1288:, involving one or more inputs and outputs. When sending bitcoins, a user specifies the recipients' addresses and the amount for each output. This allows sending bitcoins to several recipients in a single transaction. To prevent double-spending, each input must refer to a previous unspent output in the blockchain. Using multiple inputs is similar to using multiple coins in a cash transaction. As in a cash transaction, the sum of inputs can exceed the intended sum of payments. In such a case, an additional output can return the change back to the payer. Unallocated input satoshis in the transaction become the transaction fee.
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1552:. Wallets can be full clients, with a full copy of the blockchain to check the validity of mined blocks, or lightweight clients, just to send and receive transactions without a local copy of the entire blockchain. Third-party internet services called online wallets store users' credentials on their servers, making them susceptible of hacks. Cold storage protects bitcoins from such hacks by keeping private keys offline, either through specialized hardware wallets or paper printouts.
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1437:, with funds linked to addresses, not real-world identities. While the owners of these addresses are not directly identified, all transactions are public on the blockchain. Patterns of use, like spending coins from multiple inputs, can hint at a common owner. Public data can sometimes be matched with known address owners.
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and then computing the corresponding address. This process is almost instant, but the reverse (finding the private key for a given address) is nearly impossible. Publishing a bitcoin address does not risk its private key, and it is extremely unlikely to accidentally generate a used key with funds. To
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The proof of work system and the chaining of blocks make blockchain modifications very difficult, as altering one block requires changing all subsequent blocks. As more blocks are added, modifying older blocks becomes increasingly challenging. In case of disagreement, nodes trust the longest chain,
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Nodes validate and broadcast transactions, each maintaining a copy of the blockchain for ownership verification. A new block is created every 10 minutes on average, updating the blockchain across all nodes without central oversight. This process tracks bitcoin spending, ensuring each bitcoin is
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XBT satisfies the norm 'ISO 4217' by the
International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) as BTC goes against the name of Bhutan's currency. In general, transaction instruments that are not national currencies, like gold or silver, begin with an X. However, the symbol XBT is not officially
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varies substantially from one jurisdiction to another. Because of its decentralized nature and its global presence, regulating bitcoin is difficult. However, the use of bitcoin can be criminalized, and shutting down exchanges and the peer-to-peer economy in a given country would constitute a
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reached 51% mining power, causing safety concerns, but later voluntarily capped its power at 39.99% for the benefit of the whole network. A few entities also dominate other parts of the ecosystem such as the client software, online wallets, and simplified payment verification (SPV) clients.
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is included in the block, with the miner as the payee. All bitcoins in existence have been created through this type of transaction. This reward is halved every 210,000 blocks until ₿21 million, with new bitcoin issuance slated to end around 2140. Afterward, miners will only earn from
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and other crimes. This is the main justification behind bitcoin bans. As of
November 2021, nine countries applied an absolute ban (Algeria, Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Nepal, Qatar, and Tunisia) while another 42 countries had an implicit ban. Bitcoin is only
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and released it in
January 2009. Nakamoto's identity remains unknown. All individual components of bitcoin originated in earlier academic literature. Nakamoto's innovation was their complex interplay resulting in the first decentralized, Sybil resistant,
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seized ₿11.02 from a man attempting to use them to buy illegal substances. This marked the first time a government agency had seized bitcoins. The FBI seized about ₿30,000 in
October 2013 from Silk Road, following the arrest of its founder
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describes bitcoin as "a techno-anarchist project to create an online version of cash, a way for people to transact without the possibility of interference from malicious governments or banks". These philosophical ideas initially attracted
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by changing the difficulty target, which is recalibrated every 2,016 blocks (approximately two weeks) to maintain an average time of ten minutes between new blocks. The process requires significant computational power and specialized
1452:. However, users and applications can choose to differentiate between bitcoins. While wallets and software treat all bitcoins the same, each bitcoin's transaction history is recorded on the blockchain. This public record allows for
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have massively invested in
Bitcoin. Bitcoin wealth is highly concentrated, with 0.01% holding 27% of in-circulation currency, as of 2021. As of September 2023, El Salvador had $ 76.5 million worth of bitcoin in its
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developed the first currency based on reusable proof of work. These various attempts were not successful: Chaum's concept required centralized control and no banks wanted to sign on, Hashcash had no protection against
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began trading, offering direct exposure to bitcoin for the first time on
American stock exchanges. As of June 2023, River Financial estimated that Bitcoin had 81.7 million users, about 1% of the global population.
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system, bitcoin operates without a central authority or single administrator, so that anyone can create a new bitcoin address and transact without needing any approval. This is accomplished through a specialized
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Alvarez, Fernando; Argente, David; Van Patten, Diana (2022). Are
Cryptocurrencies Currencies? Bitcoin as Legal Tender in El Salvador (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
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newspaper. Nine days later, Hal Finney received the first bitcoin transaction: ten bitcoins from
Nakamoto. Wei Dai and Nick Szabo were also early supporters. On May 22, 2010, the first known
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fell from over 90% in
September 2017 to less than 1% in June 2018. During the same year, Bitcoin prices were negatively affected by several hacks or thefts from cryptocurrency exchanges.
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Miners who successfully find a new block can collect transaction fees from the included transactions and a set reward in bitcoins. To claim this reward, a special transaction called a
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1337:. Miners group and broadcast new transactions into blocks, which are then verified by the network. Each block must contain a proof of work (PoW) to be accepted, involving finding a
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859:. During its 30 months of existence, beginning in February 2011, Silk Road exclusively accepted bitcoins as payment, transacting ₿9.9 million, worth about $ 214 million.
735:
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1456:, where users can identify and potentially reject bitcoins from controversial sources. For example, in 2012, Mt. Gox froze accounts containing bitcoins identified as stolen.
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871:(FinCEN) established regulatory guidelines for "decentralized virtual currencies" such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as
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with the private key. It is estimated that around 20% of all bitcoins are lost. The private key must also be kept secret as its exposure, such as through a
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noted that bitcoins had three qualities useful in a currency: they are "hard to earn, limited in supply and easy to verify". However, a 2018 assessment by
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network. Individual blocks, public addresses, and transactions within blocks are public information, and can be examined using a blockchain explorer.
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in 2018, Bitcoin as an asset is highly volatile and does not behave like any other conventional asset. According to one 2022 analysis published in
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no longer accepted bitcoins for certain services. Buying real-world goods with any virtual currency had been illegal in China since at least 2009.
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estimated that bitcoin mining was responsible for 0.2% of world greenhouse gas emissions. About half of the electricity used is generated through
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1838:, but that "Bitcoin in its present form ... doesn't really solve any sensible economic problem". François R. Velde, Senior Economist at the
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estimate that
Nakamoto had mined about one million bitcoins before disappearing in 2010 when he handed the network alert key and control of the
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as BT is the country code of Bhutan, and ISO 4217 requires the first letter used in global commodities to be 'X'. XBT, a code that conforms to
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In February 2018, the price crashed after China imposed a complete ban on Bitcoin trading. The percentage of bitcoin trading in the Chinese
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1425:. The amount of electrical energy consumed, and the e-waste generated, is comparable to that of Greece and the Netherlands, respectively.
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which required the greatest amount of effort to produce. To tamper or censor the ledger, one needs to control the majority of the global
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546:, that guarantees the security of the bitcoin blockchain. Mining consumes large quantities of electricity and has been criticized for
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1962:, alongside the US dollar. The adoption has been criticized both internationally and within El Salvador. In particular, in 2022, the
5680:
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1842:, described bitcoin as "an elegant solution to the problem of creating a digital currency". David Andolfatto, Vice President at the
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transaction fees. These fees are determined by the transaction's size and the amount of data stored, measured in satoshis per byte.
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Tschorsch, Florian; Scheuermann, Björn (2016). "Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies".
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stated that cryptocurrencies met none of these three criteria. Per some researchers, as of 2015, bitcoin functions more as a
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One bitcoin is divisible to eight decimal places. Units for smaller amounts of bitcoin are the millibitcoin (mBTC), equal to
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1870:
has attracted the attention of financial regulators, legislative bodies, and law enforcement. Nobel-prize winning economist
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4707:. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). Banff, AB, Canada: IEEE. pp. 2567–2572.
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in the 1980s. The idea that solutions to computational puzzles could have some value was first proposed by cryptographers
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prohibited Chinese financial institutions from using bitcoin. After the announcement, the value of bitcoin dropped, and
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3925:
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8808:
5813:"Nobel economist Paul Krugman slams crypto as mostly useless, after saying it's hugely overpriced and helps criminals"
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2481:
1303:, can lead to theft of the associated bitcoins. As of December 2017, approximately ₿980,000 had been stolen from
9002:
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On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the starting block of the chain, known as the
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tolerant digital cash system, that would eventually be referred to as the first blockchain. Nakamoto's paper was not
6099:
4339:
4296:
4232:
1679:, argues that the essence of the bitcoin ideology is to remove money from social, as well as governmental, control.
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6167:
3244:
2906:"Everything you need to know about Bitcoin, its mysterious origins, and the many alleged identities of its creator"
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wrote that bitcoin has potential as a unit of account for measuring the relative value of goods, as with Chile's
1524:, enabling users to store the information necessary to transact bitcoins. The first wallet program, simply named
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Simplified chain of ownership. In practice, a transaction can have more than one input and more than one output.
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8018:
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1349:. This PoW is simple to verify but hard to generate, requiring many attempts. PoW forms the basis of Bitcoin's
2655:"Regulating Cryptocurrencies: A Supervised Machine Learning Approach to De-Anonymizing the Bitcoin Blockchain"
2653:
Sun Yin, Hao Hua; Langenheldt, Klaus; Harlev, Mikkel; Mukkamala, Raghava Rao; Vatrapu, Ravi (2 January 2019).
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disagrees, however, as "a real Ponzi scheme takes fraud; bitcoin, by contrast, seems more like a collective
1564:. The limited block size and frequency can lead to delayed processing of transactions, increased fees and a
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Losing a private key means losing access to the bitcoins, with no other proof of ownership accepted by the
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875:, subject to registration and other legal obligations. In May 2013, US authorities seized the unregistered
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remains low: 80% of businesses refused to accept it despite being legally required to. In April 2022, the
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currencies. Commonly cited reasons for not using Bitcoin include high costs, the inability to process
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transactions, which are verified by the network using the public key, keeping the private key secret.
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1295:. For instance, in 2013, a user lost ₿7,500, valued at US$ 7.5 million, by accidentally discarding a
895:
505:
4817:
3316:"Feds Seize Assets From Mt. Gox's Dwolla Account, Accuse It Of Violating Money Transfer Regulations"
2519:
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9027:
8947:
7992:
7417:
6481:
6312:
5590:"Popular Bitcoin Mining Pool Promises To Restrict Its Compute Power To Prevent Feared '51%' Fiasco"
4664:
2220:
1971:
1867:
598:
7110:"Bitcoin is not the New Gold – A comparison of volatility, correlation, and portfolio performance"
6137:
5848:"Free Exchange. Money from nothing. Chronic deflation may keep Bitcoin from displacing its rivals"
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1994:
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911:
876:
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6888:"Two years of bitcoin in Bukele's El Salvador: An opaque experiment with a little-used currency"
1846:, stated that bitcoin is a threat to the establishment, which he argues is a good thing for the
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of the previous block, chaining them in chronological order. The blockchain is maintained by a
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1189:(one hundred millionth) bitcoin, the smallest amount possible. 100,000 satoshis are one mBTC.
