877:
355:
335:
2373:
786:" for his slaves. He stated that as the only language of this type in Middle-earth, this made the Black Speech more important than it would appear from the few words Tolkien defined for it. Further, Tolkien wrote that it was made in mockery of Quenya, in other words that it was an evil language shadowing "the linguistic embodiment of good", and indeed, Meile wrote, it had many correspondences with Quenya. For instance, the word for
1064:, "something of a rarity even now". Further, in the 1940s ergativity was a recent linguistic discovery, so that Tolkien was making use of the newest research in his favourite field. In Ashford's view, given the "striking parallels" in both syntax and morphology, the "mysterious history", and the "topical interest" of Hurrian at that time, the case for a Hurrian connection is persuasive.
812:'s theory of symbolic vocal gestures that convey emotions. She notes that Tolkien's inspiration was "primarily linguistic"; and that he had invented the stories "to provide a world for the languages", which in turn were "agreeable to personal aesthetic". She compares two samples of Elvish (one Sindarin, one Quenya) and one of Black Speech, tabulating the proportions of
270:. ... I have tried to play fair linguistically, and it is meant to have a meaning not be a mere casual group of nasty noises, though an accurate transcription would even nowadays only be printable in the higher and artistically more advanced form of literature. According to my taste such things are best left to Orcs, ancient and modern.
914:
appearing in 1941. Fauskanger corresponded with
Nemirovski, and notes that Nemirovski argued that Tolkien designed Black Speech "after some acquaintance with Hurrian-Urartian language(s)." The evidence that Nemirovski presented for this is entirely linguistic, based on similarities of the elements of
274:
Tolkien's attitude to the Black Speech is revealed in one of his letters. From a fan, Tolkien received a goblet with the Ring inscription on it in Black Speech. Because the Black Speech in general is an accursed language, and the Ring inscription in particular is a vile spell, Tolkien never drank out
555:
The Black Speech was by
Tolkien's real intention, and Sauron's fictional one also, a harshly guttural language "with such sounds as sh, gh, zg; indeed," wrote Hostetter, "establishing this effect, as well as the bits of grammar needed to lend the Ring-inscription linguistic verisimilitude, seems to
291:
created the Black Speech "in a perverse antiparallel of Aulë's creation of
Khuzdul for the Dwarves". Sauron attempted to impose Black Speech as the official language of the lands he dominated and all his servants, but in this he was only partially successful. Black Speech influenced the
782:'s dystopian language, noted that it was "doubly artificial": where the Elvish languages were Tolkien's invention, the Black Speech was also a constructed language in his invented Middle-earth, since it had been created by the Dark Lord Sauron as an "evil
265:
The Black Speech was not intentionally modelled on any style, but was meant to be self consistent, very different from Elvish, yet organized and expressive, as would be expected of a device of Sauron before his complete corruption. It was evidently an
860:) to vowels. She concludes that Tolkien's constructed languages were certainly individual to him, but that their "linguistic patterns resulted from his keen sense of phonetic metaphor", so that the languages subtly contribute to the "
770:
in Elvish than in either
English or Black Speech. He stated that these consistent differences were "sufficiently prominent" to make Elvish sound "pleasant and harmonious", whereas Black Speech sounded "harsh and strident".
174:. Scholars note that Tolkien constructed this to be plausible linguistically, and to sound rough and harsh. The scholar Alexandre Nemirovski, on linguistic evidence, has proposed that Tolkien based it on the ancient
4111:
356:
876:
4019:
4011:
578:
comment that this is
Tolkien's subjective view, as it is difficult to identify which sounds might have been experienced as hideous. Fauskanger suggests that the Elves did not like the
4083:
4041:
6192:
4048:
6213:
296:' vocabulary, but soon developed into many Orkish dialects, which were not mutually intelligible. By the end of the Third Age, Orcs mostly communicated using a debased
5455:
4062:
3866:
2521:
601:
certainly, the harsh vowels and jagged consonants and consonant clusters lend themselves to rough and rasping pronunciation, a fitting evocation of the voices of Orcs.
307:", Tolkien stated, and it was "never used willingly by any other people"; for this reason, "even the names of places in Mordor are in English", representing Westron.
6034:
6245:
3611:
4104:
1926:
5894:
4090:
4055:
3932:
802:
6157:
3786:
2313:
570:
so full of harsh and hideous sounds and vile words that other mouths found it difficult to compass, and few indeed were willing to make the attempt
4247:
4261:
4205:
3854:
2196:
6122:
4254:
4212:
3759:
1799:
1639:
a linguistic heresy. Iconicity in J. R. R. Tolkien's invented languages". In
Tabakowska, ElĆŒbieta; Ljungberg, Christina; Fischer, Olga (eds.).
1533:
4219:
3802:
2308:
6164:
5997:
4226:
4198:
2791:
2786:
2323:
1515:
6048:
5542:
3984:
2516:
2328:
5876:
5312:
4240:
3814:
3338:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2150:
5507:
4127:
3925:
3699:
3679:
3667:
2751:
2561:
1935:
148:
6108:
6101:
4381:
4141:
4134:
1919:
221:, the meaning of a word can be understood by breaking it down into the base word and its word endings. For example, in the word
5602:
5346:
4451:
4293:
4176:
4069:
2631:
2481:
2408:
1484:
856:
of Black Speech is similar to speech affected by aggressive emotions, which has a higher proportion of consonants (especially
750:
The
Swedish linguist Nils-Lennart Johannesson compared the phonology and syllable structure of the Black Speech with those of
5690:
5482:
5470:
4028:
3794:
2801:
2741:
2536:
1873:
1809:
1781:
1691:
1443:
1240:
300:. Tolkien described one Orc's utterances as being in "the Common Speech, which he made almost as hideous as his own tongue".
