detect the bioluminescence produced by yeast cells at the onset of their growth.
547:
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Bennett M, Mehta M, Grant M (February 2005). "Biophoton imaging: a nondestructive method for assaying R gene responses".
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319:
Cifra M, Brouder C, Nerudová M, Kučera O (2015). "Biophotons, coherence and photocount statistics: A critical review".
522:
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Niggli HJ (May 1993). "Artificial sunlight irradiation induces ultraweak photon emission in human skin fibroblasts".
1431:
818:"Detectivity optimization to detect of ultraweak light fluxes with an EM-CCD as binary photon counter array"
797:
Joines WT, Baumann SB, Kruth JG (2012). "Electromagnetic emission from humans during focused intent".
605:"Life of Alexander G. Gurwitsch and his relevant contribution to the theory of morphogenetic fields"
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Bajpai R (2009). "Biophotons: a clue to unravel the mystery of "life"". In Meyer-Rochow VB (ed.).
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134:
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systems (typically with emitted light visible to the naked eye, using biochemical means such as
1528:
226:
696:"Imaging of ultraweak spontaneous photon emission from human body displaying diurnal rhythm"
375:
Takeda M, Kobayashi M, Takayama M, Suzuki S, Ishida T, Ohnuki K, et al. (August 2004).
1189:
1048:
886:
875:"Stochastic light concentration from 3D to 2D reveals ultraweak chemi- and bioluminescence"
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49:. They are non-thermal in origin, and the emission of biophotons is technically a type of
1545:
8:
1432:"Non-thermal bioeffects induced by low-intensity microwave irradiation of living systems"
1235:
Gurwitsch AA (July 1988). "A historical review of the problem of mitogenetic radiation".
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Cilento G, Adam W (July 1995). "From free radicals to electronically excited species".
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Cifra M, Fields JZ, Farhadi A (May 2011). "Electromagnetic cellular interactions".
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Boveris A, Cadenas E, Reiter R, Filipkowski M, Nakase Y, Chance B (January 1980).
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One biophoton mechanism focuses on injured cells that are under higher levels of
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106:
50:
1094:
Iniguez AL, Dong Y, Carter HD, Ahmer BM, Stone JM, Triplett EW (February 2005).
1041:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
898:
841:
30:
1278:
Wijk RV, Wijk EP (April 2005). "An
Introduction to Human Biophoton Emission".
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532:
215:
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1447:
1374:
1037:"Organ chemiluminescence: noninvasive assay for oxidative radical reactions"
1393:
1342:
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1096:"Regulation of enteric endophytic bacterial colonization by plant defenses"
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used in this narrow sense should not be confused with the broader field of
20:
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73:, which studies the general interaction of light with biological systems.
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38:
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53:, though the term "bioluminescence" is generally reserved for higher
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Zarkeshian P, Kumar S, Tuszynski J, Barclay P, Simon C (March 2018).
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517:. Vol. 1. Kerala, India: Research Signpost. pp. 357–385.
333:
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230:
162:
142:
34:
19:
For the science of interactions of light and living beings, see
1358:"Cell-to-cell signaling through light: just a ghost of chance?"
1034:
545:
515:
Bioluminescence in Focus - a collection of illuminating essays
93:, who discovered the existence of biophotons, was awarded the
1506:. 1st internet conference on photochemistry and photobiology.
377:"Biophoton detection as a novel technique for cancer imaging"
374:
287:"Properties of biophotons and their theoretical implications"
1280:
Forschende
Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde
964:
1134:
1478:
Recent advances in biophoton research and its applications
1175:
318:
1521:"Bibliography on biophoton research and related subjects"
1459:[How biophotons work] (in German). Archived from
1410:
1176:
Kobayashi K, Okabe H, Kawano S, Hidaka Y, Hara K (2014).
999:
872:
816:
Khaoua I, Graciani G, Kim A, Amblard F (February 2021).
815:
548:"Are there optical communication channels in the brain?"
85:
that is emitted by tissues at their normal temperature.
693:
202:
rise in temperature induces biophoton emission by ROS.
1093:
602:
480:
1499:
752:
674:"Research suggests cells communicate via biophotons"
603:
Beloussov LV, Opitz JM, Gilbert SF (December 1997).
1503:
Ultraweak chemiluminescence from human blood plasma
1002:
873:Khaoua I, Graciani G, Kim A, Amblard F (May 2021).
1320:
1135:Kobayashi M, Sasaki K, Enomoto M, Ehara Y (2006).
796:
609:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
206:Hypothesized involvement in cellular communication
636:
76:Biological tissues typically produce an observed
33:βίος meaning "life" and φῶς meaning "light") are
1554:
967:Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence
1411:Beloussov LV, Voeikov VL, Martynyuk VS (2007).
694:Kobayashi M, Kikuchi D, Okamura H (July 2009).
433:
124:
157:. Such reactions can lead to the formation of
1349:
596:
1413:Biophotonics and Coherent Systems in Biology
1323:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
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993:
100:
1436:Engineering Science & Education Journal
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958:
929:
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314:
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280:
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1500:Tilbury RN, Gregg DJ, Percival JM (1997).
1178:"Biophoton emission induced by heat shock"
552:Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
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198:or as toxic agents leading to cell death.
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153:) is a common event in the biomolecular
210:In the 1920s, the Russian embryologist
1555:
1429:
512:
477:
291:Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
1525:International Institute of Biophysics
671:
1538:"Fundaments of Coherence in Biology"
1100:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
639:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
284:
1518:
1454:
1356:KuÄŤera O, Cifra M (November 2013).
932:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
13:
1535:
1403:
394:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03325.x
109:or by means of an ultra low noise
14:
1579:
1512:
1362:Cell Communication and Signaling
1335:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.07.003
449:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2010.00442.x
105:Biophotons may be detected with
1481:. Singapore: World Scientific.
1457:"Wirkungsweise der Biophotonen"
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1087:
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161:excited species, which release
16:Photon from a biological source
1141:Journal of Experimental Botany
471:
427:
225:and his research group at the
1:
1475:Popp FA, Li KH, Gu Q (1992).
269:
45:range that are produced by a
1203:10.1371/journal.pone.0105700
944:10.1016/0891-5849(95)00002-F
768:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.021
721:10.1371/journal.pone.0006256
492:10.1016/1011-1344(93)80076-L
437:Skin Research and Technology
351:10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.03.020
125:Proposed physical mechanisms
7:
1430:Hyland GJ (December 1998).
615:(6): 771–7, comment 778–9.
247:
10:
1584:
1415:. New York, NY: Springer.
899:10.1038/s41598-021-88091-0
842:10.1038/s41598-021-82611-8
169:in a process analogous to
165:upon returning to a lower
18:
799:Journal of Parapsychology
184:
101:Detection and measurement
1375:10.1186/1478-811X-11-87
321:Journal of Luminescence
179:reactive oxygen species
135:reactive oxygen species
1014:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5285
979:10.1002/bio.1170040134
97:in 1941 for his work.
1448:10.1049/esej:19980606
1062:10.1073/pnas.77.1.347
227:University of Marburg
129:Chemi-excitation via
117:The typical observed
1113:10.1094/MPMI-18-0169
756:Neuroscience Letters
672:Yirka B (May 2012).
651:10.1094/MPMI-18-0095
285:Popp FA (May 2003).
1194:2014PLoSO...9j5700K
1053:1980PNAS...77..347B
891:2021NatSR..1110050K
834:2021NatSR..11.3530K
712:2009PLoSO...4.6256K
343:2015JLum..164...38C
212:Alexander Gurwitsch
196:signal transduction
91:Alexander Gurwitsch
1249:10.1007/bf01953301
1154:10.1093/jxb/erl215
879:Scientific Reports
822:Scientific Reports
1488:978-981-02-0855-4
1292:10.1159/000083763
254:Chemiluminescence
223:Fritz-Albert Popp
119:radiant emittance
83:thermal radiation
78:radiant emittance
47:biological system
43:low visible light
1575:
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1544:. Archived from
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1527:. Archived from
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1491:. Archived from
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1422:978-0387-28378-4
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1548:on 2004-05-19.
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1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
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188:
175:antioxidants
167:energy level
151:lipoxygenase
128:
116:
104:
95:Stalin Prize
87:
75:
71:biophotonics
66:
65:). The term
26:
25:
21:biophotonics
1542:Biophotonik
1536:Hyland GJ.
1519:Bischof M.
1455:KĂĽhnert H.
1237:Experientia
828:(1): 3530.
259:Luminophore
39:ultraviolet
1557:Categories
1467:2017-09-18
1368:(87): 87.
679:26 January
565:1708.08887
334:1502.07316
270:References
147:peroxidase
111:CCD camera
63:luciferase
29:(from the
27:Biophotons
784:207135123
533:497860307
327:: 38–51.
139:catalysis
67:biophoton
59:luciferin
55:luminance
1394:24219796
1343:20674588
1308:25794113
1300:15947465
1265:10930945
1222:25153902
1182:PLOS ONE
1163:17158510
1122:15720086
1022:11467852
917:33976267
860:33574351
776:22343311
740:19606225
700:PLOS ONE
659:15720077
590:29847303
582:29293442
465:24243914
457:20637006
421:21875229
413:15298728
404:11160017
359:97425113
303:15244259
248:See also
191:pathogen
1568:Photons
1385:3832222
1257:3294029
1213:4143285
1190:Bibcode
1081:6928628
1049:Bibcode
987:2801215
952:7635351
908:8113247
887:Bibcode
851:7878522
830:Bibcode
731:2707605
708:Bibcode
621:9449452
500:8350193
339:Bibcode
231:Germany
163:photons
159:triplet
145:(i.e.,
143:enzymes
35:photons
1485:
1419:
1392:
1382:
1341:
1306:
1298:
1263:
1255:
1220:
1210:
1161:
1120:
1079:
1072:348267
1069:
1020:
985:
950:
915:
905:
858:
848:
782:
774:
738:
728:
657:
619:
588:
580:
531:
521:
498:
463:
455:
419:
411:
401:
357:
301:
185:Plants
155:milieu
1304:S2CID
1261:S2CID
780:S2CID
586:S2CID
560:arXiv
461:S2CID
417:S2CID
355:S2CID
329:arXiv
31:Greek
1483:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1390:PMID
1339:PMID
1296:PMID
1253:PMID
1218:PMID
1159:PMID
1118:PMID
1077:PMID
1018:PMID
983:PMID
948:PMID
913:PMID
856:PMID
772:PMID
736:PMID
681:2016
655:PMID
617:PMID
578:PMID
529:OCLC
519:ISBN
496:PMID
453:PMID
409:PMID
299:PMID
41:and
1444:doi
1380:PMC
1370:doi
1331:doi
1327:105
1288:doi
1245:doi
1208:PMC
1198:doi
1149:doi
1108:doi
1067:PMC
1057:doi
1010:doi
1006:285
975:doi
940:doi
903:PMC
895:doi
846:PMC
838:doi
764:doi
760:513
726:PMC
716:doi
647:doi
570:doi
488:doi
445:doi
399:PMC
389:doi
347:doi
325:164
141:by
137:or
133:by
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