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recording the bird's song and then playing it back while the bird is singing, causing perturbed auditory feedback (the bird hears the superposition of its own song and a fragmented portion of a previous song syllable). After
Nordeen & Nordeen made a landmark discovery as they demonstrated that auditory feedback was necessary for the maintenance of song in adult birds with crystallized song, Leonardo & Konishi (1999) designed an auditory feedback perturbation protocol in order to explore the role of auditory feedback in adult song maintenance further, to investigate how adult songs deteriorate after extended exposure to perturbed auditory feedback, and to examine the degree to which adult birds could recover crystallized song over time after being removed from perturbed feedback exposure. This study offered further support for role of auditory feedback in maintaining adult song stability and demonstrated how adult maintenance of crystallized birdsong is dynamic rather than static.
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costly fight. In birds with song repertoires, individuals may share the same song type and use these song types for more complex communication. Some birds will respond to a shared song type with a song-type match (i.e. with the same song type). This may be an aggressive signal; however, results are mixed. Birds may also interact using repertoire-matches, wherein a bird responds with a song type that is in its rival's repertoire but is not the song that it is currently singing. This may be a less aggressive act than song-type matching. Song complexity is also linked to male territorial defense, with more complex songs being perceived as a greater territorial threat.
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distinctly different characteristics from the wild song and lacks its complexity. The importance of the bird being able to hear itself sing in the sensorimotor period was later discovered by
Konishi. Birds deafened before the song-crystallization period went on to produce songs that were distinctly different from the wild type and isolate song. Since the emergence of these findings, investigators have been searching for the neural pathways that facilitate sensory/sensorimotor learning and mediating the matching of the bird's own song with the memorized song template.
712:) have demonstrated changes in song nuclei correlated with differing exposures to darkness and secretions of melatonin. This suggests that melatonin might play a role in the seasonal changes of singing behavior in songbirds that live in areas where the amount of daylight varies significantly throughout the year. Several other studies have looked at seasonal changes in the morphology of brain structures within the song system and have found that these changes (adult neurogenesis, gene expression) are dictated by photoperiod, hormonal changes and behavior.
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production pathway in order to correct or modify the motor program for song production. In their study, Brainard & Doupe (2000) showed that while deafening adult birds led to the loss of song stereotypy due to altered auditory feedback and non-adaptive modification of the motor program, lesioning LMAN in the anterior forebrain pathway of adult birds that had been deafened led to the stabilization of song (LMAN lesions in deafened birds prevented any further deterioration in syllable production and song structure).
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relatively small choice of males to mate with, so the genetic basis of the females' narrow filter does not persist. Another possible situation deals with a population with mostly narrow filters. In the latter population, wide-filter males can feasibly avoid mate choice rejection by learning from older, narrow-filter males. Therefore, the average reproductive success of wide-filter birds is enhanced by the possibility of learning, and vocal learning and large song repertoires (i.e. wide filters) go hand-in-hand.
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480:. Vocal mimicry can include conspecifics, other species or even man-made sounds. Many hypotheses have been made on the functions of vocal mimicry including suggestions that they may be involved in sexual selection by acting as an indicator of fitness, help brood parasites, or protect against predation, but strong support is lacking for any function. Many birds, especially those that nest in cavities, are known to produce a snakelike hissing sound that may help deter predators at close range.
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by changes in auditory feedback and therefore, the error signal generated by LMAN appeared unrelated to auditory feedback. Moreover, the results from this study supported the predictions of the efference copy model, in which LMAN neurons are activated during singing by the efference copy of the motor signal (and its predictions of expected auditory feedback), allowing the neurons to be more precisely time-locked to changes in auditory feedback.
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they cannot breed in many years because food supply never increases above a minimal level. With aseasonal irregular breeding, both sexes must be brought into breeding condition and vocalisation, especially duetting, serves this purpose. The high frequency of female vocalisations in the tropics, Australia and
Southern Africa may also relate to very low mortality rates producing much stronger pair-bonding and territoriality.
674:), a species in which only males typically sing, the size of the HVC and RA are approximately three to six times larger in males than in females, and Area X does not appear to be recognizable in females. Research suggests that exposure to sex steroids during early development is partially responsible for these differences in the brain. Female zebra finches treated with estradiol after hatching followed by testosterone or
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365:, and experiments suggest that the quality of bird song may be a good indicator of fitness. Experiments also suggest that parasites and diseases may directly affect song characteristics such as song rate, which thereby act as reliable indicators of health. The song repertoire also appears to indicate fitness in some species. The ability of male birds to hold and advertise
1406:(that is, structures and rules). Studies to demonstrate the existence of language have been difficult because of the range of possible interpretations. For instance, some have argued that in order for a communication system to count as a language it must be "combinatorial", having an open-ended set of grammar-compliant sentences made from a finite vocabulary.
441:, males that have bred and reproduced successfully sing to their offspring to influence their vocal development, while males that have failed to reproduce usually abandon the nests and stay silent. The post-breeding song therefore inadvertently informs the unsuccessful males of particular habitats that have a higher likelihood of reproductive success. The
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habitats because they degrade less across open space. The acoustic adaptation hypothesis also states that song characteristics may take advantage of beneficial acoustic properties of the environment. Narrow-frequency bandwidth notes are increased in volume and length by reverberations in densely vegetated habitats.
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alters the motor program for song output. The generation of this instructive signal could be facilitated by auditory neurons in Area X and LMAN that show selectivity for the temporal qualities of the bird's own song (BOS) and its tutor song, providing a platform for comparing the BOS and the memorized tutor song.
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and vocal production pathways through connections back to the RA. Some investigators have posited a model in which the connection between LMAN and RA carries an instructive signal based on evaluation of auditory feedback (comparing the bird's own song to the memorized song template), which adaptively
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A recent study has shown that a dopamine circuit in zebra finches may promote social learning of bird song from tutors. Their data shows that certain brain areas in juvenile zebra finches are excited by the singing of conspecific (i.e. same-species) tutors and not by loudspeakers playing zebra finch
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Leonardo tested these models directly by recording spike rates in single LMAN neurons of adult zebra finches during singing in conditions with normal and perturbed auditory feedback. His results did not support the BOS-tuned error correction model, as the firing rates of LMAN neurons were unaffected
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of the motor command for song production is the basis of the real-time error-correction signal. During singing, activation of LMAN neurons will depend on the motor signal used to generate the song, and the learned prediction of expected auditory feedback based on that motor command. Error correction
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when they have been aroused by simulated intrusion into their territory. This implies a role in intraspecies aggressive competition towards joint resource defense. Duets are well known in cranes, but the Sarus Crane seems unique in infrequently also having three bonded adults defending one territory
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calls are used to recruit individuals in an area where an owl or other predator may be present. These calls are characterized by wide frequency spectra, sharp onset and termination, and repetitiveness that are common across species and are believed to be helpful to other potential "mobbers" by being
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vocalizations provides a detailed rebuttal to objections of birdsong being judged as music. The similar motor constraints on human and avian song may have driven these to have similar song structures, including "arch-shaped and descending melodic contours in musical phrases", long notes at the ends
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like those we found in human language. This is because not all members of a given geographic area will conform to the same song type, and also because there is no singular characteristic of a song type that differentiates it from all other types (unlike human dialects where certain words are unique
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activity, some researchers have suggested that mirror neurons may serve to map sensory experience onto motor structures. This has implications for birdsong learningβ many birds rely on auditory feedback to acquire and maintain their songs. Mirror neurons may be mediating this comparison of what the
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Song learning in juvenile birds occurs in two stages: sensory learning, which involves the juvenile listening to the father or other conspecific bird and memorizing the spectral and temporal qualities of the song (song template), and sensorimotor learning, which involves the juvenile bird producing
689:), females normally sing less often and with less complexity than males. However, when adult females are given androgen injections, their singing will increase to an almost male-like frequency. Furthermore, adult females injected with androgens also show an increased size in the HVC and RA regions.
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being the birds of interest. Researchers "found that the males sang at high rates while their female partners were still roosting in the nest box at dawn, and stopped singing as soon as the females left the nest box to join them". The males were also more likely to sing when the females entered the
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Low frequency songs are optimal for obstructed, densely vegetated habitats because low frequency, slowly modulated song elements are less susceptible to signal degradation by means of reverberations off of sound-reflecting vegetation. High frequency calls with rapid modulations are optimal for open
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trachea). The syrinx and sometimes a surrounding air sac resonate to sound waves that are made by membranes past which the bird forces air. The bird controls the pitch by changing the tension on the membranes and controls both pitch and volume by changing the force of exhalation. It can control the
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Various studies have shown that adult birds that underwent stress during critical developmental periods produce less complex songs and have smaller HVC brain regions. This has led some researchers to hypothesize that sexual selection for more complex songs indirectly selects for stronger cognitive
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Although a significant amount of research was done on bird song during the 20th century, none was able to elucidate the evolutionary "use" behind birdsong, especially with regards to large vocal repertoires. In response, Lachlan and Slater proposed a "cultural trap" model to explain persistence of
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raised in isolation from their first week of life produce highly abnormal and less complex songs compared to other chaffinches. This suggested that many aspects of song development in songbirds depends on tutoring by older members of the same species. Later studies observed canary-like elements in
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it is more typical for females to sing as much as males. These differences have been known for a long time and are generally attributed to the much less regular and seasonal climate of
Australian and African arid zones requiring that birds breed at any time when conditions are favourable, although
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Early experiments by Thorpe in 1954 showed the importance of a bird being able to hear a tutor's song. When birds are raised in isolation, away from the influence of conspecific males, they still sing. While the song they produce, called "isolate song", resembles the song of a wild bird, it shows
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The second principal function of bird song is territory defense. Territorial birds will interact with each other using song to negotiate territory boundaries. Since song may be a reliable indicator of quality, individuals may be able to discern the quality of rivals and prevent an energetically
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neurons) are highly responsive when the bird is hearing a playback of his own song. These neurons also fire in similar patterns when the bird is singing that same song. Swamp sparrows employ 3β5 different song types, and the neural activity differs depending on which song is heard or sung. The
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Hormone treatment alone does not seem to produce female finches with brain structures or behavior exactly like males. Furthermore, other research has shown results that contradict what would be expected based on our current knowledge of mammalian sexual differentiation. For example, male zebra
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and developed further by others including W. H. Thorpe. These visual representations are also called sonograms or sonagrams. Beginning in 1983, some field guides for birds use sonograms to document the calls and songs of birds. The sonogram is objective, unlike descriptive phrases, but proper
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with larger vocal repertoires required less time to solve detour-reaching cognitive tasks. Some have proposed that bird song (among other sexually selected traits such as flashy coloring, body symmetry, and elaborate courtship) allow female songbirds to quickly assess the cognitive skills and
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In one possible situation, the population consists mainly of birds with wide filters. In this population, a male songbird with a wide filter will rarely be chosen by the few females with narrow filters (as the male's song is unlikely to fall within a narrower filter). Such females will have a
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Several studies in the 1990s have looked at the neural mechanisms underlying birdsong learning by performing lesions to relevant brain structures involved in the production or maintenance of song or by deafening birds before and/or after song crystallization. Another experimental approach was
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It has been hypothesized that the available frequency range is partitioned, and birds call so that overlap between different species in frequency and time is reduced. This idea has been termed the "acoustic niche". Birds sing louder and at a higher pitch in urban areas, where there is ambient
525:
The range of frequencies at which birds call in an environment varies with the quality of habitat and the ambient sounds. The acoustic adaptation hypothesis predicts that narrow bandwidths, low frequencies, and long elements and inter-element intervals should be found in habitats with complex
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subspecies show differences in calls. These differences are sometimes minute, often detectable only in the sonograms. Song differences in addition to other taxonomic attributes have been used in the identification of new species. The use of calls has led to proposals for splitting of species
49:
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Brainard & Doupe (2000) posit a model in which LMAN (of the anterior forebrain) plays a primary role in error correction, as it detects differences between the song produced by the bird and its memorized song template and then sends an instructive error signal to structures in the vocal
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Based on this evidence of learning and localized song types, researchers began to investigate the social learning of birdsong as a form of cultural transmission. The behavior patterns constituting this culture are the songs themselves, and the song types can be considered as traditions.
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Similar chaffinch song types (categorized based on their distinct elements and their order) were observed to cluster in similar geographic areas, and this discovery led to hypotheses about "dialects" in birdsong. It has since been postulated that these song type variations are not
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Kay
Electric Company, started by former Bell Labs engineers Harry Foster and Elmo Crump, made a device that was marketed as the "Sona-Graph" in 1948. This was adopted by early researchers including C.E.G. Bailey who demonstrated its use for studying bird song in 1950. The use of
1009:, which would allow for direct comparison of motor output and auditory input. This may be the mechanism underlying learning via auditory feedback. These findings are also in line with Leonardo's (2004) efference copy model of error correction in birdsong learning and production.
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Individual birds may be sensitive enough to identify each other through their calls. Many birds that nest in colonies can locate their chicks using their calls. Calls are sometimes distinctive enough for individual identification even by human researchers in ecological studies.
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In some species such as zebra finches, learning of song is limited to the first year; they are termed "age-limited" or "close-ended" learners. Other species such as the canaries can develop new songs even as sexually mature adults; these are termed "open-ended" learners.
1453:'s verbal areas in the brain and the equivalent human brain areas, suggesting that mimicry has much to do with the construction of language and its structures and order. Research in 2016 showed that birds construct sentence-like communications with a syntax and grammar.
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is usually defined to consist of socially transmitted behavior patterns ("traditions") that are characteristic of certain populations. The learned nature of bird song as well as evidence of "dialect"-like local variations have support theories about the existence of
737:
776:, songs imbed arbitrary elements learned in the individual's lifetime, a form of mimicry (though maybe better called "appropriation" (Ehrlich et al.), as the bird does not pass for another species). As early as 1773, it was established that birds learned calls, and
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easy to locate. The alarm calls of most species, on the other hand, are characteristically high-pitched, making the caller difficult to locate. Communication through bird calls can be between individuals of the same species or even across species. For example, the
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After two or three months of song learning and rehearsal (depending on species), the juvenile produces a crystallized song, characterized by spectral and temporal stereotypy (very low variability in syllable production and syllable order). Some birds, such as
47:
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During singing, the activation of LMAN neurons will depend on the match between auditory feedback from the song produced by the bird and the stored song template. If this is true, then the firing rates of LMAN neurons will be sensitive to changes in auditory
682:
finches castrated or given sex steroid inhibitors as hatchlings still develop normal masculine singing behavior. This suggests that other factors, such as the activation of genes on the z chromosome, might also play a role in normal male song development.
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Ball, G.F.; Auger, C.J.; Bernard, D.J.; Charlier, T.D.; Sartor, J.J.; Riters, L.V.; Balthazart, J. (2004). "Seasonal plasticity in the song control system: Multiple brain sites of steroid hormone action and the importance of variation in song behavior".
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Researchers have hypothesized that learned songs allow the development of more complex songs through cultural interaction, thus allowing intraspecies dialects that help birds to identify kin and to adapt their songs to different acoustic environments.
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in many bird species, usually causing males and females to sing differently. Some of the known types of dimorphisms in the brain include the size of nuclei, the number of neurons present, and the number of neurons connecting one nucleus to another.
412:
Over 400 bird species engage in duet calls. In some cases, the duets are so perfectly timed as to appear almost as one call. This kind of calling is termed antiphonal duetting. Such duetting is noted in a wide range of families including quails,
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vegetation structures (which would absorb and muffle sounds), while high frequencies, broad bandwidth, high-frequency modulations (trills), and short elements and inter-elements may be expected in open habitats, without obstructive vegetation.
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The posterior descending pathway (PDP) is required throughout a bird's life for normal song production, while the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) is necessary for song learning, plasticity, and maintenance, but not for adult song production.
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Birds communicate alarm through vocalizations and movements that are specific to the threat, and bird alarms can be understood by other animal species, including other birds, in order to identify and protect against the specific threat.
5172:
Cassone, V.M.; Bartell, P.A.; Earnest D.J. & Kumar, V. (2008). "Duration of melatonin regulates seasonal changes in song control nuclei of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus: Independence from gonads and circadian entrainment".
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116:
635:, which projects information both to the RA (premotor nucleus) and to Area X of the anterior forebrain. Information in the posterior descending pathway (also referred to as the vocal production or motor pathway) descends from
792:. In many species, it appears that although the basic song is the same for all members of the species, young birds learn some details of their songs from their fathers, and these variations build up over generations to form
1243:
The specificity of bird calls has been used extensively for species identification. The calls of birds have been described using words or nonsense syllables or line diagrams. Common terms in
English include words such as
6847:
Boogert, Neeltje J.; Anderson, Rindy C.; Peters, Susan; Searcy, William A.; Nowicki, Stephen (2011). "Song repertoire size in male song sparrows correlates with detour reaching, but not with other cognitive measures".
