397:
instability in the area, to ensure maximum security for its personnel and operations, the
Consortium decided to suspend seismic and drilling activities on Block 5A as a precautionary measure". In March 2003, Lundin said there had been "positive developments in the peace process and the improved conditions in its concession area" and said that it was planning to undertake infrastructure work "as a first step towards an eventual recommencement of activities". In June 2003 Lundin Petroleum completed sale its working interest in Block 5A to Petronas Carigali for USD 142.5 million. In August 2003
600:
communities in obtaining water supply, health care and education. Talisman Energy, a
Canadian company, had already been subject to a critical report prepared for the Canadian government in 2000, although it denied knowing of any human rights abuses. In October 2002, Talisman announced that it was selling its interests in Sudan to ONGC Videsh. The Talisman President said "Shareholders have told me they were tired of continually having to monitor and analyse events relating to Sudan". OMV eventually closed the deal to sell its stake to ONGC in May 2004, backdated to 1 January 2003.
45:
29:
52:
293:'s South Sudan Unity Movement (SSUM) militia began pushing civilians out. There was growing tension between Riek Machar's SSDF and Paulino Matip's SSUM. Both groups wanted the rewards from providing security to the oil companies. In 1998–1999, Paulino's fighters and government troops clashed several times with Riek's forces in a struggle for control of the Unity state oilfields.
197:, Block 5A was the scene of extensive fighting as rival militias struggled for control. Out of an original population of 240,000, an estimated 12,000 were killed or died of starvation and 160,000 were displaced by force. Production started in 2006. There is evidence that the environmentally sensitive marshlands beside the
625:(also known as Nilepet, the national oil company of South Sudan) signed a Transition Agreement on January 13, 2012 with the Government of Republic of South Sudan for the continuation of its right for petroleum exploration and exploitation in Block 5A. The partners of Block 5A have incorporated a new operating company
416:
of Sudan (50%). The initial rate of production was 40,000 bbl/day, expected to rise to 54,000 bbl/day by 2009 and then to decline to 39,000 bbl/day in 2011. Crude oil from the field is treated at a new central processing facility, then transported via a new 172-kilometer pipeline to a pump station in
392:
to the north via Duar and Guk to Ryer and Thar Jath. They gave little work to the local people, but brought in hundreds of Arab and
Chinese laborers. The consortium undertook seismic tests, and by October 2000 had acquired over 1,485 kilometres (923 mi) of data. The first exploration well at the
545:
In March 2008 there were reports that children in Koch had died from drinking contaminated water. Local officials said that over 1,000 people were suffering from unknown illnesses. Large amounts of saline water are injected into the sub-surface around the oil reservoirs to maintain oil pressure, and
541:
images in 2006 showed that the all-weather roads built to access the oil fields have disrupted the drainage patterns of the marshes. A blockage more than 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) was first seen in 2003 to the north of the Thar Jath oil field. Given that the field is just 5 kilometres (3.1 mi)
503:
A major government operation began in block 5A in early 2002 after a Lundin helicopter had been shot down. Civilians along the oil road were the main target, and again there were many casualties and many were forced to flee. Despite a cease-fire agreement, in April 2003 the government opened another
495:
said that Leer had become a ghost town. According to a WFP representative: "Over the past months thousands of people have fled without food or belongings. They've been forced to hide for days in the surrounding swamps and outlying villages, living in constant fear and surviving on just water lilies
457:
In the region around the Ryer/Tharjiath headquarters, the population was forced to leave with little notice in 1998, taking only their cattle. Their houses were destroyed. Between June 1997 and
November 1998 fighting between factions in the Nhialdiu area caused about 70% of the population to flee to
249:
and is rich in oil deposits. The
Tharjiath field in Block 5A has an area of 54 square kilometres (21 sq mi). Reserves at the Tharjiath field are said to be 250 million barrels. Mala field was expected to start production with 10,000 bpd in 2007 which would go up to 20,000 bpd by 2008. Mala
599:
There was an outcry in Sweden, and Lundin sold its stake to
Petronas. In their 2006 Annual Report, Lundin emphasises that they paid strict attention to international norms related to human rights, and that they implemented a Community Development and Humanitarian Assistance Program to assist local
508:
data between 1999 and 2004 showed major shifts in land use that closely corresponded to reports of fighting in the block. Between 1999 and 2002 most farming activity stopped in the bands that extended 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) on each side of the newly built oil roads. Traditional farming areas
528:
on the Nile. It said "The offensive from late
December until the beginning of February was an extension of the government’s long-time strategy of depopulating oilrich areas through indiscriminate attacks on civilians in order to clear the way for further development of infrastructure. Eyewitness
336:
in Block 5A was dissatisfied with the results and rebelled. He eventually made peace with the SPLA in July 2011, but was killed three days later. On 11 April 2011 Gatluak Gai's son-in-law, Major
General Peter Gadet, now of the "South Sudan Liberation Army", published the "Mayom Declaration". He
608:
based in the
Netherlands. The report claims that Lundin's decision to explore and then extract oil from Block 5A started the war for control of the area. The report asserts that Lundin contributed material used in the war and cooperated with the forces responsible for many of the crimes. Lundin
396:
In May 2000, Lundin suspended operations after rebels attacked the Thar Jath rig and killed three government employees. They resumed in March 2001 after the local population had been forcibly removed, but halted once more in
January 2002. According to a Lundin report: "... in view of increasing
225:
State to the east of the Nile. Block 5A is part of a huge, fertile floodplain fed by rivers from the Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. In the dry season the land becomes parched. Pastoralists move their herds from one area to another in search of grazing, usually staying close to a river or
575:
and other oil companies had deliberately ignored the violent methods the Sudanese government had used to clear land for the companies' activities. The report said "Human Rights Watch believes that the companies in the two oil consortiums during the 1998-2002 period covered in this report,
490:
Sudanese government troop arrived near Leer in April 1998, but SSDF forces kept them from entering the town. In June, July and August Paulino Matiep's forces attacked Leer, looting and destroying houses and buildings such as the hospital, NGO compounds and churches. After the attacks, the
482:
compound was burned and destroyed, as were the school and the community offices. Paulino's forces raided cattle camps, killing the animals for food. Many of the population fled, some to islands in the Nile where they felt they would be safe. Paulino's forces raided the area around
372:
of Sudan. Lundin's 40.375% stake was held by their Canadian subsidiary International Petroleum Corporation (IPC). OMV agreed to purchase their 27.5% interest in the Block 5A project on 3 June 1997. Petronas already had a pending assignment of a 30% interest. In 2002, Lundin and
550:
reported that in the village of Rier, close to the Thar Jath Central Processing Facility, there were critical levels of salts and contaminants such as cyanides, lead, nickel, cadmium and arsenic. This water can cause serious health problems. The pollution was also affecting the
453:
began attacking communities in Block 5A, including Leer. Residents fled to the marshes, where many died of malaria. The Khartoum government wanted to clear all civilians away from the oil facilities, roads and pipeline. Riek Machar's less violent approach was rejected.
603:
In June 2010, a Swedish public prosecutor said an inquiry was being opened into whether any of Lundin's Swedish employees broke the law. The investigation was triggered by an 8 June 2010 report published by the European Coalition on Oil in the Sudan, an
542:
from the Nile and that there is a risk of oil contamination, this is a serious concern. On 8 November 2004 a thick black cloud with a 13 km black fane was visible in the Thar Jath oil field, possibly indicating a blowout and resultant oil spill.
270:'s mainstream branch of the SPLM/A. Machar's breakaway faction was called the SPLM/A-Nasir faction from 1991 to 1993, and then the South Sudan Independence Army (SSIA) from 1994 to 1997. In 1996 Riek signed a Political Charter and in 1997 the
509:
were abandoned and there was a gradual drift of farming activity towards the south and west. By 2002 there was no sign of any farming activity around Nhialdiu, where a series of village attacks had been reported for the last three years.
226:
permanent wetland. In the wet season, the low-lying lands are covered in flood water, and the herders move to higher ground. Block 5A is populated by Nuer people of the Bul, Leek, Jagei, Western Jikany and Dok sections. The town of
546:
this can cause health problems if people drink the water. Witnesses also said that toxic waste was being dumped into pits in the dried swamp, which would flood into the marshes in the rainy season. In November 2009 the German NGO
320:
early in May 1999 Tito formally declared that he had switched to the SPLA, along with his officers and men. In September 1999 Peter Gadet also mutinied, going over to the SPLA. On 29 September 1999 Gadet shelled Paulino's base of
2249:
337:
denounced government by the "current corrupt gangs in Juba" and called for the government of Southern Sudan to be replaced by a national broad-base transitional government. Gadet began an assault on the SPLA in
529:
accounts confirm that the tactics included the abduction of women and children, gang rapes, ground assaults supported by helicopter gunships, destruction of humanitarian relief sites, and burning of villages.