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6645:"U.S. Government Owns Way More Bitcoin Than Any Other Country–So Why Aren't They Selling It?"
5629:
5121:
4552:. The Twelfth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS 2013). Washington, DC.
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2085:
bitcoin theft and that the market remained vulnerable to manipulation. Research published in
2022:
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4851:"Understanding the blockchain hype: Why much of it is nothing more than snake oil and spin"
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1990:
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Stoll, Christian; Klaaßen, Lena; Gallersdörfer, Ulrich; Neumüller, Alexander (June 2023).
1590:, it would allow them to censor transactions and double-spend coins. In 2014, mining pool
1316:
8:
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6851:
4886:(Report). Working Paper Series. MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research.
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1244:. Unlike a traditional ledger that tracks physical currency, bitcoins exist digitally as
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826:
9154:
6676:
6514:"Iran: New Crypto Law Requires Selling Bitcoin Directly to Central Bank to Fund Imports"
5065:
4964:
4945:
de Vries, Alex; Gallersdörfer, Ulrich; Klaaßen, Lena; Stoll, Christian (16 March 2022).
4701:
Mingxiao, Du; Xiaofeng, Ma; Zhe, Zhang; Xiangwei, Wang; Qijun, Chen (5–8 October 2017).
3648:"Here's proof that this bitcoin crash is far from the worst the cryptocurrency has seen"
2850:
1907:
As of 2018, Bitcoin is rarely used in transactions with merchants, but it is popular to
1698:
argues that cryptocurrencies like bitcoin are only used by bank skeptics and criminals.
774:
was posted to a cryptography mailing list. Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as
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6944:
6738:"The $ 11 million in bitcoins the Winklevoss brothers bought is now worth $ 32 million"
5711:
5570:
5401:
5382:. ACSAC '14. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 326–335.
5374:
Gervais, Arthur; Capkun, Srdjan; Karame, Ghassan O.; Gruber, Damian (8 December 2014).
5085:
5010:
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1985:
initially opposed cryptocurrencies, but later saw them as an opportunity to circumvent
1982:
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1342:
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1209:
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834:
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2013:). As of 2023, the US government owned more than $ 5 billion worth of seized bitcoin.
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online. Prices are not usually quoted in bitcoin and trades involve conversions into
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1646:, the decentralization of money offered by bitcoin has its theoretical roots in the
1513:
A hardware wallet which processes bitcoin transactions without exposing private keys
796:. Embedded in this block was the text "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of
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1385:. The high cost required to reach this level of computational power guarantees the
1334:
1333:
The mining process in Bitcoin involves maintaining the blockchain through computer
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946:
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558:
314:
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5220:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11286. Springer. pp. 243–253.
3617:"Bitcoin debuts on the world's largest futures exchange, and prices fall slightly"
2849:
Judmayer, Aljosha; Stifter, Nicholas; Krombholz, Katharina; Weippl, Edgar (2017).
2672:
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In the blockchain, bitcoins are linked to specific addresses that are hashes of a
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Blockchain, FinTechs and their relevance for international financial institutions
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3740:
3736:"MicroStrategy buys another $ 250m worth of bitcoin in hope of 100X price growth"
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exchange accounted for about half of the price increase in bitcoin in late 2017.
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might also need to collect personal data as per legal requirements. For enhanced
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Gervais, Arthur; Karame, Ghassan O.; Capkun, Vedran; Capkun, Srdjan (May 2014).
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8034:
7959:
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7128:
6547:"Colorado accepts cryptocurrency to pay taxes, moving the state "tech forward""
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5216:. In Matyáš, Vashek; Švenda, Petr; Stajano, Frank; Christianson, Bruce (eds.).
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3976:"Bitcoin investors are panicking as a controversial crypto experiment unravels"
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in the production, distribution and management of money to end the monopoly of
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508:
6846:"Bitcoin's 'One Percent' Controls Lion's Share of the Cryptocurrency's Wealth"
6207:"Silk Road: the online drug marketplace that officials seem powerless to stop"
5655:
2730:
2361:
1633:
1491:
814:
pizzas for ₿10,000, in what would later be celebrated as "Bitcoin Pizza Day".
9640:
9373:
9221:
9149:
8886:
8152:
8142:
7756:
7669:
7629:
7614:
7384:
7186:
6991:
6860:
6817:
6583:
6218:
6179:
5882:
5707:
5699:
5081:
5019:
4982:
4855:
4712:
4401:
4213:
3887:"Bitcoin's biggest upgrade in four years just happened – here's what changes"
3267:
2972:
2815:
2756:
2680:
2451:
2335:
2131:
2115:
2006:
1944:
1932:
1908:
1681:
1665:
1256:
1113:
969:
888:
657:
637:
539:
538:
between nodes is achieved using a computationally intensive process based on
422:
362:
354:
5387:
3100:
3003:
2792:"Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies"
2175:
2035:
As of 2018, the overwhelming majority of bitcoin transactions took place on
1989:. Since 2020, Iran has required local bitcoin miners to sell bitcoin to the
9610:
9580:
9398:
9368:
9345:
9253:
9237:
9211:
8289:
8176:
7964:
7812:
7807:
7751:
7659:
7411:
7178:
7080:
5376:"On the privacy provisions of Bloom filters in lightweight bitcoin clients"
4883:
4789:
4780:
4753:
3287:
2191:
2180:
2154:
2119:
2091:
also suggested that trading associated with increases in the amount of the
1955:
1880:
1851:
1695:
1586:
for stable income. If a single miner or pool controls more than 50% of the
1537:
1483:
1233:
1027:
977:
968:
In 2020, some major companies and institutions started to acquire bitcoin:
935:
930:. SegWit opponents, who supported larger blocks as a scalability solution,
914:
estimated that in 2017, there were 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a
849:
787:
and was initially ignored by academics, who argued that it could not work.
693:
625:
523:
516:
221:
6074:"Nobel-winning economist: Authorities will bring down 'hammer' on bitcoin"
5975:"St. Louis Fed Economist: Bitcoin Could Be A Good Threat To Central Banks"
5375:
5006:"Bitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible?"
4550:
The Economics of Bitcoin Mining, or Bitcoin in the Presence of Adversaries
2440:"Bitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible?"
1931:
reported that bitcoin was being used for large-item purchases on the site
1706:
9303:
9196:
9171:
9032:
8921:
8793:
8657:
7954:
7736:
7639:
7368:
4205:
3830:"PayPal says all users in US can now buy, hold and sell cryptocurrencies"
3380:"The FBI's Plan For The Millions Worth Of Bitcoins Seized From Silk Road"
3258:
3239:
2195:
2060:
2010:
1959:
1951:
1884:
1839:
1687:
1661:
1583:
1449:
1418:
1326:
1300:
1269:
1073:
927:
784:
763:
629:
554:
319:
206:
20:
7165:
Mazur, Mieszko (31 March 2022). "Misperceptions of Bitcoin Volatility".
5380:
Proceedings of the 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
4393:
4191:
1966:(IMF) urged El Salvador to reverse its decision. As of 2022, the use of
1582:
Research shows a trend towards centralization in bitcoin as miners join
1448:
In the Bitcoin network, each bitcoin is treated equally, ensuring basic
1053:
In May and June 2022, the bitcoin price fell following the collapses of
9469:
9423:
9308:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9263:
9226:
8952:
8843:
8788:
8675:
8627:
8553:
8255:
8250:
8048:
7721:
7619:
7589:
6982:
6963:
5676:
4237:
4069:"Taxation of the New Age: New Guidance for the World of Digital Assets"
3918:
Blockchain Platforms: A Look at the Underbelly of Distributed Platforms
3320:
3283:"US regulator Bitcoin Exchanges Must Comply With Money Laundering Laws"
3132:"Meet Gavin Andresen, the most powerful person in the world of Bitcoin"
2203:
2166:
1940:
1936:
1916:
1912:
1669:
1476:
1265:
1214:
1058:
981:
752:
Bitcoin logos made by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009 (left) and 2010 (right).
676:
669:
586:
531:
9627:
7015:"Bitcoin's Price Was Artificially Inflated Last Year, Researchers Say"
6892:
3238:
Rainer Böhme; Nicolas Christin; Benjamin Edelman; Tyler Moore (2015).
2206:
report also concluded that bitcoin was not a deliberate Ponzi scheme.
2016:
1034:, alongside the US dollar. In October 2021, the first bitcoin futures
9464:
9459:
9201:
9191:
8783:
8685:
8612:
8518:
8370:
7634:
7579:
6919:
Gandal, Neil; Hamrick, J.T.; Moore, Tyler; Oberman, Tali (May 2018).
6100:"Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World: November 2021 Update"
4816:
King, Ritchie S.; Williams, Sam; Yanofsky, David (17 December 2013).
3861:"Bitcoin hits $ 1 trillion market cap, surges to fresh all-time peak"
2621:"'Only good for drug dealers': More Nobel prize winners snub bitcoin"
2102:
Bitcoin, along with other cryptocurrencies, has been described as an
2052:
1975:
1691:
1434:
1039:
999:
802:
649:
641:
594:
272:
27:
9165:
6767:
Maidenberg, Micah; Driebusch, Corrie; Jin, Berber (17 August 2023).
6308:"Bitcoin transactions cut the cost of international money transfers"
5212:
Anderson, Ross; Shumailov, Ilia; Ahmed, Mansoor (24 November 2018).
3705:"Cryptocurrency exchange theft surges in first half of 2018: report"
2748:
1939:. As of 2015, there was little sign of bitcoin use in international
1749:(interpretation of old laws, but bitcoin is not directly prohibited)
664:
in 1997. The first proposals for distributed digital scarcity-based
9453:
9435:
9335:
9248:
9092:
8778:
8758:
8738:
8728:
8723:
8647:
8607:
8586:
8449:
8429:
8423:
8403:
8380:
8350:
8280:
8270:
8265:
8225:
8216:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8093:
8003:
7931:
7926:
7664:
6405:
5185:
4104:"Bitcoin trading volumes surge after debut of long-awaited US ETFs"
3555:"Bitcoin Rallies Sharply After Vote Resolves Bitter Scaling Debate"
3072:
2199:
2096:
1998:
1863:
1854:, because it prompts these institutions to operate sound policies.
1591:
1587:
1561:
1382:
1361:
1121:
1117:
957:
922:
software upgrade was activated. Segwit was intended to support the
853:
680:
653:
562:
7473:
7425:
7210:"'HODL,' 'whale' and 5 other cryptocurrency slang terms explained"
7047:"Bitcoin 'Ought to Be Outlawed,' Nobel Prize Winner Stiglitz Says"
6277:"Bitcoin's Use in Commerce Keeps Falling Even as Volatility Eases"
5637:
4881:
4603:"A Fifth of All Bitcoin Is Missing. These Crypto Hunters Can Help"
2859:. Synthesis Lectures on Information Security, Privacy, and Trust.
1895:
1818:
in 2014, bitcoin functions best as a medium of exchange. In 2015,
762:
was registered on 18 August 2008. On 31 October 2008, a link to a
211:
9378:
9216:
8926:
8891:
8848:
8743:
8718:
8690:
8464:
8206:
7916:
7599:
5004:
Huang, Jon; O'Neill, Claire; Tabuchi, Hiroko (3 September 2021).