5861:
4773:
4388:
4233:
4076:
3618:
3478:
2796:
1330:
558:
3771:
3691:
2189:
695:
6185:
6059:
5612:
5492:
4374:
3752:
3747:
2651:
2646:
2546:
2224:
2158:
1912:
1654:
594:
550:
6150:
5577:
4406:
4336:
3735:
2611:
2498:
2303:
1646:
1642:
Insistent Images. Iconicity in language and literature. Proceedings of the Fifth
Symposium in Language and Literature
1619:
1430:
1227:
1061:
1732:
5582:
5537:
5487:
5475:
5371:
5356:
4749:
2616:
2581:
2541:
2428:
2418:
751:
6235:
6066:
6017:
5943:
5885:
5660:
5442:
5011:
4635:
4120:
3719:
3420:
2701:
2508:
2457:
1767:
1584:
205:, Tolkien did not write songs or poems in the Black Speech, apart from the One Ring inscription. He stated that:
202:
6240:
6206:
6178:
5638:
5557:
5517:
4591:
4349:
4155:
4097:
3368:
2706:
2666:
2596:
2360:
2182:
725:('in darkness') is taken from the Ring Verse, and three other abstract nouns are invented with the same ending
6115:
5665:
5547:
4579:
4476:
4300:
4169:
3290:
2586:
2295:
1516:"Linguist Is A Specialist In Elvish, The Uw Grad Student Provides Translations For Lord Of The Rings Movies"
5655:
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5465:
5460:
4356:
4189:
2696:
2656:
2531:
2526:
2486:
2064:
1103:
841:
825:
6027:
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4741:
4705:
4162:
3991:
3975:
3901:
3590:
3427:
2759:
2721:
1860:
1589:
Proceedings of the First
International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages Omentielva Minya
820:. The Black Speech is 63% consonants, compared to the Elvish samples' 52% and 55%. Among other features,
672:
2888:
790:, the monsters made in mockery of the Elves, is Quenya "urco, orco", which becomes Black Speech "Uruk".
5685:
5567:
5562:
5527:
5333:
4845:
4535:
4444:
4413:
4331:
4307:
3462:
2774:
2736:
2726:
2684:
2601:
2390:
2248:
1943:
1824:
6199:
6094:
6007:
5911:
5762:
5726:
5159:
4830:
4756:
4572:
4325:
4286:
4149:
3525:
3482:
3441:
3192:
2355:
2288:
2132:
1175:
6136:
6002:
5697:
5670:
5648:
5592:
5351:
4488:
3285:
2808:
2716:
2689:
2621:
2413:
676:, Christopher Tolkien gives the translation: "UglĂșk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth; the great
152:
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3434:
5957:
5805:
5709:
5522:
5502:
5497:
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4915:
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2898:
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2731:
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1520:
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5702:
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5001:
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4718:
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3295:
3159:
3133:
2813:
2636:
2626:
2274:
2262:
2163:
1308:
801:
term for "phonetic fitness", of
Tolkien's constructed languages. She analyses them in light of
612:
316:
267:
214:
179:
5027:
4680:
5936:
5739:
5680:
5643:
5622:
5572:
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5532:
5285:
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4878:
4798:
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4437:
3602:
3533:
3392:
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2915:
2711:
2676:
2661:
2606:
2591:
2576:
2463:
2281:
2206:
1981:
1830:
197:
5971:
5964:
5951:
5785:
5512:
5415:
5341:
5307:
4873:
4670:
4643:
3830:
3455:
3399:
3143:
3111:
2908:
2903:
2834:
2566:
2398:
2030:
1393:
1128:
563:
164:
82:
5067:
4724:
4662:
3448:
1555:
8:
6012:
5410:
5245:
5235:
5190:
4974:
4920:
4005:
3951:
3505:
3379:
3262:
3252:
3203:
3054:
3003:
2403:
2338:
1855:
1602:
Meile, M. G. (2020) . "Sauron's Newspeak: Black Speech, Quenya, and the nature of mind".
1425:
1222:
807:
3074:
2476:
686:, it is translated: "UglĂșk to the dung-pit with stinking Saruman-filth, pig-guts, gah!"
5815:
4483:
3859:
3823:
3707:
3640:
3497:
3321:
1762:
1339:
1160:
1123:
457:
454:
380:
19:
This article is about the fictional language. For the variety of American English, see
894:
The Russian historian Alexandre Nemirovski claimed a strong similarity to the extinct
556:
have been about the extent of Tolkien's work on this language." David Ashford, in the
6171:
6087:
6073:
6022:
5978:
5733:
5587:
5405:
4838:
4790:
3998:
3872:
3543:
2452:
2088:
2078:
1869:
1839:
1805:
1777:
1697:
1687:
1650:
1615:
1525:
1439:
1236:
1218:
562:, observes that uniquely among Tolkien's languages, the Black Speech is explicitly a
284:
87:
5092:
1492:
6143:
4823:
4627:
4610:
4471:
3413:
3406:
2986:
2641:
2381:
2219:
2083:
1893:
1865:
1851:
1835:
1819:
1791:
1607:
1382:
1155:
895:
881:
579:
575:
450:
320:
218:
175:
39:
6129:
5800:
5215:
4862:
3879:
1968:
1898:
1795:
1107:
1094:
546:
5780:
5905:
5770:
5290:
5087:
4558:
3538:
3326:
3118:
2996:
2491:
2333:
2255:
2103:
1963:
1773:
1463:
1072:
682:
649:
384:
4617:
1611:
1303:
A drawing of the inscription and a translation provided by Gandalf appears in
915:
the agglutinative forms of Black Speech; Hurrian was similarly agglutinative.
238:
6229:
5856:
5795:
4341:
2981:
2976:
2125:
1728:
1701:
1529:
1111:
907:
902:, which had recently been partially deciphered at the time of the writing of
779:
767:
20:
5220:
3242:
1904:
1889:
232:
5930:
5871:
5830:
5810:
5790:
5147:
4460:
3959:
3740:
3627:
3560:
3513:
3384:
3183:
3169:
3096:
2470:
2145:
2108:
1957:
1843:
1158:"Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings".
63:
2372:
1669:
The annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, v. 20, N.H. 1941.
1077:
621:
566:
devised as unpleasant by Sauron for his Orcs, and described by Tolkien as
244:
5835:
5022:
3582:
3565:
2991:
2348:
1744:
1417:
1328:
Ashford, David (2018). "'Orc Talk': Soviet Linguistics in Middle-Earth".
