877:
Women's
Suffrage Association. Dennett headed the literary department, undertaking assignments such as distributing pamphlets and leaflets. Following disillusionment with the NAWSA's organizational structure, Dennett, as described above, helped found the National Birth Control League. The NBCL took a strong stance against militant protest strategies and instead focused attention on legislation changes at both the state and federal level. During World War I, Mary Dennett focused her efforts on the peace movement, but she returned to the birth control movement in 1918. She continued to lead the NBCL, and collaborated with Sanger's NYWPC. In 1919, Dennett published a widely distributed educational pamphlet,
689:
582:
970:(CRB), opened on January 2, 1923. To avoid police harassment the clinic's existence was not publicized, its primary mission was stated to be conducting scientific research, and it only provided services to married women. The existence of the clinic was finally announced to the public in December 1923, but this time there were no arrests or controversy. This convinced activists that, after ten years of struggle, birth control had finally become widely accepted in the United States. The CRB was the first legal birth control clinic in the United States, and quickly grew into the world's leading contraceptive research center.
1069:
1156:(BCFA) initiated a program called the Negro Project, managed by its Division of Negro Service (DNS). As with the Harlem clinic, the primary aim of the DNS and its programs was to improve maternal and infant health. Based on her work at the Harlem clinic, Sanger suggested to the DNS that African Americans were more likely to take advice from a doctor of their own race, but other leaders prevailed and insisted that whites be employed in the outreach efforts. The discriminatory actions and statements by the movement's leaders during the 1920s and 1930s have led to continuing allegations that the movement was racist.
525:
1165:
987:
889:. Dennett was concerned that requiring women to get prescriptions from physicians would prevent poor women from receiving contraception, and she was concerned about a shortage of physicians trained in birth control. Both legislative initiatives failed, partly because some legislators felt that fear of pregnancy was the only thing that kept women chaste. In the early 1920s, Sanger's leadership position in the movement solidified because she gave frequent public lectures, and because she took steps to exclude Dennett from meetings and events.
31:
327:
730:
hunger strike at the cost of securing early release from prison. However, Sanger accepted the plea bargain on her sister's behalf, agreeing that Byrne would be released early from prison if she ended her birth control activism. Horrified, Byrne's relationship quickly eroded with her sister and, both forcefully and willingly, she left the birth control movement. Due to the drama of Byrne's demonstration, the birth control movement became a headline news story in which the organization's purpose was distributed across the country.
840:. The military undertook an extensive education campaign, focusing on abstinence, but also offering some contraceptive guidance. The military, under pressure from purity advocates, did not distribute condoms, or even endorse their use, making the U.S. the only military force in World War I that did not supply condoms to its troops. When U.S. soldiers were in Europe, they found rubber condoms readily available, and when they returned to America, they continued to use condoms as their preferred method of birth control.
1113:
396:'s dire predictions of exponential population growth leading to worldwide poverty and famine. By 1930, similar societies had been established in nearly all European countries, and birth control began to find acceptance in most Western European countries, except Catholic Ireland, Spain, and France. As the birth control societies spread across Europe, so did birth control clinics. The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882, run by the Netherlands' first female physician,
1404:
578:. After one particularly tragic medical case, Sanger wrote: "I threw my nursing bag in the corner and announced ... that I would never take another case until I had made it possible for working women in America to have the knowledge to control birth." Sanger visited public libraries, searching for information on contraception, but nothing was available. She became outraged that working-class women could not obtain contraception, yet upper-class women who had access to private physicians could.
419:
5898:
746:
949:
820:. The court's opinion upheld her conviction, but indicated that the courts would be willing to permit contraception if prescribed by doctors. This decision was only applicable within New York, where it opened the door for birth control clinics, under physician supervision, to be established. Sanger herself did not immediately take advantage of the opportunity, wrongly expecting that the medical profession would lead the way; instead she focused on writing and lecturing.
5862:
1594:(ACA) by a 5β4 vote. The court said that the mandate was not the least restrictive way to ensure access to contraceptive care, noting that a less restrictive alternative was being provided for religious non-profits, until the court issued an injunction 3 days later, effectively ending said alternative, replacing it with a government-sponsored alternative for any female employees of closely held corporations that do not wish to provide
5943:
5926:
5874:
885:(VPL). Both Dennett and Sanger proposed legislative changes that would legalize birth control, but they took different approaches: Sanger endorsed contraception but only under a physician's supervision; Dennett pushed for unrestricted access to contraception. Sanger, a proponent of diaphragms, was concerned that unrestricted access would result in ill-fitting diaphragms and would lead to medical
5886:
705:
control clinic in New York that would provide free contraceptive services to women. New York state law prohibited the distribution of contraceptives or even contraceptive information, but Sanger hoped to exploit a provision in the law which permitted doctors to prescribe contraceptives for the prevention of disease. On
October 16, 1916, she, partnering with
4165:"The official start date is August 1, 2012, but since most plan changes take effect at the beginning of a new plan year, the requirements will be in effect for most plans on January 1, 2013. School health plans, which often begin their health plan years around the beginning of the school year, will see the benefits of the August 1st start date."
1060:
ABCL achieved a major victory in the trial, when the judge ruled that use of contraceptives to space births farther apart was a legitimate medical treatment that benefited the health of the mother. The trial, in which many important physicians served as witnesses for the defense, helped to unite the physicians with the birth control advocates.
726:, and established a network of connections to powerful politicians, activists, and press figures. Despite the strong support, Sanger was convicted; the judge offered a lenient sentence if she promised not to break the law again, but Sanger replied "I cannot respect the law as it exists today." She served a sentence of 30 days in jail.
4582:
as those which a) have more than 50% of the value of their outstanding stock owned (directly or indirectly) by 5 or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of the tax year; and b) are not personal service corporations. By this definition, approximately 90% of U.S. corporations are "closely
1535:
applied to all new health insurance plans in all states from 1 August 2012. Grandfathered plans did not have to comply unless they changed substantially. To be grandfathered, a group plan must have existed or an individual plan must have been sold before
President Obama signed the law; otherwise they
765:
The movement was evolving from radical, working-class roots into a campaign backed by society women and liberal professionals. Sanger and her fellow advocates began to tone down their radical rhetoric and instead emphasized the socioeconomic benefits of birth control, a policy which led to increasing
670:
offered to defend Sanger free of charge but, bowing to public pressure, the government dropped the charges early in 1916. No longer under the threat of jail, Sanger embarked on a successful cross-country speaking tour, which catapulted her into the leadership of the U.S. birth control movement. Other
1108:
were intellectually backward, would be relatively incompetent in managing their own health, and would require special supervision from whites. The dominance of whites in the movement's leadership and medical staff resulted in accusations of racism from blacks and suspicions that "race suicide" would
757:
The publicity from Sanger's trial and Byrne's hunger strike generated immense enthusiasm for the cause, and by the end of 1917 there were over 30 birth control organizations in the United States. Sanger was always astute about public relations, and she seized on the publicity of the trial to advance
1209:
in some public restrooms, and men spent twice as much on condoms as on shaving. Although condoms had become commonplace in the 1930s, feminists in the movement felt that birth control should be the woman's prerogative, and they continued to push for development of a contraceptive that was under the
729:
In protest to her arrest as well, Byrne was sentenced to 30 days in jail at
Blackwell's Island Prison and responded to her situation with a hunger strike protest. With no signs of ending her demonstration anytime soon, Byrne was force fed by prison guards. Weakened and ill, Byrne refused to end her
233:
and contraception as issues of public health and legitimate topics of scientific research. This was the first time a U.S. government institution had engaged in a sustained, public discussion of sexual matters; as a consequence, contraception transformed from an issue of morals to an issue of public
1059:
Dozens of birth control clinics opened across the United States during the 1920s, but not without incident. In 1929, New York police raided a clinic in New York and arrested two doctors and three nurses for distributing contraceptive information that was unrelated to the prevention of disease. The
924:
during 1919 and 1920, she was not formally affiliated with either of the major birth control organizations (NBCL or VPL) during that time. In 1921 she became convinced that she needed to associate with a formal body to earn the support of professional societies and the scientific community. Rather
237:
Encouraged by the public's changing attitudes towards birth control, Sanger opened a second birth control clinic in 1923, but this time there were no arrests or controversy. Throughout the 1920s, public discussion of contraception became more commonplace, and the term "birth control" became firmly
1269:
The movement to legalize birth control came to a gradual conclusion around the time
Planned Parenthood was formed. In 1942, there were over 400 birth control organizations in America, contraception was fully embraced by the medical profession, and the anti-contraception Comstock laws (which still
618:
Sanger's goal of challenging the law was fulfilled when she was indicted in August 1914, but the prosecutors focused their attention on articles Sanger had written on assassination and marriage, rather than contraception. Afraid that she might be sent to prison without an opportunity to argue for
1285:
Birth control advocacy took on a global aspect as organizations around the world began to collaborate. In the United States, Margaret Sanger was known for her advocacy for birth control and reproductive rights for women and was a prominent figure in the Second Women's Rights
Movement which began
1179:
case, and the judge ruled that contraceptive manufacturing was a legitimate business enterprise. He went further, and declared that the federal law prohibiting the mailing of condoms was not legally sound. Sanger precipitated a second legal breakthrough when she ordered a diaphragm from Japan in
859:
was arrested for protesting World War I and
American military conscription. Goldman's commitment to free speech on topics such as socialism, anarchism, birth control, labor/union rights, and free love eventually cost her American citizenship and the right to live in the United States. Due to her
506:
began to enforce the
Comstock laws more rigorously. In response, contraception went underground, but it was not extinguished. The number of publications on the topic dwindled, and advertisements, if they were found at all, used euphemisms such as "marital aids" or "hygienic devices". Drug stores
371:
The married woman's private medical companion: embracing the treatment of menstruation, or monthly turns, during their stoppage, irregularity, or entire suppression: pregnancy, and how it may be determined, with the treatment of its various diseases: discovery to prevent pregnancy, its great and
1055:
companies, succumbing to pressure from
Catholics, refused to cover stories related to birth control. The ABCL turned some of the boycotted speaking events to their advantage by inviting the press, and the resultant news coverage often generated public sympathy for their cause. However, Catholic
876:
While an important birth control activist and leader, Mary
Dennett advocated for a wide variety of organizations. Starting as a field secretary for the Massachusetts Women's Suffrage Association, she worked her way up to win an elected seat as a corresponding secretary for the National American
704:
During Sanger's 1916 speaking tour, she promoted birth control clinics based on the Dutch model she had observed during her 1914 trip to Europe. Although she inspired many local communities to create birth control leagues, no clinics were established. Sanger therefore resolved to create a birth
1630:
that vacated the decisions of the Circuit Courts of Appeals and remanded the case "to the respective United States Courts of Appeals for the Third, Fifth, Tenth, and D.C. Circuits" for reconsideration in light of the "positions asserted by the parties in their supplemental briefs". Because the
1143:
and opened the clinic, staffed with African-American doctors, in 1930. The clinic was guided by a 15-member advisory board consisting of African-American doctors, nurses, clergy, journalists, and social workers. It was publicized in the African-American press and African-American churches, and
994:
Following the successful opening of the CRB in 1923, public discussion of contraception became more commonplace, and the term "birth control" became firmly established in the nation's vernacular. Of the hundreds of references to birth control in magazines and newspapers of the 1920s, more than
905:
We hold that children should be (1) Conceived in love; (2) Born of the mother's conscious desire; (3) And only begotten under conditions which render possible the heritage of health. Therefore, we hold that every woman must possess the power and freedom to prevent conception except when these
965:
Four years after the New York Court of Appeals opened the doors for physicians to prescribe contraceptives, Sanger opened a second birth control clinic, which she staffed with physicians to make it legal under that court ruling (the first clinic had employed nurses). This second clinic, the
847:
marked a major turning point for the movement: it was the first time a government institution had engaged in a sustained, public discussion of sexual matters. The government's public discourse changed sex from a secret topic into a legitimate topic of scientific research, and it transformed
1540:
noted that even before the federal mandate was implemented, twenty-eight states had their own mandates that required health insurance to cover the prescription contraceptives, but the federal mandate innovated by forbidding insurance companies from charging part of the cost to the patient.