4944:
4665:"Twice burned – How Mt. Gox's bitcoin customers could lose again"
4482:. National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST). p. 32.
4007:"Bitcoin value slumps below $ 20,000 in cryptocurrencies turmoil"
2652:
2082:
1576:
1498:
1226:
879:
810:
using bitcoin occurred when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz bought two
672:
367:
5522:"Leaderless Bitcoin Struggles to Make Its Most Crucial Decision"
5491:"Leaderless Bitcoin Struggles to Make Its Most Crucial Decision"
1395:
is controversial and has attracted the attention of regulators,
1158:
use the capitalized and lowercase variants without distinction.
9527:
8901:
8828:
8748:
8733:
8680:
8484:
8418:
8310:
8260:
8241:
7761:
6770:"A Rare Look Into the Finances of Elon Musk's Secretive SpaceX"
6649:
5264:
An Inquiry into Money Laundering Tools in the Bitcoin Ecosystem
4548:
Kroll, Joshua A.; Davey, Ian C.; Felten, E. (11–12 June 2013).
3677:
2377:
2056:
2002:
1072:(NFTs)—on Bitcoin, went live. In January 2024, the first 11 US
995:
reached $ 1 trillion for the first time. In November 2021, the
985:
919:
4233:"Bitcoin Ticker Available On Bloomberg Terminal For Employees"
4160:"As banks buy up bitcoins, who else are the 'Bitcoin whales'?"
4135:"US bitcoin ETFs see $ 4.6B in volume in first day of trading"
2848:
1555:
1397:
leading to restrictions or incentives in various jurisdictions
734:
9586:
8931:
8869:
8853:
8813:
8798:
8753:
8469:
8294:
8162:
7911:
7766:
7108:
Klein, Tony; Pham Thu, Hien; Walther, Thomas (October 2018).
6421:"Bitcoin Declared Legal Currency in Central African Republic"
6246:"Bitcoin Acceptance Among Retailers Is Low and Getting Lower"
4038:"Celsius Network Leads Crypto Markets Into Another Free Fall"
2183:
Bitcoin rather than selling it during periods of volatility.
1900:
1799:
1701:
1019:
899:
722:
3 January 2009 showing the headline used in the genesis block
633:
5117:"Mapping the Bitcoin Economy Could Reveal Users' Identities"
2937:"After 10 Years, Bitcoin Has Changed Everything—And Nothing"
2134:. He describes its price growth as an "epidemic", driven by
1981:
Bitcoin is also used by some governments. For instance, the
9393:
8186:
8108:
7277:
7242:"All the Bitcoin Lingo You Need to Know as Crypto Heats Up"
6579:"'Crypto Valley' canton to accept Bitcoin for tax payments"
4785:"2014 Outlook: Bitcoin Mining Chips, a High-Tech Arms Race"
4700:
4477:"Blockchain Networks: Token Design and Management Overview"
3944:"A Bitcoin ETF Is Here. What Does That Mean for Investors?"
3859:
Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude; Wilson, Tom (19 February 2021).
3495:"China bars use of virtual money for trading in real goods"
3068:"Meet the man who spent millions worth of bitcoin on pizza"
3035:"Hal Finney, Cryptographer and Bitcoin Pioneer, Dies at 58"
1609:
7491:
7338:"Bitcoin 'Ponzi' Concern Sparks Warning From Estonia Bank"
3800:"169-Year-Old MassMutual Invests $ 100 Million in Bitcoin"
2520:"The Crypto-Currency: Bitcoin and its mysterious inventor"
1719:(bitcoin is officially recognized as a medium of exchange)
1507:
743:
42:
8874:
8838:
8444:
7334:
7304:"This Billionaire Just Called Bitcoin a 'Pyramid Scheme'"
6918:
6370:"IMF urges El Salvador to remove Bitcoin as legal tender"
6340:"Majority of Salvadorans do not want bitcoin, poll shows"
5373:
4911:"Bitcoin electricity consumption: an improved assessment"
4572:"Man Throws Away 7,500 Bitcoins, Now Worth $ 7.5 Million"
4373:
4337:
2968:"Blockchains: The great chain of being sure about things"
2127:
1445:, users can generate a new address for each transaction.
1411:. Another 2022 non-peer-reviewed commentary published in
1407:(CCAF) estimated that bitcoin mining represented 0.4% of
1341:
number that, combined with the block content, produces a
6707:"Chicago Mercantile Exchange jumps into bitcoin futures"
6451:"Frequently Asked Questions on Central African Republic"
6398:
2047:
as an investment. Individuals and companies such as the
2031:
Government website with El Salvador reserves in May 2024
1993:, allowing the central bank to use it for imports. Some
1421:. Moreover, mining hardware's short lifespan results in
5003:
4663:
Harney, Alexandra; Stecklow, Steve (16 November 2017).
2790:
Tschorsch, Florian; Scheuermann, Bjorn (2 March 2016).
1729:(legal to use bitcoin, with minimal or no restrictions)
6800:
Ostroff, Caitlin; Elliott, Rebecca (8 February 2021).
6766:
5261:
Möser, Malte; Böhme, Rainer; Breuker, Dominic (2013).
5211:
3674:"RMB Bitcoin trading falls below 1 pct of world total"
3349:"U.S. government makes its first-ever Bitcoin seizure"
3101:"Who Owns the World's Biggest Bitcoin Wallet? The FBI"
2593:
Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Crypto-Currencies
862:
848:" transactions, the first major users of bitcoin were
601:
has attracted the attention of regulators, leading to
456:
9516:
6160:
5618:
3858:
2729:
Narayanan, Arvind; Clark, Jeremy (27 November 2017).
7107:
6612:"Why the U.S. Government Has $ 5 Billion in Bitcoin"
5742:
5740:
5550:
5433:"3 reasons Wall Street can't stay away from bitcoin"
4815:
4773:
3403:"Bitcoin sinks after China restricts yuan exchanges"
2789:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
1974:(CAR) adopted Bitcoin as legal tender alongside the
1221:
The blockchain is implemented as an ordered list of
380:
Initially ₿50 per block, halved every 210,000 blocks
26:"₿" redirects here. Not to be confused with "฿" for
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2433:
2017:
Use for investment and status as an economic bubble
1759:(full or partial prohibition on the use of bitcoin)
1268:. Creating an address involves generating a random
692:, while b-money and bit gold were not resistant to
7336:
7240:
7084:
7045:
6844:
6801:
6768:
5048:de Vries, Alex; Stoll, Christian (December 2021).
3942:
918:, most of them using bitcoin. In August 2017, the
5737:
5260:
4818:"By reading this article, you're mining bitcoins"
3001:
2039:. Since 2014, regulated bitcoin funds also allow
1739:(some legal restrictions on the usage of bitcoin)
800:", which is the date and headline of an issue of
9638:
7467:"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"
7409:
5748:"Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are useless"
5181:"How Bitcoin lets you spy on careless companies"
5178:
4547:
4507:
4263:
3465:"Baidu Stops Accepting Bitcoins After China Ban"
3240:"Bitcoin: Economics, Technology, and Governance"
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2544:
212:"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"
7410:Davradakis, Emmanouil; Santos, Ricardo (2019).
7335:Ott Ummelas; Milda Seputyte (31 January 2014).
7086:"Don't Call Bitcoin a Bubble. It's an Epidemic"
5310:Serwer, Adam; Liebelson, Dana (10 April 2013).
5309:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4192:"Introducing the BITIX: The Bitcoin Fear Gauge"
4189:
4185:
4183:
4181:
3702:
2965:
1997:also accept tax payments in bitcoin, including
1273:use bitcoins, owners need their private key to
1116:BTC. However, the BTC code does not conform to
19:For the colloquial expression for coinage, see
7068:It doesn't serve any socially useful function.
6799:
6677:"Jersey approve Bitcoin fund launch on island"
6131:
6129:
6127:
5043:
5041:
4940:
4938:
4662:
4369:
4367:
4365:
3586:"Bitcoin split in two, here's what that means"
2728:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2305:
2303:
1138:, capitalized, to refer to the technology and
841:founded in September 2012 to promote bitcoin.
833:. Andresen later became lead developer at the
772:Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
589:and has been described by many scholars as an
182:
9108:
8019:
7507:
7274:"Roubini launches stinging attack on bitcoin"
6962:Griffin, John M.; Shams, Amin (August 2020).
6921:"Price manipulation in the Bitcoin ecosystem"
6506:
5047:
4884:Climate Impacts of Bitcoin Mining in the U.S.
4704:A review on consensus algorithm of blockchain
4230:
4035:
3583:
2707:
2648:
2646:
1782:
1251:
1171:bitcoin, and the satoshi (sat), representing
1124:though not officially part of it, is used by
6961:
5147:
4687:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4447:"The great chain of being sure about things"
4178:
3769:"Square just bought $ 50 million in bitcoin"
3433:"China bans banks from bitcoin transactions"
3165:"A Solution To Bitcoin's Governance Problem"
2997:
2995:
2587:
2276:
2274:
404:₿19,591,231 (as of 6 January 2024)
6124:
5911:"In Search of a Stable Electronic Currency"
5842:
5840:
5806:
5804:
5488:
5038:
4997:
4935:
4902:
4362:
4338:Katie Pisa; Natasha Maguder (9 July 2014).
3797:
3733:
3400:
2796:IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
2403:"El Salvador's dangerous gamble on bitcoin"
2384:
2300:
1556:Scalability and decentralization challenges
1108:. It is most commonly represented with the
9115:
9101:
9075:
8026:
8012:
7514:
7500:
7117:International Review of Financial Analysis
5460:"How to send bitcoin to a hardware wallet"
4634:"How to steal Bitcoin in three easy steps"
3915:
3734:Cuthbertson, Anthony (13 September 2021).
3522:"Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study"
2959:
2643:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2144:International Review of Financial Analysis
1978:, but repealed the reform one year later.
1789:
1775:
1702:Recognition as a currency and legal status
1579:network, is a potential scaling solution.
1428:
1146:, lowercase, for the unit of account. The
1002:upgrade was activated, adding support for
817:
557:ideology, bitcoin was invented in 2008 by
7043:
7037:
6981:
6938:
6404:
6005:
5554:IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials
4972:
4875:
4532:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
3940:
3766:
3703:Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (3 July 2018).
3519:
3257:
3193:
2992:
2660:Journal of Management Information Systems
2475:
2473:
2271:
2238:
2236:
1874:says that bitcoin's anonymity encourages
1634:The Declaration Of Bitcoin's Independence
1095:
561:, an unknown person. Use of bitcoin as a
7464:
6642:
6092:
6008:"China May Be Gearing Up to Ban Bitcoin"
5902:
5837:
5801:
5114:
4631:
4190:Alexander, Carol; Imeraj, Arben (2019).
4066:
3129:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2309:
2253:
2251:
2026:
1894:
1705:
1610:Bitcoin's theoretical roots and ideology
1464:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1405:Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance
1356:The difficulty of generating a block is
1320:
1255:
7701:List of people in blockchain technology
7079:
5908:
5810:
5457:
5430:
5270:. 2013 APWG eCrime Researchers Summit.
4947:"Revisiting Bitcoin's carbon footprint"
4908:
4848:
4632:Jeffries, Adrianne (19 December 2013).