71:
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The songs of different species of birds vary and are generally typical of the species. Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing (up to 3000 in the
843:, while the AFP has been considered homologous to the mammalian cortical pathway through the basal ganglia and thalamus. Models of bird-song motor learning can be useful in developing models for how humans learn
719:, defects of which affect both speech production and comprehension of language in humans, becomes highly expressed in Area X during periods of vocal plasticity in both juvenile zebra finches and adult canaries.
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Some birds have two distinct "languages" β one for internal communications and one for use in flocks. All birds have a separate type of communication for "songs" vs. communicating danger and other information.
227:
has been defined as the act of producing non-vocal sounds that are intentionally modulated communicative signals, produced using non-syringeal structures such as the bill, wings, tail, feet and body feathers.
807:
in human infants. Soon after, the juvenile song shows certain recognizable characteristics of the imitated adult song, but still lacks the stereotypy of the crystallized song β this is called "plastic song".
142:
in contact. Other authorities such as Howell and Webb (1995) make the distinction based on function, so that short vocalizations, such as those of pigeons, and even non-vocal sounds, such as the drumming of
118:
399:
1333:
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73:
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Models regarding the real-time error-correction interactions between the AFP and PDP will be considered in the future. Other current research has begun to explore the cellular mechanisms underlying
44:
7513:
1567:, they can duet with birds. Authors including Rothenberg have claimed that birds sing on traditional scales as used in human music, but at least one songbird does not choose notes in this way.
1440:
demonstrated that jackdaws have "names" identifying each individual in the flock and when beginning flight preparations each of them says one other bird's name creating a "chain". In his book
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267:
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neurons only fire in response to the presentation (or singing) of one of the songs, the primary song type. They are also temporally selective, firing at a precise phase in the song syllable.
155:' wings in display flight, are considered songs. Still others require song to have syllabic diversity and temporal regularity akin to the repetitive and transformative patterns that define
1417:
is claimed to demonstrate the innate ability for grammatical structures, including the existence of concepts such as nouns, adjectives and verbs. In the wild, the innate vocalizations of
553:
It has been proposed that birds show latitudinal variation in song complexity; however, there is no strong evidence that song complexity increases with latitude or migratory behaviour.
4184:
6755:
Nowicki, S.; Searcy, W.; Peters, S. (2002-12-01). "Brain development, song learning and mate choice in birds: a review and experimental test of the "nutritional stress hypothesis"".
3896:
Tubaro, Pablo L.; Segura, Enrique T. (November 1994). "Dialect
Differences in the Song of Zonotrichia capensis in the Southern Pampas: A Test of the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis".
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1187:
The cultural trap hypothesis is one example of gene-culture coevolution, in which selective pressures emerge from the interaction between genotypes and their cultural consequences.
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7756:
7619:
Hailman, Jack; Ficken, Millicent (1986). "Combinatorial animal communication with computable syntax: Chick-a-dee calling qualifies as "language" by structural linguistics".
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Thorpe, W. H.; Lade, B. I. (1961). "The songs of some families of the
Passeriformes I. Introduction: The analysis of bird songs and their expression in graphic notation".
117:
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that discharges both when an individual performs an action and when he/she perceives that same action being performed by another. These neurons were first discovered in
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2757:
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Currently, there are two competing models that elucidate the role of LMAN in generating an instructive error signal and projecting it to the motor production pathway:
72:
1846:
Sclater, P. L. (1860). "List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in
Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro, with notes and descriptions of new species".
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The function of the mirror neuron system is still unclear. Some scientists speculate that mirror neurons may play a role in understanding the actions of others,
369:
using song also demonstrates their fitness. Therefore, a female bird may select males based on the quality of their songs and the size of their song repertoire.
4361:
Nemeth, Erwin (2004-01-01). "Measuring the Sound
Pressure Level of the Song of the Screaming Piha Lipaugus Vociferans: One of the Loudest Birds in the World?".
159:. It is generally agreed upon in birding and ornithology which sounds are songs and which are calls, and a good field guide will differentiate between the two.
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3734:
Derryberry, Elizabeth (July 2009). "Ecology Shapes Birdsong Evolution: Variation in Morphology and Habitat Explains Variation in White-Crowned Sparrow Song".
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Luther, David A.; Derryberry, E.P. (April 2012). "Birdsongs keep pace with city life: changes in song over time in an urban songbird affects communication".
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They are action-specific β mirror neurons are only active when an individual is performing or observing a certain type of action (e.g., grasping an object).
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evidence in support of these theories. Specifically regarding birds, it is possible that the mirror neuron system serves as a general mechanism underlying
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of phrases, and typically small differences in pitch between adjacent notes, at least in birds with a strong song structure like the Eurasian treecreeper
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has long been a topic for anecdote and speculation. That calls have meanings that are interpreted by their listeners has been well demonstrated. Domestic
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is another hormone that is also believed to influence song behavior in adults, as many songbirds show melatonin receptors in neurons of the song nuclei.
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has influenced composers and musicians in several ways: they can be inspired by birdsong; they can intentionally imitate bird song in a composition, as
2358:"A global analysis of song frequency in passerines provides no support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis but suggests a role for sexual selection"
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nucleus of anterior nidopallium (LMAN), also considered a part of the avian basal ganglia; and the dorso-lateral division of the medial thalamus (DLM).
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Riebel, Katharina; Lachlan, Robert F.; Slater, Peter J. B. (2015-05-01), Naguib, Marc; Brockmann, H. Jane; Mitani, John C.; Simmons, Leigh W. (eds.),
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Reid, J. M.; Peter Arcese; Alice L. E. V. Cassidy; Sara M. Hiebert; James N. M. Smith; Philip K. Stoddard; Amy B. Marr & Lukas F. Keller (2005).
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1280:). In addition to nonsense words, grammatically correct phrases have been constructed as likenesses of the vocalizations of birds. For example, the
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In search of these auditory-motor neurons, Jonathan Prather and other researchers at Duke University recorded the activity of single neurons in the
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by vocalization provides a shortcut to locating high quality habitats and saves the trouble of directly assessing various vegetation structures.
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The distinction between songs and calls is based upon complexity, length, and context. Songs are longer and more complex and are associated with
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6915:
6474:
Thorpe, W. H. (2008-06-28). "The Learning of Song Patterns by Birds, with Especial Reference to the Song of the Chaffinch Fringilla Coelebs".
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Brainard, M. S. & Doupe, A. J. (2000). "Interruption of a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit prevents plasticity of learned vocalizations".
4176:
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Kao, M.H.; Doupe, A.J.; Brainard, M.S. (2005). "Contributions of an avian basal ganglia-forebrain circuit to real=time modulation of song".
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Ey, Elodie; Fischer, J. (13 April 2012). "The "acoustic adaptation hypothesis" β a review of the evidence from birds, anurans and mammals".
2651:
Falls, J. B.; Krebs, J. R.; McGregor, P.K. (1982). "Song matching in the great tit (Parus major) the effect of similarity and familiarity".
1446:, Lorenz describes the name he was given by the birds and how he was recognized several years later in a far away location following WWII.
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may also more informally refer to patterns in bird vocalizations that communicate information to other birds or other animals in general.
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During the sensorimotor learning phase, song production begins with highly variable sub-vocalizations called "sub-song", which is akin to
8448:
1062:, but further research is needed. In addition to the implications for song learning, the mirror neuron system could also play a role in
170:, with the modifications noted by P. L. Sclater in 1860 and discussed by Charles Darwin in 1871. The bird produces sound with its wings.
10808:
6111:
Prather J. F.; Peters S.; Nowicki S.; Mooney R. (2008). "Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication".
5076:
Ball, G.F. & Balthazart, J. (2002). "Neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating reproductive cycles and reproductive behavior in birds".
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5927:
Nordeen, K.W.; Nordeen, E.J. (1994). "Auditory feedback is necessary for the maintenance of stereotyped song in adult zebra finches".
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control of temporal patterns of song structure and RA control of syllable production. Brain structures involved in both pathways show
11378:
7534:
Collias, N. E. (1987). "The vocal repertoire of the Red Junglefowl: A spectrographic classification and the code of communication".
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1998:
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who perform "triets". Triets had a lower frequency relative to duets, but the functional value of this difference is not yet known.
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678:(DHT) treatment in adulthood will develop an RA and HVC similar in size to males and will also display male-like singing behavior.
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4701:"Neural encoding of auditory temporal context in a songbird basal ganglia nucleus, and its independence of birds' song experience"
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nests in the evening or even during the daytime. While this information is eye-opening, it still does not answer the question of
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Read, A. W. & D. M. Weary (1990). "Sexual selection and the evolution of bird song: A test of the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis".
600:
The acquisition and learning of bird song involves a group of distinct brain areas that are aligned in two connecting pathways:
7983:
2689:
Beecher, M.D.; Stoddard, P.K.; Cambell, E.S.; Horning, C.L. (1996). "Repertoire matching between neighbouring song sparrows".
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1940:
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singing 30% more softly. An increase in song volume restored fitness to birds in urban areas, as did higher frequency songs.
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8522:
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3779:"Habitat structure and the evolution of bird song: a meta-analysis of the evidence for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis"
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8544:
8405:
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Gurney, M.E. & Konishi, M. (1980). "Hormone-induced sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in zebra finches".
3592:
2181:"What Sounds Did Dinosaurs Make? - A new study of a fossilized ankylosaur suggests it could have uttered birdlike calls"
10507:
10204:
8247:
7302:
5630:
Nottebohm, F. (2004). "The road we travelled: discovery, choreography, and significance of brain replaceable neurons".
2356:
Mikula, P.; Valcu, M.; Brumm, H.; Bulla, M.; Forstmeier, W.; PetruskovΓ‘, T.; Kempenaers, B. & Albrecht, T. (2021).
816:, which are the most popular species for birdsong research, have overlapping sensory and sensorimotor learning stages.
107:, songs (relatively complex vocalizations) are distinguished by function from calls (relatively simple vocalizations).
8122:
1296:" has been coined to explain this approach to bird call description. Musical notation to depict bird sound began with
11187:
10393:
8442:
5097:
4829:
3661:
615:
Posterior descending pathway (vocal production): composed of HVC (proper name, although sometimes referred to as the
361:
One of the two main functions of bird song is mate attraction. Scientists hypothesize that bird song evolved through
7577:
Evans, C. S.; Macedonia, J. M.; Marler, P. (1993). "Effects of apparent size and speed on the response of chickens,
7242:
Thorpe, W. H. (1958). "The learning of song patterns by birds, with especial reference to the song of the chaffinch
2927:
Delport, Wayne; Kemp, Alan C.; Ferguson, J. Willem H. (2002). "Vocal identification of individual African Wood Owls
2431:
1357:
Bird song is an integral part of bird courtship and is a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism involved in the process of
10325:
8118:
7485:
7203:
3164:
Power, D. M. (1966). "Antiphonal duetting and evidence for auditory reaction time in the Orange-chinned Parakeet".
2873:"Intra-syllabic acoustic signatures used by the King Penguin in parent-chick recognition: an experimental approach"
2163:
1395:
have distinctive alarm calls for aerial and ground predators, and they respond to these alarm calls appropriately.
312:
dinosaurs may have made were bird-like vocalizations based on a finding of a fossilized larynx from the ankylosaur
5780:
Thorpe, W. (1954). "The process of song-learning in the chaffinch as studied by means of the sound spectrograph".
2102:
925:
monkeys, but recent research suggests that mirror neuron systems may be present in other animals including humans.
201:
not unlike those found in some insects. The production of sounds by mechanical means as opposed to the use of the
11250:
8588:
5270:"Developmental shifts in gene expression in the auditory forebrain during the sensitive period for song learning"
1005:
input. In other words, the bird becomes "deaf" to his own song. This suggests that these neurons are producing a
8084:
5317:
Scharff, Constance; Haesler, Sebastian (2005). "An evolutionary perspective on FoxP2: strictly for the birds?".
3951:
11401:
11245:
11107:
10801:
10774:
10706:
10376:
10337:
10284:
5900:
Marler, P. (1970). "A comparative approach to vocal learning: Song development in the white-crowned sparrows".
3057:
2455:
Redpath, S. M.; Bridget M Appleby; Steve J Petty (2000). "Do male hoots betray parasite loads in Tawny Owls?".
122:
Eastern wood pewee: note the simple repetitive pattern of ascending and descending tones from a grounding note.
5530:
Leonardo, A.; Konishi, M. (1999). "Decrystallization of adult birdsong by perturbation of auditory feedback".
4808:
Balthazart, Jacques; Adkins-Regan, Elizabeth (2002). "Sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in birds".
4498:
Brainard, M. S. & Doupe, A. J. (2000). "Auditory feedback in learning and maintenance of vocal behavior".
4003:
3528:
Suthers RA & Hector DH (1982). "Mechanism for the production of echolocating clicks by the Grey Swiftlet,
3013:
Thorpe, W. H. (23 February 1963). "Antiphonal Singing in Birds as Evidence for Avian Auditory Reaction Time".
650:
to Area X (basal ganglia), then from Area X to the DLM (thalamus), and from DLM to LMAN, which then links the
11452:
11265:
11260:
11182:
10197:
5851:
5033:
Nottebohm, F. (1980). "Testosterone triggers growth of brain vocal control nuclei in adult female canaries".
7727:
3257:"Angry Birds Need Not Apply: A Perspective on the Flexible form and Multifunctionality of Avian Vocal Duets"
2124:
Slater, Peter J. B.; Mann, Nigel I. (2004). "Why do the females of many bird species sing in the tropics?".
1888:
Bostwick, Kimberly S. & Prum, Richard O. (2005). "Courting Bird Sings with Stridulating Wing Feathers".
1520:(Soviet Union), and, in France, Claude Chappuis, Jean-Claude Roché, François Charron and Fernand Deroussen.
11383:
4853:
Nottebohm, F. & Arnold, A.P. (1976). "Sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the songbird brain".
1780:
1016:
auditory motor neurons in swamp sparrows are very similar to the visual motor mirror neurons discovered in
5581:
Teramitsu, Ikuko; Kudo, Lili C.; London, Sarah E.; Geschwind, Daniel H. & White, Stephanie A. (2004).
2180:
522:
is exceptional in producing sounds at about 11.8 kHz. It is not known if they can hear these sounds.
11119:
11071:
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10177:
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7102:
1733:
1616:
1570:
Among birds which habitually borrow phrases or sounds from other species, the way they use variations of
477:
438:
63:
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species), use audible sound (with the majority of sonic location occurring between 2 and 5 kHz) to
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11308:
11100:
10957:
10711:
10696:
8816:
8548:
8538:
8145:
8015:"Composers' Appropriation of Pied Butcherbird Song: Henry Tate's "undersong of Australia" Comes of Age"
6706:
Schmidt, K. L.; MacDougall-Shackleton, E. A.; Kubli, S. P.; MacDougall-Shackleton, S. A. (2014-06-20).
5484:
Konishi, M. (2010). "From central pattern generator to sensory template in the evolution of birdsong".
2540:
1675:
1509:
800:
its own vocalizations and practicing its song until it accurately matches the memorized song template.
197:), the males have evolved several mechanisms for mechanical sound production, including mechanisms for
6509:
Slater, P. J. B. (1983-04-01). "Chaffinch Imitates Canary Song Elements and Aspects of Organization".
4998:
Leonard, S. L. (1 May 1939). "Induction of Singing in Female Canaries by Injections of Male Hormone".
1862:
1176:
a female songbird's (i.e. receiver's) filter contains the range of songs that it finds acceptable for
11406:
11333:
10794:
10512:
10304:
10279:
8731:
8721:
8554:
8474:
6940:
6377:
1931:
Manson-Barr, P.; Pye, J. D. (1985). "Mechanical sounds". In Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth (eds.).
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of male birds and the absence of females. The research was conducted in southern Germany, with male
28:
17:
6907:
3677:
Olson, Christopher R.; FernΓ‘ndez-Vargas, Marcela; Portfors, Christine V.; Mello, Claudio V. (2018).
2560:
1306:(1650) but more careful use was attempted with enhancements in the twentieth century by the Germans
685:
Hormones also have activational effects on singing and the song nuclei in adult birds. In canaries (
11018:
10716:
10269:
9057:
9039:
2405:
Garamszegi, L. Z.; A. P. MΓΈller; JΓ‘nos TΓΆrΓΆk; GΓ‘bor Michl; PΓ©ter PΓ©czely; Murielle Richard (2004).
997:
Prather, et al. found that during the short period of time before and after the bird sings, his HVC
731:
A timeline for song learning in different species. Diagram adapted from Brainard & Doupe, 2002.
32:
3288:"Sarus crane Antigone antigone trios and their triets: Discovery of a novel social unit in cranes"
943:
Neurons do not fire in response to the other song type, regardless of whether it is heard or sung.