1086:
899:
821:
702:
586:
5280:
4989:
4984:
3316:
3018:
3013:
2174:
1343:
226:
5851:
5825:
5122:
4520:
3909:
3361:
3208:
2925:
2098:
2093:
1488:
1480:
861:
837:
705:
437:
334:
5361:
5175:
3069:
2000:
1385:
5302:
5250:
5240:
5170:
5127:
5112:
5097:
5052:
5042:
3837:
3633:
3218:
3213:
3164:
2964:
2952:
2920:
2818:
1435:
1232:
853:
817:
783:
708:
used what little is known of the Black Speech to invent two phrases:
129:
110:
5037:
3106:
1640:
633:
5775:
5381:
5295:
5225:
5210:
5195:
4947:
3374:
3331:
3267:
3247:
3041:
2930:
2871:
2438:
2343:
1975:
919:
Parallels perceived by Nemirovski between Black Speech and Hurrian
865:
775:
763:
759:
657:
654:
387:. This corresponds to the following table as explained by Tolkien.
324:
171:
5057:
3064:
3059:
1060:
Ashford writes that the Black Speech is at once agglutinative and
170:
Little is known of the Black Speech except the inscription on the
5430:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5275:
5255:
5180:
5137:
5117:
5082:
5077:
5062:
5032:
4763:
4035:
3917:
3311:
3223:
3046:
3036:
3023:
2947:
2876:
2866:
2445:
2139:
2048:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1485:"David Salo on Black Speech, orc dialects and the mind of Sauron"
857:
852:) are much more common. Podhorodecka therefore comments that the
737:('one') in the Ring Verse. The other words were made up by Salo.
677:
328:
297:
5425:
5376:
5230:
5200:
5142:
5132:
5107:
4969:
4952:
4896:
4429:
3257:
3232:
3128:
3101:
3031:
2971:
2940:
2856:
2851:
2433:
2043:
1951:
1221:(2013) . "Languages Invented by Tolkien: The Black Speech". In
798:
755:
717:("No life in coldness, in darkness. Here in void, only death.")
304:
288:
160:
159:. In the fiction, Tolkien describes the language as created by
156:
5420:
5205:
4979:
4925:
4908:
4891:
3237:
3008:
2935:
2843:
2038:
1890:
Orkish and the Black Speech - base language for base purposes
813:
195:
The Black Speech is one of the more fragmentary languages in
6214:
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
713:
Gû kßbum kelkum-ishi, burzum-ishi. Akha gûm-ishi ashi gurum.
4187:
3138:
680:-fool, skai!". However, in a note published in the journal
647:
The only known sample of debased Black Speech/Orkish is in
1273:
1261:
1249:
373:
One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.
4996:
4964:
3684:
3672:
3123:
2959:
1285:
787:
293:
524:
in, inside (placed after noun usually in Black Speech).
1067:
Tolkien stated that when coining the Black Speech word
836:) are much rarer in Black Speech than in Elvish, while
167:
to be the sole language of all the servants of Mordor.
665:
UglĂșk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob bĂșbhosh skai!
1350:
1043:
1018:
997:
976:
951:
774:
M. G. Meile, labelling the Black Speech as "Sauron's
3477:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
610:
A few Black Speech words are given in Appendix F of
745:
593:, "to rule them all", embodied Tolkien's view that
149:
languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien
1604:Semiotics around the World: Synthesis in Diversity
1585:"Quenya, the Black Speech and the Sonority Scale"
1297:
1141:
871:
371:One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,
344:
6227:
1213:
1211:
1209:
653:, where a "yellow-fanged" Mordor Orc curses the
1412:
1410:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
348:ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.
275:of the goblet, and used it only as an ashtray.
793:The linguist Joanna Podhorodecka examines the
6246:Constructed languages introduced in the 1940s
4445:
2190:
1934:
1920:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1206:
6165:Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings
1790:
1672:
1634:
1475:
1473:
1407:
1314:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
6123:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
1801:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
1720:
1582:
1203:, #343 to Sterling Lanier, 21 November 1972
310:
155:, where it was spoken in the evil realm of
4452:
4438:
2197:
2183:
1927:
1913:
1457:
1455:
1362:
644:meaning "wraith(s)", hence "ringwraith".
585:employed by the Orcs. The Tolkien scholar
464:) in completive or total form "them-all".
2204:
1761:
1714:
1470:
1217:
1200:
1081:("ring, fastening, tie"). He denied that
6158:Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
6109:The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
6035:Things named after Tolkien and his works
1818:
1514:Smith, Susan Lampert (19 January 2003).
1304:
875:
6102:J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
4382:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game
1850:
1678:
1606:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 219â222.
1452:
1416:
1356:
1327:
1106:of location, or (to borrow a term from
1071:, he might have been influenced by the
1053:(perhaps: if of a rope, to tie tightly)
346:Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,
16:Fictional language by J. R. R. Tolkien
6228:
4294:The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game
2482:The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
1726:
1381:
936:(possible Black Speech interpretation)
884:, seen here on the Foundation Tablet,
880:Black Speech has been compared to the
4433:
3476:
2178:
1908:
1686:. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1601:
1571:Featured in 'The Treason of Isengard'
1513:
4774:The History of The Lord of the Rings
4389:The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game
1717:, #297 draft to Mr Rang, August 1967
1524:. William K. Johnston. pp. C1.
1479:
1331:Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts
752:Tolkien's two major Elvish languages
689:
559:Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts
540:
278:
3612:Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings
1154:
201:. Unlike his extensive work on the
13:
6186:Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
6060:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
4375:Middle-earth Collectible Card Game
2159:Sound and language in Middle-earth
1583:Johannesson, Nils-Lennart (2007).
551:Sound and language in Middle-earth
333:
178:, which like the Black Speech was
14:
6257:
6151:Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
4407:Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game
4337:Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith
1883:
1635:Podhorodecka, Joanna (2007). "Is
1431:The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
1228:The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
1168:
605:
283:The linguist and Tolkien scholar
4750:The Lost Road and Other Writings
4459:
2371:
1491:, on Midgardsmal. Archived from
762:. He found that there were more
746:Comparison with Elvish languages
733:, meaning 'only', is taken from
574:Linguists including Ashford and
6067:A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
5944:Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
5666:Finnish language and literature
4636:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
3421:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
1768:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
1708:
1663:
1628:
1595:
1576:
1548:
1507:
595:sound and meaning went together
303:The language was used "only in
6207:The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
6179:Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
5456:Ancestry as guide to character
4592:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
4106:The Battle for Middle-earth II
3867:Peter Jackson's interpretation
3369:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
2522:Ancestry as guide to character
1770:: Revised and Expanded Edition
1194:
958:something predestined to occur
872:Parallels to natural languages
327:. It is written in the Elvish
319:of "pure" Black Speech is the
1:
6116:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
4580:The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
4301:The One Ring Roleplaying Game
2296:The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
1386:"Orkish and the Black Speech"
1134:
885:
49:
4190:The Lord of the Rings Online
2065:Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
1420:(2013) . "Poems by Tolkien:
1092:Mark Mandel, writing in the
1044:
1019:
998:
977:
952:
190:
7:
5639:Tolkien's impact on fantasy
4807:The Peoples of Middle-earth
4742:The Shaping of Middle-earth
4092:The Battle for Middle-earth
3999:Game Two: Shadows of Mordor
3428:The History of Middle-earth
2361:Tolkien's impact on fantasy
1861:The Peoples of Middle-earth
1117:
868:aspects of his mythology".