4340:"Bitcoin your way to a double espresso"
4326:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
4101:
4073:Journal of Tax Practice & Procedure
3885:Sigalos, MacKenzie (14 November 2021).
3884:
3497:. English.mofcom.gov.cn. 29 June 2009.
3346:
2903:
2609:
2141:According to research published in the
1943:despite high fees charged by banks and
1830:than as a currency. In 2014, economist
1560:Nakamoto limited the block size to one
1345:numerically smaller than the network's
1149:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
972:invested $ 250 million in bitcoin as a
565:began in 2009, with the release of its
482:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
9639:
8862:
7367:
7316:from the original on 24 September 2017
7271:
7238:
7207:
7167:The Journal of Alternative Investments
7012:
6643:Castillo, Michael del (16 June 2023).
6544:
6479:
6274:
6135:
6071:
6006:Weindling, Jacob (18 September 2017).
5987:from the original on 24 September 2015
5519:
5129:from the original on 27 September 2020
4779:
4749:"Bitcoin boom benefiting TSMC: report"
4600:
4428:
4376:"Is Bitcoin a Decentralized Currency?"
3973:
3941:Wursthorn, Michael (19 October 2021).
3645:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3065:
3032:
3002:Wallace, Benjamin (23 November 2011).
2934:
2470:
2233:
2190:have described bitcoin as a potential
2150:The Journal of Alternative Investments
1598:
1532:, was released in 2009 by Nakamoto as
1199:Blockchain § Structure and design
699:
573:. Bitcoin is currently used more as a
571:El Salvador adopted it as legal tender
9096:
8993:Decentralized autonomous organization
8007:
7495:
7465:Nakamoto, Satoshi (31 October 2008).
7253:from the original on 29 November 2020
7164:
7146:from the original on 25 November 2023
7044:Costelloe, Kevin (29 November 2017).
6900:from the original on 24 November 2023
6867:from the original on 22 December 2021
6842:
6803:"Tesla Buys $ 1.5 Billion in Bitcoin"
6657:from the original on 21 February 2024
6624:from the original on 20 February 2024
6609:
6591:from the original on 22 November 2023
6559:from the original on 29 December 2022
6350:from the original on 30 November 2021
6186:from the original on 1 September 2022
6112:from the original on 24 December 2021
6105:. United States Library of Congress.
6041:"The SEC Shows Why Bitcoin Is Doomed"
6038:
6020:from the original on 22 November 2023
5931:
5921:from the original on 24 October 2014.
5825:from the original on 23 November 2023
5776:
5758:from the original on 4 September 2018
5725:from the original on 22 November 2023
5665:from the original on 6 November 2012.
5470:from the original on 17 February 2018
5342:
5242:from the original on 24 November 2023
5150:"Five surprising facts about Bitcoin"
5096:from the original on 23 November 2021
5054:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
5026:from the original on 17 February 2023
4923:from the original on 7 September 2023
4890:from the original on 18 November 2023
4863:from the original on 6 September 2016
4849:Hampton, Nikolai (5 September 2016).
4830:from the original on 17 December 2013
4729:from the original on 24 November 2023
4489:from the original on 24 December 2022
4416:from the original on 19 November 2023
4083:from the original on 21 November 2023
4036:Yaffe-Bellany, David (13 June 2022).
4004:
3897:from the original on 14 November 2021
3840:from the original on 24 November 2020
3810:from the original on 19 December 2020
3748:from the original on 22 November 2023
3614:
3596:from the original on 27 February 2018
3565:from the original on 21 November 2023
3552:
3501:from the original on 29 November 2013
3475:from the original on 10 December 2013
3413:from the original on 19 December 2013
3162:
3144:from the original on 22 November 2023
3047:from the original on 3 September 2014
2885:from the original on 22 November 2023
2851:"History of Cryptographic Currencies"
2830:from the original on 19 November 2023
2517:
2504:
2492:from the original on 22 November 2020
2458:from the original on 17 February 2023
2415:from the original on 7 September 2021
2257:The exact number is ₿20,999,999.9769.
2248:
1677:Declaration of Bitcoin's Independence
1497:A paper wallet with the address as a
1393:Bitcoin mining's environmental impact
1329:with large amounts of mining hardware
1014:. Before, Bitcoin only used a custom
988:added support for bitcoin in the US.
9593:
9122:
9063:
8033:
7988:
7239:Hajric, Vildana (19 November 2020).
7220:from the original on 12 January 2022
6885:
6545:Kohler, Judith (21 September 2022).
6526:from the original on 31 October 2020
6494:from the original on 3 November 2020
6480:Rasool, Mohammed (3 November 2020).
6380:from the original on 26 January 2022
6305:
6256:from the original on 25 January 2018
6243:
6225:from the original on 12 October 2013
6204:
5972:
5954:from the original on 26 October 2014
5890:from the original on 12 January 2015
5675:
5600:from the original on 5 December 2017
5532:from the original on 18 October 2017
5501:from the original on 18 October 2017
5458:Roberts, Daniel (15 December 2017).
5439:from the original on 4 December 2023
5193:from the original on 9 February 2014
4761:from the original on 29 January 2023
4582:from the original on 15 January 2014
4520:from the original on 23 January 2015
4457:from the original on 4 December 2023
4302:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
4245:from the original on 1 November 2014
4132:
4114:from the original on 12 January 2024
3955:from the original on 10 January 2024
3920:. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
3779:from the original on 24 October 2020
3627:from the original on 18 January 2024
3295:from the original on 21 October 2013
3175:from the original on 26 January 2016
3111:from the original on 21 October 2016
3098:
3080:from the original on 8 December 2021
3033:Popper, Nathaniel (30 August 2014).
3014:from the original on 31 October 2013
2947:from the original on 5 November 2018
2771:from the original on 14 October 2023
2532:from the original on 1 November 2014
2342:from the original on 18 January 2023
2284:. Unicode Consortium. 20 June 2017.
1155:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
1134:convention exists; some sources use
1026:. In September 2021, Bitcoin became
869:Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
6886:Cota, Isabella (2 September 2023).
6824:from the original on 6 January 2024
6781:from the original on 17 August 2023
6610:Huang, Vicky Ge (15 October 2023).
6461:from the original on 11 August 2023
5587:
5355:from the original on 20 August 2016
5050:"Bitcoin's growing e-waste problem"
4675:from the original on 29 August 2019
3328:from the original on 9 October 2013
3280:
3218:
2966:Economist Staff (31 October 2015).
2619:Wolff-Mann, Ethan (27 April 2018).
2071:In 2018, research published in the
1890:
1660:, in which he advocates a complete
1528:, and sometimes referred to as the
1218:that records bitcoin transactions.
984:, $ 100 million. In November 2020,
863:2013–2014: First regulatory actions
13:
7458:
7442:from the original on 21 April 2024
7349:from the original on 29 March 2014
7097:from the original on 10 June 2021.
7013:Popper, Nathaniel (13 June 2018).
6431:from the original on 28 April 2022
6287:from the original on 2 August 2018
6053:from the original on 25 March 2014
5858:from the original on 25 March 2014
5412:from the original on 21 April 2024
5324:from the original on 27 April 2014
5115:Simonite, Tom (5 September 2013).
3615:Cheng, Evelyn (17 December 2017).
3534:from the original on 10 April 2017
3520:Hileman, Garrick; Rauchs, Michel.
3445:from the original on 23 March 2014
3313:
2695:from the original on 21 April 2024
2479:
2126:, argues that bitcoin is rather a
2122:. Another recipient of the prize,
1927:(especially for small purchases).
14:
9663:
9003:Distributed ledger technology law
7058:from the original on 12 June 2018
7025:from the original on 13 June 2018
6687:from the original on 10 July 2014
6306:Chan, Bernice (16 January 2015).
6148:from the original on 10 June 2018
6080:from the original on 11 July 2018
5932:Velde, François (December 2013).
5291:from the original on 26 June 2018
4909:Messina, Irene (31 August 2023).
4644:from the original on 27 July 2019
4350:from the original on 18 June 2015
4278:from the original on 27 July 2014
4264:Bustillos, Maria (2 April 2013).
4102:Schmitt, Will (12 January 2024).
4048:from the original on 14 June 2022
4017:from the original on 18 June 2022
3684:from the original on 10 July 2018
3646:French, Sally (9 February 2017).
3359:from the original on 12 July 2013
3281:Lee, Timothy B. (19 March 2013).
3194:Bustillos, Maria (1 April 2013).
3163:Odell, Matt (21 September 2015).
2935:Finley, Klint (31 October 2018).
2916:from the original on 15 June 2018
2631:from the original on 12 June 2018
2518:Davis, Joshua (10 October 2011).
2368:from the original on 17 June 2024
2310:Bradbury, Danny (November 2013).
2288:from the original on 20 June 2017
2179:was created in December 2013 for
2153:, bitcoin was less volatile than
2106:by several economists, including
1935:and for cross-border payments to
1844:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1065:, a cryptocurrency loan company.
949:on bitcoin was introduced by the
9647:Currencies without ISO 4217 code
9619:
9602:
9574:
9562:
9550:
9538:
9526:
9452:
9440:
9428:
9236:
9164:
9074:
9062:
9051:
9050:
7987:
7978:
7977:
7403:
7391:from the original on 8 July 2022
7361:
7328:
7296:
7284:from the original on 9 July 2022
7265:
7232:
7201:
7158:
7101:
7073:
7006:
6955:
6912:
6879:
6843:Vigna, Paul (20 December 2021).
6836:
6793:
6760:
6748:from the original on 6 July 2017
6729:
6717:from the original on 31 May 2019
6699:
6669:
6636:
6603:
6571:
6538:
6473:
6443:
6413:
6392:
6362:
6332:
6320:from the original on 31 May 2019
6299:
6268:
6237:
6198:
6065:
6032:
5999:
5966:
5925:
5909:Shiller, Robert (1 March 2014).
5870:
5789:from the original on 1 July 2018
5777:Feuer, Alan (14 December 2013).
5179:McMillan, Robert (6 June 2013).
5160:from the original on 9 July 2022
4613:from the original on 9 July 2018
4508:Sparkes, Matthew (9 June 2014).
4133:Lang, Hannah (11 January 2024).
3986:from the original on 11 May 2022
3798:Olga Kharif (11 December 2020).
3715:from the original on 4 July 2018
3654:from the original on 3 July 2018
3401:Kelion, Leo (18 December 2013).
3390:from the original on 2 May 2014.
3377:
3245:Journal of Economic Perspectives
3206:from the original on 2 July 2018
3130:Simonite, Tom (15 August 2014).
3066:Cooper, Anderson (16 May 2019).
2980:from the original on 3 July 2016
2904:Bernard, Zoë (2 December 2017).
1628:
1506:
1490:
1475:
742:
733:
712:
41:
6964:"Is Bitcoin Really Untethered?"
6735:
5945:Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
5811:Mohamed, Theron (30 May 2023).
5770:
5669:
5612:
5581:
5544:
5513:
5482:
5451:
5424:
5367:
5343:Vigna, Paul (17 January 2016).
5336:
5303:
5254:
5205:
5172:
5148:Lee, Timothy (21 August 2013).
5141:
5108:
5074:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901
4916:Cambridge Judge Business School
4842:
4809:
4741:
4656:
4625:
4601:Krause, Elliott (5 July 2018).