11030:
10569:
10342:
9062:
7867:
5583:"Parallel FoxP1 and FoxP2 expression in songbird and human brain predicts functional interaction"
5449:
Marler, P.; M. Tamura (1962). "Song dialects in three populations of the white-crowned sparrow".
4949:"Sexual differentiation of the zebra finch song system: potential roles for sex chromosome genes"
3652:
Dooling, R. J. (1982). "Auditory perception in birds". In Kroodsma, D. E.; Miller, E. H. (eds.).
3343:"Social Information Trumps Vegetation Structure in Breeding-Site Selection by a Migrant Songbird"
1513:
305:
two sides of the trachea independently, which is how some species can produce two notes at once.
8736:
4620:
Suthers, R. (2004). "How birds sing and why it matters". In Marler, P.; Slabbekoorn, H. (eds.).
3489:
Suthers RA & Hector DH (1985). "The physiology of vocalization by the echolocating Oilbird,
1155:
song. Additionally, they show that dopamine released into the HVC aids in the encoding of song.
608:): composed of Area X, which is a homologue to mammalian basal ganglia; the lateral part of the
11442:
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11313:
10935:
10762:
10726:
10485:
10448:
10424:
10371:
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8791:
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7778:
7339:
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6420:
Hyland Bruno, Julia; Jarvis, Erich D.; Liberman, Mark; Tchernichovski, Ofer (14 January 2021).
2555:
2218:
1418:
1257:
1217:
405:
242:
almost all song is produced by male birds; however, in the tropics and to a greater extent the
231:
Song is usually delivered from prominent perches, although some species may sing when flying.
8432:
6437:
5823:
Metzmacher, M. (2016). "Alauda: Chaffinch song learning : Thorpe conclusions revisited".
10542:
10299:
10249:
8866:
6659:"The maintenance of vocal learning by geneβculture interaction: the cultural trap hypothesis"
4947:
Tomaszycki, M.L.; Peabody, C.; Replogle, K.; Clayton, D.F; Tempelman, R.J.; Wade, J. (2009).
3429:
Kelley, L. A.; Coe, R. L.; Madden, J. R.; Healy, S. D. (2008). "Vocal mimicry in songbirds".
2993:
2726:"Fighting talk: complex song elicits more aggressive responses in a vocally complex songbird"
2541:"Covariation between brain size and immunity in birds: implications for brain size evolution"
1728:
1682:
1648:
1388:
1362:
1354:
interpretation requires experience. Sonograms can also be roughly converted back into sound.
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1114:
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10220:
9494:
8281:
7682:
7322:
7032:
6600:
6235:
6178:
6120:
6029:
5852:"The role of auditory feedback on the control of vocalization in the white-crowned sparrow"
5789:
5754:
5639:
5539:
5372:
5226:
5126:
4905:
4862:
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1302:
1063:
1051:
508:
442:
326:
8505:
2214:"An ankylosaur larynx provides insights for bird-like vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs"
390:
as long as it follows the Japanese tit alert call in the correct alert+recruitment order.
8:
11437:
11328:
11222:
10915:
10817:
10686:
10624:
10574:
10419:
9024:
8916:
8856:
8801:
8581:
8171:
Baptista, Luis Felipe; Keister, Robin A. (2005). "Why Birdsong is Sometimes Like Music".
7751:
2264:
1960:
1718:
1505:, who went on to become an eminent wildlife recordist and BBC natural history presenter.
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5543:
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5230:
5130:
4909:
4866:
4765:
4661:
4582:
4374:
4291:
4243:"The relationship between latitude, migration and the evolution of bird song complexity"
4143:
4086:
4037:
3794:
3694:
3303:
3200:
3026:
2795:
2483:
2373:
1173:
a male songbird's (i.e. singer's) filter contains the range of songs that it can develop
11343:
11286:
10649:
10579:
10547:
10522:
10403:
10381:
10330:
10294:
9807:
8871:
8831:
8796:
8496:
xeno-canto: Community online database of downloadable bird sounds from around the globe
8327:
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8269:
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7708:
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6936:
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6788:
6691:
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6629:
6588:
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6487:
6449:
6348:
6334:(1644). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Online.
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3913:
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3843:
3808:
3759:
3716:
3634:
3613:
Lieser, M.; Berthold, P. & Manley, G. A. (2005). "Infrasound in the capercaillie (
3549:
3510:
3446:
3411:
3392:"Testing the roles of species in mixed-species bird flocks of a Sri Lankan rain forest"
3367:
3342:
3323:
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609:
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127:
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6705:
6589:"A mesocortical dopamine circuit enables the cultural transmission of vocal behaviour"
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2975:
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2468:
1375:
Smartphone apps can identify birds using sounds. These apps work by comparing against
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6353:
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6265:
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6090:
6061:"The human mirror neuron system: A link between action observation and social skills"
6033:
5995:
5944:
5940:
5871:
5705:
5655:
5612:
5555:
5513:
5501:
5435:
5388:
5363:
Brainard, M. S. & Doupe, A. J. (2002). "What songbirds teach us about learning".
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Halfwerk, Wouter; Holleman, L.J.M.; Lessells, C.M.; Slabbekoorn, H. (February 2011).
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low-frequency noise. Traffic noise was found to decrease reproductive success in the
453:
418:
378:
8517:
8471:
8200:
7712:
7640:
7602:
7563:
7396:
7298:
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6877:
6808:"Mate choice for cognitive traits: a review of the evidence in nonhuman vertebrates"
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5717:
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2710:
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2342:
1917:
619:); the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA); and the tracheosyringeal part of the
11157:
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10644:
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8941:
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8299:
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7590:
7543:
7448:"The use of sounds in avian systematics, and the importance of bird sound archives"
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1994:
1972:
1961:"High-speed video analysis of wing-snapping in two manakin clades (Pipridae: Aves)"
1897:
1602:
1583:
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1502:
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788:
768:); individuals within some species vary in the same way. In a few species, such as
422:
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331:
289:
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148:
77:
8541:
distributes a number of different free birdsong synthesis & analysis programs.
7959:
Music Theory and Natural Order from the Renaissance to the Early Twentieth Century
6861:
6292:
5766:
4917:
4382:
4219:
3874:
3442:
2629:
2616:
Searcy, W. A.; Beecher, M.D. (2009). "Song as an aggressive signal in songbirds".
2407:"Immune challenge mediates vocal communication in a passerine bird: an experiment"
1133:, evidencing the strong role of tutors in the learning of song by juvenile birds.
448:
426:
11227:
10974:
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8774:
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8485:
4465:
2023:
1768:
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1544:
1256:. These are subject to imagination and vary greatly; a well-known example is the
1169:
wide varieties of song. This model is based on a concept of "filters", in which:
1130:
1055:
952:
836:
777:
742:
727:
175:
8534:
5683:"Song learning in birds: diversity and plasticity, opportunities and challenges"
5497:
5215:
3428:
2959:
974:
bird hears, how it compares to a memorized song template, and what he produces.
518:) to around 12 kHz, with maximum sensitivity between 1 and 5 kHz. The
425:, and some owls and parrots. In territorial songbirds, birds are more likely to
11194:
11050:
11023:
10895:
10721:
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10141:
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8274:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7364:
7274:
6979:
6393:
5968:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5701:
5414:
Barrington, D. (1773). "Experiments and observations on the singing of birds".
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5171:
5119:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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210:
55:
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6768:
6708:"Developmental Stress, Condition, and Birdsong: A Case Study in Song Sparrows"
6612:
6544:
Slater, P. J. B.; Ince, S. A. (1979). "Cultural Evolution in Chaffinch Song".
6190:
6164:
6058:
5115:"Seasonal neuroplasticity in the songbird telencephalon: A role for melatonin"
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A blog with stories and tips for learning the patterns in bird vocalizations.
8080:
7338:. Golden Field Guides (Second ed.). Western Publishing Company. p.
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Are action-specific β a response is only triggered by the "primary song type"
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neuron activity in response to calls heard (green) and calls produced (red).
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3679:"Black Jacobin hummingbirds vocalize above the known hearing range of birds"
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4022:"The impact of environmental noise on song amplitude in a territorial bird"
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vocalizations have also suggested that they may have recursive structures.
1315:
1197:
1124:, bird song's dependence on learning was studied by Thorpe, who found that
985:. They discovered that the neurons that project from the HVC to Area X (HVC
970:
383:
239:
198:
135:
8184:
7388:
6076:
6016:
Rizzolatti, Giacomo; Craighero, Laila (2004). "The mirror-neuron system".
5948:
5875:
5112:
5054:
3588:
2891:
2484:"Fitness Correlates of Song Repertoire Size in Free-Living Song Sparrows (
2212:
Yoshida, Junki; Kobayashi, Yoshisuga; Norell, Mark A. (15 February 2023).
11363:
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8756:
8751:
8683:
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8636:
8225:
7984:"NJIT professor finds nothing cuckoo in serenading our feathered friends"
7804:"Birds use language like humans joining calls together to form sentences"
6724:
6707:
6110:
4882:
2406:
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1723:
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have been rigorously shown to exhibit combinatorial language. Studies on
1346:
1307:
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813:
773:
100:
8557:
Accurate transcription of clean recordings of bird vocalizations to midi
8551:
is the world's largest collection of animal sounds and associated video.
6419:
6132:
5745:
Slater, P. J. B. (1989). "Bird song learning: causes and consequences".
4773:
4590:
3826:
Morton, E.S. (1975). "Ecological sources of selection on avian sounds".
1470:
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9888:
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9535:
9467:
9432:
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9158:
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8499:
7656:
The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots
7555:
7044:
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6573:
5836:
5470:
5285:
3917:
3545:
3506:
3185:
3084:
2334:
2098:
2074:
1640:
1624:
1619:", in which the birds of the world assemble under the wisest bird, the
1358:
1281:
840:
515:
504:
495:
489:
433:
Sometimes, songs vocalized in the post-breeding season act as a cue to
414:
387:
309:
182:
144:
8566:
7576:
7380:
6328:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4543:
Behavioral Neurobiology: The Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior
4259:
4242:
3272:
2742:
2725:
2382:
2357:
1977:
11138:
11035:
10862:
10845:
10786:
10047:
10002:
9791:
9584:
9501:
9485:
9474:
9384:
9320:
9279:
8978:
8779:
8766:
8746:
8646:
7695:
7670:
7275:"Fifty years of bird song research: a case study in animal behaviour"
6422:"Birdsong Learning and Culture: Analogies with Human Spoken Language"
6279:
Miller, G. (2008). "Mirror neurons may help songbirds stay in tune".
5913:
5801:
5267:
4669:
4511:
4177:"When COVID-19 silenced cities, birdsong recaptured its former glory"
3391:
3311:
3034:
2803:
2355:
2039:
1796:""Bird Voices" and "Vocal Development" from Birds of Stanford essays"
1548:
1043:
690:
535:
461:
247:
178:
7547:
6587:
Tanaka, Masashi; Sun, Fangmiao; Li, Yulong; Mooney, Richard (2018).
6378:"Chapter Six β Learning and Cultural Transmission in Chaffinch Song"
6248:
6223:
5462:
5384:
4750:"Support for a synaptic chain model of neuronal sequence generation"
4095:
4070:
3909:
3256:
3201:"Countersinging as a signal of aggression in a territorial songbird"
3177:
3076:
2538:
1321:
819:
Research has indicated that birds' acquisition of song is a form of
308:
In February 2023, scientists reported that the possible sounds that
131:
11202:
10875:
10850:
10502:
10264:
10015:
9745:
9720:
9666:
9577:
9549:
9439:
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9395:
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9272:
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9241:
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8784:
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2506:
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1552:
1540:
1422:
1399:
1293:
1158:
1029:
1017:
804:
793:
769:
643:(nXIIts), which then controls muscular contractions of the syrinx.
219:
194:
8217:
Is Birdsong Music?: Outback Encounters with an Australian Songbird
5551:
4568:
3676:
2931:: a technique to monitor long-term adult turnover and residency".
2724:
Hill, S. D.; Brunton, D. H.; Anderson, M. A.; Weihong, J. (2018).
1239:
singing help to distinguish these two species by voice definitely.
560:
makes the loudest call ever recorded for birds, reaching 125
99:
songs are the bird sounds that are melodious to the human ear. In
11055:
10999:
10989:
10386:
9925:
9778:
9657:
9542:
9508:
9446:
9267:
9121:
9113:
8806:
8678:
8663:
7731:
4414:"Absence of female partners can explain the dawn chorus of birds"
3933:"Birdsong and sound transmission: the benefits of reverberations"
1403:
1392:
1368:
1138:
939:
Neurons fire when the primary song type is either heard or sung.
922:
561:
484:
469:
408:(note the call and response with a second more distant chickadee)
235:
104:
10440:
7728:"Bird Language: Exploring the Language of Nature with Jon Young"
6966:
Sarvasy, Hannah (2016). "Warblish: Verbal Mimicry of Birdsong".
4128:"Negative impact of traffic nosie on avian reproductive success"
3341:
Betts, M.G.; Hadley, A.S.; Rodenhouse, N.; Nocera, J.J. (2008).
1647:", is considered one of his most important works. Bird poems by
1555:; they can incorporate recordings of birds into their works, as
1449:
Studies in parakeets have shown a striking similarity between a
646:
Information in the anterior forebrain pathway is projected from
10910:
10496:
10055:
9994:
9770:
9762:
9691:
9631:
9515:
9453:
9336:
9003:
8998:
8876:
8511:
7172:
Bailey, C. E. G (2008). "Towards an Orthography of Bird Song".
4276:"Extremely loud mating songs at close range in white bellbirds"
1620:
1608:
1571:
1410:
1261:
918:
844:
473:
301:
297:
251:
243:
186:
8498:β250,000 recordings of β9400 species as of Aug 2015. See also
8480:
Bird Language: Exploring the Language of Nature with Jon Young
8268:
Tierney, Adam T.; Russo, Frank A.; Patel, Aniruddh D. (2011).
3931:
Slabbekoorn, Hans; Ellers, Jacintha; Smith, Thomas B. (2002).
1190:
1149:
631:
Both neural pathways in the song system begin at the level of
11060:
10994:
10274:
9941:
9728:
9291:
7021:"Die verschiedenen Methoden der Darstellung von Vogelstimmen"
6221:
6165:
Dinstein, I.; Thomas, C.; Behrmann, M.; Heeger, D.J. (2008).
3566:
2688:
1864:
The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. volume 2
1002:
716:
503:
in the darkness of caves. The only bird known to make use of
190:
156:
152:
5580:
4803:
4801:
4747:
2870:
639:
to RA, and then from RA to the tracheosyringeal part of the
592:
162:
10821:
9917:
9284:
9247:
9217:
8631:
8597:
8479:
7930:
Head, Matthew (1997). "Birdsong and the Origins of Music".
7365:"An Experimental System for Auditory Image Representations"
6846:
6806:
Boogert, N. J.; Fawcett, T. W.; Lefebvre, L. (2011-04-18).
6059:
Oberman, L. M.; Pineda, J. A.; Ramachandran, V. S. (2007).
5362:
4647:
4497:
3952:
10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0564:basttb]2.0.co;2
3776:
3569:"Hearing and echolocation in the Australian Grey Swiftlet,
3055:
2782:
Marler, P. (1955). "Characteristics of some animal calls".
1823:
A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America
1121:
139:
96:
8495:
7872:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology
7581:, to computer-generated simulations of aerial predators".
7422:"US Patent. 20030216649. Audible output sonogram analyzer"
7103:"The notation of bird-song: a review and a recommendation"
5926:
3389:
1501:
The first known recording of birdsong was made in 1889 by
10039:
8896:
8658:
8486:
Large collection of audio bird calls collected in Arizona
4852:
4798:
3286:
Roy, Suhridam; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2022).
2832:"Do birds have language? It depends on how you define it"
1611:. Famous examples inspired by bird song include the 1177
1582:
can resemble music. Hollis Taylor's in-depth analysis of
1196:
ability in males. Further investigation showed that male
1069:
858:
7837:"Archive Pioneers β Ludwig Koch and the Music of Nature"
5358:
5356:
5075:
3895:
2075:"Some Biological Principles Applicable to Song-Behavior"
1794:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S. & Wheye, Darryl.
1623:, to decide who is to be their king. In English poetry,
745:
mimicking several different native Australian bird calls
7334:
A Guide To Field Identification: Birds of North America
6663:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6011:
6009:
5529:
4895:
4068:
2024:"The biological significance of bird song in Australia"
542:) due to the overlap in acoustic frequency. During the
6805:
6657:
Lachlan, Robert F.; Slater, Peter J. B. (1999-04-07).
5964:"Experimental test of error-correction birdsong model"
5681:
Brenowitz, Eliot A. & Beecher, Michael D. (2005).
4807:
4205:
2534:
2532:
2320:
2211:
10430:
Category:Individual apes involved in language studies
8563:
GPL Licensed freeware for the Spectrogram extraction.