740:
673:The Peoples of Middle-earth
494:bring by force, hale, drag
426:constrain, force, dominate
10:
6262:
5313:List of weapons and armour
4846:The Nature of Middle-earth
4536:The Fellowship of the Ring
4414:Lego The Lord of the Rings
4308:Adventures in Middle-earth
4143:Lego The Lord of the Rings
4113:The Rise of the Witch-king
4050:The Fellowship of the Ring
3787:The Fellowship of the Ring
3463:The Nature of Middle-earth
3339:List of weapons and armour
2249:The Fellowship of the Ring
1825:The Fellowship of the Ring
1755:
1645:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:
961:(perhaps: an evil destiny)
544:
396:Tolkien's English glosses
185:
18:
6200:Tolkien and the Great War
6047:
6008:Works inspired by Tolkien
5990:
5923:
5912:Nightfall in Middle-Earth
5844:
5761:
5752:
5727:The Atlas of Middle-earth
5718:
5631:
5441:
5332:
5325:
5268:
5158:
5010:
4872:
4861:
4831:The History of The Hobbit
4816:
4703:
4694:
4601:
4573:The Scouring of the Shire
4509:
4502:
4467:
4398:
4366:
4317:
4287:Middle-earth Role Playing
4276:
4150:Guardians of Middle-earth
3974:
3943:
3893:
3847:
3813:
3781:
3770:
3727:
3718:
3659:
3601:
3574:
3524:
3489:
3472:
3442:The History of The Hobbit
3351:
3304:
3278:
3191:
3182:
3152:
3087:
2887:
2842:
2833:
2750:
2675:
2507:
2389:
2380:
2369:
2289:The Scouring of the Shire
2237:
2214:
2117:
2057:
2029:
1993:
1942:
1936:Languages of Middle-earth
1612:10.1515/9783110820065-030
1176:"What is aggulutination?"
449:verbal ending expressing
383:, a verse describing the
331:script, with flourishes:
287:wrote that the Dark Lord
127:
108:
103:
77:
69:
58:
45:
35:
30:
6137:The Road to Middle-Earth
6003:Middle-earth Enterprises
4649:The three "Great Tales"
1292:Hammond & Scull 2005
1280:Hammond & Scull 2005
1268:Hammond & Scull 2005
1256:Hammond & Scull 2005
620:, meaning "Dark Tower" (
379:The couplet is from the
311:The One Ring inscription
147:is one of the fictional
5958:An Evening in Rivendell
5831:Margrethe II of Denmark
5710:A mythology for England
4043:Vol. II: The Two Towers
3760:The War of the Rohirrim
3561:Margrethe II of Denmark
2732:A mythology for England
1684:Introduction to Hurrian
1521:Wisconsin State Journal
1461:Appendix E typescript,
912:Introduction to Hurrian
345:
252:means "in our houses".
248:means "in". Therefore,
215:agglutinative languages
6236:Middle-earth languages
6081:Master of Middle-Earth
5603:Psychological journeys
5167:First and Second Ages
5019:First and Second Ages
4781:The Notion Club Papers
4719:The Book of Lost Tales
4566:The Return of the King
4543:The Shadow of the Past
4064:The Return of the King
3803:The Return of the King
3748:The Return of the King
3648:The Battle of Evermore
2632:Psychological journeys
2275:The Shadow of the Past
2263:The Return of the King
2164:Sundering of the Elves
1733:"The Ring-Inscription"
1309:The Shadow of the Past
1085:had any connection to
1028:(perhaps: in the dark)
891:
613:The Return of the King
603:
572:
376:
367:
338:
272:
268:agglutinative language
254:
6241:Constructed languages
6193:Tolkien's Legendarium
5937:The Road Goes Ever On
5879:The Lord of the Rings
5864:The Lord of the Rings
5740:A Map of Middle-earth
5483:Death and immortality
5286:Red Book of Westmarch
4799:The War of the Jewels
4734:The Lays of Beleriand
4655:The Children of HĂșrin
4550:The Council of Elrond
4529:The Lord of the Rings
3736:The Lord of the Rings
3700:The Lord of the Rings
3680:The Lord of the Rings
3668:The Lord of the Rings
3621:The Lord of the Rings
3534:A Map of Middle-earth
3435:The Children of HĂșrin
3393:The Road Goes Ever On
2537:Death and immortality
2487:The Road Goes Ever On
2464:A Elbereth Gilthoniel
2282:The Council of Elrond
2227:The Lord of the Rings
2207:The Lord of the Rings
2153:The Lord of the Rings
2151:Pseudotranslation in
1982:A Elbereth Gilthoniel
1899:Black Speech analysis
1894:Helge KĂ„re Fauskanger
1831:The Lord of the Rings
1727:Mandel, Mark (1965).
1556:"Soundtrack Analysis"
1422:The Lord of the Rings
1129:Constructed languages
1050:to make longer fully
904:The Lord of the Rings
879:
697:The Lord of the Rings
599:
589:writes that the word
568:
545:Further information:
368:
341:
337:
263:
236:indicates plurality,
211:
198:The Lord of the Rings
5972:At Dawn in Rivendell
5965:A Night in Rivendell
5952:The Tolkien Ensemble
5786:Brothers Hildebrandt
5308:Two Trees of Valinor
4671:The Fall of Gondolin
3985:Journey to Rivendell
3692:Hordes of the Things
3456:The Fall of Gondolin
3144:Watcher in the Water
3112:Witch-king of Angmar
2309:List of translations
1649:. pp. 103â110.
1438:. pp. 245â246.
1394:University of Bergen
1383:Fauskanger, Helge K.