444:
Unlike other oilfields in Sudan, there was no forcible displacement of the civilian population until about 1998, when the consortium led by Lundin Oil started exploration. At that time a government-supported
1649:
404:
In 2006 White Nile (5B) Petroleum Operating Co started production at the Thar Jath field in Block 5A on behalf of the Contractors (Petronas, ONGC and Sudapet). The company was jointly owned by
325:, causing flight of civilians to Block 5A in the east of the state. For several months after September 1999 Tito coordinated with Gadet in attacking various oil-related targets in Unity State.
436:
A 2005 estimate of total development effort for Thar Jath field was US$ 311 million. Assuming a Brent price of US$ 25 per barrel, that would give an Internal Rate of Return of just over 22%.
1896:
1855:
516:(Unity State) said Antonov bombers, helicopter gunships, horsemen and Government of Sudan ground forces and militia were involved. Many civilians were killed. A report published by the
613:, Swedish Foreign Minister, was a board member during the years when the alleged abuse occurred. OMV, which is 31% owned by the Austrian government, was also implicated by the report.
626:
497:
393:
Thar Jath field was spudded on 7 April 1999, expected to reach the Cretaceous Bentiu and Darfur sandstones at a depth of around 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) in four to six weeks.
289:, not far to the north. The 1,540 kilometres (960 mi) underground pipeline opened in 1999. In 1998, oil exploration began to ramp up in the Block 5A concession area, and
258:
Sudan was in a state of civil war for most of the years following independence in 1956, apart from a temporary respite between 1972 and 1983. After hostilities resumed, the
2256:
401:(OVL) of India was given approval to acquire the 26.125% stake owned by OMV in Block 5A. On 2 September 2003 OVL bought OMV's stake in Blocks 5a and 5B for $ 135 million.
1699:
2093:
2068:
2145:
1504:
234:
territory, is in a key position in the block. On the east of the Nile the southern part of Zeraf island lies in Block 5a, populated mostly by Thiang Nuer.
1660:
1575:
2220:
1480:
360:
After the resumption of exploration and development, on 6 February 1997 the Sudanese Government granted the block 5A concession to a consortium of
328:
With the end of the civil war in January 2005 the fighting died down. However, security problems continue. After the April 2010 elections, Colonel
1809:
377:
swapped some of their assets, but the Lundin family kept control of their block 5A assets. Block 5A was the main asset of Lundin Oil's successor
2027:
1904:
1863:
281:
The swampy and inaccessible region had no strategic value to the Khartoum government before the approach of the pipeline that was built from
109:
1446:
1836:
259:
44:
2294:
422:
2049:
357:. However, Chevron stopped oil exploration after three of their expatriate oil workers were killed by rebels in February 1984.
313:
2106:
1770:
1689:
487:
three times in 1998, destroying chapels, clinics, schools and government buildings. Again, those who could escape did so.
2112:
2284:
2075:
2153:
1964:
1731:
309:
278:(SSDF), which included most of the ex-rebels who had signed the Khartoum agreement. His forces controlled Block 5A.
1512:
271:
1789:
262:(SPLM/A) captured Leer from the government in March 1986, and the town became a stronghold of the rebel commander
1528:"Block 5A - Oil Field of Sudan - MASSIVE CHANGES IN TRADITIONAL LAND USE SINCE THE INTRODUCTION OF OIL INDUSTRY"
479:
474:
began an emergency program to assist 25,000 people in Unity State displaced through insecurity. In June 1998
341:, leaving at least 45 people dead. According to the military, 20 of the victims were southern army soldiers.
1582:
2224:
1600:
1488:
622:
517:
1993:
1813:
384:
In 1998 the consortium established a drilling site at Ryer, in Jagei Nuer territory, near the port of
2169:"WFP delivers first food in months to tens of thousands of Sudanese cut off by war in Southern Sudan"
353:
prospected for oil in Block 5A, and in 1982 reportedly found oil about fours hours walk northwest of
275:
194:
629:(SPOC) registered in Mauritius on March 7, 2012. The block is now jointly operated by all partners.