8270:"The motor origins of human and avian song structure"
7505:"Don't know birdsong? There's a (great) app for that"
7204:"The Analysis of Bird Songs by Means of a Vibralyzer"
6160:
6158:
5353:
4240:
1959:
Bostwick, Kimberly S. & Prum, Richard O. (2003).
1643:'s 1970 collection of poems about a bird character, "
514:
The hearing range of birds is from below 50 Hz (
7445:
6006:
4274:
Podos, Jeffrey; Cohn-Haft, Mario (21 October 2019).
3612:
2262:
1284:
produces a motif which some bird guides describe as
908:
460:) performing a "unison call", which strengthens the
9188:
8326:
6754:
6375:
6015:
5902:
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
5448:
5113:Bentley, G.E.; Van't Hof, T.J.; Ball, G.F. (1999).
4698:
4491:
3527:
3488:
3111:
2926:
2529:
2316:
2314:
947:Mirror neurons have the following characteristics:
181:. Some groups are nearly voiceless, producing only
8355:Brooks, Cleanth; Warren, Robert Penn (1968). "The
7503:
7331:
6155:
5268:London, S.E.; Replogle, K.; Clayton, D.F. (2009).
3986:
2650:
879:Bird's own song (BOS)-tuned error correction model
464:and provides a territorial warning to other cranes
8267:
6586:
4643:
4641:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4332:"World's 'loudest bird': Meet the white bellbird"
3463:
2760:. Museum of Science, Boston. 2008. Archived from
2539:MΓΈller AP; J. ErritzΓΈe; L. Z. Garamszegi (2005).
1204:
11424:
7653:
7272:
6415:
6413:
5744:
5680:
4540:
3464:Marler, Peter; Slabbekoorn, Hans Willem (2004).
3116:. Princeton University Press. pp. 257β260.
2311:
1159:Evolutionary preservation of bird vocal learning
835:to a mammalian motor pathway originating in the
27:"Bird song" redirects here. For other uses, see
8170:
7956:
7131:
6224:"Behavioral neuroscience: Neurons of imitation"
6106:
6104:
5525:
5523:
5416:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
3567:Coles RB; Konishi M & Pettigrew JD (1987).
3285:
3137:Osmaston, B. B. (1941). ""Duetting" in birds".
3136:
2960:"Chapter 3 A Review of Vocal Duetting in Birds"
2758:"A Bird's World: Speaking in a Bird's Language"
2292:
1860:
1821:Howell, Steve N. G. & Webb, Sophie (1995).
1163:
1066:such as song-type matching and countersinging.
958:They exhibit both sensory and motor properties.
472:. In some tropical species, mimics such as the
193:, which clatter their bills. In some manakins (
8408:. The Ted Hughes Society. 2012. Archived from
8330:(1984). Darbandi, Afkham; Davis, Dick (eds.).
7868:"Wildlife sound recording in the soviet union"
7747:"Birds Can Tell Us a Lot about Human Language"
7614:
7612:
7533:
7362:
5822:
5413:
5316:
4638:
4431:
4273:
3254:
2871:Lengagne, T.; J. Lauga & T. Aubin (2001).
1930:
1845:
1793:
1551:did, along with many later composers, such as
584:male birds sing more when females are absent.
292:; it is a bony structure at the bottom of the
134:, while calls tend to serve such functions as
10802:
10456:
10205:
8582:
7618:
7241:
6935:
6656:
6410:
5629:
5032:
4446:
4071:"Birds sing at a higher pitch in urban noise"
3860:
3198:
3012:
2684:
2682:
2615:
571:A 2023 study found a correlation between the
9096:
8354:
7452:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
6101:
5961:
5520:
4019:
3825:
3163:
2998:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2288:
2286:
2172:
2150:
2017:
2015:
1958:
1887:
1278:Where are you Frederick Frederick Frederick?
556:According to a study published in 2019, the
386:will respond to the recruitment call of the
7609:
7468:
7369:IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
7198:
6065:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
5849:
5483:
4619:
3777:Boncoraglio, G. & Nicola Saino (2007).
2205:
1349:to visualize bird song was then adopted by
1191:Possible correlation with cognitive ability
1150:Dopamine circuits and cultural transmission
10809:
10795:
10463:
10449:
10212:
10198:
8589:
8575:
8523:Bird songs in movies: an unnatural history
8137:
8046:
7865:
7725:
7471:"Taxonomy of the Mirafra assamica complex"
7073:
6891:Saunders, Aretas A. (1951). "Figure 134".
6543:
6278:
5899:
5779:
5632:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5219:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
4692:
4564:
4562:
3733:
3390:Goodale, E. & Kotagama, S. W. (2005).
2781:
2679:
2295:Bird Song: Biological Themes and Variation
2123:
2072:
2066:
1954:
1952:
1820:
1508:Other notable birdsong recordists include
670:In the extremely dimorphic zebra finches (
483:Some cave-dwelling species, including the
11379:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
8303:
8293:
8143:
7694:
6987:
6823:
6723:
6690:
6628:
6438:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-090420-121034
6347:
6247:
6198:
6084:
5989:
5979:
5606:
5293:
5148:
5138:
4974:
4964:
4781:
4748:Long, M.A.; Jin, D.Z.; Fee, M.S. (2010).
4724:
4474:
4464:
4299:
4258:
4151:
4094:
4045:
3802:
3702:
3366:
2843:
2741:
2611:
2609:
2559:
2425:
2381:
2283:
2239:
2012:
1976:
1286:Who cooks for you? Who cooks for you all?
1054:, though there is currently insufficient
1035:Exhibit both sensory and motor properties
258:
10219:
8506:British Library's archive of bird sounds
8261:
7932:Journal of the Royal Musical Association
7744:
7330:; Herbert S. Zim; Arthur Singer (1983).
7134:"Bird Song Research: The Past 100 years"
7018:
6890:
6222:Tchernichovski, O.; Wallman, J. (2008).
4174:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2021:
1320:
1222:
1208:
927:
890:Efference copy model of error correction
748:
734:
726:
591:
564:. The record was previously held by the
546:, reduced traffic noise led to birds in
447:
396:
325:
262:
161:
114:
69:
40:
8596:
8531:Shared resource for birdsong scientists
8430:
8406:"Crow β The Ted Hughes Society Journal"
7975:
7831:
7829:
7501:
7266:
6965:
6324:"Auditoryβvocal mirroring in songbirds"
4997:
4559:
4069:Slabbekoorn, H. & Peet, M. (2003).
3651:
3466:Nature's music: the science of birdsong
1949:
1867:. London: John Murray. pp. 65β66.
900:would occur more rapidly in this model.
780:experiments succeeded in making linnet
14:
11425:
10816:
8213:
8079:
8012:
7668:
7171:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6508:
6473:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6321:
6030:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230
4622:Nature's music:The science of birdsong
4360:
4187:from the original on 23 September 2021
3056:Stokes, A. W.; H. W. Williams (1968).
2606:
2349:
2054:from the original on 27 September 2013
1070:Learning through cultural transmission
859:Auditory feedback in birdsong learning
284:) from Brazil making a series of calls
10790:
10444:
10193:
9081:
8570:
8508:representing more than 8,000 species.
8373:
8125:from the original on 28 December 2014
7981:
7424:. Freepatentsonline.com. 2003-11-20.
4534:
2852:from the original on 21 February 2022
2829:
2818:
2293:Catchpole, C.; Slater, P.J.B (2008).
2271:from the original on 1 September 2007
2193:from the original on 25 February 2023
2178:
2105:from the original on 22 February 2022
1814:
756:Sample of the rich repertoire of the
10769:
10148:
8514:A guide to understanding bird sound.
8173:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
7929:
7826:
7100:
4624:. Academic Press. pp. 272β295.
4342:from the original on 22 October 2019
4338:(video). BBC News. 22 October 2019.
4175:Stokstad, Erik (24 September 2020).
3255:Dahlin, C. R.; Benedict, L. (2013).
3112:Harris, Tony; Franklin, Kim (2000).
2957:
1465:
965:Because mirror neurons exhibit both
476:may have a role in the formation of
288:The avian vocal organ is called the
10172:
8144:Underwood, Emily (15 August 2016).
7745:Fishbein, Adam (February 2, 2018).
6757:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
6712:Integrative and Comparative Biology
6645:
6364:
4411:
2880:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2323:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2179:Wilke, Carolyn (24 February 2023).
1965:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1767:
174:Bird song is best developed in the
24:
8152:from the original on 26 March 2023
7994:from the original on 8 August 2017
7779:"Uppsala University press release"
7260:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1958.tb07960.x
7186:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01739.x
7119:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1970.tb00090.x
7088:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02436.x
6488:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1958.tb07960.x
5868:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1965.tb01688.x
3151:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1941.tb00620.x
2256:
1607:Bird song is a popular subject in
1129:the song of a chaffinch raised by
33:Bird (disambiguation) Β§ Songs
25:
11464:
10470:
9050:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
8465:
8386:from the original on 11 June 2016
7814:from the original on July 5, 2020
7759:from the original on July 5, 2020
6382:Advances in the Study of Behavior
5000:Experimental Biology and Medicine
2964:Advances in the Study of Behavior
2830:Mason, Betsy (15 February 2022).
2469:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310404.x
1802:from the original on 3 April 2012
933:Song selectivity in HVCx neurons:
909:Mirror neurons and vocal learning
352:Australian raven territorial call
10956:
10768:
10757:
10756:
10171:
10159:
10147:
10136:
10135:
10026:(New World vultures and condors)
8525:Humor piece on soundtrack errors
8424:
8398:
8367:
8363:. Prentice-Hall. pp. 44β47.
8348:
8320:
8207:
8164:
8119:British Broadcasting Corporation
8107:
8073:
8040:
8019:Journal of Music Research Online
8006:
7982:Reich, Ronni (15 October 2010).
7950:
7923:
7901:
7859:
7796:
7771:
7738:
7719:
7662:
7647:
7570:
7527:
7495:
7462:
7439:
7414:
7356:
7316:
7235:
7192:
7165:
7125:
7094:
7067:
7012:
6959:
6929:
6884:
6840:
6799:
6748:
6699:
6580:
6537:
6502:
6467:
6315:
6272:
6215:
6052:
5955:
5920:
5893:
5090:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50034-2
4822:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50068-8
4717:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06083.x
4705:European Journal of Neuroscience
4241:Najar, N.; Benedict, L. (2019).
4153:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01914.x
4047:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00814.x
3804:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01207.x
3656:. Vol. 1. pp. 95β130.
3347:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
2945:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00019.x
2570:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00805.x
2138:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03392.x
1469:
1382:
1091:
1082:
10513:Central pattern generator (CPG)
8451:from the original on 2023-04-07
8431:Hopkins, Gerard Manley (1985).
8250:from the original on 2023-04-07
8146:"Birdsong Not Music, After All"
8095:from the original on 6 May 2016
8029:from the original on 2017-08-04
7890:from the original on 2018-06-07
7847:from the original on 2011-08-20
7785:from the original on 2022-08-10
7671:"Language: Startling starlings"
7516:from the original on 2022-01-12
7446:AlstrΓΆm, P.; Ranft, R. (2003).
7428:from the original on 2014-03-26
7403:from the original on 2009-02-23
7305:from the original on 2020-06-23
7224:from the original on 2021-09-20
7154:from the original on 2017-08-29
6918:from the original on 2007-12-12
6908:"Visual notation of bird songs"
6400:from the original on 2020-01-30
6322:Mooney, Richard (5 June 2014).
5882:from the original on 2020-02-01
5856:Zeitschrift fΓΌr Tierpsychologie
5843:
5816:
5773:
5738:
5727:from the original on 2022-02-12
5674:
5623:
5574:
5477:
5442:
5407:
5319:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
5310:
5261:
5209:
5165:
5106:
5069:
5026:
4991:
4940:
4889:
4846:
4741:
4613:
4412:Gil, Diego (February 6, 2024).
4405:
4354:
4324:
4267:
4234:
4199:
4168:
4119:
4062:
4013:
3980:
3969:from the original on 2018-07-19
3924:
3889:
3854:
3819:
3770:
3727:
3670:
3654:Acoustic Communication in Birds
3645:
3606:
3595:from the original on 2021-05-17
3560:
3521:
3482:
3468:. Academic Press. p. 145.
3457:
3422:
3383:
3334:
3279:
3248:
3237:from the original on 2012-03-08
3192:
3157:
3130:
3105:
3094:from the original on 2014-04-29
3049:
3006:
2951:
2920:
2909:from the original on 2007-09-30
2864:
2775:
2750:
2717:
2644:
2595:from the original on 2016-04-12
2548:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2475:
2448:
2437:from the original on 2021-04-15
2398:
2144:
2117:
2001:from the original on 2010-03-29
1651:include "Sea and Skylark" and "
1366:complexes such as those of the
1274:Old Sam Peabody Peabody Peabody
1201:development of multiple males.
587:
468:Some birds are excellent vocal
38:Sounds birds use to communicate
11108:The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck
10707:Frog hearing and communication
9082:
8359:". In Stillinger, Jack (ed.).
7961:. Cambridge University Press.
7730:. OWLink Media. Archived from
7669:Marcus, Gary F. (2006-04-27).
5599:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5589-03.2004
4699:Kojima, S.; Doupe, A. (2008).
4449:"The Neural Basis of Birdsong"
2297:. Cambridge University Press.
1924:
1881:
1854:
1839:
1787:
1761:
1205:Identification and systematics
1020:. Like mirror neurons, the HVC
1001:neurons become insensitive to
596:Song-learning pathway in birds
13:
1:
11384:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
8214:Taylor, Hollis (2017-05-01).
8121:(BBC Four). 1 November 2010.
8013:Taylor, Hollis (2011-03-21).
7884:10.1016/S0300-9629(80)80003-X
7866:Veprintsev, Boris N. (1980).
7633:10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80279-2
7502:Munford, Monty (2015-03-28).
6862:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.004
6293:10.1126/science.319.5861.269a
5929:Behavioral and Neural Biology
5767:10.1080/08927014.1989.9525529
5175:Journal of Biological Rhythms
5078:Hormones, Brain, and Behavior
4918:10.1126/science.208.4450.1380
4383:10.1080/09524622.2004.9753527
4220:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.034
3875:10.1080/09524622.2009.9753613
3443:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.04.012
3058:"Antiphonal calling in quail"
2976:10.1016/S0065-3454(09)40003-2
2665:10.1016/S0003-3472(82)80188-7
2630:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.011
1755:
1456:
1097:βThe cultural lives of birdsβ
823:that involves regions of the
786:learn the song of a skylark,
507:(at about 20 Hz) is the
478:mixed-species foraging flocks
342:) makes a slow, high-pitched
110:
8535:Bioacoustic Research Program
8220:. Indiana University Press.
7909:"National Library of France"
6426:Annual Review of Linguistics
5941:10.1016/0163-1047(92)90757-U
5047:10.1016/0006-8993(80)90102-X
4810:Hormones, Brain and Behavior
4466:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030164
2073:Hartshorne, Charles (1958).
1596:
1461:
1288:with the emphasis placed on
1266:O sweet Canada Canada Canada
1164:The cultural trap hypothesis
604:Anterior forebrain pathway (
439:black-throated blue warblers
7:
11448:Wild animals identification
11120:Jonathan Livingston Seagull
11072:The Conference of the Birds
10090:(woodpeckers and relatives)
8332:The Conference of the Birds
7658:. Harvard University Press.
7019:Hoffmann, Bernhard (1917).
6388:, Academic Press: 181β227,
5498:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.05.001
4500:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
3987:Krause, Bernard L. (1993).
3396:Journal of Tropical Ecology
2958:Hall, Michelle, L. (2009).
1825:. Oxford University Press.
1734:Lateralization of bird song
1658:
1617:The Conference of the Birds
1525:
1402:has, in addition to words,
839:and descending through the
831:below) has been considered
722:
321:
64:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
10:
11469:
11402:Humanβdinosaur coexistence
11101:A History of British Birds
10907:In mythology and religion
10712:Infrared sensing in snakes
10697:Jamming avoidance response
10285:Humanβanimal communication
9952:(cormorants and relatives)
9045:Extinct species since 1500
8549:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
8539:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
8472:Avian Vocalizations Center
8047:Rothenberg, David (2005).
6980:10.2993/0278-0771-36.4.765
6394:10.1016/bs.asb.2015.01.001
5702:10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.004
5331:10.1016/j.conb.2005.10.004
5274:Developmental Neurobiology
4132:Journal of Applied Ecology
2263:Australian Museum Online.