721:
Sanger's trial began in January 1917. She was supported by a large number of wealthy and influential women who came together to form the Committee of One Hundred, which was devoted to raising funds for Sanger and the NBCL. The committee also started publishing the monthly journal
925:
than join an existing organization, she considered creating a new one. As a first step, she organized the First American Birth Control Conference, held in November 1921 in New York City. On the final night of the conference, as Sanger prepared to give a speech in the crowded
1056:
lobbying was particularly effective in the legislative arena, where their arguments β that contraception was unnatural, harmful, and indecent β impeded several initiatives, including an attempt in 1924 by Mary Dennett to overturn federal anti-contraception laws.
1080:
had become very popular in Europe and the U.S., and the subject was widely discussed in articles, movies, and lectures. Eugenicists had mixed feelings about birth control: they worried that it would exacerbate the birth rate differential between "superior" and "inferior"
1085:, but they also recognized its value as a tool to "racial betterment". Eugenics buttressed the birth control movement's aims by correlating excessive births with increased poverty, crime and disease. Sanger published two books in the early 1920s that endorsed eugenics:
1635:", the court held that the parties should be given an opportunity to clarify and refine how this approach would work in practice and to "resolve any outstanding issues". The Supreme Court expressed "no view on the merits of the cases." In a concurring opinion, Justice
253:
in 1937 to adopt contraception as a core component of medical school curricula, but the medical community was slow to accept this new responsibility, and women continued to rely on unsafe and ineffective contraceptive advice from ill-informed sources. In 1942, the
1573:
to be exempt from a law its owners religiously object to if there is a less restrictive means of furthering the law's interest. It is the first time that the court has recognized a for-profit corporation's claim of religious belief, but it is limited to
929:, police raided the meeting and arrested her for disorderly conduct. From the stage she shouted: "we have a right to hold under the Constitution ... let them club us if they want to." She was soon released. The following day it was revealed that
717:
at the clinic, and Sanger was arrested. Refusing to walk, Sanger and a co-worker were dragged out of the clinic by police officers. The clinic was shut down, and it was not until 1923 that another birth control clinic was opened in the United States.
779:
Opposition to birth control remained strong: state legislatures refused to legalize contraception or the distribution of contraceptive information; religious leaders spoke out, attacking women who would choose "ease and fashion" over motherhood; and
665:
Sanger returned to the United States in October 1915. She planned to open a birth control clinic modeled on the world's first such clinic, which she had visited in Amsterdam. She first had to fight the charges outstanding against her. Noted attorney
999:, and ushered in the emergence of a more sexually permissive society. Other factors that contributed to the new sexual norms included increased mobility brought by the automobile, anonymous urban lifestyles, and post-war euphoria. Sociologists who
1322:) to provide recommendations regarding population growth and its social consequences. The Commission submitted its final recommendations in 1972, which included promoting contraceptives and liberalizing abortion regulations, for example. The 1994
372:
important necessity where malformation or inability exists to give birth: to prevent miscarriage or abortion when proper and necessary, to effect miscarriage when attended with entire safety: causes and mode of cure of barrenness or sterility
4218:"These changes include cutting benefits significantly; increasing co-insurance, co-payments, or deductibles or out-of-pocket limits by certain amounts; decreasing premium contributions by more than 5%; or adding or lowering annual limits."
675:
and Mary Dennett, chose to work in the background, or turned their attention to other causes. Later in 1916, Sanger traveled to Boston to lend her support to the Massachusetts Birth Control League and to jailed birth control activist
1646:
In 2017, the Trump administration issued a ruling letting insurers and employers refuse to provide birth control if doing so went against their "religious beliefs" or "moral convictions". However, later that same year federal judge
1254:(BCFA). Although Sanger continued in the role of president, she no longer wielded the same power as she had in the early years of the movement, and, in 1942, more conservative forces within the organization changed the name to
337: Although contraceptives were relatively common in middle-class and upper-class society, the topic was rarely discussed in public. The first book published in the United States which ventured to discuss contraception was
5051:, which were, in turn, based on a set of lectures Sanger gave to groups of Socialist party women in 1910 and 1911. Multiple editions were published through the 1920s, by Max N. Maisel and Sincere Publishing, with the title
1101:(encouraging procreation of "superior" persons). However, many eugenicists refused to support the birth control movement because of Sanger's insistence that a woman's primary duty was to herself, not to the state.
349:
was a laudable effort, and that sexual gratification β without the goal of reproduction β was not immoral. Owen recommended withdrawal, but he also discussed sponges and condoms. That book was followed by
1023:
Although clinics became more common in the late 1920s, the movement still faced significant challenges: Large sectors of the medical community were still resistant to birth control; birth control advocates were
603:, an eight-page monthly newsletter which promoted contraception using the slogan "No Gods, No Masters", and proclaimed that each woman should be "the absolute mistress of her own body." Sanger coined the term
479:
of contraceptives, as well as their distribution. Comstock was proud of the fact that he was personally responsible for thousands of arrests and the destruction of hundreds of tons of books and pamphlets.
5076:
5104:
5093:
1204:
By 1938, over 400 contraceptive manufacturers were in business, over 600 brands of female contraceptives were available, and industry revenues exceeded $ 250 million per year. Condoms were sold in
803:
at 20 cents per copy, enduring death threats, heckling, spitting, physical abuse, and police harassment. Over the course of the following ten years, Marion was arrested nine times for her birth control
262:, the movement to legalize birth control came to a gradual conclusion, as birth control was fully embraced by the medical profession, and the remaining anti-contraception laws were no longer enforced.
5059:
205:, which prohibited distribution of any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail. Hoping to provoke a favorable legal decision, Sanger deliberately broke the law by distributing
1631:
Petitioners agreed that "their religious exercise is not infringed where they 'need to do nothing more than contract for a plan that does not include coverage for some or all forms of contraception
1318:, leading to well-funded birth control campaigns around the world. In the early 1970s, the United States Congress established the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future (Chairman
1201:. However, the medical community was slow to accept this new responsibility, and women continued to rely on unsafe and ineffective contraceptive advice from ill-informed sources until the 1960s.
315:
in the United States between 1800 and 1900, particularly in urban regions. The only known survey conducted during the nineteenth century of American women's contraceptive habits was performed by
1353:(FDA) in 1960. The pill became very popular and had a major impact on society and culture. It contributed to a sharp increase in college attendance and graduation rates for women. New forms of
1246:(formerly the CRB) β who had joined forces to craft the successful defense effort. Leaders of both groups viewed this as an auspicious time to merge the two organizations, so, in 1937, the
319:
from 1892 to 1912. The survey was based on a small sample of upper-class women, and shows that most of the women used contraception (primarily douching, but also withdrawal, rhythm, condoms and
713:, opened the Brownsville clinic in Brooklyn. The clinic was an immediate success, with over 100 women visiting on the first day. A few days after opening, an undercover policewoman purchased a
1104:
Like many white Americans in the U.S. in the 1930s, some leaders of the birth control movement believed that lighter-skinned races were superior to darker-skinned races. They assumed that
662:(NBCL), which was the first American birth control organization. Throughout 1915, smaller regional organizations were formed in San Francisco, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, and Los Angeles.
3683:
2932:
McCann (1994), pp. 68β69 (laws: advocates tried repeatedly from 1921 onwards to have anti-contraception laws removed from the books, but their efforts rarely made it out of committee).
1531:(ACA) on 23 March 2010. As of 1 August 2011, female contraception was added to a list of preventive services covered by the ACA that would be provided without patient co-payment. The
2860:
Engelman, p. 138. The CRB, from its inception, collected detailed data on the effectiveness of various contraceptive methods, and published the results in many reports and journals.
1477:. Fifty to sixty percent of abortion patients became pregnant in circumstances in which emergency contraceptives could have been used. These emergency contraceptives, including
1109:
be a consequence of large scale adoption of birth control. These suspicions were misinterpreted by some of the white birth control advocates as lack of interest in contraception.
937:, had pressured the police to shut down the meeting. The Town Hall raid was a turning point for the movement: opposition from the government and medical community faded, and the
388:, with the goal of challenging Britain's obscenity laws. They were arrested (and later acquitted) but the publicity of their trial contributed to the formation, in 1877, of the
1643:
noted that in earlier cases "some lower courts have ignored those instructions" and cautioned lower courts not to read any signals in the Supreme Court's actions in this case.
4586:
4250:"Non-grandfathered plans are group health plans created after the health care reform law was signed by the President or individual health plans purchased after that date."
4032:
1190:. His decision overturned an important provision of the anti-contraception laws that prohibited physicians from obtaining contraceptives. This court victory motivated the
5073:
5101:
5090:
3933:
1423:, to make family planning and preventive health services available to low-income and the uninsured. Without publicly funded family planning services, according to the
5725:
2040:, p. 185. The source of Sanger's quote is identified as: "Birth Control", Library of Congress collection of Sanger's papers: microfilm: reel 129: frame 12, April 1916.
1180:
1932, hoping to provoke a decisive battle in the courts. The diaphragm was confiscated by the U.S. government, and Sanger's subsequent legal challenge led to the 1936
1149:
5056:
881:, which treated sex as a natural and enjoyable act. However, in the same year, frustrated with the NBCL's chronic lack of funding, Dennett broke away and formed the
599:, Sanger became determined to challenge the Comstock laws that outlawed the dissemination of contraceptive information. With that goal in mind, in 1914 she launched
1489:
in the war over reproductive rights. Opponents of emergency contraception consider it a form of abortion, because it may interfere with the ability of a fertilized
1047:
boycotted hotels that hosted birth control events; the Catholic police commissioner of Albany prevented Sanger from speaking there; the Catholic mayor of Boston,
4228:
4196:
4143:
2412:
Caption at the bottom of this 1919 issue reads: "Must She Always Plead in Vain? 'You are a nurse β can you tell me? For the children's sake β help me!
1654:
In 2022, Roe v Wade was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court. That ruling resulted in an unforeseen future of birth control and planned parenthood in America.