1098:in 1965, wrote that
1025:to see, to be blind
694:For Peter Jackson's
636:is a combination of
564:constructed language
436:verb ending, like a
165:constructed language
83:Constructed language
5476:Round World dilemma
5028:EĂ€rendil and Elwing
4681:The Fall of NĂșmenor
4006:War in Middle Earth
3952:The Hunt for Gollum
3506:The Last Ringbearer
2792:Narrative structure
2787:Impression of depth
2404:Company of the Ring
1856:Christopher Tolkien
1763:Carpenter, Humphrey
1680:Speiser, Ephraim A.
1426:Michael D. C. Drout
1223:Michael D. C. Drout
1124:Fictional languages
1004:to take, to gather
920:
640:meaning "ring" and
632:, "fire". The name
597:, commenting that
474:seek out, discover
6095:A Question of Time
5897:The Rings of Power
5816:Alexander Korotich
5613:Sound and language
5493:Dreams and visions
4249:War of Three Peaks
3926:The Rings of Power
3860:Hobbiton Movie Set
3824:Concerning Hobbits
3708:Der Herr der Ringe
3641:Misty Mountain Hop
3498:Bored of the Rings
3322:Phial of Galadriel
2652:Sound and language
2547:Dreams and visions
2517:Addiction to power
2073:Parma Eldalamberon
1536:on 5 December 2004
1338:(1 (101)): 26â40.
1219:Hostetter, Carl F.
1182:. 29 November 2021
1161:Parma Eldalamberon
933:Meaning in Hurrian
918:
892:
778:" by analogy with
381:Rhyme of the Rings
339:
6223:
6222:
6172:A Tolkien Compass
6088:Picturing Tolkien
6074:Interrupted Music
6043:
6042:
5979:Leaving Rivendell
5748:
5747:
5734:Journeys of Frodo
5588:Old Straight Road
5578:Naming of weapons
5321:
5320:
5068:LĂșthien and Beren
4857:
4856:
4839:Carl F. Hostetter
4690:
4689:
4663:Beren and LĂșthien
4644:Bilbo's Last Song
4427:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4350:Lord of the Rings
4272:
4271:
4263:Before the Shadow
4207:Siege of Mirkwood
3970:
3969:
3889:
3888:
3873:Picturing Tolkien
3591:Lord of the Rings
3544:Barbara Remington
3449:Beren and LĂșthien
3400:Bilbo's Last Song
3347:
3346:
3178:
3177:
2829:
2828:
2780:Pseudotranslation
2770:Editorial framing
2765:Character pairing
2612:Naming of weapons
2172:
2171:
2089:Carl F. Hostetter
2079:Anthony Appleyard
1875:978-0-395-82760-4
1852:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1820:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1811:978-0-00-720907-1
1804:. HarperCollins.
1792:Hammond, Wayne G.
1783:978-0-35-865298-4
1693:978-1-4982-8811-8
1445:978-1-1358-8033-0
1307:, book 1, ch. 2 "
1242:978-1-1358-8033-0
1156:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1058:
1057:
690:In film and music
616:. These include
541:Sound and meaning
538:
537:
285:Carl F. Hostetter
279:Fictional history
242:means "our", and
141:
140:
88:Artistic language
59:Setting and usage
6253:
6144:Splintered Light
5759:
5758:
5583:Northern courage
5508:Environmentalism
5488:Decline and fall
5411:Tolkien's poetry
5330:
5329:
5048:FinwĂ« and MĂriel
4870:
4869:
4824:John D. Rateliff
4701:
4700:
4628:Unfinished Tales
4611:The Silmarillion
4507:
4506:
4472:J. R. R. Tolkien
4454:
4447:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4256:Fate of Gundabad
4214:Rise of Isengard
4185:
4184:
4157:Shadow of Mordor
4136:War in the North
4084:Game Boy Advance
3779:
3778:
3725:
3724:
3483:derivative works
3474:
3473:
3414:Unfinished Tales
3407:The Silmarillion
3189:
3188:
2840:
2839:
2617:Northern courage
2562:Environmentalism
2542:Decline and fall
2477:Song of EĂ€rendil
2387:
2386:
2375:
2220:J. R. R. Tolkien
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2084:Helge Fauskanger
1944:Elvish languages
1929:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1879:
1866:Houghton Mifflin
1847:
1836:Houghton Mifflin
1815:
1796:Scull, Christina
1787:
1749:
1748:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1532:. Archived from
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1483:(24 June 2013).
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1379:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1325:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1215:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1180:Turkish Textbook
1172:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1047:
1022:
1001:
983:"fully, really"
980:
955:
921:
917:
896:Hurrian language
890:
887:
882:Hurrian language
843:
827:
811:
766:sounds and more
576:Helge Fauskanger
390:
389:
363:
362:
361:
359:
350:
260:
258:Turkish Textbook
203:Elvish languages
176:Hurrian language
122:
113:
54:
53: 1945â1973
51:
40:J. R. R. Tolkien
28:
27:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6130:Perilous Realms
6050:
6039:
5986:
5919:
5862:Symphony No. 1
5840:
5801:Donato Giancola
5754:
5744:
5714:
5661:Classical world
5627:
5518:First World War
5437:
5317:
5264:
5216:Lonely Mountain
5154:
5006:
4877:
4864:
4853:
4812:
4757:The Etymologies
4707:
4696:
4686:
4597:
4511:
4498:
4463:
4458:
4428:
4419:
4394:
4362:
4357:War of the Ring
4332:War of the Ring
4313:
4278:
4268:
4221:Riders of Rohan
4183:
4178:Return to Moria
4129:Aragorn's Quest
4071:War of the Ring
4029:Riders of Rohan
3966:
3939:
3902:Sagan om ringen
3885:
3880:Tolkien on Film
3843:
3809:
3773:
3766:
3714:
3655:
3619:Symphony No. 1
3597:
3570:
3520:
3485:
3468:
3353:
3343:
3300:
3291:Pelennor Fields
3274:
3174:
3148:
3083:
2890:
2883:
2825:
2746:
2707:First World War
2702:Classical world
2671:
2503:
2376:
2367:
2233:
2232:
2210:
2203:
2173:
2168:
2133:The Etymologies
2113:
2053:
2025:
1994:Other languages
1989:
1969:Respective case
1938:
1933:
1901:by Craig Daniel
1886:
1876:
1812:
1784:
1765:, ed. (2023) .