2232:10.1038/s42003-023-04513-x
1676:Anti-exhaustion hypothesis
1600:
1529:
1325:Sonogram of the call of a
205:has been termed variously
26:
11407:Category:Birds and humans
11394:
11334:Henry Constantine Richter
11276:
11238:
11008:
10965:
10954:
10828:
10752:
10679:
10658:
10562:
10478:
10412:
10318:
10305:Self-anointing in animals
10280:FOXP2 and human evolution
10227:
10131:
10082:(kingfishers and rollers)
10014:
9969:
9936:(albatrosses and petrels)
9908:
9879:
9850:
9829:
9820:(swifts and hummingbirds)
9802:(nightjars and relatives)
9790:
9753:
9744:
9711:
9674:
9665:
9656:
9652:
9626:(pheasants and relatives)
9601:
9525:
9484:
9422:
9394:
9370:
9346:
9319:
9240:
9227:
9184:
9157:
9153:
9092:
9088:
9077:
9073:
9012:
8915:
8815:
8765:
8692:
8622:
8609:
8475:Michigan State University
8380:The Literary Encyclopedia
7654:Pepperberg, I.M. (2000).
7273:Slater, P. J. B. (2003).
7202:; Reese, Carl R. (1953).
6942:The Sibley Guide to Birds
6895:. Doubleday and Company.
6769:10.1007/s00359-002-0361-3
6613:10.1038/s41586-018-0636-7
6191:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.004
5012:10.3181/00379727-41-10631
4541:Carew, Thomas J. (2000).
4301:10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.028
4026:Journal of Animal Ecology
3996:The Soundscape Newsletter
3704:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.041
3631:10.1007/s10336-005-0003-y
3408:10.1017/S0266467405002609
2845:10.1146/knowable-021522-1
1935:. Staffordshire: Poyser.
1090:
1081:
1076:
29:Birdsong (disambiguation)
11019:Bird-and-flower painting
10717:Caridoid escape reaction
10270:Evolutionary linguistics
9981:(seriemas and relatives)
9960:(pelicans and relatives)
7957:Clark, Suzannah (2001).
7484:: 97β107. Archived from
7132:Baker, Myron C. (2001).
7025:Journal fΓΌr Ornithologie
5187:10.1177/0748730407311110
3114:Shrikes and Bush-Shrikes
2457:Journal of Avian Biology
2126:Journal of Avian Biology
1861:Darwin, Charles (1871).
1639:" are popular classics.
951:They are located in the
827:. Further, the PDP (see
166:Wing feathers of a male
138:or keeping members of a
95:. In non-technical use,
10570:Theodore Holmes Bullock
10074:(hornbills and hoopoes)
9989:(falcons and relatives)
8561:Sonogram Visible Speech
8295:10.1073/pnas.1103882108
7363:Meijer, P.B.L. (1992).
6968:Journal of Ethnobiology
6558:10.1163/156853979X00142
6167:"A mirror up to nature"
5981:10.1073/pnas.0407870101
5690:Trends in Neurosciences
5652:10.1196/annals.1298.027
5239:10.1196/annals.1298.043
4966:10.1186/1471-2202-10-24
3736:The American Naturalist
2495:The American Naturalist
1902:10.1126/science.1111701
1848:Proc. Zool. Soc. London
1419:black-capped chickadees
1379:databases for matches.
1335:Recorded in south India
60:Pipilo erythrophthalmus
11374:BirdLife International
11314:John Gerrard Keulemans
11266:of the Tower of London
11127:In theatre and ballet
10936:Driven grouse shooting
10727:Surface wave detection
10425:Category:Talking birds
10058:(trogons and quetzals)
9870:(cranes and relatives)
9140:(emus and cassowaries)
9030:Glossary of bird terms
8842:Confuciusornithiformes
8518:Bird language articles
7595:10.1006/anbe.1993.1156
7291:10.1006/anbe.2003.2051
6675:10.1098/rspb.1999.0692
6340:10.1098/rstb.2013.0179
5428:10.1098/rstl.1773.0031
5140:10.1073/pnas.96.8.4674
4875:10.1126/science.959852
4545:. Sinauer Associates.
4447:Nottebohm, F. (2005).
3989:"The Niche Hypothesis"
3619:Journal of Ornithology
3571:Collocalia spodiopygia
3530:Collocalia spodiopygia
3359:10.1098/rspb.2008.0217
3220:10.1006/anbe.2003.2175
3199:Hyman, Jeremy (2003).
2703:10.1006/anbe.1996.0095
2219:Communications Biology
1578:, and combinations of
1341:
1258:white-throated sparrow
1240:
1220:
1218:white-throated sparrow
1142:to certain dialects).
944:
760:
746:
732:
597:
465:
409:
406:black-capped chickadee
358:
285:
259:Anatomy and physiology
171:
123:
81:
67:
10543:Anti-Hebbian learning
10300:Seismic communication
10250:Anecdotal cognitivism
9899:(kagu and sunbittern)
9862:(gulls and relatives)
8867:Songlingornithiformes
8832:Omnivoropterygiformes
8185:10.1353/pbm.2005.0066
7101:Hold, Trevor (1970).
6825:10.1093/beheco/arq173
6523:10.1093/auk/100.2.493
5962:Leonardo, A. (2004).
4020:Henrik Brumm (2004).
3589:10.1242/jeb.129.1.365
3491:Steatornis caripensis
2892:10.1242/jeb.204.4.663
2427:10.1093/beheco/arg108
2022:Robinson, A. (1948).
1933:A Dictionary of Birds
1729:Language of the birds
1683:Australian Bird Calls
1649:Gerard Manley Hopkins
1601:Further information:
1389:language of the birds
1324:
1236:Luscinia megarhynchos
1226:
1215:
1064:territorial behaviors
931:
755:
741:
730:
595:
451:
403:
329:
315:Pinacosaurus grangeri
275:
165:
121:
76:
53:
11453:Cognitive musicology
11292:The Birds of America
11078:Ode to a Nightingale
10620:Bernhard Hassenstein
10553:Ultrasound avoidance
10528:Fixed action pattern
10491:Coincidence detector
10260:Deception in animals
10221:Animal communication
9721:Phoenicopteriformes
8374:Sandy, Mark (2002).
8357:Ode to a Nightingale
8334:. Penguin Classics.
8226:10.2307/j.ctt2005zrr
8083:(10 December 2005).
7944:10.1093/jrma/122.1.1
7469:AlstrΓΆm, P. (1998).
7324:Robbins, Chandler S.
6763:(11β12): 1003β1014.
5850:Konishi, M. (1965).
5486:Brain & Language
1971:(Pt 20): 3693β3706.
1773:"Why do birds sing?"
1704:Bird singing contest
1666:Animal communication
1633:Percy Bysshe Shelley
1629:Ode to a Nightingale
1303:Musurgia universalis
1052:language acquisition
509:western capercaillie
443:social communication
189:sounds, such as the
132:courtship and mating
11329:Roger Tory Peterson
10687:Animal echolocation
10625:Werner E. Reichardt
10575:Walter Heiligenberg
9692:Mesitornithiformes
9686:(doves and pigeons)
9020:Families and orders
8882:Ichthyornithiformes
8857:Patagopterygiformes
8328:Attar, Farid al-Din
8286:2011PNAS..10815510T
8280:(37): 15510β15515.
7843:. BBC. 2009-04-15.
7808:The Daily Telegraph
7752:Scientific American
7726:Young, Jon (2008).
7687:2006Natur.440.1117M
7681:(7088): 1117β1118.
7037:1917JOrni..65...66H
6893:Guide to Bird Songs
6605:2018Natur.563..117T
6240:2008Natur.451..249T
6183:2008CBio...18..R13D
6133:10.1038/nature06492
6125:2008Natur.451..305P
6077:10.1093/scan/nsl022
6018:Annu. Rev. Neurosci
5974:(48): 16935β16940.
5794:1954Natur.173..465T
5759:1989EtEcE...1...19S
5644:2004NYASA1016..628N
5544:1999Natur.399..466L
5377:2002Natur.417..351B
5231:2004NYASA1016..586B
5131:1999PNAS...96.4674B
4910:1980Sci...208.1380G
4904:(4450): 1380β1383.
4867:1976Sci...194..211N
4774:10.1038/nature09514
4766:2010Natur.468..394L
4662:2000Natur.404..762B
4591:10.1038/nature03127
4583:2005Natur.433..638K
4375:2004Bioac..14..225N
4292:2019CBio...29R1068P
4286:(20): R1068βR1069.
4144:2011JApEc..48..210H
4087:2003Natur.424..267S
4038:2004JAnEc..73..434B
3828:American Naturalist
3795:2007FuEco..21..134B
3695:2018CBio...28.R204O
3534:J. Comp. Physiol. A
3353:(1648): 2257β2263.
3304:2022Ecol..103E3707R
3027:1963Natur.197..774T
2796:1955Natur.176....6M
2374:2021EcolL..24..477M
2152:Attenborough, David
2079:The Wilson Bulletin
1783:on 29 January 2020.
1777:The British Library
1719:Dawn chorus (birds)
1574:, relationships of
1559:first did; or like
1443:King Solomon's Ring
1103:, February 26, 2022
1007:corollary discharge
676:dihydrotestosterone
672:Taeniopygia guttata
621:hypoglossal nucleus
168:club-winged manakin
11344:Archibald Thorburn
11287:John James Audubon
10650:Fernando Nottebohm
10548:Sound localization
10523:Lateral inhibition
10382:Great ape language
10331:Whale vocalization
10295:Origin of language
10034:(eagles and hawks)
9934:Procellariiformes
9839:Opisthocomiformes
9808:Steatornithiformes
9035:List by population
8872:Hongshanornithidae
8797:Evolution of birds
8555:Audio Pitch Tracer
8512:The Sound Approach
7045:10.1007/BF02250349
6812:Behavioral Ecology
6725:10.1093/icb/icu090
5286:10.1002/dneu.20719
3783:Functional Ecology
3546:10.1007/BF00619784
3507:10.1007/BF00610867
2838:. Annual Reviews.
2414:Behavioral Ecology
2335:10.1007/BF00174024
2265:"Crows and Ravens"
2186:The New York Times
1590:Certhia familiaris
1481:. You can help by
1342:
1298:Athanasius Kircher
1260:'s song, given in
1241:
1221:
1110:Culture in animals
1056:neurophysiological
945:
783:Acanthis cannabina
761:
747:
733:
598:
568:with 116 dB.
466:
454:white-naped cranes
437:eavesdroppers. In
410:
359:
300:at the top of the
286:
278:red-legged seriema
217:and more recently
207:instrumental music
172:
124:
82:
68:
11420:
11419:
11355:Conservationists
11324:Richard Lewington
11114:The Ugly Duckling
10931:Cormorant fishing
10858:Bird conservation
10784:
10783:
10671:Slice preparation
10533:Krogh's Principle
10508:Feature detection
10438:
10437:
10187:
10186:
10127:
10126:
10123:
10122:
10119:
10118:
10115:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10107:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10099:
10098:
9920:(loons or divers)
9889:Phaethontiformes
9881:Phaethontimorphae
9831:Opisthocomiformes
9800:Caprimulgiformes
9740:
9739:
9729:Podicipediformes
9648:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9366:
9365:
9149:
9148:
9106:Struthioniformes
8974:Waterfowl hunting
8907:Gastornithiformes
8902:Aepyornithiformes
8892:Lithornithiformes
8529:Song Bird Science
8437:. Penguin Books.
8341:978-0-14-044434-6
8235:978-0-253-02648-4
8058:978-0-713-99829-0
7968:978-0-521-77191-7
7810:. March 8, 2016.
7381:10.1109/10.121642
7349:978-0-307-33656-9
7244:Fringilla coelebs
7200:Borror, Donald J.
6952:978-0-679-45122-8
6669:(1420): 701β706.
6599:(7729): 117β120.
6234:(7176): 249β250.
6119:(7176): 305β310.
5908:(2, Pt.2): 1β25.
5788:(4402): 465β469.
5747:Ethol. Ecol. Evol
5538:(6735): 466β470.
5371:(6886): 351β358.
4861:(4261): 211β213.
4760:(7322): 394β399.
4656:(6779): 762β766.
4631:978-0-12-473070-0
4577:(7026): 638β642.
4552:978-0-87893-092-0
4260:10.1111/ibi.12648
3615:Tetrao urogallus
3475:978-0-12-473070-0
3273:10.1111/eth.12182
3123:978-0-691-07036-0
3021:(4869): 774β776.
2985:978-0-12-374475-3
2886:(Pt 4): 663β672.
2836:Knowable Magazine
2743:10.1111/ibi.12542
2486:Melospiza melodia
2383:10.1111/ele.13662
2304:978-0-521-87242-3
2156:The Life of Birds
1978:10.1242/jeb.00598
1942:978-0-856-61039-4
1874:978-1-108-00510-4
1832:978-0-19-854012-0
1714:Cock a doodle doo
1709:Birdsong in music
1561:Beatrice Harrison
1557:Ottorino Respighi
1499:
1498:
1230:Luscinia luscinia
1227:The sonograms of
1213:
1107:
1106:
1101:Knowable Magazine
1028:Are located in a
753:
739:
710:Passer domesticus
698:European starling
664:sexual dimorphism
641:hypoglossal nerve
617:high vocal center
544:COVID-19 pandemic
423:scimitar babblers
401:
336:Corvus coronoides
273:
234:In extratropical
215:mechanical sounds
119:
85:Bird vocalization
74:
51:
16:(Redirected from
11460:
10960:
10811:
10804:
10797:
10788:
10787:
10772:
10771:
10760:
10759:
10737:Mechanoreception
10732:Electroreception
10645:Masakazu Konishi
10610:JΓΆrg-Peter Ewert
10465:
10458:
10451:
10442:
10441:
10245:Animal cognition
10214:
10207:
10200:
10191:
10190:
10175:
10174:
10163:
10151:
10150:
10139:
10138:
10091:
10083:
10075:
10067:
10064:Leptosomiformes
10059:
10051:
10043:
10035:
10032:Accipitriformes
10027:
10006:
10005:(perching birds)
9998:
9990:
9982:
9961:
9953:
9945:
9937:
9929:
9926:Sphenisciformes
9921:
9900:
9892:
9871:
9863:
9860:Charadriiformes
9842:
9821:
9803:
9782:
9774:
9771:Musophagiformes
9766:
9751:
9750:
9732:
9724:
9703:
9695:
9687:
9672:
9671:
9663:
9662:
9654:
9653:
9627:
9614:
9392:
9391:
9388:
9381:
9294:
9287:
9251:
9238:
9237:
9234:
9225:
9224:
9221:
9186:
9185:
9182:
9181:
9155:
9154:
9141:
9133:
9125:
9117:
9109:
9094:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9079:
9078:
9075:
9074:
8942:Bird collections
8897:Dinornithiformes
8802:Darwin's finches
8792:Origin of flight
8732:Seabird breeding
8722:Sexual selection
8591:
8584:
8577:
8568:
8567:
8545:Macaulay Library
8460:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8428:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8402:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8371:
8365:
8364:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8324:
8318:
8317:
8307:
8297:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8130:
8115:"Why Birds Sing"
8111:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8085:"In full flight"
8077:
8071:
8070:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8010:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7833:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7764:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7698:
7696:10.1038/4401117a
7666:
7660:
7659:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7627:(6): 1899β1901.
7621:Animal Behaviour
7616:
7607:
7606:
7583:Animal Behaviour
7574:
7568:
7567:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7507:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7475:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7337:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7279:Animal Behaviour
7270:
7264:
7263:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7223:
7208:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7153:
7138:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7016:
7010:
7009:
6991:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6904:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6856:(6): 1209β1216.
6850:Animal Behaviour
6844:
6838:
6837:
6827:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6727:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6654:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6552:(1/2): 146β166.
6541:
6535:
6534:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6417:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6373:
6362:
6361:
6351:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6251:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6202:
6162:
6153:
6152:
6108:
6099:
6098:
6088:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6013:
6004:
6003:
5993:
5983:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5914:10.1037/h0029144
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5802:10.1038/173465a0
5777:
5771:
5770:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5726:
5687:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5527:
5518:
5517:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5360:
5351:
5350:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5142:
5125:(8): 4674β4679.
5110:
5104:
5103:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5030:
5024:
5023:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4978:
4968:
4953:BMC Neuroscience
4944:
4938:
4937:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4728:
4711:(5): 1231β1244.
4696:
4690:
4689:
4670:10.1038/35008083
4645:
4636:
4635:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4512:10.1038/35036205
4495:
4489:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4444:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4303:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4214:(4): 1059β1066.
4208:Animal Behaviour
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4098:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4002:. Archived from
3993:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3968:
3937:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3904:(4): 1084β1088.
3893:
3887:
3886:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3706:
3689:(5): R204βR205.
3674:
3668:
3667:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3495:J. Comp. Physiol
3486:
3480:
3479:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3431:Animal Behaviour
3426:
3420:
3419:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3312:10.1002/ecy.3707
3283:
3277:
3276:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3214:(6): 1179β1185.