1323:
1566:
1558:
1550:
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1035:
The most significant opponent to birth control was the Catholic Church, which mobilized opposition in many venues during the 1920s. Catholics persuaded the
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Two important legal decisions in the 1930s helped increase the accessibility of contraceptives. In 1930, two condom manufacturers sued each other in the
570:, whose mother had been through 18 pregnancies in 22 years, and died at age 50 of tuberculosis and cervical cancer. In 1913, Sanger worked in New York's
3305:
1250:, under the leadership of Sanger, was formed to effect a consolidation. The effort eventually led to the merger of the two organizations in 1939 as the
737:
unsuccessfully tried to persuade the New York medical community to push for a change in law to permit physicians to dispense contraceptive information.
1458:, a company formed by pro-choice advocates, with the sole purpose of distributing mifepristone in the U.S, and thus immune to the effects of boycotts.
1238:
1182:
148:
1222:
had become the most commonly prescribed form of contraception; in 1938, female contraceptives accounted for 85 percent of annual contraceptive sales.
6000:
3856:
Frost J, Finer L, Tapales A., "The impact of publicly funded family planning clinic services on unintended pregnancies and government cost savings",
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commitment to socialist welfare and anti-capitalism, Goldman was associated with communism which led to her expulsion from the country during the
622:
While Sanger was in Europe, her husband continued her work, which led to his arrest after he distributed a copy of a birth control pamphlet to an
4418:
1282:, advocacy for reproductive rights transitioned into a new era which focused on birth control, abortion, public funding, and insurance coverage.
4397:
4320:
380:
Birth control practices were generally adopted earlier in Europe than in the United States. Knowlton's book was reprinted in 1877 in England by
3691:
784:
were worried that birth control would exacerbate the birth rate differential between "old stock" white Americans and "coloreds" or immigrants.
3781:
2754:
Engelman, pp. 115β116. Sanger, jealous of her leadership role, excluded Dennett from meetings and other activities that would benefit Dennett.
758:
her causes. After her trial, she emerged as the movement's most visible leader. Other leaders, such as William J. Robinson, Mary Dennett, and
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3914:
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during the 1960s to the early 1980s. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the
1218:
company to manufacture contraceptives β primarily diaphragms, which were Sanger's recommended method. By the 1930s, the diaphragm with
6005:
495:
proponents were the only group to actively oppose the Comstock laws in the 19th century, setting the stage for the birth control movement.
4118:
559:, these activists regularly battled anti-obscenity laws and, later, the government's effort to suppress speech critical of involvement in
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1678:
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was common throughout the U.S. prior to 1914, when the movement to legalize contraception began. Longstanding techniques included the
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ruled that companies that provided insurance for prescription drugs to their employees but excluded birth control were violating the
3852:
Next Steps for America's Family Planning Program: Leveraging the Potential of Medicaid and Title X in an Evolving Health Care System
369:
charges, and served three months in prison. A third early American novel on both prevention of conception and abortion was the book
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5715:
1255:
1012:
465:, a federal law prohibiting mailing of "any article or thing designed or intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of
255:
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Engelman, p. 61β62: Sanger also gained sympathy from the public when her five-year-old daughter died immediately before the trial.
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5212:
1514:
733:
Other activists were also pushing for progress. Emma Goldman was arrested in 1916 for circulating birth control information, and
623:
458:
864:. While World War I led to a breakthrough on American acceptance of birth control relating to public health, anti-communist WWI
374:, written by A. M Mauriceau in the year 1847. Mauriceau was a doctor and his work was cited many times in early volumes of the
5750:
1377:
was arrested for distributing a contraceptive foam and a condom to a student during a lecture on birth control and abortion at
1243:
67:
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established in the nation's vernacular. The widespread availability of contraception signaled a transition from the stricter
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Sanger formed the New York Woman's Publishing Company (NYWPC) in 1918 and, under its auspices, became the publisher for the
5990:
5745:
1427:, the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions in the United States would be nearly two-thirds higher; the number of
1040:
938:
469:" as well as any form of contraceptive information. Many states also passed similar state laws (collectively known as the
5914:
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1387:(1972), which extended the Griswold holding to unmarried couples, and thereby legalized birth control for all Americans.
1251:
1171:
were the most commonly used female birth control mechanism before the pill (modern example, shown with a coin for scale).
1153:
1124:
4175:
3216:
2449:
Engelman, pp. 92β93. In her memoirs, Sanger often understated or entirely omitted the contributions of fellow activists.
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Engelman, pp. 92β93. In her memoirs, Sanger often understated or entirely omitted the contributions of fellow activists.
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in the United States, but the clinic was immediately shut down by police, and Sanger was sentenced to 30 days in jail.
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brought to low-income women. Since contraception was considered to be obscene at the time, the activists targeted the
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decades later. To increase the availability of high-quality contraceptives, birth control advocates established the
646:. Sanger's exile and her husband's arrest propelled the birth control movement into the forefront of American news.
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1327:
1247:
3544:
Cook, Rebecca J.; Mahmoud F. Fathalla (September 1996). "Advancing Reproductive Rights Beyond Cairo and Beijing".
2091:
1390:
In 1970, Congress finally removed references to contraception from federal anti-obscenity laws; and in 1973, the
1082:
4045:
3990:
3978:
5672:
5454:
5228:
4854:
Margaret Sanger and the Origin of the Birth Control Movement, 1910β1930: The Concept of Women's Sexual Autonomy
3919:
3828:
1450:
to induce abortion in pregnancies up to the fourth month of gestation. To avoid consumer boycotts organized by
392: β the world's first birth control advocacy group β which sought to limit population growth to avoid
1586:
of the First Amendment of the Constitution. For such companies, the court's majority directly struck down the
995:
two-thirds were favorable. The availability of contraception signaled the end of the stricter morality of the
5980:
4037:
3909:
3513:
Population and the American future: The report of the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future
3302:
942:
926:
912:
898:
659:
484:
300:
133:
129:
249:
Legal victories in the 1930s continued to weaken anti-contraception laws. The court victories motivated the
5652:
5537:
5527:
4762:
3432:
3410:
3398:
2095:
1350:
1191:
250:
1273:
441:
and obscenity in particular. Composed primarily of Protestant moral reformers and middle-class women, the
323:) and that they viewed sex as a pleasurable act that could be undertaken without the goal of procreation.
5995:
5720:
5662:
5167:
4388:
2600:
Tone, pp. 91β115 contains a history of contraception in the U.S. military in World War I. Navy secretary
1494:
882:
2063:
Cronin cites Kennedy, p. 19, who points out that some materials on birth control were available in 1913.
1397:
5852:
5621:
5269:
2203:
Engelman, p. 51. Organizations had existed in Europe, notably England and Netherlands, since the 1870s.
1924:
1032:; and state and federal laws β though generally not enforced β still outlawed contraception.
3995:
The phrase "morning-after pill" is a misnomer, because it can be taken several days after unprotected
1370:
that it was unconstitutional for the government to prohibit married couples from using birth control.
832:, as a result of a crisis the U.S. military experienced when many of its soldiers were diagnosed with
5985:
5302:
5264:
5259:
1416:
1168:
813:
642:
toured the country, speaking in support of the Sangers, and distributing copies of Sanger's pamphlet
498:
The efforts of the free love movement were not successful and, at the beginning of the 20th century,
429:
Contraception was legal in the United States throughout most of the 19th century, but in the 1870s a
288:
3651:
941:
emerged as its most vocal opponent. After the conference, Sanger and her supporters established the
491: β an initiative to promote sexual freedom, equality for women, and abolition of marriage. The
5705:
5394:
5249:
4905:
Reproductive Health, Reproductive Rights: Reformers and the Politics of Maternal Welfare, 1917β1940
4583:
held", and approximately 52% of the U.S. workforce is employed by "closely held" corporations. See
4579:
4035:. FDA Reproductive Health Drugs Advisory Committee report. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
3777:
1518:
1501:; while proponents contend that it is not abortion, because the absence of implantation means that
967:
812:
Sanger appealed her 1917 conviction and won a mixed victory in 1918 in a unanimous decision by the
563:. Prior to 1914, the free speech movement focused on politics, and rarely addressed contraception.
1473:, a more effective emergency contraceptive was approved for use up to five days after unprotected
5783:
5710:
5636:
5427:
5320:
4587:"A LOT of people could be affected by the Supreme Court's birth control decision β theoretically"
1683:
1462:
1366:
1319:
1295:
154:
3637:(2002). "The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's Career and Marriage Decisions".
2972:
For a detailed discussion of religious objection to birth control, see: Tobin, Kathleen (2001),
5432:
5414:
5369:
5254:
4981:
4952:
4620:
American Women's Rights Movement: A Chronology of Events and of Opportunities from 1600 to 2008
3646:
1611:
1545:
1342:
953:
934:
430:
4419:"Female Justices Issue Scathing Dissent In The First Post-Hobby Lobby Birth Control Exemption"
4122:
2090:
Kennedy, pp. 1, 22. The slogan "No Gods, No Masters" originated in a flyer distributed by the
1651:
issued an injunction temporarily stopping the enforcement of the Trump administration ruling.
1357:
were introduced in the 1960s, increasing popularity of long acting reversible contraceptives.
626:. The arrest and his 30-day jail sentence prompted several mainstream publications, including
5611:
5598:
5274:
3616:
3572:
3244:
1920:
1615:
1587:
1554:
1532:
1374:
1140:
575:
3806:
2373:
1913:
1015:
declined 20 percent between 1920 and 1930, primarily due to increased use of birth control.
581:
181:
in the U.S. through education and legalization. The movement began in 1914 when a group of
5902:
5832:
5677:
5512:
5244:
5004:
3802:
1583:
1537:
1428:
1424:
1303:
1279:
1194:
in 1937 to finally adopt contraception as a normal medical service and a core component of
1048:
930:
772:
352:
312:
292:
3030:
2991:, Williams and Wilkins (70 clinics in U.S. and Britain by 1930, cited by Kennedy, p. 291).
1446:, which was initially utilized as a contraceptive, but is now generally prescribed with a
211:, a newsletter containing a discussion of contraception. In 1916, Sanger opened the first
8:
5532:
5472:
5389:
5236:
3764:
1668:
1640:
1591:
1490:
1383:
1354:
1338:
1266:
and shifted focus to more moderate themes such as family planning and population policy.
1187:
1044:
672:
160:
71:
5126:
5033:
4261:
5932:
5778:
5667:
5573:
5374:
5297:
5020:
4009:
3996:
3938:
3664:
3561:
2673:
1673:
1474:
1470:
1455:
1346:
1299:
1274:
Legalization and aftermath / Impact of the Second Women's Rights Movement (1960s-1980s)
1231:
1215:
1211:
1036:
1000:
817:
677:
628:
596:
566:
Goldman's circle of radicals, socialists, and bohemians was joined in 1912 by a nurse,
499:
488:
446:
284:
230:
182:
137:
47:
2833:
The ABCL was established in December 1921, and held its first meeting in January 1922.