1758:
1753:
1752:
1737:Tolkien Journal
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1600:
1596:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1478:
1471:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1415:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1380:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1326:
1315:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1235:. p. 343.
1216:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1153:
1142:
1137:
1120:
1108:Finnish grammar
1095:Tolkien Journal
1052:
1027:
959:
935:
888:
874:
805:
748:
743:
692:
628:, "slave", and
608:
553:
547:Sound symbolism
543:
377:
375:
372:
366:
357:
354:
353:
351:
347:
313:
281:
262:
256:
230:means "house",
210:
193:
188:
153:his legendarium
120:
109:
99:
52:
36:Created by
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6259:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6055:
6053:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5940:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5906:Blind Guardian
5903:
5902:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5771:Pauline Baynes
5767:
5765:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5730:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5558:Mental illness
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5291:Rings of Power
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5093:TĂșrin Turambar
5090:
5088:Tuor and Idril
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4883:
4881:
4867:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4802:
4794:
4791:Morgoth's Ring
4786:
4785:
4784:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4713:
4711:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4576:
4562:
4559:The Two Towers
4555:
4554:
4553:
4546:
4524:
4515:
4513:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4280:
4277:Tabletop role-
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4200:Mines of Moria
4195:
4193:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4057:The Two Towers
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3795:The Two Towers
3791:
3782:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3744:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3676:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3539:Pauline Baynes
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3327:Rings of Power
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Old Man Willow
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3016:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Modern sources
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2685:Antiquarianism
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Mental illness
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2492:A Walking Song
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2356:Works inspired
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2256:The Two Towers
2252:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2104:Arden R. Smith
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2069:Vinyar Tengwar
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1964:Quenya grammar
1961:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1885:
1884:External links
1882:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1848:
1816:
1810:
1788:
1782:
1774:Harper Collins
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1719:
1715:Carpenter 2023
1707:
1692:
1671:
1662:
1656:978-9027243416
1655:
1647:John Benjamins
1627:
1620:
1594:
1575:
1547:
1506:
1495:on 7 July 2013
1469:
1464:Vinyar Tengwar
1451:
1444:
1406:
1361:
1349:
1313:
1296:
1284:
1282:, p. 739.
1272:
1270:, p. 376.
1260:
1258:, p. 239.
1248:
1241:
1205:
1201:Carpenter 2023
1193:
1167:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1002:
995:
992:
985:
984:
981:
974:
971:
964:
963:
956:
949:
946:
939:
938:
931:
928:
925:
889: 2000 BC
873:
870:
768:open syllables
747:
744:
742:
739:
719:
718:
715:
691:
688:
683:Vinyar Tengwar
668:
667:
650:The Two Towers
607:
606:Other examples
604:
542:
539:
536:
535:
532:
526:
525:
522:
516:
515:
512:
506:
505:
502:
496:
495:
492:
486:
485:
482:
476:
475:
472:
466:
465:
447:
441:
440:
434:
428:
427:
424:
418:
417:
416:(finger-)ring
414:
408:
407:
404:
398:
397:
394:
385:Rings of Power
369:
342:
340:
312:
309:
280:
277:
208:
207:
192:
189:
187:
184:
139:
138:
133:
125:
124:
114:
106:
105:
104:Language codes
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
95:
81:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6258:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6046:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5898:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5857:Johan de Meij
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:Mary Fairburn
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5751:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5568:Moral dilemma
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5548:Luck and fate
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5528:Frame stories
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4702:
4699:
4693:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:playing games
4275:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4164:Shadow of War
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:The Third Age
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:Into the West
3828:
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3800:
3797:
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3772:Peter Jackson
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3526:Illustrations
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2775:Frame stories
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2602:Moral dilemma
2600:
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2587:Luck and fate
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2240:
2236:
2229:
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2225:Constructing
2223:
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2209:
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2137:
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2130:
2127:
2126:A Secret Vice
2123:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
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2002:
1999:
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1996:
1992:
1984:
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1621:9783110820065
1617:
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1467:, 26:16, 1992
1466:
1465:
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1427:
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1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1359:, p. 35.
1358:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1305:Tolkien 1954a
1300:
1294:, p. 83.
1293:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
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1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1020:wur-, wurikk-
1017:
1014:
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1008:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
982:
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966:
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947:
944:
941:
940:
937:
932:
929:
926:
923:
922:
916:
913:
909:
908:E. A. Speiser
905:
901:
897:
883:
878:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
839:
835:
831:
823:
819:
815:
809:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
780:George Orwell
777:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
716:
714:
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710:
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623:
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584:
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531:
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467:
463:
459:
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452:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:
435:
433:
430:
429:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
413:
410:
409:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
393:Black Speech
392:
391:
388:
386:
382:
374:
365:
360:
358:Pronunciation
349:
336:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
301:
299:
295:
290:
286:
276:
271:
269:
261:
259:
253:
251:
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
234:
229:
228:
224:
220:
216:
209:Agglutination
206:
204:
200:
199:
183:
181:
180:agglutinative
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
137:
134:
132:
131:
126:
118:
115:
112:
107:
102:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
21:Black English
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5942:
5935:
5931:Donald Swann
5910:
5896:
5887:
5878:
5872:Howard Shore
5863:
5811:Tove Jansson
5791:Jenny Dolfen
5781:Anke EiĂmann
5753:Adaptations,
5732:
5725:
5649:
5466:Christianity
5461:Architecture
5367:Black Speech
5366:
5347:Family trees
5148:Tom Bombadil
4844:
4829:
4805:
4797:
4789:
4779:
4772:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4717:
4708:Middle-earth
4704:
4679:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4609:
4590:
4564:
4557:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4510:In Tolkien's
4477:Bibliography
4461:Middle-earth
4412:
4405:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4355:
4348:
4326:Middle Earth
4324:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4242:Minas Morgul
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4188:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4148:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3960:Born of Hope
3958:
3950:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3878:
3871:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3628:Led Zeppelin
3620:
3610:
3589:
3581:
3514:Muddle Earth
3512:
3504:
3496:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3385:The Sea-Bell
3380:Fastitocalon
3367:
3360:
3170:Tom Bombadil
3097:Barrow-wight
2802:Storytelling
2690:
2532:Christianity
2527:Architecture
2469:
2462:
2424:Black Speech
2423:
2409:Family trees
2261:
2254:
2247:
2226:
2205:
2152:
2146:Middle-earth
2138:
2131:
2109:Allan Turner
2072:
2068:
2006:Black Speech
2005:
1980:
1956:
1859:
1829:
1823:
1800:
1772:. New York:
1766:
1740:
1736:
1722:
1710:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1570:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1519:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1462:
1434:. Abingdon:
1429:
1421:
1418:Shippey, Tom
1397:. Retrieved
1389:
1357:Tolkien 1996
1352:
1335:
1329:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1231:. Abingdon:
1226:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1164:(17): 11â12.