3208:Animal Behaviour
3205:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3035:10.1038/197774a0
3010:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2989:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2929:Strix woodfordii
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2877:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2847:
2827:
2816:
2815:
2804:10.1038/176006a0
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2691:Animal Behaviour
2686:
2677:
2676:
2653:Animal Behaviour
2648:
2642:
2641:
2624:(6): 1281β1292.
2618:Animal Behaviour
2613:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2563:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2492:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2411:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2040:10.1071/mu948291
2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1980:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1779:. Archived from
1769:Boswall, Jeffery
1765:
1603:Birds in culture
1584:pied butcherbird
1565:David Rothenberg
1518:Boris Veprintsev
1494:
1491:
1473:
1466:
1415:Irene Pepperberg
1351:Donald J. Borror
1340:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1214:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1074:
1073:
1012:Overall, the HVC
754:
740:
702:Sturnus vulgaris
452:A mated pair of
402:
363:sexual selection
357:
356:
355:
353:
332:Australian raven
282:Cariama cristata
274:
120:
75:
52:
21:
11468:
11467:
11463:
11462:
11461:
11459:
11458:
11457:
11423:
11422:
11421:
11416:
11390:
11272:
11234:
11004:
10961:
10952:
10824:
10815:
10785:
10780:
10748:
10702:Vision in toads
10675:
10654:
10605:Erich von Holst
10600:Karl von Frisch
10558:
10474:
10469:
10439:
10434:
10408:
10326:Aquatic animals
10319:Animal-specific
10314:
10310:Talking animals
10240:Animal language
10235:Animal training
10223:
10218:
10188:
10183:
10095:
10089:
10081:
10073:
10072:Bucerotiformes
10066:(cuckoo-roller)
10065:
10057:
10049:
10041:
10033:
10025:
10024:Cathartiformes
10010:
10004:
9996:
9995:Psittaciformes
9988:
9980:
9965:
9959:
9958:Pelecaniformes
9951:
9943:
9935:
9927:
9919:
9904:
9898:
9897:Eurypygiformes
9890:
9875:
9869:
9861:
9846:
9840:
9825:
9819:
9801:
9786:
9780:
9772:
9764:
9736:
9730:
9722:
9707:
9701:
9700:Pterocliformes
9693:
9685:
9636:
9625:
9612:
9597:
9521:
9480:
9418:
9383:
9382:
9375:
9374:
9362:
9342:
9315:
9292:
9285:
9245:
9244:
9232:
9231:
9215:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9176:
9174:
9172:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9160:
9145:
9139:
9138:Casuariiformes
9131:
9130:Apterygiformes
9123:
9115:
9107:
9084:
9069:
9040:Lists by region
9008:
8918:
8911:
8852:Chaoyangiformes
8837:Jeholornithidae
8811:
8775:Origin of birds
8761:
8742:Brood parasites
8688:
8618:
8605:
8595:
8490:Ask A Biologist
8468:
8463:
8454:
8452:
8445:
8434:Poems and Prose
8429:
8425:
8415:
8413:
8404:
8403:
8399:
8389:
8387:
8372:
8368:
8353:
8349:
8342:
8325:
8321:
8266:
8262:
8253:
8251:
8236:
8212:
8208:
8169:
8165:
8155:
8153:
8142:
8138:
8128:
8126:
8113:
8112:
8108:
8098:
8096:
8078:
8074:
8059:
8045:
8041:
8032:
8030:
8011:
8007:
7997:
7995:
7980:
7976:
7969:
7955:
7951:
7928:
7924:
7914:
7912:
7907:
7906:
7902:
7893:
7891:
7864:
7860:
7850:
7848:
7835:
7834:
7827:
7817:
7815:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7788:
7786:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7762:
7760:
7743:
7739:
7724:
7720:
7667:
7663:
7652:
7648:
7617:
7610:
7575:
7571:
7548:10.2307/1368641
7532:
7528:
7519:
7517:
7510:Telegraph.co.uk
7500:
7496:
7488:
7473:
7467:
7463:
7444:
7440:
7431:
7429:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7406:
7404:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7321:
7317:
7308:
7306:
7271:
7267:
7240:
7236:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7211:Wilson Bulletin
7206:
7197:
7193:
7170:
7166:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7136:
7130:
7126:
7099:
7095:
7072:
7068:
7017:
7013:
6964:
6960:
6953:
6934:
6930:
6921:
6919:
6912:edwardtufte.com
6906:
6889:
6885:
6845:
6841:
6804:
6800:
6753:
6749:
6704:
6700:
6655:
6646:
6585:
6581:
6542:
6538:
6507:
6503:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6456:
6418:
6411:
6403:
6401:
6374:
6365:
6320:
6316:
6277:
6273:
6249:10.1038/451249a
6220:
6216:
6171:Current Biology
6163:
6156:
6109:
6102:
6057:
6053:
6014:
6007:
5960:
5956:
5925:
5921:
5898:
5894:
5885:
5883:
5848:
5844:
5821:
5817:
5778:
5774:
5743:
5739:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5628:
5624:
5593:(13): 3152β63.
5579:
5575:
5528:
5521:
5482:
5478:
5463:10.2307/1365545
5447:
5443:
5412:
5408:
5385:10.1038/417351a
5361:
5354:
5315:
5311:
5266:
5262:
5214:
5210:
5170:
5166:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5074:
5070:
5031:
5027:
4996:
4992:
4945:
4941:
4894:
4890:
4851:
4847:
4832:
4806:
4799:
4746:
4742:
4697:
4693:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4618:
4614:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4539:
4535:
4496:
4492:
4445:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4410:
4406:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4280:Current Biology
4272:
4268:
4239:
4235:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4173:
4169:
4124:
4120:
4096:10.1038/424267a
4067:
4063:
4018:
4014:
4006:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3910:10.2307/1369117
3894:
3890:
3859:
3855:
3824:
3820:
3775:
3771:
3732:
3728:
3683:Current Biology
3675:
3671:
3664:
3650:
3646:
3611:
3607:
3598:
3596:
3565:
3561:
3526:
3522:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3462:
3458:
3427:
3423:
3388:
3384:
3339:
3335:
3284:
3280:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3178:10.2307/4083033
3162:
3158:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3110:
3106:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3077:10.2307/4083626
3060:
3054:
3050:
3011:
3007:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2956:
2952:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2828:
2819:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2722:
2718:
2687:
2680:
2659:(4): 997β1009.
2649:
2645:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2561:10.1.1.585.3938
2543:
2537:
2530:
2490:
2480:
2476:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2362:Ecology Letters
2354:
2350:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2291:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2261:
2257:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2149:
2145:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1929:
1925:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1788:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1671:Animal language
1661:
1605:
1599:
1534:
1528:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1479:needs expansion
1464:
1459:
1385:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1209:
1207:
1193:
1166:
1161:
1152:
1092:
1077:External videos
1072:
1023:
1015:
1000:
993:
988:
953:premotor cortex
911:
861:
837:cerebral cortex
789:Alauda arvensis
778:cross-fostering
749:
743:Superb lyrebird
735:
725:
687:Serinus canaria
590:
487:and swiftlets (
397:
351:
348:
347:
324:
263:
261:
115:
113:
70:
66:, United States
41:
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11466:
11456:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11418:
11417:
11415:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11398:
11396:
11392:
11391:
11389:
11388:
11387:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11370:Organisations
11368:
11367:
11366:
11361:
11353:
11352:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11280:
11278:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11270:
11269:
11268:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11242:
11240:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11232:
11231:
11230:
11225:
11217:
11216:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11197:
11192:
11191:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11178:Animated films
11175:
11168:
11161:
11151:
11150:
11149:
11142:
11135:
11125:
11124:
11123:
11116:
11111:
11104:
11094:
11093:
11092:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11065:
11064:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11051:Gallic rooster
11048:
11043:
11038:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11024:Feather tights
11021:
11012:
11010:
11006:
11005:
11003:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10971:
10969:
10963:
10962:
10955:
10953:
10951:
10950:
10949:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10925:
10924:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10898:
10896:Model organism
10890:
10889:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10854:
10853:
10848:
10838:
10832:
10830:
10826:
10825:
10814:
10813:
10806:
10799:
10791:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10778:
10766:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10744:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10722:Vocal learning
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10683:
10681:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10673:
10668:
10662:
10660:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10595:Donald Kennedy
10592:
10590:Donald Griffin
10587:
10582:
10580:Niko Tinbergen
10577:
10572:
10566:
10564:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10556:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10538:Hebbian theory
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10493:
10488:
10482:
10480:
10476:
10475:
10468:
10467:
10460:
10453:
10445:
10436:
10435:
10433:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10416:
10414:
10410:
10409:
10407:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10390:
10389:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10358:
10357:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10335:
10334:
10333:
10322:
10320:
10316:
10315:
10313:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10224:
10217:
10216:
10209:
10202:
10194:
10185:
10184:
10182:
10181:
10169:
10157:
10145:
10132:
10129:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10121:
10120:
10117:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10101:
10100:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10093:
10085:
10080:Coraciiformes
10077:
10069:
10061:
10056:Trogoniformes
10053:
10045:
10037:
10029:
10020:
10018:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10008:
10003:Passeriformes
10000:
9992:
9987:Falconiformes
9984:
9979:Cariamiformes
9975:
9973:
9967:
9966:
9964:
9963:
9955:
9947:
9942:Ciconiiformes
9939:
9931:
9923:
9914:
9912:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9902:
9894:
9885:
9883:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9873:
9865:
9856:
9854:
9852:Cursorimorphae
9848:
9847:
9845:
9844:
9835:
9833:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9823:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9796:
9794:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9776:
9768:
9759:
9757:
9748:
9742:
9741:
9738:
9737:
9735:
9734:
9726:
9717:
9715:
9713:Mirandornithes
9709:
9708:
9706:
9705:
9697:
9689:
9684:Columbiformes
9680:
9678:
9676:Columbimorphae
9669:
9660:
9650:
9649:
9646:
9645:
9642:
9641:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9634:
9629:
9621:
9616:
9611:Meleagridinae
9607:
9605:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9595:
9588:
9581:
9574:
9567:
9560:
9553:
9546:
9539:
9531:
9529:
9527:Odontophoridae
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9490:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9478:
9471:
9464:
9457:
9450:
9443:
9436:
9428:
9426:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9400:
9398:
9389:
9368:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9352:
9350:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9333:
9325:
9323:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9308:
9306:Stictonettinae
9303:
9301:Dendrocygninae
9298:
9297:
9296:
9289:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9254:
9252:
9235:
9222:
9179:
9151:
9150:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9143:
9135:
9127:
9119:
9111:
9102:
9100:
9086:
9085:
9071:
9070:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9065:
9060:
9054:Notable birds
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9016:
9014:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9004:Egg collecting
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8955:
8954:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8923:
8921:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8887:Hesperornithes
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8862:Ambiortiformes
8859:
8854:
8849:
8847:Enantiornithes
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8821:
8819:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8782:
8771:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8698:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8639:
8634:
8628:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8610:
8607:
8606:
8594:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8558:
8552:
8542:
8532:
8526:
8520:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8493:
8483:
8477:
8467:
8466:External links
8464:
8462:
8461:
8443:
8423:
8412:on 2 July 2015
8397:
8376:"To a Skylark"
8366:
8347:
8340:
8319:
8260:
8234:
8206:
8179:(3): 426β443.
8163:
8136:
8106:
8081:Motion, Andrew
8072:
8057:
8051:. Allen Lane.
8049:Why Birds Sing
8039:
8005:
7974:
7967:
7949:
7922:
7900:
7878:(3): 321β328.
7858:
7825:
7795:
7770:
7737:
7734:on 2010-07-28.
7718:
7661:
7646:
7608:
7569:
7542:(3): 510β524.
7526:
7494:
7491:on 2008-03-07.
7461:
7438:
7413:
7375:(2): 112β121.
7355:
7348:
7315:
7285:(4): 633β639.
7265:
7254:(4): 535β570.
7234:
7217:(4): 271β276.
7191:
7164:
7124:
7113:(2): 151β172.
7093:
7082:(2): 231β245.
7066:
7011:
6974:(4): 765β782.
6958:
6951:
6928:
6883:
6839:
6818:(3): 447β459.
6798:
6747:
6718:(4): 568β577.
6698:
6644:
6579:
6536:
6517:(2): 493β495.
6501:
6482:(4): 535β570.
6466:
6432:(1): 449β472.
6409:
6363:
6314:
6271:
6214:
6154:
6100:
6051:
6005:
5954:
5919:
5892:
5862:(7): 770β783.
5842:
5815:
5772:
5737:
5696:(3): 127β132.
5673:
5638:(1): 628β658.
5622:
5573:
5519:
5476:
5457:(5): 368β377.
5441:
5406:
5352:
5325:(6): 694β703.
5309:
5280:(7): 436β450.
5260:
5225:(1): 586β610.
5208:
5164:
5105:
5098:
5068:
5035:Brain Research
5025:
5006:(1): 229β230.
4990:
4939:
4888:
4845:
4830:
4816:(1): 223β301.
4797:
4740:
4691:
4637:
4630:
4612:
4558:
4551:
4533:
4490:
4430:
4404:
4369:(3): 225β228.
4353:
4323:
4266:
4233:
4198:
4167:
4138:(1): 210β219.
4118:
4061:
4032:(3): 434β440.
4012:
4009:on 2008-03-07.
3979:
3946:(3): 564β573.
3923:
3888:
3869:(1β2): 21β48.
3853:
3840:10.1086/282971
3834:(965): 17β34.
3818:
3789:(1): 134β142.
3769:
3748:10.1086/599298
3726:
3669:
3662:
3644:
3625:(4): 395β398.
3605:
3559:
3540:(4): 457β470.
3520:
3501:(2): 243β266.
3481:
3474:
3456:
3437:(3): 521β528.
3421:
3402:(6): 669β676.
3382:
3333:
3278:
3247:
3191:
3172:(2): 314β319.
3156:
3145:(2): 310β311.
3129:
3122:
3104:
3048:
3005:
2984:
2950:
2919:
2863:
2817:
2774:
2749:
2736:(2): 257β268.
2716:
2697:(4): 917β923.
2678:
2643:
2605:
2554:(1): 223β237.
2528:
2507:10.1086/428299
2501:(3): 299β310.
2474:
2463:(4): 457β462.
2447:
2420:(1): 148β157.
2397:
2368:(3): 477β486.
2348:
2310:
2303:
2282:
2255:
2204:
2171:
2164:
2143:
2132:(4): 289β294.
2116:
2065:
2034:(4): 291β315.