2666:"Dennett, Mary Ware, 1872-1947. Papers of Mary Ware Dennett, 1874-1944: A Finding Aid"
1242:
court battle brought together two birth control organizations β the ABCL and the
311:
increased throughout the nineteenth century, contributing to a 50 percent drop in the
5547:
5467:
5147:
5010:
5000:
4926:
4908:
4893:
4875:
4857:
4842:
4818:
4803:
4788:
4770:
4752:
4737:
4722:
4704:
4686:
4668:
4653:
4638:
4623:
4608:
4101:
4069:
4023:
3969:
3897:
3880:
3727:
3717:
3668:
3526:
1928:
1648:
1378:
1311:
1097:(discouraging procreation of "inferior" persons), but did not advocate euthanasia or
759:
688:
536:
389:
381:
75:
4503:
3123:
was a black leader that opposed contraception due to fear of "extinction" of blacks.
1381:. Baird's appeal of his conviction resulted in the United States Supreme Court case
461:
and leader in the purity movement, successfully lobbied for the passage of the 1873
5809:
5804:
5700:
5684:
5025:
4992:
4522:"Federal judge in Pennsylvania temporarily blocks new Trump rules on birth control"
4262:"Implementing the Federal Contraceptive Coverage Guarantee: Progress and Prospects"
3891:
3656:
3634:
3553:
3521:
3516:
2601:
1626:
1602:
1466:
1263:
1145:
1116:
1105:
634:
503:
454:
450:
422:
358:
342:
330:
229:. The government's response included an anti-venereal disease campaign that framed
226:
5949:
1915:
Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America
5890:
5866:
5631:
5568:
5502:
5462:
5444:
5312:
5197:
5190:
5174:
5108:
5097:
5080:
5063:
5038:
4963:
4918:
4798:
McCann, Carole Ruth (2010), "Women as Leaders in the Contraceptive Movement", in
4052:
3985:
3785:
3611:
3309:
1636:
1618:. Churches were already exempt. On May 16, 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a
1315:
1206:
1128:
1123:
In spite of these suspicions, many African-American leaders supported efforts to
861:
667:
587:
571:
567:
528:
346:
207:
194:
101:
35:
4734:
Birth Control on Main Street: Organizing Clinics in the United States, 1916β1939
3934:"U.S. approves abortion pill; drug offers more privacy and could reshape debate"
3579:, JoΓ«l Krieger, Margaret E. Crahan (Eds.), Oxford University Press, pp. 726β727.
2736:
McCann (1994), pp. 71β72 gives examples that show Sanger's fears were justified.
5878:
5053:
What Every Mother Should Know, Or How Six Little Children Were Taught the Truth
4229:"Contraceptive Coverage in the New Health Care Law: Frequently Asked Questions"
4197:"Contraceptive Coverage in the New Health Care Law: Frequently Asked Questions"
4144:"Contraceptive Coverage in the New Health Care Law: Frequently Asked Questions"
3959:
3833:
3630:
1420:
1195:
1029:
734:
524:
393:
4121:. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 2000-12-14. Archived from
5964:
5827:
5542:
5361:
5329:
5324:
5292:
5047:
5014:
4867:
4780:
4678:
3954:
3120:
1595:
1478:
1447:
1258:, a name Sanger objected to because she considered it too euphemistic. After
1008:
996:
849:
745:
706:
552:
471:
442:
413:
397:
316:
308:
280:
276:
243:
239:
212:
202:
178:
174:
43:
3731:
638:, to publish articles about the birth control controversy. Emma Goldman and
5839:
5822:
4996:
4971:
4885:
4719:
The Moral Property of Women: a History of Birth Control Politics in America
4714:
4696:
4536:"Roe v. Wade and Supreme Court Abortion Cases | Brennan Center for Justice"
3239:
3020:
2528:
2487:
Sanger's movie was banned as "indecent" in New York. Other movies included
1582:(RFRA) and does not address whether such corporations are protected by the
1570:
1524:
1443:
1259:
1132:
856:
796:
767:
714:
697:
655:
556:
548:
544:
508:
462:
438:
401:
385:
339:
Moral Physiology; or, A Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question
259:
190:
186:
97:
93:
5131:
Sanger, Margaret (1921), "The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda",
5030:
Moral Physiology, or A Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question
3757:
1164:
766:
acceptance by mainstream Americans. Media coverage increased, and several
574:, often with poor women who were suffering due to frequent childbirth and
258:
was formed, creating a nationwide network of birth control clinics. After
5657:
5616:
5583:
5351:
5344:
4701:
Woman's Body, Woman's Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America
4635:
Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America
4559:
Epstein, Abby. The Business of Birth Control. Collective Eye Films, 2022.
1454:
organizations, the manufacturer donated the U.S. manufacturing rights to
1392:
1331:
1068:
1004:
829:
792:
710:
639:
560:
540:
304:
222:
39:
5143:
5122:
1334:
declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies.
326:
197:, became concerned about the hardships that childbirth and self-induced
5817:
5517:
5507:
5439:
3565:
3415:
Date of merger recorded as 1938 (not 1939) in: O'Connor, Karen (2010),
2641:
1620:
1403:
1219:
868:
sacrificed one of the birth control movement's most dedicated members.
865:
781:
492:
400:. The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by
5179:
3991:
FDA Approves Over-the-Counter Access for Plan B for Women 18 and Older
3799:"Facts on Publicly Funded Contraceptive Services in the United States"
3035:
American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism
177:
campaign beginning in 1914 that aimed to increase the availability of
50:, on 8 January 1917, during a trial for opening a birth control clinic
30:
5606:
5494:
5334:
5089:, Max N. Maisel; 91 pages; also published in several later editions.
4976:
Birth Control Laws: Shall We Keep Them, Abolish Them, or Change Them?
3889:
2053:
Women's Periodicals in the United States: Social and Political Issues
1502:
1307:
1198:
1025:
948:
837:
543:. Supported by radicals, feminists, anarchists, and atheists such as
535:
At the turn of the century, an energetic movement arose, centered in
366:
320:
4294:
3557:
2117:, New York: Archives of Social History, 1976. Facsimile of original.
5578:
5522:
5379:
5339:
3660:
1749:
Engelman, pp. 5β6. Rarely in public: Engelman cites Brodie, Janet,
1436:
1077:
1052:
986:
886:
844:
833:
770:
produced in the 1910s featured birth control as a theme (including
466:
418:
362:
198:
4457:, No. 14β1418, 578 U.S. ___, slip op. at 3, 5 (2016) (per curiam).
4046:
FDA approves ella tablets for prescription emergency contraception
1112:
4020:
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health
3873:
Mifepristone is still used for contraception in Russia and China.
3236:
Margaret Sanger's Eugenic Legacy: The Control of Female Fertility
1482:
1412:
1007:
women approved of birth control, and more than 80 percent of the
5072:, a 16-page pamphlet; also published in several later editions.
5045:, based on a series of articles Sanger published in 1911 in the
3999:
to have an effect to reduce the rates of an unplanned pregnancy.
3530:
1841:, Helen Tierney (Ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 301.
1799:
Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West
5384:
4955:(1922), "A Study of the Sex Life of the Normal Married Woman",
4347:"Supreme Court sides with Hobby Lobby on contraception mandate"
1498:
1465:
pill (known as the morning-after pill), which became available
1136:
828:
The birth control movement received an unexpected boost during
296:
215:
2765:
The Proceedings of the First American Birth Control Conference
654:
In the spring of 1915 supporters of the Sangers β led by
619:
birth control in court, she fled to England to escape arrest.
5908:
3234:
Allegations of racism can be found in Franks, Angela (2005),
3217:"Birth Control or Race Control? Sanger and the Negro Project"
1306:
became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about
1039:
city council to ban Sanger from giving a speech in 1924; the
445:
campaign also attacked contraception, which was viewed as an
3767:
Web Archives (1972). Findlaw.com. Retrieved 26 January 2007.
3629:
2763:"Birth control: What it is, How it works, What it will do",
425:
was responsible for many anti-contraception laws in the U.S.
5006:
Fruits of Philosophy: A Treatise On the Population Question
4815:
Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America
4055:(press release). 13 August 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
3993:(press release). 24 August 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
3484:, Herrick, John and Stuart, Paul (Eds), SAGE, 2005, p. 323.
3303:"Biographical Note", Smith College, Margaret Sangers Papers
2974:
The American Religious Debate Over Birth Control, 1907β1937
434:
333:
wrote the first book on birth control published in the U.S.
3988:(press release). 22 April 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
2123:, a 16-page pamphlet summarizing contraceptive techniques.
1861:
Reproductive Restraints: Birth Control in India, 1877β1947
1150:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
265:
5180:
The Margaret Sanger Papers Project at New York University
4839:
An Infidel Body-Snatcher and the Fruits of His Philosophy
4389:"Supreme Court rules against Obama in contraception case"
2107:
Engelman, Peter C. (2004), "Margaret Sanger", article in
1291:
4376:"Justices rule for Hobby Lobby on contraception mandate"
3515:. Washington DC: US Government Publishing Office. 1972.
2119:
Engelman, pp. 43β44: At the same time, Sanger published
1770:
Year of publication is variously stated as 1830 or 1831.
1431:
among poor women would nearly double. According to the
1337:
In the early 1950s in the United States, philanthropist
1210:
woman's control, a campaign which ultimately led to the
475:), sometimes extending the federal law by outlawing the
4785:
Birth Control Politics in the United States, 1916β1945
4767:
Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger
3543:
3482:
Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America
1578:
corporations. The decision is an interpretation of the
1119:
served on the board of the Harlem birth control clinic.
762:, could not match Sanger's charisma, charm and fervor.
4438:"Justices Seem Split in Case on Birth Control Mandate"
4398:"A Supreme Feud Over Birth Control: Four Blunt Points"
4321:"Group protests Hobby Lobby decision on birth control"
3594:, Vern L. Bullough (Ed.), ABC-CLIO, 2001, pp. 170β171.
3359:
Tone, pp. 127β128. HollandβRantos was founded in 1925.
3223:(28). Margaret Sanger Papers Project. 14 November 2002
1435:, publicly funded family planning saves nearly $ 4 in
1324:
International Conference on Population and Development
1125:
supply birth control to the African-American community
1051:, blocked Sanger from speaking in public; and several
976:
5850:
4749:
Regulating reproduction: law, technology and autonomy
4295:"Hobby Lobby case: Court curbs contraception mandate"
3979:
Updated FDA Action on Plan B (levonorgestrel) Tablets
3480:
Esser-Stuart, Joan E., "Margaret Higgins Sanger", in
2055:, Endres, Kathleen L. (Ed.), Greenwood Press, p. 448.
1979:
Freedom of Speech: Rights and Liberties Under the Law
1768:, Infobase Publishing, p. 53 (first book in America).
1433:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1294:
international family planning organization. In 1952,
1262:, the leadership of Planned Parenthood de-emphasized
848:
contraception from an issue of morals to an issue of
611:, as a more candid alternative to euphemisms such as
59:
A reform movement to overturn anti-contraception laws
4345:
Haberkorn, Jennifer; Gerstein, Josh (Jun 30, 2014).
2111:, George R. Goethals, et al. (Eds.), SAGE, p. 1382.