4594:
4564:
4501:
4469:
4331:
4307:
4290:
4257:
4231:Romain Dillet (9 August 2013).
4224:
4152:
4126:
4095:
4060:
4029:
3998:
3967:
3934:
3909:
3878:
3852:
3822:
3791:
3760:
3727:
3696:
3666:
3639:
3608:
3584:Selena Larson (1 August 2017).
3577:
3546:
3513:
3487:
3457:
3425:
3394:
3371:
3340:
3307:
3274:
3187:
3156:
3123:
3092:
3059:
3026:
2928:
2897:
2842:
2783:
2186:Economists, investors, and the
1520:Bitcoin wallets were the first
1501:while the private key is hidden
1246:unspent outputs of transactions
963:
884:Drug Enforcement Administration
7853:2020 Twitter account hijacking
7272:Clinch, Matt (10 March 2014).
7208:Montag, Ali (26 August 2018).
6275:Kharif, Olga (1 August 2018).
6138:"Who really owns bitcoin now?"
6136:Murphy, Hannah (8 June 2018).
5619:European Central Bank (2012).
3004:"The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin"
2427:
2354:
2095:and associated trading at the
1923:, long transaction times, and
1657:The Denationalization of Money
1548:of Bitcoin Core exist such as
1409:global electricity consumption
1317:Bitcoin protocol § Mining
183:
47:Official logo from bitcoin.org
16:Decentralized digital currency
1:
9545:Free and open-source software
7696:List of bitcoin organizations
7472:. bitcoin.org. Archived from
6940:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2017.12.004
6926:Journal of Monetary Economics
6482:"Iran Is Pivoting to Bitcoin"
6205:Ball, James (22 March 2013).
5688:Theory, Culture & Society
5431:Barhydt, Bill (4 June 2014).
3471:. New York. 7 December 2013.
2731:"Bitcoin's academic pedigree"
2673:10.1080/07421222.2018.1550550
2434:Huang, Jon; O’Neill, Claire;
2328:10.1016/S1361-3723(13)70101-5
2316:Computer Fraud & Security
2264:
2074:Journal of Monetary Economics
1192:
1104:of the bitcoin system is the
628:were released, starting with
619:
534:, without central oversight.
308:Free and open-source software
7870:The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin
6039:Lavin, Tim (8 August 2013).
5681:"The Social Life of Bitcoin"
5520:Orcutt, Mike (19 May 2015).
5226:10.1007/978-3-030-03251-7_29
4510:"The coming digital anarchy"
3974:Browne, Ryan (10 May 2022).
3553:Vigna, Paul (21 July 2017).
3441:. Reuters. 6 December 2013.
1947:who compete in this market.
1648:Austrian school of economics
1006:, improved functionality of
991:In February 2021, Bitcoin's
945:In December 2017, the first
905:
603:its ban by several countries
526:and record them in a public
522:verify transactions through
378:Decentralized (block reward)
7:
8064:Cryptographic hash function
7833:Bitcoin scalability problem
7521:
6455:International Monetary Fund
6244:Katz, Lily (12 July 2017).
6072:Montag, Ali (9 July 2018).
5489:Mike Orcutt (19 May 2015).
4974:10.1016/j.joule.2022.02.005
4381:IEEE Security & Privacy
4005:Milmo, Dan (18 June 2022).
2869:10.1007/978-3-031-02352-1_3
2209:
1964:International Monetary Fund
1868:use of bitcoin by criminals
1566:Bitcoin scalability problem
1389:of the bitcoin blockchain.
1362:mining power on the network
1280:Bitcoin transactions use a
951:Chicago Mercantile Exchange
231:0.1.0 / 9 January 2009
10:
9668:
7129:10.1016/j.irfa.2018.07.010
5973:Wile, Rob (6 April 2014).
5567:10.1109/comst.2016.2535718
4067:Behrendt, Philipp (2023).
3916:Van Hijfte, Stijn (2020).
2808:10.1109/COMST.2016.2535718
2482:"Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?"
2480:S., L. (2 November 2015).
2312:"The problem with Bitcoin"
2020:
1769:(no information available)
1613:
1602:
1463:
1459:
1358:deterministically adjusted
1314:
1252:Addresses and transactions
1196:
1088:
646:independently rediscovered
612:
608:
585:. It is mostly seen as an
567:open-source implementation
25:
18:
9496:
9478:
9354:
9130:
9046:
9023:Initial exchange offering
8998:Decentralized application
8978:Cryptocurrency in Nigeria
8940:
8914:
8704:
8666:
8595:
8552:
8483:
8393:
8343:
8319:
8303:
8279:
8240:
8215:
8161:
8151:
8117:
8041:
7973:
7945:
7888:
7861:
7848:2018 Bitcoin bomb threats
7843:2018 cryptocurrency crash
7825:
7800:
7784:
7775:
7709:
7686:List of bitcoin companies
7678:
7557:
7529:
5345:"Is Bitcoin Breaking Up?"
3438:The Sydney Morning Herald
2736:Communications of the ACM
1802:serves three purposes: a
1627:
1622:
1310:
1084:
1038:(ETF), called BITO, from
910:Research produced by the
873:money services businesses
711:
706:
644:in 1992. The concept was
626:digital cash technologies
451:
446:
436:
431:
421:
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
374:
361:
348:
330:
325:
313:
303:
293:
285:
265:
245:
227:
217:
205:
195:
190:
159:
132:
113:
106:
98:
90:
65:
57:
52:
40:
9028:List of cryptocurrencies
8915:Crypto service companies
8706:Cryptocurrency exchanges
7418:European Investment Bank
6313:South China Morning Post
5700:10.1177/0263276417746464
5622:Virtual Currency Schemes
4713:10.1109/SMC.2017.8123011
3527:. Cambridge University.
2589:Antonopoulos, Andreas M.
2226:
2221:List of cryptocurrencies
2165:, and 190 stocks in the
2108:Nobel Prize in Economics
2037:cryptocurrency exchanges
1972:Central African Republic
1710:Legal status of bitcoin
1540:is among the best known
1305:cryptocurrency exchanges
1225:. Each block contains a
798:second bailout for banks
624:Before bitcoin, several
548:its environmental impact
357:(partial hash inversion)
251:27.1 / 17 June 2024
9356:Obsolete and historical
6809:The Wall Street Journal
6775:The Wall Street Journal
6617:The Wall Street Journal
6168:"Monetarists Anonymous"
5388:10.1145/2664243.2664267
5349:The Wall Street Journal
5218:Security Protocols XXVI
4607:The Wall Street Journal
4197:SSRN Electronic Journal
3949:The Wall Street Journal
3559:The Wall Street Journal
2405:. The editorial board.
2362:"Bitcoin Core Releases"
2188:central bank of Estonia
2171:2020 stock market crash
1950:In September 2021, the
1859:legal status of bitcoin
1429:Privacy and fungibility
912:University of Cambridge
882:. In June 2013, the US
818:2010–2012: Early growth
9533:Business and economics
8963:Complementary currency
8069:Decentralized exchange
8054:Cryptocurrency tumbler
7947:Bitcoin in El Salvador
7179:10.3905/jai.2022.1.153
6969:The Journal of Finance
5779:"The Bitcoin Ideology"
5214:"Making Bitcoin Legal"
3592:. Cable News Network.
2174:
2088:The Journal of Finance
2066:international reserves
2032:
1968:Bitcoin in El Salvador
1909:purchase illegal goods
1904:
1848:Federal Reserve System
1796:
1522:cryptocurrency wallets
1330:
1261:
1096:Units and divisibility
974:treasury reserve asset
896:People's Bank of China
894:In December 2013, the
867:In March 2013, the US
808:commercial transaction
470:This article contains
9018:Initial coin offering
8973:Cryptocurrency bubble
8504:Basic Attention Token
8074:Decentralized finance
8059:Cryptocurrency wallet
7732:Cryptocurrency wallet
7691:List of bitcoin forks
7549:Environmental effects
6174:. 29 September 2012.
5878:"The magic of mining"
5630:European Central Bank
5526:MIT Technology Review
5495:MIT Technology Review
5122:MIT Technology Review
3347:Sampson, Tim (2013).
3137:MIT Technology Review
2169:during and after the
2136:contagious narratives
2093:Tether cryptocurrency
2030:
2023:Cryptocurrency bubble
2021:Further information:
1898:
1709:
1644:European Central Bank
1636:, BraveTheWorld, 4:38
1466:Cryptocurrency wallet
1324:
1259:
1197:Further information:
1022:algorithm to produce
993:market capitalization
916:cryptocurrency wallet
9013:Environmental impact
8983:Cryptocurrency scams
7570:Andreas Antonopoulos
6713:. 18 December 2017.
6587:. 3 September 2020.
6346:. 2 September 2021.
5312:"Bitcoin, Explained"
4783:(14 November 2013).
4578:. 29 November 2013.
4206:10.2139/ssrn.3383734
3836:. 13 November 2020.
3259:10.1257/jep.29.2.213
2438:(3 September 2021).
2411:. 7 September 2021.
2216:Alternative currency
2081:occurred during the
1991:Central Bank of Iran
1605:Economics of bitcoin
1534:open-source software
1042:was approved by the
1036:exchange-traded fund
980:, $ 50 million, and
683:) in 1998. In 2004,
599:its use by criminals
9497:Generic placeholder
8668:Inactive currencies
6852:Wall Street Journal
6742:The Washington Post
6522:. 31 October 2020.
6376:. 26 January 2022.
5934:"Bitcoin: A primer"
5886:. 13 January 2015.
5154:The Washington Post
5066:2021RCR...17505901D
4965:2022Joule...6..498D
4797:on 21 November 2013
4514:The Daily Telegraph
4453:. 31 October 2015.
4394:10.1109/MSP.2014.49
2130:that may become an
2110:laureates, such as
2043:to the asset or to
1652:Friedrich von Hayek
1599:Economics and usage
1351:consensus mechanism
1070:non-fungible tokens
926:as well as improve
823:Blockchain analysts
700:2008–2009: Creation
388:₿3.125 (as of 2024)
350:Timestamping scheme
336: (15 years ago)
334:3 January 2009
253: (3 months ago)
233: (15 years ago)
37:
8128:Proof of authority
8099:Non-fungible token
8079:Distributed ledger
7900:Bitcoin Foundation
7838:History of bitcoin
7645:Cameron Winklevoss
7019:The New York Times
6983:10.1111/jofi.12903
5941:Chicago Fed letter
5915:The New York Times
5783:The New York Times
5754:. 30 August 2018.
5011:The New York Times
4757:. 4 January 2014.
4319:3 May 2022 at the
4266:"The Bitcoin Boom"
4219:recognised by ISO.
4042:The New York Times
3196:"The Bitcoin Boom"
3099:McMillan, Robert.
3040:The New York Times
2863:. pp. 15–18.
2595:. O'Reilly Media.
2444:The New York Times
2079:price manipulation
2033:
1995:constituent states
1983:Iranian government
1905:
1808:medium of exchange
1797:
1650:, especially with
1331:
1286:scripting language
1262:
1210:distributed ledger
1068:In 2023, ordinals—
1046:and listed on the
1004:Schnorr signatures
835:Bitcoin Foundation
615:History of bitcoin
579:medium of exchange
528:distributed ledger
472:special characters
401:Circulating supply
286:Development status
196:Original author(s)
35:
9514:
9513:
9090:
9089:
8910:
8909:
8389:
8388:
8089:Lightning Network
8001:
8000:
7893:
7821:
7820:
7792:Bitcoin Unlimited
7747:Lightning Network
7435:978-92-861-4184-3
7371:(11 April 2013).