1679:
1558:"Community Development & Humanitarian Assistance Program (CDHAP) Block 5A, Unity State, Sudan"
297:
led Paulino Matiep's militia as they marauded through Block 5A in early 1999. His fighters forced
2130:
1557:
496:
and fish. Their own villages have been burned down and their grain stores have been looted". The
2203:
1456:
2289:
2146:"War-related Human Rights Abuses by Government of Sudan (GoS) Upper Nile January to April 2002"
1721:
250:
was thought to have 44 million barrels of reserves. Oil has also been found in Jarayan field.
1954:
1615:
500:
defined Unity State as being an area of acute emergency, the worst possible classification.
33:
Oil concessions in Sudan & South Sudan as of 2004. Block 5A in the center of the fields.
2052:. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 13 November 2002. Archived from
1752:
504:
offensive in Block 5A. Soon after, Lundin sold its interest in the concession. A study of
8:
1741:
1635:"EIA of Sudan's Oil Fields - Hydrological Effects of the Development of the Oil Industry"
350:
425:(GNPOC). From there it is carried by GNPOC's 1,542 kilometres (958 mi) pipeline to
1704:
1634:
568:
513:
322:
305:
2053:
1878:
1681:
Minerals Yearbook, 2006, V. 3, Area Reports, International, Africa and the Middle East
2102:
1960:
1934:
1727:
1685:
556:
484:
227:
2184:
512:
Reports of attacks by government forces in the period from January to April 2002 in
470:
were looted and destroyed. The health center in Nhialdiu was destroyed. In May 1998
1974:
1919:
581:
378:
2250:"Oil-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Social Problem and Human Rights Issue"
2095:
Unpaid Debt: The Legacy of Lundin, Petronas and OMV in Block 5A, Sudan 1997 - 2003
1822:"OIL-CAUSED REALIGNMENT OF SOUTHERN REBEL FORCES AND ESCALATION OF WAR, LATE 1999"
1790:"Lundin Petroleum completes sale of Block 5A Sudan to Petronas Carigali Overseas"
1451:
577:
374:
1527:
1821:
450:
290:
2278:
807:
805:
124:
111:
596:, have benefitted from the government's continued abuses of human rights".
238:
218:
802:
520:
on 10 February 2003 described a renewed push to clear the road south from
446:
398:
354:
338:
333:
329:
294:
267:
263:
242:
231:
210:
190:
148:
81:
71:
2028:"Sudan's Oilfields Burn Again: Brinkmanship Endangers the Peace Process"
1284:
610:
426:
361:
282:
214:
1837:"OMV could be an accomplice in war crimes and crimes against humanity"
1742:"Human Security in Sudan: The Report of a Canadian Assessment Mission"
1064:
1062:
266:, who had been born there. In August 1991 Riek Machar broke away from
1410:
1296:
1260:
1122:
748:
746:
744:
385:
298:
680:
678:
676:
2168:
2012:
1616:"ECOS report blames Sweden's Lundin Petroleum for Sudan war crimes"
1542:
1272:
1059:
589:
467:
409:
405:
365:
144:
28:
1224:
741:
498:
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
1347:
1188:
909:
673:
538:
505:
463:
430:
413:
369:
222:
152:
1098:
1325:
1323:
1110:
1035:
945:
609:
denied the allegations. The investigation is sensitive because
572:
521:
459:
418:
389:
286:
1576:"Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2000 Sudan Operations"
1574:
1371:
1025:
1023:
969:
811:
777:
775:
773:
1308:
1161:
758:
555:
wetlands, deemed to be of international importance under the
471:
317:
274:
with the government. Riek was made commander in chief of the
246:
2026:
1879:"ONGC Videsh Limited's activities in Sudan Project (Africa)"
1320:
1290:
899:
897:
895:
705:
1020:
770:
585:
552:
525:
475:
198:
2074:. University of California, Berkeley. 2009. Archived from
1543:"Briefing document on the Emergency in the South of Sudan"
1178:
1176:
1994:"South Sudan villagers, environment suffer from oil boom"
1835:
1788:
1633:
1526:
1416:
1359:
1302:
1266:
1128:
892:
792:
790:
605:
593:
492:
2152:. SUDAN FOCAL POINT- AFRICA. May 2, 2002. Archived from
1505:"Sudan's White Nile marshes threatened by oil pollution"
981:
2144:
1278:
1173:
1074:
933:
817:
344:
2167:
1975:"South Sudan clashes between army and militia kill 57"
1933:
1398:
1230:
1151:
1149:
998:
996:
829:
787:
717:
684:
1820:
1751:
1541:
1388:
1386:
1194:
1068:
915:
858:
856:
616:
388:
on the Nile. In 1998 they built an unpaved road from
1747:. Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ottawa. January 2000.