740:
649:
4800:
Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook
4098:
Abortion in the United States: a Reference Handbook
3859:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
3590:Engelman, Peter, "McCormick, Katharine Dexter", in
3417:
Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook
3259:
Youngs Rubber Corporation v. C. I. Lee and Co, Inc.
221:A major turning point for the movement came during
5227:
4939:Selected works from the birth control movement era
4665:A History of the Birth Control Movement in America
4338:
4119:"Commission Decision on Coverage of Contraception"
3821:
1912:
1764:Cullen DuPont, Kathryn (2000), "Contraception" in
1751:Contraception and Abortion in 19th Century America
1710:Engelman, p. 5. Fertility rate dropped from 7 to 3
407:
4344:
1131:, a black social worker and leader of New York's
1076:Before the advent of the birth control movement,
5962:
5117:, Truth Publishing, foreword by Havelock Ellis.
4176:"Prescription Drug Costs and Health Reform: FAQ"
3962:(Plan B) was approved, by prescription, in 1999.
3890:Baulieu, Γtienne-Γmile; Rosenblum, Mort (1991).
3791:
3099:The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1
2134:The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1
2113:Engelman cites facsimile edited by Alex Baskin,
2038:The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1
892:
799:, standing on New York street corners, sold the
507:continued to sell condoms as "rubber goods" and
225:, when many U.S. servicemen were diagnosed with
4578:"Closely held" corporations are defined by the
3922:. 28 September 2000. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
2631:Engelman pp. 109β110, quoting Tone pp. 102β109.
2485:Engelman, pp. 94β96 ("phenomenal media hype").
1442:In 1982, European drug manufacturers developed
692:This page from the 1914 birth control pamphlet
355:: The Private Companion of Young Married People
5154:Contraceptive Methods β A Clinical Survey
4493:, slip op. at 2β3 (Sotomayor, J., concurring).
4318:
3838:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
2928:McCann (1994), pp. 67β68 (medical resistance).
2906:Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture
1614:other than churches should be exempt from the
1536:were required to comply with the new law. The
960:
365:. Knowlton was prosecuted in Massachusetts on
5213:
3893:The "Abortion Pill": RU-486, A Woman's Choice
3871:The drug is also known as RU-486 or Mifeprex.
3778:"Fact Sheet: Title X Family Planning Program"
3714:Controlling Reproduction: An American History
3577:The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World
3037:, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 137β158.
2904:Lynd, Robert S., Lynd, Helen Merrell (1929),
1396:decision legalized abortion during the first
1270:remained on the books) were rarely enforced.
683:
483:Comstock and his allies also took aim at the
5074:1917, 6th edition, Michigan State University
4429:
3931:
3776:Office of Population Affairs Clearinghouse.
3711:
3690:. Baylor College of Medicine. Archived from
3125:McCann (1994), pp. 151β154 ("race suicide").
776:, produced by Sanger and starring herself).
5911:Birth control movement in the United States
5789:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
5774:Birth control movement in the United States
5168:The Margaret Sanger Papers at Smith College
3283:Abortion: A Documentary and Reference Guide
2908:, Harcourt, Brace & World, pp. 123β124.
2719:
2717:
2051:Cronin, Mary (1996), "The Woman Rebel", in
2014:Buchanan, p. 121 (tuberculosis and cancer).
1679:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
1288:International Planned Parenthood Federation
952:The Clinical Research Bureau operated from
531:was a leader of the birth control movement.
171:birth control movement in the United States
5627:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
5220:
5206:
4386:
3546:International Family Planning Perspectives
3095:McCann (1994), pp. 150β4. Bigotry: p. 153.
2436:Chesler, pp. 127, 131, 148, 152, 166, 392.
1766:Encyclopedia of Women's History in America
1529:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
1439:expenses for every $ 1 spent on services.
823:
270:
4650:Margaret Sanger: Rebel For Women's Rights
4416:
4387:Mears, Bill; Cohen, Tom (June 30, 2014).
4022:, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 386,
3920:FDA approval letter to Population Council
3850:Gold RB, Sonfield A, Richards C, et al.,
3650:
3520:
3221:Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter
1461:In 1997, the FDA approved a prescription
1159:
977:Progress and setbacks (1920s–1940s)
6001:Reproductive rights in the United States
4991:
4968:, published by author. via Google Books.
4496:
4259:
3910:Mifeprex prescribing information (label)
2794:
2792:
2714:
1402:
1256:Planned Parenthood Federation of America
1163:
1111:
1067:
985:
981:
947:
920:Although Sanger was busy publishing the
753:was published monthly from 1917 to 1940.
744:
687:
580:
523:
514:
449:practice that promoted prostitution and
417:
325:
256:Planned Parenthood Federation of America
38:, a birth control activist, her sister,
16:Social reform campaign beginning in 1914
5102:1922 edition, Michigan State University
5091:1920 edition, Michigan State University
5057:1921 edition, Michigan State University
4395:
3966:Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology
3964:Ebadi, Manuchair, "Levonorgestrel", in
3877:Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology
3865:
3675:
3419:, p. 743. O'Connor cites Gordon (1976).
3171:
3169:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2868:
2866:
2642:"Emma Goldman | Jewish Women's Archive"
1515:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1330:addressed birth control and influenced
607:, which first appeared in the pages of
595:Under the influence of Goldman and the
519:
266:Contraception in the nineteenth century
246:to a more sexually permissive society.
5963:
4435:
4292:
4253:
4221:
4189:
4168:
3287:Tone, p. 178: Tone calls the ruling a
2604:led the efforts to enforce abstinence.
2349:
2347:
2252:
2250:
2075:
1953:
1951:
1910:
1904:
1863:, University of Illinois Press, p. 54.
1839:Women's Studies Encyclopedia, Volume 1
1801:, Harvard University Press, pp. 226β7.
1244:Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau
1093:. Sanger and other advocates endorsed
871:
5201:
4584:
4524:. Associated Press. 16 December 2017.
4504:"Trump rolls back free birth control"
4136:
4111:
4068:, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
3462:Engelman, p. 171 (400 organizations).
2985:Engelman, p. 153 (number increasing).
2829:, Random House Digital, Inc., p. 211.
2789:
2010:Engelman, pp. 29β30 (Goldman circle).
1225:
1072:Sanger's 1920 book endorsed eugenics.
433:grew in strength, aimed at outlawing
5915:
5184:Bassett, Laura (February 14, 2013).
4373:
3875:Ebadi, Manuchair, "Mifepristone" in
3770:
3747:
3575:(2001), "Reproductive Politics", in
3166:
2884:
2863:
2234:Clarence Darrow: American Iconoclast
2109:Encyclopedia of Leadership, Volume 4
1290:and soon became the world's largest
1063:
1041:National Catholic Welfare Conference
6006:Social history of the United States
5019:A publication about birth control.
5009:. San Francisco: Reader's Library.
4986:Techniques of Contraception Control
4319:O'Donoghue, Amy Joi (Jul 5, 2014).
3932:Kolata, Gina (September 29, 2000).
3915:Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information
3399:"Birth Control Council of America".
3397:NYU Margaret Sanger Papers Project
2344:
2247:
1948:
1252:Birth Control Federation of America
1154:Birth Control Federation of America
1135:, asked Sanger to open a clinic in
1043:lobbied against birth control; the
13:
5971:Birth control in the United States
4830:
4721:, University of Illinois Press,
4605:Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion
4066:A Clinical Guide for Contraception
3411:NYU Margaret Sanger Papers Project
2987:Robinson, Caroline Hadley (1930),
2008:Baker, pp. 50β51 (Goldman circle).
1664:Birth control in the United States
1139:. Sanger secured funding from the
539:, that sought to overturn bans on
14:
6017:
5483:self-report sexual risk behaviors
5161:
4417:LoGiurato, Brett (July 3, 2014).
3854:, Guttmacher Institute, 2009; and
3681:
1753:, Cornell University Press, 1987.
1580:Religious Freedom Restoration Act
1152:(NAACP). In the early 1940s, the
1001:surveyed women in Muncie, Indiana
741:Mainstream acceptance (1917β1923)
650:Early birth control organizations
345:in 1831. The book suggested that
5941:
5924:
5896:
5884:
5872:
5860:
5553:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
5034:1842 edition, (Internet Archive)
4736:, University of Illinois Press,
4572:
4553:
4528:
4514:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4410:
4364:
4312:
4286:
4090:
4079:
4058:
4002:
3947:
3925:
3738:
3705:
3599:
3596:Engelman, p. 182 (FDA approval).
3582:
3537:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3422:
3404:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3294:
3273:
3264:
3251:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3178:
3157:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3113:
3104:
3089:
3080:
3069:
3060:
3049:
3040:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2979:
2964:
2955:
2944:
2935:
2922:
2913:
2898:
1584:free-exercise of religion clause
1328:Fourth World Conference on Women
1248:Birth Control Council of America
807:
29:
5976:Censorship in the United States
5673:Sexually transmitted infections
5144:1922 edition, Project Gutenberg
4907:, Ohio State University Press,
4852:Coates, Patricia Walsh (2008),
4436:Liptak, Adam (March 23, 2016).
4374:Wolf, Richard (June 30, 2014).
4293:Willis, David (June 30, 2014).
3615:. April 7, 1967. Archived from
3257:Engelman, p. 166. The case was
2930:Chesler, p. 220 (blacklisting).
2910:Lynd cited by Engelman, p. 143.
2875:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2780:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2728:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2658:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2534:
2521:
2512:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2430:
2419:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2358:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2306:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2226:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2126:
2101:
2084:
2066:
2043:
2030:
2019:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1969:
1960:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1866:
1853:
1844:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1508:
1341:provided funding for biologist
487:and utopians who comprised the
408:Anti-contraception laws enacted
5229:Sexual and reproductive health
5148:1922 edition, Internet Archive
4652:, Chelsea House Publications,
4585:Blake, Aaron (June 30, 2014).
4396:Barrett, Paul (July 7, 2014).
3716:. Wilmington, Del.: SR Books.
3033:, see: Ordover, Nancy (2003),
2506:The Hand That Rocks the Cradle
2370:The Model Editions Partnership
1981:, ABC-CLIO, 2003, pp. 109β110.
1791:
1782:
1773:
1756:
1743:
1732:
1723:
1704:
1695:
1280:Second Woman's Rights Movement
845:anti-venereal disease campaign
1:
5043:What Every Mother Should Know
4802:, Karen O'Connor (Ed), SAGE,
4565:
3805:. August 2011. Archived from
3592:Encyclopedia of Birth Control
3433:MS Papers: Planned Parenthood
3029:For a detailed discussion of
2989:Seventy Birth Control Clinics
2827:The Essential Feminist Reader
2825:Freedman, Estelle B. (2007),
2767:, November 1921, pp. 207β208.
1018:
943:American Birth Control League
913:American Birth Control League
906:conditions can be satisfied.
899:American Birth Control League
893:American Birth Control League
660:National Birth Control League
134:American Birth Control League
130:National Birth Control League
5653:Disorders of sex development
4787:, Cornell University Press,
4234:. 2011-11-01. Archived from
4202:. 2011-11-01. Archived from
4149:. 2011-11-01. Archived from
4038:Prescribing information for
3917:. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
3912:. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
3862:, 2008 August, 19(3):778-96.