1159:
1104:postposition
1099:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1034:
1026:
1009:
988:
968:
960:
942:
934:
924:Black Speech
911:
903:
898:of northern
893:
849:
845:
840:sounds like
833:
829:
824:sounds like
794:
792:
773:
749:
734:
730:
729:. The word
726:
722:
720:
712:
699:film trilogy
696:
693:
681:
671:
669:
664:
648:
646:
641:
637:
629:
625:
617:
611:
609:
600:
590:
582:
573:
569:
557:
554:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
461:
444:
431:
421:
411:
401:
378:
370:
343:
314:
302:
282:
273:
264:
257:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
225:
222:
212:
196:
194:
169:
145:Black Speech
144:
142:
135:
128:
116:
93:Black Speech
92:
64:Middle-earth
31:Black Speech
25:
6028:Video games
6013:Fan fiction
5991:Other media
5890:film series
5881:film series
5836:Ted Nasmith
5698:Prose style
5691:Shakespeare
5451:Anachronism
5023:Celebrimbor
4697:composition
4618:Ainulindalë
4489:Legendarium
4399:Other games
4318:Board games
4228:Helm's Deep
3976:Video games
3753:Rankin/Bass
3703:(BBC, 1981)
3583:Fellowship!
3566:Ted Nasmith
3479:Adaptations
3286:Helm's Deep
2809:Prose style
2797:Interlacing
2760:Anachronism
2742:Shakespeare
2349:Tolkienmoot
2339:Fan fiction
2304:Translating
1745:Winterfilth
1729:Plotz, Dick
1565:18 November
1540:14 November
1481:Salo, David
1399:2 September
1390:Ardalambion
1087:Old English
900:Mesopotamia
866:axiological
822:front vowel
806: [
803:IvĂĄn FĂłnagy
723:burzum-ishi
587:Tom Shippey
321:inscription
250:evlerimizde
223:evlerimizde
6230:Categories
5888:The Hobbit
5852:Bo Hansson
5826:Tom Loback
5719:Geographic
5644:Influences
5221:LothlĂłrien
5187:Third Age
5123:Glorfindel
5104:Third Age
5012:Characters
4948:Half-elven
4706:History of
4695:History of
4602:Posthumous
4521:The Hobbit
4367:Card games
3910:Khraniteli
3855:Production
3362:The Hobbit
3243:LothlĂłrien
3209:Old Forest
3075:Wormtongue
2931:Half-elven
2926:Glorfindel
2752:Techniques
2677:Influences
2320:Reception
2099:David Salo
2094:Tom Loback
1864:. Boston:
1834:. Boston:
1747:1965)): 2.
1560:Elvish.org
1489:David Salo
1135:References
973:completely
844:(like the
838:back vowel
828:(like the
818:consonants
706:David Salo
591:durbatulûk
534:bind, tie
438:participle
73:None
62:Mordor in
6051:criticism
6023:Calendars
5899:TV series
5895:Music of
5886:Music of
5877:Music of
5845:Composers
5806:John Howe
5703:Ambiguity
5686:Philology
5563:Modernism
5471:Cosmology
5357:Languages
5303:Silmarils
5251:The Shire
5241:Rivendell
5171:Beleriand
5128:Goldberry
5113:Galadriel
5098:Ungoliant
5053:Gil-galad
5043:Fingolfin
4980:Beornings
4958:Sundering
4921:Ancalagon
4863:Fictional
3838:May It Be
3634:Ramble On
3551:John Howe
3317:PalantĂrs
3219:The Shire
3214:Rivendell
3193:Geography
3165:Goldberry
3009:Beornings
2965:Treebeard
2953:Thranduil
2921:Galadriel
2819:Epic Pooh
2814:Ambiguity
2737:Philology
2727:Modernism
2647:Sexuality
2419:Languages
2058:Linguists
1822:(1954a).
1702:957436981
1682:(2016) .
1637:lĂĄmatyĂĄve
1530:0749-405X
1499:25 August
1436:Routledge
1233:Routledge
1114:suffix."
1045:ker-imbu-
862:aesthetic
854:phonology
795:lĂĄmatyĂĄve
784:Esperanto
721:The word
622:Barad-dûr
514:darkness
323:upon the
315:The only
191:Objective
130:Glottolog
111:ISO 639-3
6049:Literary
5924:Settings
5821:Alan Lee
5776:Cor Blok
5671:Medieval
5632:Literary
5593:Paganism
5382:Sindarin
5352:Heraldry
5334:Elements
5326:Analysis
5296:One Ring
5281:PalantĂr
5226:Mirkwood
5211:Isengard
5196:Esgaroth
4990:DĂșnedain
4985:DrĂședain
4879:monsters
4865:universe
4771:1988â92
4716:1983â84
4526:1954-55
4512:lifetime
4122:Conquest
3992:Game One
3944:Fan-made
3848:Approach
3728:Animated
3650:" (1971)
3643:" (1971)
3636:" (1969)
3556:Alan Lee
3375:Errantry
3332:One Ring
3296:Morannon
3268:Isengard
3248:Mirkwood
3200:Eriador
3089:Monsters
3042:Denethor
3019:DĂșnedain
3014:DrĂședain
2872:Radagast
2717:Medieval
2622:Paganism
2499:Proverbs
2439:Sindarin
2414:Heraldry
2391:Elements
2382:Analysis
2344:Oxonmoot
2329:Literary
2270:Stories
2244:Volumes
1976:Sindarin
1854:(1996).
1798:(2005).
1591:: 14â21.