2011:
1948:
1941:
1923:
1880:
1873:
1853:
1838:
1831:
1813:
1786:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:Lombard effect
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1598:
1595:
1532:Birds in music
1530:Main article:
1527:
1524:
1497:
1496:
1490:September 2011
1476:
1474:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1384:
1381:
1377:spectrographic
1312:Cornel Schmitt
1206:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1105:
1104:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1060:vocal learning
1048:theory of mind
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1021:
1013:
998:
991:
986:
983:swamp sparrows
963:
962:
959:
956:
910:
907:
902:
901:
897:efference copy
887:
886:
860:
857:
821:motor learning
766:brown thrasher
758:brown thrasher
724:
721:
652:vocal learning
625:
624:
613:
606:vocal learning
589:
586:
566:screaming piha
558:white bellbird
458:Antigone vipio
323:
320:
260:
257:
211:Charles Darwin
112:
109:
87:includes both
56:eastern towhee
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11465:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11443:Neuroethology
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11430:
11428:
11413:
11412:Zoomusicology
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11393:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11299:Thomas Bewick
11297:
11294:
11293:
11288:
11285:
11284:
11283:Illustrators
11282:
11281:
11279:
11275:
11267:
11264:
11263:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11243:
11241:
11237:
11229:
11228:Chicken dance
11226:
11224:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11214:
11213:Feather cloak
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11200:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11183:Chicken films
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11173:
11169:
11167:
11166:
11162:
11160:
11159:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11148:
11147:
11143:
11141:
11140:
11136:
11134:
11133:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11122:
11121:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11109:
11105:
11103:
11102:
11098:
11097:
11095:
11091:
11090:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11073:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11033:
11032:
11029:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11016:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11007:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10968:
10964:
10959:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10941:Plume hunting
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10908:
10906:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10893:
10891:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10881:Pigeon racing
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10812:
10807:
10805:
10800:
10798:
10793:
10792:
10789:
10777:
10776:
10767:
10765:
10764:
10755:
10754:
10751:
10743:
10740:
10739:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10684:
10682:
10678:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10657:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10585:Konrad Lorenz
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10565:
10561:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10518:NMDA receptor
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10498:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10472:Neuroethology
10466:
10461:
10459:
10454:
10452:
10447:
10446:
10443:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10411:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10388:
10385:
10384:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10356:
10355:Talking birds
10353:
10352:
10351:
10348:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10339:
10336:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10327:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10317:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10215:
10210:
10208:
10203:
10201:
10196:
10195:
10192:
10180:
10179:
10170:
10168:
10167:
10162:
10158:
10156:
10155:
10146:
10144:
10143:
10134:
10133:
10130:
10092:
10086:
10084:
10078:
10076:
10070:
10068:
10062:
10060:
10054:
10052:
10046:
10044:
10040:Strigiformes
10038:
10036:
10030:
10028:
10022:
10021:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10007:
10001:
9999:
9993:
9991:
9985:
9983:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9972:
9968:
9962:
9956:
9954:
9948:
9946:
9940:
9938:
9932:
9930:
9924:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9907:
9901:
9895:
9893:
9891:(tropicbirds)
9887:
9886:
9884:
9882:
9878:
9872:
9866:
9864:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9849:
9843:
9837:
9836:
9834:
9832:
9828:
9822:
9816:
9814:
9813:Podargiformes
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9798:
9797:
9795:
9793:
9789:
9783:
9777:
9775:
9769:
9767:
9763:Cuculiformes
9761:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9743:
9733:
9727:
9725:
9719:
9718:
9716:
9714:
9710:
9704:
9698:
9696:
9690:
9688:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9600:
9594:
9593:
9589:
9587:
9586:
9582:
9580:
9579:
9575:
9573:
9572:
9568:
9566:
9565:
9561:
9559:
9558:
9554:
9552:
9551:
9547:
9545:
9544:
9540:
9538:
9537:
9533:
9532:
9530:
9528:
9524:
9518:
9517:
9513:
9511:
9510:
9506:
9504:
9503:
9499:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9487:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9465:
9463:
9462:
9461:Macrocephalon
9458:
9456:
9455:
9451:
9449:
9448:
9444:
9442:
9441:
9437:
9435:
9434:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9425:
9421:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9401:
9399:
9397:
9393:
9390:
9386:
9379:
9373:
9369:
9359:
9358:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9348:Anseranatidae
9345:
9339:
9338:
9334:
9332:
9331:
9327:
9326:
9324:
9322:
9318:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9295:
9290:
9288:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9259:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9249:
9243:
9239:
9236:
9230:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9213:
9187:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9156:
9152:
9142:
9136:
9134:
9128:
9126:
9122:Tinamiformes
9120:
9118:
9112:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9098:Palaeognathae
9095:
9091:
9087:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9011:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8984:Pigeon racing
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8914:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8827:
8826:Archaeopteryx
8823:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8764:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8695:
8691:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8603:
8599:
8592:
8587:
8585:
8580:
8578:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8562:
8559:
8556:
8553:
8550:
8546:
8543:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8497:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8450:
8446:
8444:9780140420159
8440:
8436:
8435:
8427:
8411:
8407:
8401:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8370:
8362:
8358:
8351:
8343:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8323:
8315:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8264:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8218:
8210:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8167:
8151:
8147:
8140:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8054:
8050:
8043:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8009:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7978:
7970:
7964:
7960:
7953:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7910:
7904:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7862:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7832:
7830:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7784:
7780:
7774:
7758:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7741:
7733:
7729:
7722:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7665:
7657:
7650:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7615:
7613:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7579:Gallus gallus
7573:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7530:
7515:
7511:
7506:
7498:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7442:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7351:
7345:
7341:
7336:
7335:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7269:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7238:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7168:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7141:Bird Behavior
7135:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7097:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7070:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7027:(in German).
7026:
7022:
7015:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6962:
6954:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6937:Sibley, David
6932:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6751:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6702:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6640:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6583:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6414:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6287:(5861): 269.
6286:
6282:
6275:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6177:(1): R13β18.
6176:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6159:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6105:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6012:
6010:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5846:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5552:10.1038/20933
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5526:
5524:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5359:
5357:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5101:
5099:9780125321044
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5041:(2): 429β36.
5040:
5036:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4831:9780125321044
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4642:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4081:(6946): 267.
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3663:9780124268012
3659:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2995:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:(4470): 6β8.
2789:
2785:
2778:
2764:on 2012-03-22
2763:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2158:. BBC Books.
2157:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:(5735): 736.
1895:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1653:The Windhover
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:musical pitch
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1477:This section
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:Konrad Lorenz
1433:
1431:
1430:bird language
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1383:Bird language
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1337:
1328:
1327:laughing dove
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1202:
1199:
1198:song sparrows
1188:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1120:As mentioned
1118:
1116:
1115:avian culture
1111:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1004:
995:
984:
980:
975:
972:
968:
960:
957:
954:
950:
949:
948:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
924:
920:
916:
915:mirror neuron
906:
898:
894:
893:
892:
891:
883:
882:
881:
880:
876:
873:
869:
865:
856:
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:basal ganglia
822:
817:
815:
814:zebra finches
809:
806:
801:
797:
795:
791:
790:
785:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
744:
729:
720:
718:
713:
711:
707:
706:house sparrow
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
683:
679:
677:
673:
668:
665:
661:
656:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
622:
618:
614:
611:
610:magnocellular
607:
603:
602:
601:
594:
585:
583:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
551:
549:
548:San Francisco
545:
541:
537:
531:
527:
523:
521:
520:black jacobin
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:
492:
491:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
463:
459:
455:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
407:
395:
391:
389:
385:
380:
374:
370:
368:
364:
354:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
319:
317:
316:
311:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
279:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
229:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:Passeriformes
177:
169:
164:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
79:
65:
61:
57:
34:
30:
19:
11359:Niels Krabbe
11309:Lars Jonsson
11290:
11246:Golden eagle
11188:Horror films
11172:The Big Year
11170:
11163:
11156:
11146:The Firebird
11144:
11137:
11130:
11118:
11106:
11099:
11087:
11083:To a Skylark
11070:
10871:Cockfighting
10841:Birdwatching
10773:
10761:
10742:Lateral line
10692:Waggle dance
10630:Eric Knudsen
10495:
10349:
10255:Bioacoustics
10176:
10164:
10152:
10140:
10050:(mousebirds)
10048:Coliiformes
9918:Gaviiformes
9910:Aequornithes
9818:Apodiformes
9779:Otidiformes
9755:Otidimorphae
9702:(sandgrouse)
9624:Phasianinae
9590:
9583:
9576:
9571:Odontophorus
9569:
9562:
9555:
9548:
9541:
9534:
9514:
9507:
9500:
9493:
9473:
9466:
9459:
9452:
9445:
9438:
9431:
9409:Oreophasinae
9355:
9335:
9328:
9233:(waterfowls)
9229:Anseriformes
8979:Cockfighting
8964:Conservation
8959:Bird feeding
8947:Birdwatching
8937:Ornithomancy
8877:Gansuiformes
8824:
8817:Fossil birds
8707:Intelligence
8701:
8453:. Retrieved
8433:
8426:
8414:. Retrieved
8410:the original
8400:
8388:. Retrieved
8379:
8369:
8361:Keats's Odes
8360:
8356:
8350:
8331:
8322:
8277:
8273:
8263:
8252:. Retrieved
8244:j.ctt2005zrr
8216:
8209:
8176:
8172:
8166:
8154:. Retrieved
8139:
8127:. Retrieved
8109:
8097:. Retrieved
8089:The Guardian
8075:
8048:
8042:
8031:. Retrieved
8022:
8018:
8008:
7996:. Retrieved
7987:
7977:
7958:
7952:
7935:
7931:
7925:
7913:. Retrieved
7903:
7892:. Retrieved
7875:
7871:
7861:
7849:. Retrieved
7841:BBC Archives
7840:
7816:. Retrieved
7807:
7798:
7787:. Retrieved
7773:
7761:. Retrieved
7750:
7740:
7732:the original
7721:
7678:
7674:
7664:
7655:
7649:
7624:
7620:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7518:. Retrieved
7509:
7497:
7486:the original
7481:
7477:
7464:
7455:
7451:
7441:
7430:. Retrieved
7416:
7405:. Retrieved
7372:
7368:
7358:
7333:
7328:Bertel Bruun
7318:
7307:. Retrieved
7282:
7278:
7268:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7226:. Retrieved
7214:
7210:
7194:
7177:
7173:
7167:
7156:. Retrieved
7144:
7140:
7127:
7110:
7106:
7096:
7079:
7075:
7069:
7031:(1): 66β86.
7028:
7024:
7014:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6941:
6931:
6920:. Retrieved
6911:
6892:
6886:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6666:
6662:
6596:
6592:
6582:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6457:. Retrieved
6429:
6425:
6402:, retrieved
6385:
6381:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6284:
6280:
6274:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6174:
6170:
6116:
6112:
6071:(1): 62β66.
6068:
6064:
6054:
6021:
6017:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5935:(1): 58β66.
5932:
5928:
5922:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5884:. Retrieved
5859:
5855:
5845:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5753:(1): 19β46.
5750:
5746:
5740:
5729:. Retrieved
5693:
5689:
5676:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5535:
5531:
5492:(1): 18β20.
5489:
5485:
5479:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5368:
5364:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5181:(1): 49β58.
5178:
5174:
5167:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4813:
4809:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4653:
4649:
4621:
4615:
4574:
4570:
4542:
4536:
4506:(1): 31β40.
4503:
4499:
4493:
4456:
4452:
4421:. Retrieved
4417:
4407:
4366:
4363:Bioacoustics
4362:
4356:
4344:. Retrieved
4335:
4326:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4189:. Retrieved
4180:
4170:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4004:the original
3999:
3995:
3982:
3971:. Retrieved
3943:
3939:
3926:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3866:
3863:Bioacoustics
3862:
3856:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3742:(1): 24β33.
3739:
3735:
3729:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3653:
3647:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3597:. Retrieved
3580:
3577:J. Exp. Biol
3576:
3570:
3562:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3465:
3459:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3298:(6): e3707.
3295:
3291:
3281:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3239:. Retrieved
3211:
3207:
3194:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3113:
3107:
3096:. Retrieved
3071:(1): 83β89.
3068:
3064:
3051:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2994:cite journal
2967:
2963:
2953:
2939:(1): 30β39.
2936:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2911:. Retrieved
2883:
2879:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2835:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2766:. Retrieved
2762:the original
2752:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2694:
2690:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2621:
2617:
2597:. Retrieved
2551:
2547:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2477:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2417:
2413:
2400:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2329:(1): 47β56.
2326:
2322:
2294:
2273:. Retrieved
2258:
2223:
2217:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2184:
2174:
2165:0563-38792-0
2155:
2146:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2085:(1): 41β56.
2082:
2078:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2031:
2027:
2003:. Retrieved
1968:
1964:
1932:
1926:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1822:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1789:
1781:the original
1776:
1763:
1744:Talking bird
1689:Bioacoustics
1681:
1637:To a Skylark
1613:Persian poem
1606:
1588:
1569:
1535:
1522:
1514:Chris Watson
1507:
1500:
1487:
1483:adding to it
1478:
1451:talking bird
1448:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1409:Research on
1408:
1397:
1386:
1374:
1367:
1356:
1347:spectrograms
1343:
1316:Hans Stadler
1301:
1292:. The term "
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1216:Song of the
1194:
1186:
1182:
1167:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1119:
1108:
1041:
1011:
996:
976:
964:
946:
940:
936:
932:
912:
903:
889:
888:
878:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
853:
849:
829:Neuroanatomy
828:
818:
810:
802:
798:
787:
781:
774:mockingbirds
762:
714:
709:
701:
695:
686:
684:
680:
671:
669:
657:
645:
630:
626:
599:
588:Neuroanatomy
581:
570:
555:
552:
539:
532:
528:
524:
513:
494:
488:
482:
467:
457:
432:
421:such as the
411:
392:
384:Japanese tit
375:
371:
360:
343:
339:
335:
330:The Western
313:
307:
296:(unlike the
287:
281:
240:the Americas
233:
230:
224:
218:
214:
206:
199:stridulation
173:
125:
92:
88:
84:
83:
59:
11433:Bird sounds
11364:Peter Scott
11349:Joseph Wolf
11339:Joseph Smit
11319:Edward Lear
11256:Pigeon/Dove
11223:Cendrawasih
11208:Feather boa
11199:In fashion
11031:In heraldry
11009:In the arts
10946:Wildfowling
10927:In hunting
10916:Sacred ibis
10901:Ornithology
10892:In science
10886:Vinkensport
10666:Patch clamp
10635:Eric Kandel
10615:Franz Huber
10486:Feedforward
10290:Mating call
10178:WikiProject
10088:Piciformes
9971:Australaves
9950:Suliformes
9868:Gruiformes
9723:(flamingos)
9632:Tetraoninae
9603:Phasianidae
9592:Rhynchortyx
9557:Dactylortyx
9424:Megapodidae
9414:Penelopinae
9372:Galliformes
9114:Rheiformes
9108:(ostriches)
9058:individuals
8932:Ornithology
8919:interaction
8674:Preen gland
8148:. Science.
7988:Star Ledger
7938:(1): 1β23.
7915:13 November
7851:2 September
7180:: 115β131.
6989:1885/112092
6459:23 February
6024:: 169β192.
5837:2268/204189
5831:: 465β469.
5587:J. Neurosci
5422:: 249β291.
5084:: 649β798.
4423:February 7,
4253:(1): 1β12.
3583:: 365β371.
3267:(1): 1β10.
2856:22 February
2197:26 February
2109:22 February
2058:22 February
1749:Vinkensport
1724:Flight call
1503:Ludwig Koch
1398:However, a
1372:bushlarks.
1308:Alwin Voigt
1270:New England
1178:mate choice
1126:chaffinches
573:dawn chorus
540:Parus major
435:conspecific
427:countersing
415:bushshrikes
367:territories
344:ah-ah-aaaah
223:. The term
145:woodpeckers
101:ornithology
62:) singing,
11438:Song forms
11427:Categories
11304:John Gould
11067:In poetry
11041:Crow/Raven
10921:Sky burial
10836:Aviculture
10829:Activities
10640:Nobuo Suga
10555:in insects
10343:Bumblebees
9928:(penguins)
9781:(bustards)
9619:Perdicinae
9564:Dendrortyx
9536:Callipepla
9468:Megapodius
9433:Aepypodius
9311:Tadorninae
9293:true geese
9124:(tinamous)
9083:Neornithes
8994:Pheasantry
8969:Aviculture
8737:Incubation
8727:Lek mating
8500:xeno-canto
8455:2017-08-30
8254:2023-03-07
8033:2017-06-25
7894:2023-02-07
7789:2022-08-10
7536:The Condor
7520:2016-06-08
7458:: 114β135.
7432:2014-06-03
7407:2007-10-10
7309:2018-11-09
7228:2017-11-02
7158:2017-12-03
6922:2008-09-12
6905:Quoted in
6404:2020-01-30
5886:2020-02-01
5731:2007-10-14
4459:(5): 163.
4346:25 October
3973:2018-11-09
3940:The Condor
3898:The Condor
3599:2021-05-11
3241:2008-09-10
3098:2013-09-20
2970:: 67β121.
2913:2007-05-13
2768:2023-02-13
2599:2008-03-10
2441:2019-04-10
2226:(1): 152.
2005:2007-05-31
1756:References
1678:, birdsong
1641:Ted Hughes
1625:John Keats
1510:Eric Simms
1457:In culture
1363:allopatric
1359:speciation
1282:barred owl
1032:brain area
841:brain stem
833:homologous
516:infrasound
505:infrasound
501:echolocate
496:Aerodramus
490:Collocalia
388:willow tit
310:ankylosaur
183:percussive
111:Definition
93:bird songs
89:bird calls
11219:In dance
11158:The Birds
11139:Swan Lake
11132:The Birds
11096:In prose
11036:Avalerion
10867:In sport
10863:Fletching
10846:Bird hide
10818:Human use
10372:Elephants
9997:(parrots)
9841:(hoatzin)
9792:Strisores
9773:(turacos)
9765:(cuckoos)
9694:(mesites)
9613:(turkeys)
9585:Philortyx
9502:Agelastes
9495:Acryllium
9486:Numididae
9475:Talegalla
9385:gamebirds
9378:landfowls
9357:Anseranas
9321:Anhimidae
9280:Anserinae
9063:fictional
8785:dinosaurs
8780:Theropoda
8767:Evolution
8712:Migration
8694:Behaviour
7053:0021-8375
6998:0278-0771
6945:. Knopf.
6870:0003-3472
6834:1045-2249
6777:0340-7594
6734:1540-7063
6683:0962-8452
6621:1476-4687
6566:0005-7959
6546:Behaviour
6531:0004-8038
6496:0019-1019
6454:228894898
6446:2333-9683
6266:205035217
5514:205791930
5436:186207885
5203:206544790
4453:PLOS Biol
4391:0952-4622
4318:204823663
3328:247840832
2556:CiteSeerX
2275:12 August
2091:0043-5643
2048:1448-5540
1635:'s 1820 "
1627:'s 1819 "
1597:In poetry
1549:Beethoven
1462:Recording
1428:The term
1044:imitation
1024:neurons:
885:feedback.