3829:"Family Planning - Overview"
3639:Journal of Political Economy
3435:(retrieved 14 October 2011).
3413:. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
3312:. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
2952:Chesler, p. 220 (newsreels).
2096:1912 Lawrence Textile Strike
1351:Food and Drug Administration
1349:, which was approved by the
1192:American Medical Association
251:American Medical Association
7:
5991:History of social movements
5663:Reproductive system disease
5186:"Birth Control on the Rise"
5087:What Every Girl Should Know
4663:Engelman, Peter C. (2011),
4043:. Retrieved 24 January 2012
3968:, CRC Press, 2007, p. 338,
3944:Retrieved 15 November 2011.
3879:, CRC Press, 2007, p. 443,
3573:Petchesky, Rosalind Pollack
3502:Tone, pp. 207β208, 265β266.
3213:McCann (1994), pp. 168β173.
3184:McCann (1994), pp. 160β161.
3075:McCann (1994), pp. 110β113.
3055:McCann (1994), pp. 124β125.
3046:McCann (1994), pp. 107β110.
2081:McCann (2010), pp. 750β751.
1911:Beisel, Nicola Kay (1997).
1657:
1608:United States Supreme Court
1563:United States Supreme Court
1419:was enacted as part of the
1278:After World War II and the
1003:in 1925 found that all the
961:Second birth control clinic
883:Voluntary Parenthood League
120:What Every Girl Should Know
10:
6022:
5622:Obstetrics and gynaecology
4732:Hajo, Cathy Moran (2010),
4618:Buchanan, Paul D. (2009),
3712:Tone, Andrea, ed. (1997).
3401:Retrieved 12 October 2011.
2540:McCann (1994), pp. 99β101.
2527:Engelman, pp. 97, quoting
1925:Princeton University Press
1859:Ahluwalia, Sanjam (2008),
1229:
896:
684:First birth control clinic
411:
46:, leaving a courthouse in
5797:
5766:
5693:
5645:
5597:
5561:
5538:Pregnant patients' rights
5493:
5453:
5403:
5360:
5311:
5303:Pre-conception counseling
5285:
5260:Abortion-rights movements
5235:
5140:The Pivot of Civilization
5138:Sanger, Margaret (1922),
5113:Sanger, Margaret (1920),
5085:Sanger, Margaret (1916),
5068:Sanger, Margaret (1914),
4988:, Williams & Wilkins.
4978:, Frederick H. Hitchcock.
4957:Journal of Social Hygiene
4769:, Yale University Press,
4685:, Free Press Paperbacks,
4096:McBride, Dorothy (2008),
2777:(12):18, (December 1921).
2745:McCann (1994), pp. 44β45.
2036:Patient was Sadie Sachs.
2016:Chelsler, p. 41 (age 50).
1417:Public Health Service Act
1144:received the approval of
1091:The Pivot of Civilization
814:New York Court of Appeals
671:leading figures, such as
185:in New York City, led by
143:
125:
107:
89:
81:
63:
55:
28:
21:
5424:Gamete Cryopreservation
5270:Circumcision controversy
5250:Compulsory sterilization
4959:8 (April, 1922): 173β89.
4945:Bocker, Dorothy (1924),
4903:Rosen, Robyn L. (2003),
4874:, Free Paperback Press,
4637:, Simon & Schuster,
4580:Internal Revenue Service
4269:Guttmacher Policy Review
4033:ella, ulipristal acetate
3896:. Simon & Schuster.
3285:, ABC-CLIO, 2008, p. 29.
3025:Eugenics: A Reassessment
2771:The Birth Control Review
2769:Sanger, Margaret (Ed.),
2723:McCann (1994) pp. 69β70.
2366:"Margaret Sanger Papers"
2232:Kersten, Andrew (2011),
2012:Cox, p. 4 (pregnancies).
1797:Riddle, John M. (1999),
1689:
1519:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1298:founded the influential
968:Clinical Research Bureau
624:undercover postal worker
5784:Social hygiene movement
5637:Transgender health care
4982:Dickinson, Robert Latou
4953:Davis, Katharine Bement
4925:, Cooper Square Press,
4747:Jackson, Emily (2001),
4703:, Grossman Publishers,
4633:Chesler, Ellen (1992),
4603:Baker, Jean H. (2011),
4260:Sonfield, Adam (2013).
3522:2027/mdp.39015007261855
3444:McCann (1994), pp. 1β2.
1684:Social hygiene movement
1463:emergency contraception
1367:Griswold v. Connecticut
1320:John D. Rockefeller III
1296:John D. Rockefeller III
990:Advertisement from 1926
824:World War I and condoms
301:prolonged breastfeeding
271:Birth control practices
155:Griswold v. Connecticut
5612:Genitourinary medicine
5415:In vitro fertilization
5370:Hormonal contraception
5255:Contraceptive security
5152:Stone, Hannah (1925),
5115:Woman and the New Race
4962:Dennett, Mary (1919),
4856:, Edwin Mellen Press,
4087:Gordon (2002), p. 336.
4064:Speroff, Leon (2010),
3784:April 5, 2012, at the
3453:Engelman, pp. 181β186.
3430:Engelman, pp. 178β179.
3386:Engelman, pp. 170β171.
3300:Engelman, pp. 169β170.
3279:Engelman, pp. 167β168.
3204:McCann (1994), p. 163.
3195:McCann (1994), p. 166.
3186:Engelman, pp. 175β177.
3134:McCann (1994), p. 152.
3110:McCann (1994), p. 151.
3066:Engelman, pp. 132β133.
2950:Engelman, pp. 147β148.
2941:Engelman, pp. 146β147.
2881:Engelman, pp. 141β142.
2831:Engelman, pp. 129β130.
2807:Engelman, pp. 125β126.
2798:Engelman, pp. 124β125.
2734:Engelman, pp. 113β115.
2725:Engelman, pp. 113β115.
2613:Engelman, pp. 107β109.
2598:Engelman, pp. 107β109.
2580:Engelman, pp. 101β103.
2571:Engelman, pp. 101β103.
2425:McCann (2010), p. 751.
1612:religious institutions
1606:was a case before the
1546:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby
1429:unintended pregnancies
1408:
1398:trimester of pregnancy
1186:legal ruling by Judge
1172:
1160:Expanding availability
1120:
1087:Woman and the New Race
1073:
991:
957:
954:this New York building
935:Archbishop of New York
908:
768:silent motion pictures
754:
701:
592:
576:self-induced abortions
532:
511:as "womb supporters".
431:social purity movement
426:
334:
22:Birth control movement
5275:Intersex human rights
4947:Birth Control Methods
4837:Allosso, Dan (2013),
4813:Tone, Andrea (2002),
4540:www.brennancenter.org
4012:or by the brand name
4008:The drug is known as
3953:The FDA approved the
3493:Chesler, pp. 425β428.
3245:Women, Race and Class
2786:Engelman, p. 120β122.
2670:oasis.lib.harvard.edu
2569:Chesler, pp. 159β160.
2560:Engelman, pp. 99β101.
2501:Where Are My Children
2274:Engelman, pp. 73, 76.
2057:Cronin cites Sanger,
1977:Kersch, Kenneth Ira,
1921:Princeton, New Jersey
1616:contraceptive mandate
1588:contraceptive mandate
1557:___ (2014), is a
1406:
1167:
1141:Julius Rosenwald Fund
1115:
1071:
1013:birth rate in America
989:
982:Widespread acceptance
951:
903:
748:
691:
584:
527:
515:Beginning (1914β1916)
421:
376:Birth Control Review.
357:, written in 1832 by
329:
293:contraceptive sponges
116:Motherhood in Bondage
5981:Feminism and history
5833:tax on childlessness
5589:Genital modification
5513:Unintended pregnancy
5245:Reproductive Justice
5133:Birth Control Review
4965:The Sex Side of Life
3809:on 26 September 2008
3803:Guttmacher Institute
3688:Contraception Online
3684:"History of the IUD"
3682:Lynch, Catherine M.
3619:on February 19, 2005
3238:, McFarland; and in
2542:Engelman, pp. 97β98.
2458:Engelman, pp. 92β93.
2438:Kennedy pp. 84, 181.
2403:Engelman, pp. 84β85.
2332:Engelman, pp. 87β89.
2283:Engelman, pp. 75β77.
2236:, Macmillan, p. 170.
2221:Engelman, pp. 57β58.
2194:Engelman, pp. 49β50.
2185:Engelman, pp. 54β55.
1999:Engelman, pp. 25β26.
1990:Engelman, pp. 23β25.
1975:Engelman, pp. 23β27.
1966:Engelman, pp. 18β19.
1901:Engelman, pp. 15β16.
1883:Engelman, pp. 13β14.
1874:Engelman, pp. 13β14.
1850:Engelman, pp. 9, 47.
1837:"Contraception", in
1740:Engelman, pp. 11β12.
1720:children per couple.
1639:, joined by Justice
1538:Guttmacher Institute
1487:another battleground
1425:Guttmacher Institute
1355:intrauterine devices
1148:, co-founder of the
1011:women approved. The
931:Patrick Joseph Hayes
922:Birth Control Review
879:The Sex Side of Life
789:Birth Control Review
751:Birth Control Review
724:Birth Control Review
520:Free speech movement
361:, which recommended
353:Fruits of Philosophy
24:in the United States
5533:Pregnancy from rape
5390:Intrauterine device
5021:View original copy.
4841:, SOTB Publishing,
4781:McCann, Carole Ruth
4751:, Hart Publishing,
4648:Cox, Vicki (2004),
4591:The Washington Post
3765:Library of Congress
3261:1930, 45 F. 2d 103.
3031:Sanger and Eugenics
2303:Engelman, p. 79β80.
2027:Kennedy, pp. 16β18.
1669:History of abortion
1592:Affordable Care Act
1407:Birth control pills
1384:Eisenstadt v. Baird
1339:Katharine McCormick
1045:Knights of Columbus
872:Legislative efforts
673:William J. Robinson
658: β formed the
585:The first issue of
161:Eisenstadt v. Baird
85:1914 β c. 1945
72:Reproductive rights
5996:Planned Parenthood
5779:History of condoms
5668:Sexual dysfunction
5574:Sexual orientation
5528:Options counseling
5375:Male contraception
5298:Genetic counseling
5173:2011-05-27 at the
5119:Harvard University
5107:2022-09-02 at the
5096:2022-09-02 at the
5079:2022-09-02 at the
5062:2022-09-02 at the
5001:Bradlaugh, Charles
4469:, slip op. at 3β4.
4442:The New York Times
4051:2012-02-09 at the
4010:ulipristal acetate
3997:sexual intercourse
3984:2012-06-30 at the
3939:The New York Times
3763:2001-11-30 at the
3588:Tone, pp. 204β207.
3308:2006-09-12 at the
2025:Baker, pp. 49β51.
1927:. pp. 76β78.
1828:Engelman, pp. 8β9.
1819:Engelman, pp. 7β8.
1788:Engelman, pp. 6β7.