6427:. 28 April 2022.
5854:. 15 March 2014.
5647:978-92-899-0862-7
5397:978-1-4503-3005-3
5281:978-1-4799-1158-5
5235:978-3-030-03250-0
4722:978-1-5386-1645-1
2878:978-3-031-01224-2
2856:Blocks and Chains
2602:978-1-4493-7404-4
1903:accepting Bitcoin
1836:Unidad de Fomento
1832:Robert J. Shiller
1642:According to the
1640:
1639:
1570:Lightning Network
1550:Bitcoin Unlimited
1439:Bitcoin exchanges
1401:non-peer-reviewed
1347:difficulty target
1012:Lightning Network
924:Lightning Network
727:
726:
478:rendering support
465:
464:
375:Issuance schedule
218:Implementation(s)
9659:
9632:
9624:
9623:
9622:
9615:
9607:
9606:
9605:
9595:
9579:
9578:
9577:
9567:
9566:
9565:
9555:
9554:
9543:
9542:
9541:
9531:
9530:
9522:
9506:
9456:
9444:
9432:
9311:
9240:
9168:
9124:Currency symbols
9117:
9110:
9103:
9094:
9093:
9078:
9077:
9066:
9065:
9054:
9053:
9038:Virtual currency
8988:Digital currency
8968:Crypto-anarchism
8860:
8859:
8613:HBAR (Hashgraph)
8596:Other currencies
8232:Ethereum Classic
8159:
8158:
8035:Cryptocurrencies
8028:
8021:
8014:
8005:
8004:
7991:
7990:
7981:
7980:
7906:Bitcoin Magazine
7891:
7782:
7781:
7650:Tyler Winklevoss
7610:Satoshi Nakamoto
7516:
7509:
7502:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7479:on 20 March 2014
7478:
7471:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7340:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7244:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7145:
7114:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7088:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7063:
7049:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7010:
7004:
7003:
6985:
6976:(4): 1913–1964.
6959:
6953:
6952:
6942:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6848:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6805:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6772:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6736:Lee, Timothy B.
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6683:. 10 July 2014.
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6133:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6111:
6104:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5980:Business Insider
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5953:
5938:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5844:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5818:Business Insider
5808:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5744:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5685:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5627:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5561:(3): 2084–2123.
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5290:
5269:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4976:
4942:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4793:. Archived from
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4698:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4545:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4443:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4371:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4335:
4329:
4311:
4305:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4187:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3650:. Market Watch.
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3314:Dillet, Romain.
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3235:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2910:Business Insider
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2802:(3): 2084–2123.
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2726:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2585:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2515:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2399:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2282:"Unicode 10.0.0"
2278:
2258:
2255:
2246:
2244:Satoshi Nakamoto
2240:
2194:. Legal scholar
2049:Winklevoss twins
1925:transaction fees
1921:price volatility
1891:Use for payments
1876:money laundering
1791:
1784:
1777:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1674:crypto-anarchist
1632:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1616:Crypto-anarchism
1510:
1494:
1479:
1423:electronic waste
1399:. As of 2022, a
1335:processing power
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1091:Bitcoin protocol
940:forks of bitcoin
846:proof-of-concept
776:open-source code
768:Satoshi Nakamoto
758:The domain name
746:
737:
716:
715:
704:
703:
666:cryptocurrencies
593:. As bitcoin is
559:Satoshi Nakamoto
461:
458:
437:Official user(s)
344:
342:
337:
281:
278:
276:
274:
261:
259:
254:
241:
239:
234:
200:Satoshi Nakamoto
186:
185:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
165:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
145:
138:
125:
124:
123:
119:
85:
82:
79:
77:
45:
38:
34:
9667:
9666:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9658:
9657:
9656:
9637:
9636:
9635:
9625:
9620:
9618:
9608:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9594:sister projects
9591:at Knowledge's
9585:
9575:
9573:
9563:
9561:
9549:
9539:
9537:
9525:
9517:
9515:
9510:
9504:
9492:
9474:
9350:
9309:
9126:
9121:
9091:
9086:
9042:
9008:Double-spending
8958:Blockchain game
8936:
8906:
8858:
8700:
8662:
8591:
8548:
8479:
8385:
8339:
8315:
8299:
8275:
8236:
8211:
8147:
8113:
8037:
8032:
8002:
7997:
7969:
7941:
7922:Canaan Creative
7892:(not exchanges)
7890:
7884:
7857:
7817:
7796:
7771:
7717:Bitcoin network
7705:
7674:
7625:Vitalik Buterin
7575:Brian Armstrong
7553:
7525:
7520:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7469:
7461:
7459:Further reading
7456:
7455:
7445:
7443:
7436:
7408:
7404:
7394:
7392:
7366:
7362:
7352:
7350:
7333:
7329:
7319:
7317:
7302:
7301:
7297:
7287:
7285:
7270:
7266:
7256:
7254:
7237:
7233:
7223:
7221:
7206:
7202:
7163:
7159:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7083:(9 June 2021).
7078:
7074:
7061:
7059:
7042:
7038:
7028:
7026:
7011:
7007:
6960:
6956:
6917:
6913:
6903:
6901:
6884:
6880:
6870:
6868:
6841:
6837:
6827:
6825:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6782:
6765:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6718:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6690:
6688:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6660:
6658:
6641:
6637:
6627:
6625:
6608:
6604:
6594:
6592:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6552:The Denver Post
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6519:Asharq Al-Awsat
6512:
6511:
6507:
6497:
6495:
6478:
6474:
6464:
6462:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6434:
6432:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6381:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6323:
6321:
6304:
6300:
6290:
6288:
6273:
6269:
6259:
6257:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6142:Financial Times
6134:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6081:
6070:
6066:
6056:
6054:
6037:
6033:
6023:
6021:
6004:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5936:
5930:
5926:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5846:
5845:
5838:
5828:
5826:
5809:
5802:
5792:
5790:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5759:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5683:
5674:
5670:
5662:
5648:
5625:
5617:
5613:
5603:
5601:
5588:Wilhelm, Alex.
5586:
5582:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5533:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5487:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5456:
5452:
5442:
5440:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5398:
5372:
5368:
5358:
5356:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5325:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5245:
5243:
5236:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5130:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5046:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5002:
4998:
4943:
4936:
4926:
4924:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4732:
4730:
4723:
4699:
4688:
4678:
4676:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4546:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4506:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4458:
4445:
4444:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4372:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4336:
4332:
4321:Wayback Machine
4312:
4308:
4295:
4291:
4281:
4279:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4229:
4225:
4188:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4108:Financial Times
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3767:Oliver Effron.
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3741:The Independent
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3680:. 7 July 2018.
3672:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3395:
3378:Hill, Kashmir.
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3279:
3275:
3236:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3000:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2749:10.1145/3132259
2727:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2651:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2586:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2516:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2478:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2436:Tabuchi, Hiroko
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2408:Financial Times
2401:
2400:
2385:
2371:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2308:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2212:
2112:Joseph Stiglitz
2104:economic bubble
2077:concluded that
2025:
2019:
1893:
1872:Joseph Stiglitz
1814:. According to
1812:unit of account
1795:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1629:
1623:External videos
1618:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1558:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1469:
1462:
1431:
1325:Bitcoin mining
1319:
1313:
1254:
1242:spent only once
1201:
1195:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1102:unit of account
1098:
1093:
1087:
1063:Celsius Network
1008:smart contracts
966:
908:
865:
827:code repository
820:
781:Byzantine fault
756:
755:
754:
753:
749:
748:
747:
739:
738:
713:
702:
690:double-spending
622:
617:
611:
591:economic bubble
583:unit of account
520:bitcoin network
504:) is the first
492:(abbreviation:
487:
486:
485:
476:Without proper
455:
379:
340:
338:
335:
271:
267:Code repository
257:
255:
252:
237:
235:
232:
228:Initial release
173:
170:
168:
167:
163:
162:
160:
146:
143:
141:
140:
136:
135:
133:
121:
117:
116:
114:
83:
80:
75:
74:
72:
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9665:
9655:
9654:
9649:
9634:
9633:
9631:from Wikiquote
9616:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9571:
9559:
9547:
9535:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9508:
9500:
9498:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9490:
9484:
9482:
9480:Cryptocurrency
9476:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9450:
9445:
9438:
9433:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9360:
9358:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9136:
9134:
9128:
9127:
9120:
9119:
9112:
9105:
9097:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9072:
9060:
9047:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8944:
8942:
8941:Related topics
8938:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8918:
8916:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8905:
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8899:
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8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
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8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
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8708:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8672:
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8664:
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8661:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
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8610:
8605:
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8496:
8490:
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8481:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8400:
8398:
8395:Proof of stake
8391:
8390:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8366:Nervos Network
8363:
8358:
8353:
8347:
8345:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8326:
8324:
8317:
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8314:
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8307:
8305:
8301:
8300:
8298:
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8292:
8286:
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8268:
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8253:
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8229:
8222:
8220:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8168:
8166:
8156:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8138:Proof of stake
8135:
8133:Proof of space
8130:
8124:
8122:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8104:Smart contract
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8045:
8043:
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8023:
8016:
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7999:
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7968:
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7962:
7957:
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7942:
7940:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7902:
7896:
7894:
7889:Legal entities
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7874:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7845:
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7804:
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7798:
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7779:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7727:Cryptocurrency
7724:
7719:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7585:Wences Casares
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7565:Gavin Andresen
7561:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7519:
7518:
7511:
7504:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7434:
7402:
7360:
7343:Bloomberg News
7327:
7295:
7264:
7231:
7200:
7157:
7100:
7072:
7052:Bloomberg News
7036:
7005:
6954:
6911:
6878:
6835:
6792:
6759:
6728:
6698:
6668:
6635:
6602:
6570:
6537:
6505:
6472:
6442:
6412:
6406:10.3386/w29968
6391:
6361:
6331:
6298:
6281:Bloomberg News
6267:
6250:Bloomberg News
6236:
6197:
6159:
6123:
6091:
6064:
6046:Bloomberg News
6031:
5998:
5965:
5924:
5901:
5869:
5836:
5800:
5769:
5736:
5668:
5646:
5611:
5580:
5543:
5512:
5481:
5450:
5423:
5396:
5366:
5335:
5302:
5280:
5253:
5234:
5204:
5171:
5140:
5107:
5037:
4996:
4934:
4901:
4874:
4841:
4808:
4772:
4740:
4721:
4686:
4655:
4624:
4593:
4563:
4531:
4500:
4468:
4427:
4361:
4330:
4306:
4289:
4271:The New Yorker
4256:
4223:
4177:
4166:. 1 March 2024
4151:
4125:
4094:
4059:
4028:
3997:
3966:
3933:
3927:978-1681738925
3926:
3908:
3877:
3851:
3821:
3790:
3759:
3726:
3695:
3665:
3638:
3607:
3576:
3545:
3512:
3486:
3456:
3424:
3393:
3370:
3339:
3306:
3273:
3252:(2): 213–238.