1556:
1481:"Austrian OMV to acquire interest Block 5A in Sudan"
1422:
1104:
921:
663:
661:
648:
646:
2129:
1740:
1648:
1479:
1353:
1248:
1236:
1212:
1200:
1146:
1134:
1116:
1047:
1041:
993:
951:
880:
868:
841:
301:, a high-ranking SSDF commander, to evacuate Leer.
209:The Block 5A concession covers the central part of
1973:
1895:
1854:
1677:
1383:
1377:
1335:
1086:
1008:
975:
853:
764:
752:
729:
2247:
2101:. European Coalition on Oil in Sudan. June 2010.
2011:
1992:
1935:"Petronas Begins Production at Block 5a in Sudan"
1614:
1314:
1167:
711:
695:
693:
658:
643:
2276:
2067:
1877:
1769:
1329:
1029:
957:
781:
193:. After oil field development began during the
2037:. International Crisis Group. 10 February 2003
1447:"Was a Swedish Firm Complicit in Sudan's War?"
690:
2048:
1918:
1365:
903:
51:
1599:
987:
621:Petronas Carigali Nile, ONGC Videsh Ltd and
1698:
796:
27:
2131:"Update on Activities in Block 5A, Sudan"
2013:"Sudan Bulletin No. 74: 06 - 13 Feb 1999"
1473:Five Years of Sudan Focal Point Briefings
316:, who were supplying arms. On arrival in
304:By April 1999 Tito Biel's SSDF forces in
237:Geologically, Block 5A is located in the
2219:
2171:. World Food Programme. December 8, 1998
2050:"Talisman sells controversial oil stake"
1470:
1428:
927:
423:Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company
2092:
1824:. Human Rights Watch. November 24, 2003
1719:
1404:
835:
532:
260:Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army
253:
2277:
2202:Ziada, Ismail S.H. (27 January 2007).
1807:
1771:"Lundin Oil Spuds First Well in Sudan"
1650:"Gatluak Gai's Rebellion, Unity State"
1092:
2201:
1723:The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars
1581:. Talisman Energy Inc. Archived from
1563:. Lundin Petroleum AB. September 2002
1444:
1392:
1014:
667:
1952:
1903:. September 27, 2006. Archived from
1856:"OMV/ONGC Sudan Deal Finally Closes"
1601:"Dozens killed in South Sudan clash"
1341:
1254:
1242:
1218:
1206:
1182:
1155:
1140:
1080:
1053:
1002:
939:
886:
874:
862:
847:
823:
735:
723:
652:
345:Oil field development and production
2255:. Conflict Recovery. Archived from
2183:Yak, Peter Gadet (April 18, 2011).
2182:
2015:. World Food Programme. 25 Feb 1999
1810:"Oil firm's exit: The first crack?"
1502:
1485:Alexander's Gas and Oil Connections
963:
699:
16:Petroleum concession of South Sudan
13:
1808:Muindi, Matthias (February 2002).
1720:Johnson, Douglas Hamilton (2003).
617:Impact of secession of South Sudan
14:
2306:
1897:"ONGC's Sudan Block 5A Allotment"
1678:Geological Survey (U.S.) (2009).
812:Corporate Social Responsibility..
1700:"Govt okays OVL's Sudan project"
627:Sudd Petroleum Operating Company
466:. In early 1998 villages around
50:
43:
2295:Economic history of South Sudan
1487:. June 17, 1997. Archived from
584:(Block 5A), and their partners
571:published in 2003 claimed that
439:
1862:. May 13, 2004. Archived from
1684:. Government Printing Office.
562:
310:Sudan People's Liberation Army
1:
1267:Block 5A - Oil Field of Sudan
632:
1956:Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights
1726:. Indiana University Press.