1701:Engelman, pp. 3β4.
1674:History of condoms
1475:sexual intercourse
1471:ulipristal acetate
1469:in 2006. In 2010,
1456:Danco Laboratories
1409:
1347:birth control pill
1300:Population Council
1232:Planned Parenthood
1226:Planned Parenthood
1212:birth control pill
1173:
1121:
1074:
992:
958:
956:from 1930 to 1973.
915:founding statement
855:In 1917, advocate
818:Frederick E. Crane
755:
702:
678:Van Kleeck Allison
597:Free Speech League
593:
533:
489:free love movement
427:
335:
231:sexual intercourse
183:political radicals
138:Planned Parenthood
48:Brooklyn, New York
5848:
5847:
5548:Teenage pregnancy
5265:Genital integrity
5135:(April, 1921): 5.
5123:Project Gutenberg
5070:Family Limitation
5026:Owen, Robert Dale
4995:(October 1891) .
4993:Knowlton, Charles
4913:978-0-8142-0920-2
4898:978-0-87905-096-2
4880:978-0-684-83498-6
4862:978-0-7734-5099-8
4847:978-1-4826-7868-0
4823:978-0-8090-3816-9
4817:, Hill and Wang,
4808:978-1-4129-6083-0
4793:978-0-8014-8612-8
4775:978-0-300-01495-2
4757:978-1-84113-301-0
4742:978-0-252-03536-4
4727:978-0-252-02764-2
4709:978-0-670-77817-1
4691:978-0-684-83498-6
4673:978-0-684-83498-6
4628:978-0-8283-2160-0
4622:, Branden Books,
4613:978-0-8090-9498-1
4510:. 6 October 2017.
4106:978-1-59884-098-8
4074:978-1-60831-610-6
4028:978-0-19-957166-6
3974:978-1-4200-4743-1
3885:978-1-4200-4743-1
3744:Engelman, p. 184.
3395:Engelman, p. 171.
3350:Tone, p. 108β110.
3339:Engelman, p. 167.
3330:Engelman, p. 167.
3270:Engelman, p. 166.
3163:Engelman, p. 160.
3154:Engelman, p. 160.
3086:Engelman, p. 134.
3077:Engelman, p. 134.
3057:Engelman, p. 134.
3027:, Praeger, p. 18.
3018:Engelman, p. 131.
3009:Engelman, p. 158.
3000:Engelman, p. 157.
2970:Engelman, p. 148.
2961:Engelman, p. 148.
2919:Engelman, p. 144.
2895:Engelman, p. 142.
2872:Engelman, p. 139.
2851:Engelman, p. 138.
2842:Engelman, p. 137.
2816:Engelman, p. 129.
2711:Engelman, p. 111.
2702:Engelman, p. 105.
2693:Engelman, p. 104.
2622:Engelman, p. 109.
2589:Engelman, p. 103.
2121:Family Limitation
1934:978-0-691-02779-1
1649:Wendy Beetlestone
1559:landmark decision
1505:never commenced.
1379:Boston University
1373:In 1967 activist
1302:. Fear of global
1220:spermicidal jelly
1106:African Americans
1099:positive eugenics
1095:negative eugenics
1064:Eugenics and race
927:Town Hall theater
816:written by Judge
760:Blanche Ames Ames
694:Family Limitation
644:Family Limitation
613:family limitation
537:Greenwich Village
504:state governments
390:Malthusian League
382:Charles Bradlaugh
227:venereal diseases
167:
166:
68:Freedom of speech
6013:
5986:Health movements
5954:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5937:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5917:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5856:
5810:Two-child policy
5805:One-child policy
5685:Gender dysphoria
5222:
5215:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5127:Internet Archive
5039:Sanger, Margaret
5018:
4923:An Autobiography
4919:Sanger, Margaret
4872:Born for Liberty
4683:Born for Liberty
4595:
4594:
4576:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4481:, slip op. at 4.
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4455:Zubik v. Burwell
4452:
4446:
4445:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4423:Business Insider
4414:
4408:
4405:
4392:
4383:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4266:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4115:
4109:
4094:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4062:
4056:
4018:Sankar, Nathan,
4006:
4000:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3929:
3923:
3907:
3869:
3863:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3795:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3654:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3603:
3597:
3586:
3580:
3569:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3471:Engelman, p 186.
3469:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3428:Chesler, p. 393.
3426:
3420:
3408:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3298:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3119:Tone pp. 86β87:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2672:. Archived from
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:Josephus Daniels
2596:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2551:Engelman, p. 99.
2549:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2518:Engelman, p. 96.
2516:
2510:
2483:
2477:
2476:Engelman, p. 92.
2474:
2468:
2467:Engelman, p. 93.
2465:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2427:Engelman, p. 92.
2423:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2394:Engelman, p. 84.
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2372:. Archived from
2362:
2356:
2355:Engelman, p. 91.
2351:
2342:
2341:Engelman, p. 89.
2339:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2323:Engelman, p. 86.
2321:
2315:
2314:Engelman, p. 83.
2310:
2304:
2301:Chesler, p. 150.
2299:
2293:
2292:Engelman, p. 79.
2290:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2265:Engelman, p. 72.
2263:
2257:
2256:Engelman, p. 64.
2254:
2245:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2212:Engelman, p. 52.
2210:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2176:Engelman, p. 49.
2174:
2168:
2167:Chesler, p. 127.
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2149:Engelman, p. 43.
2147:
2141:
2140:Kennedy, p. 101.
2138:Engelman, p. 23.
2130:
2124:
2105:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2072:Tone, pp. 79β80.
2070:
2064:
2059:An Autobiography
2049:Engelman, p. 34.
2047:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:Engelman, p. 20.
1955:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1918:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:Engelman, p. 15.
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1738:Tone, pp. 73β75.
1736:
1730:
1729:Engelman, p. 11.
1727:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1634:
1627:Zubik v. Burwell
1603:Zubik v. Burwell
1485:, proved to be
1467:over the counter
1292:non-governmental
1264:radical feminism
1207:vending machines
1146:W. E. B. Du Bois
1117:W. E. B. Du Bois
916:
635:New-York Tribune
459:postal inspector
455:Anthony Comstock
451:venereal disease
437:in general, and
423:Anthony Comstock
359:Charles Knowlton
343:Robert Dale Owen
331:Robert Dale Owen
275:The practice of
33:
19:
18:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6010:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5930:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:sister projects
5913:at Knowledge's
5907:
5897:
5895:
5885:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5851:
5849:
5844:
5793:
5762:
5735:United Kingdom
5689:
5641:
5632:Sexual medicine
5593:
5569:Gender identity
5557:
5503:Maternal health
5489:
5449:
5445:fertility fraud
5406:
5399:
5356:
5307:
5281:
5231:
5226:
5191:Huffington Post
5175:Wayback Machine
5164:
5159:
5109:Wayback Machine
5098:Wayback Machine
5081:Wayback Machine
5064:Wayback Machine
4936:
4900:(1982 reprint).
4868:Evans, Sara, M.
4833:
4831:Further reading
4828:
4599:
4598:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4545:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4434:
4430:
4415:
4411:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4276:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4085:Jackson, p. 89.
4084:
4080:
4063:
4059:
4053:Wayback Machine
4044:
4036:
4031:
4017:
4007:
4003:
3994:
3989:
3986:Wayback Machine
3977:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3888:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3855:
3849:
3848:The DHHS cites:
3841:
3839:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3786:Wayback Machine
3775:
3771:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3724:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3695:
3680:
3676:
3652:10.1.1.473.6514
3631:Goldin, Claudia
3628:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3570:
3558:10.2307/2950752
3542:
3538:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3310:Wayback Machine
3301:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2493:The Black Stork
2489:Miracle of Life
2486:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2312:Chesler p. 151.
2311:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2223:Kennedy, p. 77.
2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:Engelman, p. 7.
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:Engelman, p. 6.
1778:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1762:Engelman, p. 6.
1761:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1660:
1632:
1533:federal mandate
1525:President Obama
1511:
1345:to develop the
1316:quality of life
1276:
1234:
1228:
1162:
1129:James H. Hubert
1066:
1021:
984:
979:
973:
963:
939:Catholic Church
918:
910:
901:
895:
874:
862:First Red Scare
843:The military's
826:
810:
743:
686:
668:Clarence Darrow
652:
629:Harper's Weekly
601:The Woman Rebel
588:The Woman Rebel
572:Lower East Side
568:Margaret Sanger
529:Margaret Sanger
522:
517:
416:
410:
347:family planning
341:, published by
273:
268:
208:The Woman Rebel
195:Margaret Sanger
158:
152:
136:
132:
118:
114:
112:The Woman Rebel
102:Margaret Sanger
100:
96:
74:
70:
51:
36:Margaret Sanger
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6019:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5956:
5955:
5953:from Wikibooks
5938:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5893:
5881:
5869:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5751:teen pregnancy
5743:
5742:
5741:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5332:
5327:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5182:
5177:
5163:
5162:External links
5160:
5158:
5157:
5150:
5136:
5129:
5111:
5083:
5066:
5036:
5023:
4989:
4979:
4969:
4960:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4916:
4901:
4890:Living My Life
4883:
4865:
4850:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4811:
4796:
4778:
4763:Kennedy, David
4760:
4745:
4730:
4712:
4694:
4679:Evans, Sara M.
4676:
4661:
4646:
4631:
4616:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4552:
4527:
4513:
4495:
4483:
4471:
4459:
4447:
4428:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4393:
4384:
4363:
4337:
4311:
4285:
4252:
4220:
4188:
4167:
4135:
4110:
4089:
4078:
4076:, pp. 153β155.
4057:
4001:
3960:Levonorgestrel
3946:
3924:
3902:
3864:
3834:Healthy People
3820:
3790:
3769:
3746:
3737:
3722:
3704:
3674:
3661:10.1086/340778
3645:(4): 730β770.
3598:
3581:
3552:(3): 115β121.
3536:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3421:
3403:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3343:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3293:
3281:Rose, Melody,
3272:
3263:
3250:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3177:
3165:
3156:
3145:
3143:Baker, p. 200.
3136:
3127:
3112:
3103:
3088:
3079:
3068:
3059:
3048:
3039:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2978:
2963:
2954:
2943:
2934:
2921:
2912:
2897:
2883:
2874:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2788:
2779:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2727:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2657:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2533:
2520:
2511:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2429:
2418:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2357:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2305:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2246:
2242:, pp. 183β189.