1344:26627600
1118:See also
1112:inessive
1062:ergative
858:plosives
776:Newspeak
764:sonorant
760:Sindarin
741:Analysis
703:linguist
655:Isengard
460:"them" (
325:One Ring
172:One Ring
5763:Artists
5650:Beowulf
5538:Heroism
5523:Forests
5503:England
5498:Economy
5431:Tengwar
5416:Scripts
5399:Westron
5394:Valarin
5389:Khuzdul
5362:Adûnaic
5342:Artwork
5276:Mithril
5269:Objects
5256:Bag End
5181:Valinor
5176:NĂșmenor
5138:Saruman
5118:Gandalf
5083:Thingol
5078:Morgoth
5063:Isildur
5033:Elendil
4970:Hobbits
4933:Dwarves
4916:Dragons
4902:Wizards
4897:Balrogs
4874:Peoples
4764:Lhammas
4725:Ălfwine
4494:Outline
4099:Tactics
4036:Elendor
3929:(2022)
3918:Hobitit
3755:, 1980)
3743:, 1978)
3687:, 1979)
3675:, 1955)
3575:Theatre
3352:Related
3312:Mithril
3305:Objects
3279:Battles
3224:Bag End
3070:Théoden
3047:Faramir
3037:Boromir
3024:Aragorn
2972:Hobbits
2948:Legolas
2899:Dwarves
2891:peoples
2877:Saruman
2867:Gandalf
2862:Wizards
2852:Balrogs
2835:Peoples
2691:Beowulf
2582:Heroism
2572:Forests
2557:England
2552:Economy
2471:Namårië
2446:Khuzdul
2399:Artwork
2314:Swedish
2140:Lhammas
2118:Related
2049:Tengwar
2031:Scripts
2021:Westron
2016:Valarin
2011:Khuzdul
2001:Adûnaic
1958:Namårië
1858:(ed.).
1844:9552942
1756:Sources
1731:(ed.).
1428:(ed.).
1225:(ed.).
1186:8 April
994:to find
948:to rule
930:Hurrian
927:English
834:machine
678:Saruman
660:UglĂșk:
618:LugbĂșrz
329:Tengwar
298:Westron
219:Turkish
186:Tolkien
78:Purpose
5998:Impact
5755:legacy
5676:Modern
5656:Celtic
5608:Quests
5598:Plants
5443:Themes
5426:Sarati
5377:Quenya
5372:Elvish
5231:Mordor
5201:Gondor
5160:Places
5143:Sauron
5133:Gollum
5108:Elrond
5073:Melian
5038:FĂ«anor
5002:Trolls
4953:Noldor
4938:Eagles
4817:Others
4342:Sauron
4235:Mordor
4171:Gollum
4023:(SNES)
4021:Vol. I
4015:(1990)
4013:Vol. I
3963:(2009)
3955:(2009)
3921:(1993)
3913:(1991)
3905:(1971)
3806:(2003)
3798:(2002)
3790:(2001)
3774:series
3763:(2024)
3741:Bakshi
3711:(1992)
3695:(1980)
3624:(1988)
3615:(1972)
3594:(2006)
3586:(2005)
3517:(2003)
3509:(1999)
3501:(1969)
3258:Mordor
3233:Gondor
3160:Eagles
3134:Trolls
3129:Shelob
3107:Nazgûl
3102:Gollum
3032:Gondor
2992:Pippin
2941:Elrond
2857:Sauron
2697:Celtic
2637:Quests
2627:Plants
2509:Themes
2458:Poetry
2434:Quenya
2429:Elvish
2334:Fandom
2324:Impact
2044:Sarati
1952:Quenya
1872:
1842:
1808:
1780:
1700:
1690:
1653:
1618:
1528:
1442:
1424:". In
1342:
1239:
1102:is "a
1040:to tie
999:-ki(b)
953:turob-
814:vowels
799:Quenya
756:Quenya
701:, the
634:Nazgûl
580:uvular
530:krimp-
510:burzum
490:thrak-
458:plural
455:person
451:object
305:Mordor
289:Sauron
161:Sauron
157:Mordor
5681:Norse
5623:Trees
5573:Music
5553:Magic
5543:Light
5421:Cirth
5246:Rohan
5236:Moria
5206:Harad
5058:HĂșrin
4943:Elves
4926:Smaug
4909:Valar
4892:Maiar
4887:Ainur
4843:2021
4828:2007
4804:1996
4796:1994
4788:1993
4747:1987
4739:1986
4731:1985
4678:2022
4668:2018
4660:2017
4652:2007
4641:1990
4633:1981
4625:1980
4608:1977
4589:1962
4518:1937
4503:Works
4484:Canon
3933:music
3894:Other
3815:Music
3660:Radio
3603:Music
3490:Books
3354:works
3263:Rohan
3253:Moria
3238:Harad
3184:World
3153:Other
3139:Wargs
3065:Ăowyn
3060:Ăomer
3055:Rohan
2987:Merry
2982:Frodo
2977:Bilbo
2936:Arwen
2916:Elves
2909:Gimli
2904:Balin
2844:Maiar
2712:Norse
2667:Women
2662:Trees
2607:Music
2592:Magic
2238:About
2039:Cirth
1340:JSTOR
1110:) an
1100:-ishi
1075:word
1073:Irish
1035:krimp
850:brute
810:]
630:ghĂąsh
626:snaga
484:them
470:gimb-
445:-ulûk
422:durb-
239:-imiz
217:like
163:as a
70:Users
6018:Film
5618:Time
5533:Hell
5513:Evil
5406:Maps
5191:Bree
4997:Orcs
4965:Ents
3720:Film
3481:and
3204:Bree
3124:Orcs
2960:Ents
2889:Free
2657:Time
2642:Race
2577:Hell
2567:Evil
2453:Maps
1870:ISBN
1840:OCLC
1806:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1743:(2 (
1698:OCLC
1688:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1567:2022
1542:2007
1526:ISSN
1501:2020
1440:ISBN
1401:2013
1237:ISBN
1188:2023
1083:nazg
1078:nasc
1069:nazg
1015:dark
1010:burz
989:gimb
978:-ok-
943:durb
864:and
816:and
797:, a
788:Orcs
758:and
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658:Uruk
638:nazg
549:and
520:ishi
504:and
453:3rd
412:nazg
406:one
317:text
294:Orcs
233:-ler
151:for
143:The
136:None
117:None
46:Date
4975:Men
3685:NPR
3673:BBC
3053:of
3030:of
3004:Men
2997:Sam
1892:by
1608:doi
910:'s
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842:/u/
832:in
826:/i/
735:ash
727:âum
670:In
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624:),
500:agh
480:-ul
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