1445:Abend, Lisa (July 4, 2010).
1417:OMV could be an accomplice..
1291:Sudan's Oilfields Burn Again
1129:Lundin Petroleum completes..
449:militia under Major General
7:
1753:"Lundin Annual Report 2006"
1659:. July 2011. Archived from
1503:Bar, Herve (Nov 16, 2009).
364:of Sweden, OMV of Austria,
204:
10:
2311:
2248:Bogumil Terminski (2011).
1279:War-related Human Rights..
685:Petronas Begins Production
623:Nile Petroleum Corporation
518:International Crisis Group
308:were cooperating with the
2285:Oil fields in South Sudan
1303:EIA of Sudan's Oil Fields
1231:WFP delivers first food..
1195:Briefing document (Oxfam)
1069:Lundin Annual Report 2006
276:South Sudan Defense Force
195:Second Sudanese Civil War
176:
171:
163:
158:
140:
103:
95:
87:
77:
67:
38:
26:
21:
916:OIL-CAUSED REALIGNMENT..
580:(Blocks 1, 2 and 4) and
480:Médecins Sans Frontières
272:Khartoum Peace Agreement
189:is an oil concession in
2185:"The MAYOM DECLARATION"
2133:. Lundin. 27 March 2003
1603:. Aljazeera.net/english
1471:Ashworth, John (2004).
1354:Human Security in Sudan
1105:Community Development..
1042:Austrian OMV to acquire
952:Gatluak Gai’s Rebellion
478:town was attacked. The
381:between 2001 and 2003.
201:are becoming polluted.
1959:. Human Rights Watch.
1117:Update on Activities..
753:Geological Survey 2009
421:owned and operated by
217:, extending west into
125:8.743947°N 30.140401°E
2069:"Understanding Sudan"
1953:Rone, Jemera (2003).
1511:. AFP. Archived from
1378:OMV/ONGC Sudan Deal..
1315:South Sudan villagers
1168:Sudan Bulletin No. 74
976:South Sudan clashes..
241:, which extends from
1475:. Sudan Focal Point.
712:ECOS report blames..
533:Environmental impact
254:Struggle for control
177:Producing formations
59:Location of Block 5A
1920:"Peace from within"
1637:. Prinz Engineering
1545:. Oxfam. 1 May 1998
1530:. Prinz Engineering
1330:Understanding Sudan
1185:, pp. 192–194.
1083:, pp. 188–189.
942:, pp. 318–319.
826:, pp. 194–195.
782:ONGC Videsh Limited
726:, pp. 102–103.
351:Chevron Corporation
213:on the west of the
130:8.743947; 30.140401
121: /
1758:. Lundin Petroleum
1705:The Economic Times
1030:Lundin Oil Spuds..
765:ONGC's Sudan Block
569:Human Rights Watch
514:Western Upper Nile
306:Western Upper Nile
285:on the Red Sea to
2108:978-90-70443-16-0
2056:on 27 August 2011
1691:978-1-4113-2174-8
1657:Small Arms Survey
1515:on April 16, 2010
904:Peace from within
755:, pp. 36–23.
557:Ramsar convention
312:(SPLA) forces in
184:
183:
2302:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2223:. Archived from
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2111:. Archived from
2100:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1970:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:on April 2, 2012
1901:Petroleum Africa
1892:
1890:
1889:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1860:Petroleum Africa
1851:
1849:
1848:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1812:. Archived from
1804:
1802:
1801:
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582:Lundin Petroleum
379:Lundin Petroleum
368:of Malaysia and
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2035:AFRICA Briefing
2030:
2018:
2016:
2003:
2001:
2000:. March 4, 2008
1984:
1982:
1981:. 24 April 2011
1967:
1944:
1942:
1941:. June 28, 2006
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1843:. June 14, 2010
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1777:. April 8, 1999
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988:Dozens killed..
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537:Examination of
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524:to the port of
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375:Talisman Energy
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2241:External links
2237:
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2221:"ONGC Profile"
2217:
2204:"Oil in Sudan"
2199:
2180:
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2142:
2127:
2107:
2090:
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1990:
1971:
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1922:. Sudan Update
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1816:on 2011-09-28.