2225:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2125:
2100:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2042:
2029:
2018:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1968:
1959:
1947:
1933:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1865:
1852:
1843:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1755:
1742:
1731:
1722:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1510:
1507:
1421:war on poverty
1411:Also in 1970,
1343:Gregory Pincus
1312:food shortages
1304:overpopulation
1275:
1272:
1230:Main article:
1227:
1224:
1216:HollandβRantos
1196:medical school
1161:
1158:
1065:
1062:
1030:radio industry
1020:
1017:
983:
980:
978:
975:
962:
959:
902:
897:Main article:
894:
891:
873:
870:
825:
822:
809:
806:
742:
739:
735:Abraham Jacobi
685:
682:
651:
648:
521:
518:
516:
513:
412:Main article:
409:
406:
394:Thomas Malthus
313:fertility rate
309:contraceptives
272:
269:
267:
264:
165:
164:
145:
141:
140:
127:
123:
122:
109:
105:
104:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
76:Women's rights
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6018:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5951:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5912:
5904:
5903:United States
5894:
5892:
5882:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5828:child benefit
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5757:
5756:birth control
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5746:United States
5744:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Prenatal care
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5395:Sterilization
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5362:Contraception
5359:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:Birth spacing
5328:
5326:
5325:childlessness
5322:
5321:Childfreeness
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Sex education
5291:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5211:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5142:, Brentanos.
5141:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5048:New York Call
5044:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4997:Besant, Annie
4994:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4972:Dennett, Mary
4970:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4931:0-8154-1015-8
4928:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4886:Goldman, Emma
4884:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4715:Gordon, Linda
4713:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4697:Gordon, Linda
4695:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:0-7910-8030-7
4655:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:0-671-60088-5
4640:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:, Macmillan,
4606:
4602:
4601:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4556:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4523:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4241:on 2012-08-13
4237:
4230:
4224:
4209:on 2012-08-13
4205:
4198:
4192:
4177:
4171:
4156:on 2012-08-13
4152:
4145:
4139:
4125:on 2017-12-07
4124:
4120:
4114:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4082:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3998:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3956:
3955:Yuzpe regimen
3950:
3942:. p. A1.
3941:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:0-671-73816-X
3899:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3788:January 2008.
3787:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3723:0-8420-2574-X
3719:
3715:
3708:
3694:on 2006-01-27
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:Lawrence Katz
3632:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3593:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3383:
3377:Tone, p. 152.
3374:
3368:Tone, p. 117.
3365:
3356:
3347:
3341:Tone, p. 136.
3336:
3327:
3321:Tone, p. 155.
3318:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3276:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3240:Davis, Angela
3237:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3160:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3121:Marcus Garvey
3116:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3083:
3072:
3063:
3052:
3043:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3021:Lynn, Richard
3015:
3006:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2958:
2947:
2938:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2828:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2731:
2720:
2718:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2676:on 2017-12-01
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2433:
2422:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2376:on 2017-12-01
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2350:
2348:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2309:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2240:Autobiography
2235:
2229:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2158:Baker, p. 89.
2155:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2022:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1735:
1726:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1596:birth control
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1513:In 2000, the
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:anti-abortion
1449:
1448:prostoglandin
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:Supreme Court
1360:In 1965, the
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:and the 1995
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:Augustus Hand
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:Youngs Rubber
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:working class
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Victorian era
988:
974:
971:
969:
955:
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
917:
914:
907:
900:
890:
888:
884:
880:
869:
867:
863:
858:
853:
851:
850:public health
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
821:
819:
815:
808:Legal victory
805:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
777:
775:
774:
773:Birth Control
769:
763:
761:
752:
747:
738:
736:
731:
727:
725:
719:
716:
712:
708:
707:Fania Mindell
699:
695:
690:
681:
679:
674:
669:
663:
661:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:
631:
630:
625:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
605:birth control
602:
598:
590:
589:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:D. M. Bennett
550:
546:
542:
538:
530:
526:
512:
510:
509:cervical caps
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
474:
473:
472:Comstock laws
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:Victorian-era
440:
436:
432:
424:
420:
415:
414:Comstock laws
405:
404:, in London.
403:
399:
398:Aletta Jacobs
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
377:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
354:
348:
344:
340:
332:
328:
324:
322:
318:
317:Clelia Mosher
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:rhythm method
278:
277:birth control
263:
261:
257:
252:
247:
245:
244:Victorian era
241:
235:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
214:
213:birth control
210:
209:
204:
203:Comstock laws
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:contraception
176:
175:social reform
172:
163:
162:
157:
156:
151:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
128:
126:Organizations
124:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
44:Fania Mindell
41:
37:
32:
27:
20:
5958:
5948:
5936:from Commons
5931:
5910:
5840:Abortion law
5823:bachelor tax
5773:
5473:vulvovaginal
5407:reproduction
5189:
5153:
5139:
5132:
5114:
5086:
5069:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5029:
5005:
4985:
4975:
4964:
4956:
4946:
4922:
4904:
4889:
4871:
4853:
4838:
4814:
4799:
4784:
4766:
4748:
4733:
4718:
4700:
4682:
4667:, ABC-CLIO,
4664:
4649:
4634:
4619:
4604:
4590:
4574:
4555:
4544:. Retrieved
4542:. 2022-03-18
4539:
4530:
4516:
4507:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4441:
4431:
4422:
4412:
4402:BusinessWeek
4401:
4379:
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4350:
4340:
4328:. Retrieved
4325:Deseret News
4324:
4314:
4302:. Retrieved
4298:
4288:
4277:. Retrieved
4272:
4268:
4255:
4243:. Retrieved
4236:the original
4223:
4211:. Retrieved
4204:the original
4191:
4180:. Retrieved
4178:. 2013-05-04
4170:
4158:. Retrieved
4151:the original
4138:
4127:. Retrieved
4123:the original
4113:
4108:, pp. 67β68.
4100:, ABC-CLIO,
4097:
4092:
4081:
4065:
4060:
4039:
4019:
4013:
4004:
3965:
3949:
3937:
3927:
3892:
3876:
3867:
3857:
3851:
3840:. Retrieved
3832:
3823:
3811:. Retrieved
3807:the original
3793:
3772:
3758:410 U.S. 113
3753:
3749:
3740:
3713:
3707:
3696:. Retrieved
3692:the original
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3220:
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3175:Hajo, p. 85.
3159:
3152:Hajo, p. 85.
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2058:
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2004:
1995:
1986:
1978:
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1962:
1938:. Retrieved
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1897:
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1879:
1872:Tone, p. 17.
1868:
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1575:
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1567:closely held
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1509:21st Century
1460:
1444:mifepristone
1441:
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1365:
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1332:human rights
1284:
1277:
1268:
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1237:
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1122:
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693:
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656:Mary Dennett
653:
643:
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617:
612:
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604:
600:
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591:, March 1914
586:
565:
557:Emma Goldman
549:Moses Harman
545:Ezra Heywood
534:
497:
485:libertarians
482:
476:
470:
463:Comstock Act
439:prostitution
428:
402:Marie Stopes
386:Annie Besant
379:
375:
370:
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260:World War II
248:
240:sexual mores
236:
220:
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191:Mary Dennett
187:Emma Goldman
170:
168:
159:
153:
147:
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111:
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94:Mary Dennett
5726:Philippines
5658:Infertility
5617:Gynaecology
5584:Transgender
5352:Sperm theft
5345:foster care
3754:Roe v. Wade
3291:for Sanger.
3289:coup d'Γ©tat
2380:November 1,
2353:Cox, p. 65.
2115:Woman Rebel
1610:on whether
1569:for-profit
1527:signed the
1393:Roe v. Wade
1239:One Package
1183:One Package
1127:. In 1929,
1026:blacklisted
1005:upper class
830:World War I
793:suffragette
782:eugenicists
711:Ethel Byrne
640:Ben Reitman
561:World War I
541:free speech
305:spermicides
223:World War I
149:One Package
144:Court cases
108:Early texts
56:Description
40:Ethel Byrne
5965:Categories
5818:baby bonus
5814:Financial
5694:By country
5518:childbirth
5508:Obstetrics
5440:Sperm bank
4566:References
4546:2023-07-05
4279:2014-01-25
4245:2014-01-25
4213:2014-01-25
4182:2014-01-25
4160:2014-01-25
4129:2014-01-25
3698:2006-07-09
3623:2010-03-20
3607:"The Pill"
3571:See also:
3227:25 January
3023:, (2001),
2680:2017-11-30
2651:2017-11-30
2497:The Unborn
1624:ruling in
1621:per curiam
1590:under the
1375:Bill Baird
1169:Diaphragms
1019:Opposition
866:propaganda
791:. British
289:diaphragms
285:withdrawal
5950:Textbooks
5731:Singapore
5646:Disorders
5607:Andrology
5495:Pregnancy
5479:Research
5335:Parenting
5286:Education
5015:626706770
4892:, Knopf,
4717:(2002),
4380:USA Today
3669:221286686
3647:CiteSeerX
3097:See also
1637:Sotomayor
1565:allowing
1503:pregnancy
1364:ruled in
1308:pollution
1236:The 1936
1199:curricula
838:gonorrhea
804:advocacy.
795:activist
493:free love
367:obscenity
321:pessaries
307:. Use of
199:abortions
5891:Medicine
5867:Feminism
5721:Pakistan
5599:Medicine
5579:Intersex
5562:Identity
5523:Abortion
5405:Assisted
5380:Safe sex
5340:adoption
5313:Planning
5171:Archived
5105:Archived
5094:Archived
5077:Archived
5060:Archived
5041:(1911),
5028:(1831),
5003:(eds.).
4984:(1942),
4974:(1926),
4949:, BCCRB.
4921:(1938),
4888:(1931),
4870:(1997),
4783:(1994),
4765:(1970),
4699:(1976),
4681:(1997),
4508:BBC News
4351:Politico
4304:June 30,
4299:BBC News
4049:Archived
3982:Archived
3957:in 1997.
3782:Archived
3761:Archived
3732:34782632
3531:72-77389
3306:Archived
3242:(1981),
3101:, p. 45.
2238:Sanger,
2136:, p. 70.
2132:Sanger,
1658:See also
1641:Ginsburg
1437:Medicaid
1078:eugenics
1053:newsreel
1037:Syracuse
945:(ABCL).
887:quackery
834:syphilis
632:and the
467:abortion
363:douching
234:health.
5879:History
5853:Portals
5767:History
5716:Ireland
5468:Women's
5156:, ABCL.
4356:Jun 30,
4330:Jul 30,
3842:5 March
3813:2 March
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303:, and
216:clinic
193:, and
173:was a
64:Rights
42:, and
5933:Media
5706:India
5701:China
5463:Men's
5433:Sperm
4491:Zubik
4479:Zubik
4467:Zubik
4370:See:
4265:(PDF)
4239:(PDF)
4232:(PDF)
4207:(PDF)
4200:(PDF)
4154:(PDF)
4147:(PDF)
3665:S2CID
3562:JSTOR
1690:Notes
1553:
1083:races
609:Rebel
5739:teen
5711:Iran
5420:ICSI
5011:OCLC
4927:ISBN
4909:ISBN
4894:ISBN
4876:ISBN
4858:ISBN
4843:ISBN
4819:ISBN
4804:ISBN
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4771:ISBN
4753:ISBN
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4705:ISBN
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4669:ISBN
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4358:2014
4332:2014
4306:2014
4102:ISBN
4070:ISBN
4040:ella
4024:ISBN
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3970:ISBN
3898:ISBN
3881:ISBN
3844:2012
3836:2020
3815:2012
3728:OCLC
3718:ISBN
3612:Time
3527:LCCN
3229:2009
2503:and
2382:2017
1942:2023
1929:ISBN
1555:U.S.
1481:and
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