770:lyrebirds
715:The gene
696:Both the
691:Melatonin
623:(nXIIts).
577:blue tits
536:great tit
462:pair bond
340:perplexus
302:mammalian
248:Australia
246:belts of
149:winnowing
147:and the "
128:territory
78:Blackbird
18:Bird Song
11203:Aigrette
11195:In music
11153:In film
10967:Products
10876:Falconry
10851:Big year
10763:Category
10503:Instinct
10479:Concepts
10265:Ethology
10228:Concepts
10142:Category
10016:Afroaves
9944:(storks)
9746:Passerea
9731:(grebes)
9667:Columbea
9578:Oreortyx
9550:Cyrtonyx
9440:Alectura
9404:Cracinae
9396:Cracidae
9273:Oxyurini
9263:Aythyini
9258:Anatinae
9242:Anatidae
8989:Falconry
8952:big year
8807:Seabirds
8717:Foraging
8664:Feathers
8449:Archived
8416:22 April
8390:22 April
8384:Archived
8314:21876156
8248:Archived
8201:38108417
8193:16085998
8156:24 April
8150:Archived
8129:24 April
8123:Archived
8099:24 April
8093:Archived
8067:62224476
8027:Archived
7992:Archived
7888:Archived
7845:Archived
7812:Archived
7783:Archived
7757:Archived
7713:14191866
7705:16641976
7641:53172611
7603:53197810
7589:: 1β11.
7564:87662926
7514:Archived
7478:Forktail
7426:Archived
7401:Archived
7397:34811735
7303:Archived
7299:53157104
7219:Archived
7149:Archived
7147:: 3β50.
7061:38262090
7006:89990174
6939:(2000).
6916:Archived
6878:21724914
6793:14298372
6785:12471497
6742:24951504
6639:30333629
6398:archived
6358:24778375
6309:34367648
6301:18202262
6258:18202627
6209:18177704
6141:18202651
6095:18985120
6038:15217330
6000:15557558
5880:Archived
5722:Archived
5718:14586913
5710:15749165
5668:11828091
5660:15313798
5617:15056695
5560:10365958
5506:20955898
5393:12015616
5347:11350165
5339:16266802
5304:19360720
5255:42818488
5247:15313796
5195:18258757
5159:10200321
5063:25845332
5020:87078020
4985:19309515
4934:11669349
4926:17775725
4840:18406680
4792:20972420
4735:18364039
4678:10783889
4599:15703748
4520:11252766
4485:15884976
4399:84218370
4340:Archived
4336:Newsbeat
4310:31639347
4228:31212627
4185:Archived
4162:83619284
4105:12867967
4056:73714706
3964:Archived
3960:53995725
3883:84971439
3848:55261842
3813:86710570
3756:19441960
3713:29510104
3639:22412727
3593:Archived
3554:39111110
3451:53192695
3416:86000560
3377:18559326
3349:. 1648.
3320:35357696
3261:Ethology
3232:Archived
3228:38239656
3089:Archived
3043:30542781
2904:Archived
2900:11171348
2850:Archived
2711:26372750
2673:53189625
2638:30360474
2590:Archived
2586:21763448
2578:15669979
2523:12547933
2515:15729661
2432:Archived
2392:33314573
2343:25177326
2269:Archived
2250:36792659
2191:Archived
2154:(1998).
2103:Archived
2052:Archived
1999:Archived
1987:12966061
1918:22278735
1910:16051789
1850:: 83β97.
1800:Archived
1699:Biophony
1694:Biomusic
1659:See also
1553:Messiaen
1541:birdsong
1537:In music
1526:In music
1423:starling
1400:language
1393:chickens
1294:warblish
1139:dialects
1131:canaries
1030:premotor
1018:primates
1003:auditory
805:babbling
794:dialects
723:Learning
419:babblers
404:Call of
322:Function
220:sonation
195:Pipridae
187:rhythmic
11395:Related
11251:Penguin
11239:Species
11056:Martlet
11015:In art
11000:Poultry
10990:Feather
10975:Chicken
10775:Commons
10680:Systems
10659:Methods
10413:Related
10399:Lizards
10394:Insects
10387:Yerkish
10154:Commons
9658:Neoaves
9543:Colinus
9509:Guttera
9447:Eulipoa
9268:Mergini
9132:(kiwis)
9116:(rheas)
8927:Ringing
8752:Hybrids
8747:Nesting
8702:Singing
8679:Plumage
8654:Dactyly
8624:Anatomy
8614:Outline
8604:: Aves)
8547:at the
8537:at the
8305:3174665
8282:Bibcode
7998:19 June
7818:July 5,
7763:July 5,
7683:Bibcode
7556:1368641
7389:1612614
7033:Bibcode
6901:1453190
6692:1689831
6630:6219627
6601:Bibcode
6574:4534000
6511:The Auk
6349:4006181
6281:Science
6236:Bibcode
6200:2517574
6179:Bibcode
6149:4344150
6121:Bibcode
6086:2555434
6046:1729870
5949:1567334
5876:5874921
5810:4177465
5790:Bibcode
5755:Bibcode
5640:Bibcode
5608:6730014
5568:4403659
5540:Bibcode
5471:1365545
5401:4329603
5373:Bibcode
5295:2765821
5227:Bibcode
5127:Bibcode
5055:7370785
4976:2664819
4906:Bibcode
4898:Science
4863:Bibcode
4855:Science
4783:2998755
4762:Bibcode
4726:2408885
4686:4413588
4658:Bibcode
4607:4352436
4579:Bibcode
4528:5133196
4476:1110917
4371:Bibcode
4288:Bibcode
4181:Science
4140:Bibcode
4113:4348883
4083:Bibcode
4034:Bibcode
3918:1369117
3791:Bibcode
3764:8606774
3721:3727714
3691:Bibcode
3515:1279919
3368:2603235
3300:Bibcode
3292:Ecology
3186:4083033
3085:4083626
3023:Bibcode
2812:4199385
2792:Bibcode
2370:Bibcode
2241:9932143
2099:4158637
1995:8614009
1890:Science
1545:Vivaldi
1411:parrots
1404:grammar
1369:Mirafra
1361:. Many
1300:in his
1268:and in
1254:chirrup
967:sensory
923:macaque
485:oilbird
474:drongos
379:Mobbing
346:sound.
338:, ssp.
294:trachea
236:Eurasia
105:birding
11277:People
10911:Augury
10563:People
10497:Umwelt
10404:Wolves
10166:Portal
10042:(owls)
9516:Numida
9454:Leipoa
9337:Chauna
9330:Anhima
9025:Genera
8999:Imping
8917:Human
8757:Colony
8684:Vision
8669:Flight
8441:
8338:
8312:
8302:
8242:
8232:
8199:
8191:
8065:
8055:
7965:
7711:
7703:
7675:Nature
7639:
7601:
7562:
7554:
7395:
7387:
7346:
7297:
7059:
7051:
7004:
6996:
6949:
6899:
6876:
6868:
6832:
6791:
6783:
6775:
6740:
6732:
6689:
6681:
6637:
6627:
6619:
6593:Nature
6572:
6564:
6529:
6494:
6452:
6444:
6356:
6346:
6307:
6299:
6264:
6256:
6228:Nature
6207:
6197:
6147:
6139:
6113:Nature
6093:
6083:
6044:
6036:
5998:
5991:534752
5988:
5947:
5874:
5825:Alauda
5808:
5782:Nature
5716:
5708:
5666:
5658:
5615:
5605:
5566:
5558:
5532:Nature
5512:
5504:
5469:
5451:Condor
5434:
5399:
5391:
5365:Nature
5345:
5337:
5302:
5292:
5253:
5245:
5201:
5193:
5157:
5147:
5096:
5061:
5053:
5018:
4983:
4973:
4959:: 24.
4932:
4924:
4883:959852
4881:
4838:
4828:
4790:
4780:
4754:Nature
4733:
4723:
4684:
4676:
4650:Nature
4628:
4605:
4597:
4571:Nature
4549:
4526:
4518:
4483:
4473:
4418:Nature
4397:
4389:
4316:
4308:
4226:
4191:28 May
4160:
4111:
4103:
4075:Nature
4054:
3958:
3916:
3881:
3846:
3811:
3762:
3754:
3719:
3711:
3660:
3637:
3552:
3513:
3472:
3449:
3414:
3375:
3365:
3326:
3318:
3226:
3184:
3120:
3083:
3041:
3015:Nature
2982:
2898:
2810:
2784:Nature
2709:
2671:
2636:
2584:
2576:
2558:
2521:
2513:
2390:
2341:
2301:
2248:
2238:
2162:
2097:
2089:
2046:
1993:
1985:
1939:
1916:
1908:
1871:
1829:
1631:" and
1621:hoopoe
1609:poetry
1572:rhythm
1314:, and
1276:(also
1262:Canada
919:neuron
845:speech
704:) and
470:mimics
298:larynx
290:syrinx
252:Africa
244:desert
225:sonate
203:syrinx
191:storks
153:snipes
136:alarms
11261:Raven
11061:Turul
11046:Eagle
10995:Guano
10822:birds
10377:Frogs
10350:Birds
10275:FOXP2
9286:swans
9248:ducks
9218:fowls
9013:Lists
8637:Brain
8602:class
8598:Birds
8488:from
8240:JSTOR
8197:S2CID
7911:. BnF
7709:S2CID
7637:S2CID
7599:S2CID
7560:S2CID
7552:JSTOR
7489:(PDF)
7474:(PDF)
7393:S2CID
7295:S2CID
7222:(PDF)
7207:(PDF)
7152:(PDF)
7137:(PDF)
7057:S2CID
7002:S2CID
6874:S2CID
6789:S2CID
6570:JSTOR
6450:S2CID
6305:S2CID
6262:S2CID
6145:S2CID
6042:S2CID
5806:S2CID
5725:(PDF)
5714:S2CID
5686:(PDF)
5664:S2CID
5564:S2CID
5510:S2CID
5467:JSTOR
5432:S2CID
5397:S2CID
5343:S2CID
5251:S2CID
5199:S2CID
5150:16391
5059:S2CID
5016:S2CID
4930:S2CID
4682:S2CID
4603:S2CID
4524:S2CID
4395:S2CID
4314:S2CID
4224:S2CID
4158:S2CID
4109:S2CID
4052:S2CID
4007:(PDF)
3992:(PDF)
3967:(PDF)
3956:S2CID
3936:(PDF)
3914:JSTOR
3879:S2CID
3844:S2CID
3809:S2CID
3760:S2CID
3717:S2CID
3635:S2CID
3550:S2CID
3511:S2CID
3447:S2CID
3412:S2CID
3324:S2CID
3235:(PDF)
3224:S2CID
3204:(PDF)
3182:JSTOR
3092:(PDF)
3081:JSTOR
3061:(PDF)
3039:S2CID
2907:(PDF)
2876:(PDF)
2808:S2CID
2707:S2CID
2669:S2CID
2634:S2CID
2593:(PDF)
2582:S2CID
2544:(PDF)
2519:S2CID
2491:(PDF)
2435:(PDF)
2410:(PDF)
2339:S2CID
2095:JSTOR
1991:S2CID
1914:S2CID
1806:9 Sep
1580:notes
1250:chirp
1246:quack
1122:above
971:motor
941:b, c.
917:is a
717:FOXP2
176:order
157:music
151:" of
140:flock
11089:Crow
10980:Down
10420:Roar
10367:Dogs
10362:Cats
10338:Bees
8659:Eggs
8647:milk
8642:Crop
8632:Beak
8439:ISBN
8418:2016
8392:2016
8336:ISBN
8310:PMID
8230:ISBN
8189:PMID
8158:2016
8131:2016
8101:2016
8063:OCLC
8053:ISBN
8000:2011
7963:ISBN
7917:2023
7853:2011
7820:2020
7765:2020
7701:PMID
7456:123A
7385:PMID
7344:ISBN
7248:Ibis
7174:Ibis
7107:Ibis
7080:103a
7076:Ibis
7049:ISSN
6994:ISSN
6947:ISBN
6897:OCLC
6866:ISSN
6830:ISSN
6781:PMID
6773:ISSN
6738:PMID
6730:ISSN
6679:ISSN
6635:PMID
6617:ISSN
6562:ISSN
6527:ISSN
6492:ISSN
6476:Ibis
6461:2022
6442:ISSN
6354:PMID
6297:PMID
6254:PMID
6205:PMID
6137:PMID
6091:PMID
6034:PMID
5996:PMID
5945:PMID
5872:PMID
5706:PMID
5656:PMID
5636:1016
5613:PMID
5556:PMID
5502:PMID
5389:PMID
5335:PMID
5300:PMID
5243:PMID
5223:1016
5191:PMID
5155:PMID
5094:ISBN
5051:PMID
4981:PMID
4922:PMID
4879:PMID
4836:PMID
4826:ISBN
4788:PMID
4731:PMID
4674:PMID
4626:ISBN
4595:PMID
4547:ISBN
4516:PMID
4481:PMID
4425:2024
4387:ISSN
4348:2019
4306:PMID
4247:Ibis
4193:2021
4101:PMID
3752:PMID
3709:PMID
3658:ISBN
3617:)".
3470:ISBN
3373:PMID
3316:PMID
3139:Ibis
3118:ISBN
3000:link
2980:ISBN
2933:Ibis
2896:PMID
2858:2022
2730:Ibis
2574:PMID
2511:PMID
2388:PMID
2299:ISBN
2277:2007
2246:PMID
2199:2023
2160:ISBN
2111:2022
2087:ISSN
2060:2022
2044:ISSN
1983:PMID
1937:ISBN
1906:PMID
1869:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1808:2008
1645:Crow
1563:and
1547:and
1387:The
1252:and
1233:and
1050:and
979:HVCs
969:and
772:and
493:and
250:and
238:and
185:and
130:and
103:and
97:bird
91:and
80:song
31:and
11165:Kes
10985:Egg
10820:of
8300:PMC
8290:doi
8278:108
8222:doi
8181:doi
7940:doi
7936:122
7880:doi
7691:doi
7679:440
7629:doi
7591:doi
7544:doi
7377:doi
7287:doi
7256:doi
7252:100
7246:".
7182:doi
7115:doi
7111:112
7084:doi
7041:doi
6984:hdl
6976:doi
6858:doi
6820:doi
6765:doi
6761:188
6720:doi
6687:PMC
6671:doi
6667:266
6625:PMC
6609:doi
6597:563
6554:doi
6519:doi
6515:100
6484:doi
6480:100
6434:doi
6390:doi
6344:PMC
6336:doi
6332:369
6289:doi
6285:319
6244:doi
6232:451
6195:PMC
6187:doi
6129:doi
6117:451
6081:PMC
6073:doi
6026:doi
5986:PMC
5976:doi
5972:101
5937:doi
5910:doi
5864:doi
5833:hdl
5798:doi
5786:173
5763:doi
5698:doi
5648:doi
5603:PMC
5595:doi
5548:doi
5536:399
5494:doi
5490:115
5459:doi
5424:doi
5381:doi
5369:417
5327:doi
5290:PMC
5282:doi
5235:doi
5183:doi
5145:PMC
5135:doi
5086:doi
5043:doi
5039:189
5008:doi
4971:PMC
4961:doi
4914:doi
4902:208
4871:doi
4859:194
4818:doi
4778:PMC
4770:doi
4758:468
4721:PMC
4713:doi
4666:doi
4654:404
4587:doi
4575:433
4508:doi
4471:PMC
4461:doi
4379:doi
4296:doi
4255:doi
4251:161
4216:doi
4148:doi
4091:doi
4079:424
4042:doi
3948:doi
3944:104
3906:doi
3871:doi
3836:doi
3832:109
3799:doi
3744:doi
3740:174
3699:doi
3627:doi
3623:146
3585:doi
3581:129
3542:doi
3538:148
3532:".
3503:doi
3499:156
3493:".
3439:doi
3404:doi
3363:PMC
3355:doi
3351:275
3308:doi
3296:103
3269:doi
3265:120
3216:doi
3174:doi
3166:Auk
3147:doi
3073:doi
3065:Auk
3031:doi
3019:197
2972:doi
2941:doi
2937:144
2888:doi
2884:204
2840:doi
2800:doi
2788:176
2738:doi
2734:160
2699:doi
2661:doi
2626:doi
2566:doi
2503:doi
2499:165
2465:doi
2422:doi
2378:doi
2331:doi
2236:PMC
2228:doi
2224:152
2134:doi
2036:doi
2028:Emu
1973:doi
1969:206
1898:doi
1894:309
1655:".
1485:.
1413:by
1290:you
1272:as
1264:as
990:HVC
981:of
895:An
660:HVC
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