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1708:. Aug 24, 2003
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797:Govt okays OVL
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451:Paulino Matiep
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314:Bahr el Ghazal
291:Paulino Matiep
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2262:on 2015-09-23
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2264:. Retrieved
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2154:the original
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2054:the original
2039:. Retrieved
2034:
2017:. Retrieved
2002:. Retrieved
1997:
1983:. Retrieved
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1955:
1943:. Retrieved
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1905:the original
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1775:BusinessWire
1774:
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1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1703:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1656:
1639:. Retrieved
1624:. Retrieved
1622:. 8 Jun 2010
1620:energy-pedia
1619:
1605:. Retrieved
1590:. Retrieved
1583:the original
1565:. Retrieved
1547:. Retrieved
1532:. Retrieved
1517:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1508:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:the original
1484:
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1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1450:
1429:ONGC Profile
1424:
1412:
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836:Johnson 2003
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567:A report by
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548:Sign of Hope
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440:Human impact
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239:Muglad Basin
236:
219:Warrap State
208:
186:
185:
1841:Friedl News
1509:Google News
1405:Unpaid Debt
1093:Muindi 2002
563:Controversy
399:ONGC Videsh
339:Unity state
334:Koch County
330:Gatluak Gai
295:Peter Gadet
268:John Garang
264:Riek Machar
245:north into
243:South Sudan
211:Unity State
191:South Sudan
149:ONGC Videsh
128: /
104:Coordinates
82:Unity State
72:South Sudan
2279:Categories
2266:2012-04-13
2231:2013-09-08
2212:2011-09-12
2194:2016-03-08
2175:2011-09-13
2160:2011-09-11
2137:2011-09-11
2122:2011-08-11
2085:2011-09-11
2060:2011-09-12
2041:2011-09-12
2019:2011-09-13
2004:2011-09-13
1985:2011-04-26
1945:2011-09-11
1926:2011-09-10
1911:2011-09-11
1888:2011-09-11
1870:2011-09-12
1847:2011-09-12
1828:2011-08-04
1800:2011-09-11
1781:2011-09-13
1762:2011-09-10
1712:2011-09-11
1670:2011-09-12
1641:2011-09-13
1626:2011-09-11
1607:2011-04-26
1592:2011-09-13
1567:2011-09-11
1549:2011-09-13
1534:2011-09-11
1519:2011-09-13
1495:2011-09-11
1463:2011-09-11
1393:Abend 2010
1015:Ziada 2007
668:Abend 2010
633:References
611:Carl Bildt
427:Port Sudan
412:(50%) and
362:Lundin Oil
283:Port Sudan
215:White Nile
172:Production
116:30°08′25″E
1883:Infraline
1794:Al Bawaba
1342:Rone 2003
1255:Rone 2003
1243:Rone 2003
1219:Rone 2003
1207:Rone 2003
1183:Rone 2003
1156:Rone 2003
1141:Rone 2003
1081:Rone 2003
1054:Rone 2003
1003:Rone 2003
940:Rone 2003
887:Rone 2003
875:Rone 2003
863:Rone 2003
848:Rone 2003
824:Rone 2003
736:Rone 2003
724:Rone 2003
653:Rone 2003
638:Citations
386:Thar Jath
299:Tito Biel
230:, in Dok
164:Discovery
141:Operators
113:8°44′38″N
1979:BBC News
964:Yak 2011
700:Bar 2009
590:Petronas
578:Talisman
468:Nhialdiu
410:Malaysia
406:Petronas
366:Petronas
205:Location
187:Block 5A
145:Petronas
22:Block 5A
2150:Gurtong
1939:Rigzone
1438:Sources
539:Landsat
506:Landsat
464:Mankien
431:Red Sea
429:on the
414:Sudapet
370:Sudapet
223:Jonglei
153:Nilepet
99:Onshore
68:Country
2105:
1963:
1730:
1688:
573:Lundin
522:Bentiu
460:Bentiu
419:Heglig
390:Bentiu
287:Heglig
78:Region
2260:(PDF)
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1561:(PDF)
472:Oxfam
323:Mayom
318:Yirol
247:Sudan
88:Block
2103:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1452:Time
592:and
586:CNPC
553:Sudd
526:Adok
485:Koch
476:Duar
462:and
447:Nuer
355:Koch
349:The
232:Nuer
228:Leer
199:Nile
606:NGO
594:OMV
493:WFP
408:of
332:of
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