3217:
3200:The New Yorker
3186:
3155:
3122:
3091:
3058:
3025:
2991:
2958:
2927:
2896:
2877:
2841:
2782:
2706:
2642:
2608:
2601:
2543:
2525:The New Yorker
2503:
2469:
2426:
2383:
2353:
2299:
2269:
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2259:
2247:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2124:Robert Shiller
2018:
2015:
1892:
1889:
1828:payment system
1804:store of value
1794:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1668:. Sociologist
1638:
1637:
1625:
1624:
1611:
1608:
1603:Main article:
1600:
1597:
1557:
1554:
1530:Satoshi client
1512:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1482:Screenshot of
1481:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1454:chain analysis
1430:
1427:
1312:
1309:
1275:digitally sign
1253:
1250:
1194:
1191:
1132:capitalization
1126:Bloomberg L.P.
1097:
1094:
1089:Main article:
1086:
1083:
1016:elliptic curve
965:
962:
938:, one of many
907:
904:
864:
861:
852:, such as the
831:Gavin Andresen
819:
816:
751:
750:
741:
740:
732:
731:
730:
729:
728:
725:
724:
718:Cover page of
709:
708:
707:External image
701:
698:
675:(b-money) and
652:who developed
621:
618:
613:Main article:
610:
607:
577:and less as a
575:store of value
509:cryptocurrency
480:, you may see
468:
467:
466:
463:
462:
453:
449:
448:
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438:
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429:
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310:
305:
301:
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297:
291:
290:
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283:
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269:
263:
262:
249:
247:Latest release
243:
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15:
9:
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2:
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9300:
9297:
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9280:
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9270:
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9265:
9262:
9260:
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9255:
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9250:
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9230:
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9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9118:
9113:
9111:
9106:
9104:
9099:
9098:
9095:
9083:
9082:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9061:
9059:
9058:
9049:
9048:
9045:
9039:
9036:
9034:
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9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8913:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8887:LocalBitcoins
8885:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8861:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8819:ItBit (Paxos)
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8707:
8703:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8665:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8551:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8482:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8392:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8342:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8318:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8304:RandomX-based
8302:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8239:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8160:
8157:
8154:
8153:Proof of work
8150:
8144:
8143:Proof of work
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8029:
8024:
8022:
8017:
8015:
8010:
8009:
8006:
7994:
7986:
7984:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7960:Bitcoin Beach
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7944:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7887:
7880:
7879:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7824:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7757:Proof of work
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7670:Erik Voorhees
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7630:Ross Ulbricht
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7615:Charlie Shrem
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7605:Mark Karpelès
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7556:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7512:
7510:
7505:
7503:
7498:
7497:
7494:
7475:
7468:
7463:
7462:
7441:
7437:
7431:
7427:
7426:10.2867/11329
7423:
7419:
7415:
7414:
7406:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7373:"Fool's Gold"
7370:
7364:
7348:
7344:
7339:
7331:
7315:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7299:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7268:
7252:
7248:
7243:
7235:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7204:
7196:
7192:
7188:
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5464:Yahoo Finance
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2163:US Treasuries
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363:Hash function
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7710:Technologies
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7655:Craig Wright
7544:Legal status
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4352:. Retrieved
4343:
4333:
4324:
4309:
4300:
4292:
4280:. Retrieved
4269:
4259:
4247:. Retrieved
4236:
4226:
4217:
4195:
4168:. Retrieved
4163:
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4138:
4128:
4116:. Retrieved
4107:
4097:
4085:. Retrieved
4076:
4072:
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4041:
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4011:The Guardian
4010:
4000:
3988:. Retrieved
3979:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3948:
3936:
3917:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3890:
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3864:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3833:
3824:
3812:. Retrieved
3803:
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3772:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3739:
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3708:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3668:
3656:. Retrieved
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3620:
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3589:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3558:
3548:
3536:. Retrieved
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3468:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3436:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3406:
3396:
3383:
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3352:
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3319:
3309:
3297:. Retrieved
3288:Ars Technica
3286:
3276:
3249:
3243:
3208:. Retrieved
3199:
3189:
3177:. Retrieved
3168:
3158:
3146:. Retrieved
3135:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3104:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3071:
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3038:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3007:
2982:. Retrieved
2971:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2940:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2909:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2855:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2799:
2795:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2740:
2734:
2697:. Retrieved
2664:
2658:
2633:. Retrieved
2624:
2592:
2534:. Retrieved
2523:
2494:. Retrieved
2485:
2460:. Retrieved
2443:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2406:
2376:– via
2370:. Retrieved
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2319:
2315:
2290:. Retrieved
2242:Named after
2192:Ponzi scheme
2185:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2120:Paul Krugman
2101:
2086:
2072:
2070:
2034:
1980:
1956:legal tender
1949:
1928:
1906:
1881:legal tender
1856:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1798:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1717:Legal tender
1716:
1696:Paul Krugman
1694:. Economist
1688:libertarians
1680:
1676:
1655:
1641:
1581:
1574:second-layer
1559:
1538:Bitcoin Core
1529:
1525:
1519:
1484:Bitcoin Core
1447:
1435:pseudonymous
1432:
1419:fossil fuels
1412:
1391:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1355:
1346:
1332:
1290:
1279:
1263:
1238:
1234:peer-to-peer
1222:
1220:
1213:
1202:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1105:
1099:
1067:
1052:
1028:legal tender
990:
978:Square, Inc.
967:
964:2020–present
955:
944:
936:Bitcoin Cash
909:
893:
866:
843:
839:organization
821:
801:
791:
789:
771:
766:authored by
759:
757:
719:
662:spam control
623:
605:as of 2021.
595:pseudonymous
552:
524:cryptography
517:peer-to-peer
501:
493:
489:
488:
469:
432:Demographics
409:Supply limit
385:Block reward
370:(two rounds)
331:Ledger start
304:Source model
222:Bitcoin Core
155:Microbitcoin
128:Millibitcoin
84:BITCOIN SIGN
69:
32:
9569:Numismatics
9132:Circulating
9033:Token money
8922:Hyperledger
8794:EDX Markets
8658:WhopperCoin
8554:Stablecoins
7955:Bitcoin Law
7881:(2015 film)
7873:(2014 film)
7737:Bitcoin ATM
7640:Cody Wilson
7446:24 November
7395:22 November
7288:22 November
7150:24 November
7123:: 105–116.
6904:24 November
6871:22 December
6828:22 November
6785:19 November
6661:21 February
6628:20 February
6595:22 November
6563:29 December
6498:10 November
6354:30 November
6229:22 November
6190:22 November
6116:28 December
6024:22 November
5958:3 September
5829:23 November
5762:4 September
5729:22 November
5677:Dodd, Nigel
5505:15 November
5474:17 February
5443:22 November
5416:22 November
5246:24 November
5164:21 November
5100:24 November
4927:7 September
4894:24 November
4867:5 September
4834:17 December
4801:24 November
4733:29 November
4679:6 September
4493:29 December
4461:22 November
4420:22 November
4282:22 December
4087:21 November
3901:15 November
3870:24 November
3844:26 November
3814:26 December
3752:22 November
3569:21 November
3479:11 December
3417:20 December
3148:22 November
3051:2 September
2889:22 November
2834:23 November
2775:22 November
2699:29 November
2496:21 November
2419:7 September
2346:25 November
2322:(11): 5–8.
2196:Eric Posner
2173:. The term
2167:S&P 500
2132:asset class
2011:Switzerland
1960:El Salvador
1952:Bitcoin Law
1941:remittances
1937:freelancers
1917:chargebacks
1885:El Salvador
1840:Chicago Fed
1747:Contentious
1662:free market
1450:fungibility
1433:Bitcoin is
1301:data breach
1270:private key
1130:No uniform
1032:El Salvador
928:scalability
812:Papa John's
764:white paper
760:bitcoin.org
670:cypherpunks
660:scheme for
630:David Chaum
569:. In 2021,
555:free market
553:Based on a
530:, called a
441:El Salvador
412:₿21,000,000
320:MIT License
207:White paper
191:Development
21:Bit (money)
9641:Categories
9628:Quotations
8953:BitLicense
8897:QuadrigaCX
8880:bankruptcy
8844:ShapeShift
8789:Crypto.com
8676:BitConnect
8628:MobileCoin
8397:currencies
8256:Bitconnect
8251:Auroracoin
8155:currencies
8121:mechanisms
8049:Blockchain
8042:Technology
7722:Blockchain
7620:Nick Szabo
7595:Hal Finney
7590:Tim Draper
7257:1 December
6530:31 October
6384:26 January
6260:25 January
6057:20 October
5894:13 January
5656:1044382974
5604:25 January
5594:TechCrunch
5359:8 November
5060:: 105901.
5030:16 January
4959:(3): 499.
4765:22 October
4648:17 January
4586:23 January
4249:2 November
4238:TechCrunch
4144:12 January
4118:12 January
3959:11 January
3834:Techcrunch
3783:22 October
3631:19 January
3505:10 January
3449:31 October
3363:15 October
3321:TechCrunch
3179:24 January
3169:TechCrunch
3084:8 December
3018:13 October
2951:9 November
2536:31 October
2462:26 October
2265:References
2204:World Bank
2202:". A 2014
1850:and other
1757:Prohibited
1737:Restricted
1727:Permissive
1692:anarchists
1670:Nigel Dodd
1614:See also:
1315:See also:
1297:hard drive
1266:public key
1215:blockchain
1193:Blockchain
1112:₿ and the
1061:, and the
1059:stablecoin
1024:signatures
982:MassMutual
934:to create
685:Hal Finney
677:Nick Szabo
668:came from
620:Background
587:investment
532:blockchain
396:10 minutes
393:Block time
341:2009-01-03
295:Written in
258:2024-06-17
238:2009-01-09
73:(Unicode:
8784:Coincheck
8686:KodakCoin
8534:Shiba Inu
8519:KodakCoin
8509:Chainlink
8435:Injective
8409:Avalanche
8371:Primecoin
8119:Consensus
7635:Roger Ver
7580:Adam Back
7539:Economics
7385:1091-2339
7247:Bloomberg
7195:247843794
7187:1520-3255
7137:158400153
7000:229576274
6992:0022-1082
6933:: 86–96.
6861:0099-9660
6818:0099-9660
6752:11 August
6465:11 August
6425:Bloomberg
6219:0261-3077
6180:0013-0613
5708:0263-2764
5090:240585651
5082:0921-3449
5020:0362-4331
4991:247143939
4983:2542-4351
4638:The Verge
4524:7 January
4402:1540-7993
4214:1556-5068
3804:Bloomberg
3469:Bloomberg
3268:0895-3309
3115:7 October
2816:1553-877X
2757:0001-0782
2689:132398387
2681:0742-1222
2667:(1): 65.
2452:0362-4331
2336:1361-3723
2053:Elon Musk
1987:sanctions
1976:CFA franc
1929:Bloomberg
1866:ban. The
1212:called a
1040:ProShares
1018:with the
1000:soft-fork
906:2015–2019
857:Silk Road
803:The Times
720:The Times
650:Adam Back
642:Moni Naor
542:, called
536:Consensus
417:Valuation
99:Precision
28:Thai baht
9557:Internet
9057:Category
8779:Coinbase
8759:Bitstamp
8739:Bitpanda
8729:bitFlyer
8724:Bitfinex
8648:SafeMoon
8608:Filecoin
8587:USD Coin
8455:Polkadot
8450:Peercoin
8430:Gridcoin
8424:Ethereum
8404:Algorand
8381:Vertcoin
8351:AmbaCoin
8281:Equihash
8271:Litecoin
8266:Dogecoin
8226:Ethereum
8202:Peercoin
8197:Namecoin
8192:MazaCoin
8094:MetaMask
7983:Category
7932:GHash.io
7927:CoinDesk
7878:Deep Web
7801:Currency
7665:Jihan Wu
7483:28 April
7440:Archived
7389:Archived
7347:Archived
7314:Archived
7282:Archived
7251:Archived
7224:16 March
7218:Archived
7141:Archived
7095:Archived
7056:Archived
7023:Archived
6949:26358036
6898:Archived
6865:Archived
6822:Archived
6779:Archived
6746:Archived
6715:Archived
6711:CBS News
6685:Archived
6681:BBC News
6655:Archived
6622:Archived
6589:Archived
6557:Archived
6524:Archived
6492:Archived
6459:Archived
6435:28 April
6429:Archived
6378:Archived
6374:BBC News
6348:Archived
6318:Archived
6291:2 August
6285:Archived
6254:Archived
6223:Archived
6184:Archived
6146:Archived
6107:Archived
6078:Archived
6076:. CNBC.
6051:Archived
6018:Archived
5991:16 April
5985:Archived
5949:Archived
5919:Archived
5888:Archived
5862:25 March
5856:Archived
5823:Archived
5787:Archived
5756:Archived
5720:Archived
5716:51914607
5660:Archived
5598:Archived
5530:Archived
5499:Archived
5468:Archived
5437:Archived
5435:. CNBC.
5410:Archived
5353:Archived
5328:26 April
5322:Archived
5286:Archived
5240:Archived
5191:Archived
5186:Wired UK
5158:Archived
5127:Archived
5094:Archived
5024:Archived
4921:Archived
4888:Archived
4861:Archived
4828:Archived
4759:Archived
4727:Archived
4673:Archived
4642:Archived
4611:Archived
4580:Archived
4518:Archived
4484:Archived
4455:Archived
4414:Archived
4410:13948781
4354:23 April
4348:Archived
4317:Archived
4276:Archived
4243:Archived
4170:14 March
4164:BBC Home
4112:Archived
4081:Archived
4046:Archived
4015:Archived
3984:Archived
3953:Archived
3895:Archived
3838:Archived
3808:Archived
3777:Archived
3746:Archived
3713:Archived
3682:Archived
3652:Archived
3625:Archived
3594:Archived
3590:CNN Tech
3563:Archived
3538:14 April
3529:Archived
3499:Archived
3473:Archived
3443:Archived
3411:Archived
3407:BBC News
3388:Archived
3357:Archived
3326:Archived
3293:Archived
3204:Archived
3173:Archived
3142:Archived
3109:Archived
3078:Archived
3073:CBS News
3045:Archived
3012:Archived
2978:Archived
2945:Archived
2914:Archived
2883:Archived
2861:Springer
2828:Archived
2769:Archived
2693:Archived
2629:Archived
2591:(2014).
2530:Archived
2490:Archived
2456:Archived
2413:Archived
2366:Archived
2340:Archived
2286:Archived
2210:See also
2200:delusion
2097:Bitfinex
2041:exposure
1999:Colorado
1899:Café in
1864:de facto
1810:, and a
1654:'s book
1592:Ghash.io
1562:megabyte
1387:security
1383:hashrate
1374:coinbase
1367:hardware
1327:facility
1293:protocol
1152:and the
1122:ISO 4217
1118:ISO 4217
1076:bitcoin
1055:TerraUSD
958:renminbi
877:exchange
854:dark web
829:over to
681:bit gold
654:Hashcash
563:currency
427:Floating
279:/bitcoin
277:/bitcoin
107:Subunits
81:₿
61:Bitcoins
9652:Bitcoin
9589:Bitcoin
9519:Portals
9069:Commons
8948:Airdrop
8927:IQ.Wiki
8892:Mt. Gox
8863:Defunct
8849:Uniswap
8809:Genesis
8744:Bithumb
8719:Binance
8691:OneCoin
8653:Stellar
8539:The DAO
8529:Polygon
8499:Aventus
8414:Cardano
8207:Titcoin
8172:Bitcoin
8163:SHA-256
7993:Commons
7917:Bitmain
7826:History
7600:Wei Dai
7534:History
7523:Bitcoin
7353:1 April
7309:Fortune
7029:13 June
6893:El País
6691:10 July
6344:Reuters
6152:10 June
6084:11 July
5575:5115101
5536:22 June
5406:9161497
5295:19 June
5197:3 April
5133:2 April
5062:Bibcode
4961:Bibcode
4669:Reuters
4558:2794725
4314:bitcoin
4297:Bitcoin
4139:Reuters
4052:14 June
4021:19 June
3865:Reuters
3719:10 July
3709:Reuters
3688:10 July
3600:2 April
3299:28 July
3210:30 July
2984:18 June
2920:15 June
2824:5115101
2765:6425116
2372:17 June
2292:20 June
2181:holding
2083:Mt. Gox
2045:futures
1919:, high
1767:No data
1577:routing
1542:clients
1526:Bitcoin
1499:QR code
1460:Wallets
1443:privacy
1227:SHA-256
1176:⁄
1166:⁄
1144:bitcoin
1140:network
1136:Bitcoin
1106:bitcoin
997:Taproot
953:(CME).
947:futures
880:Mt. Gox
770:titled
673:Wei Dai
609:History
515:in the
490:Bitcoin
457:bitcoin
452:Website
447:Website
368:SHA-256
339: (
315:License
256: (
236: (
184:Satoshi
166:⁄
161:
139:⁄
134:
120:⁄
115:
36:Bitcoin
8902:Thodex
8829:Kucoin
8824:Kraken
8804:Gemini
8774:Circle
8749:BitMEX
8734:Bitkub
8681:Coinye
8643:Ripple
8618:Helium
8582:Tether
8487:tokens
8485:ERC-20
8460:Solana
8419:EOS.IO
8323:-based
8311:Monero
8283:-based
8261:Coinye
8244:-based
8242:Scrypt
8219:-based
8217:Ethash
8165:-based
7862:Movies
7785:Client
7762:SegWit
7558:People
7432:
7383:
7193:
7185:
7135:
7062:5 June
6998:
6990:
6947:
6859:
6816:
6721:31 May
6650:Forbes
6324:31 May
6217:
6178:
5793:1 July
5714:
5706:
5654:
5644:
5573:
5404:
5394:
5278:
5232:
5088:
5080:
5018:
4989:
4981:
4823:Quartz
4719:
4617:8 July
4576:CBS DC
4556:
4408:
4400:
4212:
4079:: 47.
3990:11 May
3924:
3678:Xinhua
3658:3 July
3384:Forbes
3332:15 May
3266:
2875:
2822:
2814:
2763:
2755:
2687:
2679:
2635:7 June
2599:
2450:
2378:GitHub
2334:
2159:silver
2118:, and
2057:SpaceX
2005:) and
1765:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1568:. The
1311:Mining
1284:-like
1223:blocks
1142:, and
1110:symbol
1085:Design
986:PayPal
932:forked
920:SegWit
544:mining
326:Ledger
289:Active
273:github
78:
76:U+20BF
66:Symbol
58:Plural
9611:Media
9581:Money
8870:BTC-e
8854:Upbit
8814:Huobi
8799:eToro
8754:Bitso
8696:Petro
8577:Terra
8524:Minds
8494:Augur
8470:Tezos
8465:Steem
8426:(2.0)
8376:Verge
8344:Other
8335:Petro
8295:Zcash
8228:(1.0)
7912:BitGo
7777:Forks
7767:SHA-2
7742:ECDSA
7679:Lists
7477:(PDF)
7470:(PDF)
7377:Slate
7191:S2CID
7144:(PDF)
7133:S2CID
7113:(PDF)
6996:S2CID
6945:S2CID
6110:(PDF)
6103:(PDF)
6013:Paste
5952:(PDF)
5937:(PDF)
5723:(PDF)
5712:S2CID
5684:(PDF)
5663:(PDF)
5626:(PDF)
5571:S2CID
5402:S2CID
5289:(PDF)
5268:(PDF)
5086:S2CID
4987:S2CID
4952:Joule
4554:S2CID
4487:(PDF)
4480:(PDF)
4406:S2CID
3532:(PDF)
3525:(PDF)
3105:Wired
3008:Wired
2941:Wired
2820:S2CID
2761:S2CID
2685:S2CID
2227:Notes
2061:Tesla
1901:Delft
1800:Money
1584:pools
1546:Forks
1414:Joule
1339:nonce
1282:Forth
1203:As a
1020:ECDSA
900:Baidu
837:, an
634:ecash
513:Nodes
9081:List
8834:Kuna
8764:BTCC
8714:Abra
8633:Nano
8623:Luna
8603:Chia
8567:Diem
8544:TRON
8361:IOTA
8356:Firo
8330:Dash
8187:LBRY
8109:Web3
8084:Fork
7937:Nuri
7485:2014
7448:2023
7430:ISBN
7397:2023
7381:ISSN
7355:2014
7322:2017
7290:2023
7278:CNBC
7259:2020
7226:2021
7214:CNBC
7183:ISSN
7152:2023
7064:2018
7031:2018
6988:ISSN
6906:2023
6873:2021
6857:ISSN
6830:2023
6814:ISSN
6787:2023
6754:2017
6723:2019
6693:2014
6663:2024
6630:2024
6597:2023
6565:2022
6532:2020
6500:2020
6487:Vice
6467:2023
6437:2022
6386:2022
6356:2021
6326:2019
6293:2018
6262:2018
6231:2023
6215:ISSN
6192:2023
6176:ISSN
6154:2018
6118:2022
6086:2018
6059:2013
6026:2023
5993:2014
5960:2016
5896:2015
5864:2014
5831:2023
5795:2018
5764:2018
5731:2023
5704:ISSN
5652:OCLC
5642:ISBN
5606:2018
5538:2017
5507:2016
5476:2018
5445:2023
5418:2023
5392:ISBN
5361:2016
5330:2014
5297:2019
5276:ISBN
5272:IEEE
5248:2023
5230:ISBN
5199:2020
5166:2023
5135:2014
5102:2023
5078:ISSN
5032:2022
5016:ISSN
4979:ISSN
4929:2023
4896:2023
4869:2016
4836:2013
4803:2013
4767:2021
4735:2023
4717:ISBN
4681:2018
4650:2014
4619:2018
4588:2014
4526:2015
4495:2022
4463:2023
4422:2023
4398:ISSN
4356:2015
4284:2013
4251:2014
4210:ISSN
4172:2024
4146:2024
4120:2024
4089:2023
4054:2022
4023:2022
3992:2022
3980:CNBC
3961:2024
3922:ISBN
3903:2021
3891:CNBC
3872:2023
3846:2020
3816:2020
3785:2020
3754:2023
3721:2018
3690:2018
3660:2018
3633:2024
3621:CNBC
3602:2018
3571:2023
3540:2017
3507:2014
3481:2013
3451:2014
3419:2013
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