304:
576:(WCH) and can result from anxiety related to an examination by a health care professional. White coat hypertension can also occur because, in a clinical setting, patients are seldom given the opportunity to rest for five minutes before blood pressure readings are taken. The misdiagnosis of hypertension for these patients can result in needless and possibly harmful medication. WCH can be reduced (but not eliminated) with automated blood pressure measurements over 15 to 20 minutes in a quiet part of the office or clinic. In some cases a lower blood pressure reading occurs at the doctor's - this has been termed 'masked hypertension'.
1917:
I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL, Kjeldsen SE, Erdine S, Narkiewicz K, Kiowski W, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Cifkova R, Dominiczak A, Fagard R, Heagerty AM, Laurent S, Lindholm LH, Mancia G, Manolis A, Nilsson PM, Redon J, Schmieder RE, Struijker-Boudier HA, Viigimaa M, Filippatos G, Adamopoulos S, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Bertomeu V, Clement D, Erdine S, Farsang C, Gaita D, Kiowski W, Lip G, Mallion JM, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, O'Brien E, Ponikowski P, Redon J, Ruschitzka F, Tamargo J, van
Zwieten P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Williams B, Zamorano JL (June 2007).
410:) to observe cuff pressure oscillations, electronics to automatically interpret them, and automatic inflation and deflation of the cuff. The pressure sensor should be calibrated periodically to maintain accuracy. Oscillometric measurement requires less skill than the auscultatory technique and may be suitable for use by untrained staff and for automated patient home monitoring. As for the auscultatory technique it is important that the cuff size is appropriate for the arm. There are some single cuff devices that may be used for arms of differing sizes, although experience with these is limited.
517:(PWV) principle have been developed. These techniques rely on the fact that the velocity at which an arterial pressure pulse travels along the arterial tree depends, among others, on the underlying blood pressure. Accordingly, after a calibration maneuver, these techniques provide indirect estimates of blood pressure by translating PWV values into blood pressure values. The main advantage of these techniques is that it is possible to measure PWV values of a subject continuously (beat-by-beat), without medical supervision, and without the need of continuously inflating brachial cuffs.
288:
74:
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measurements may not be accurate in patients with atrial fibrillation or other arrhythmias such as frequent ectopic beats. Home monitoring may be used to improve hypertension management and to monitor the effects of lifestyle changes and medication related to blood pressure. Compared to ambulatory blood pressure measurements, home monitoring has been found to be an effective and lower cost alternative, but ambulatory monitoring is more accurate than both clinic and home monitoring in diagnosing hypertension.
538:
ambulatory blood pressure monitoring should be used for diagnosis of hypertension. Health economic analysis suggested that this approach would be cost effective compared with repeated clinic measurements. Not all home blood pressure machines are accurate, and "wide range" (one-size fits all) home blood pressure monitoring units do not have adequate evidence to support their use. In addition, health care professionals are recommending that people validate their home devices before relying on the results.
29:
546:
should do so before the reading. For 5 minutes before the reading, one should sit upright in a chair with one's feet flat on the floor and with limbs uncrossed. The blood pressure cuff should always be against bare skin, as readings taken over a shirt sleeve are less accurate. The same arm should be used for all measurements. During the reading, the arm that is used should be relaxed and kept at heart level, for example by resting it on a table.
550:
to 3 readings should be taken in the morning (after awakening, before washing/dressing, taking breakfast/drink or taking medication) and another 2 to 3 readings at night, each day over a period of 1 week. It was also recommended that the readings from the first day should be discarded and that a total of ≥12 readings (i.e. at least two readings per day for the remaining 6 days of the week) should be used for making clinical decisions.
89:
296:
399:. The electronic version of this method is sometimes used in long-term measurements and general practice. The first fully automated oscillometric blood pressure cuff called the Dinamap 825, an acronym for "Device for Indirect Non-invasive Mean Arterial Pressure", was made available in 1976. It was replaced in 1978 by the Dinamap 845 which could also measure systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as heart rate.
79:
78:
75:
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77:
92:
1916:
Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Struijker
Boudier HA, Zanchetti A, Vahanian A, Camm J, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hellemans
646:
applications. These include single pressure, dual pressure, and multi-parameter (i.e. pressure / temperature). The monitors can be used for measurement and follow-up of arterial, central venous, pulmonary arterial, left atrial, right atrial, femoral arterial, umbilical venous, umbilical arterial, and
549:
Since blood pressure varies throughout the day, home measurements should be taken at the same time of day. A Joint
Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, American Society of Hypertension, and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association on home monitoring in 2008 recommended that 2
537:
and the benefits of lowering blood pressure have mostly been based on readings in a clinical environment. Use of ambulatory measurements is not widespread but guidelines developed by the UK National
Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the British Hypertension Society recommended that 24-hour
456:
Recently, several coefficient-free oscillometric algorithms have developed for estimation of blood pressure. These algorithms do not rely on experimentally obtained coefficients and have been shown to provide more accurate and robust estimation of blood pressure. These algorithms are based on finding
614:
The cannula must be connected to a sterile, fluid-filled system, which is connected to an electronic pressure transducer. The advantage of this system is that pressure is constantly monitored beat-by-beat, and a waveform (a graph of pressure against time) can be displayed. This invasive technique is
413:
The cuff is inflated to a pressure initially in excess of the systolic arterial pressure and then reduced to below diastolic pressure over a period of about 30 seconds. When blood flow is nil (cuff pressure exceeding systolic pressure) or unimpeded (cuff pressure below diastolic pressure), cuff
91:
474:
Continuous
Noninvasive Arterial Pressure (CNAP) is the method of measuring beat-to-beat arterial blood pressure in real-time without any interruptions and without cannulating the human body. CNAP combines the advantages of the two clinical gold standards: it measures blood pressure continuously in
278:
and palpating the radial pulse. Methods using constitutive models have been proposed to measure blood pressure from radial artery pulse. The diastolic blood pressure cannot be estimated by this method. The
American Heart Association recommends that palpation be used to get an estimate before using
96:
95:
90:
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When measuring blood pressure in the home, an accurate reading requires that one not drink coffee, smoke cigarettes, or engage in strenuous exercise for 30 minutes before taking the reading. A full bladder may have a small effect on blood pressure readings; if the urge to urinate arises, one
562:
of the physician. Karimi
Hosseini et al. evaluated the interobserver differences among specialists without any auditory impairment, and reported 68% of observers recorded systolic blood pressure in a range of 9.4 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure in a range of 20.5 mmHg and mean blood pressure in a
359:
A cuff of the appropriate size is fitted snugly, then inflated manually by repeatedly squeezing a rubber bulb until the artery is completely occluded. It is important that the cuff size is correct: undersized cuffs record too high a pressure; oversized cuffs may yield too low a pressure. Usually
2462:
Mariscal-Harana, Jorge; Charlton, Peter H.; Vennin, Samuel; Aramburu, Jorge; Florkow, Mateusz Cezary; van
Engelen, Arna; Schneider, Torben; de Bliek, Hubrecht; Ruijsink, Bram; Valverde, Israel; Beerbaum, Philipp; Grotenhuis, Heynric; Charakida, Marietta; Chowienczyk, Phil; Sherwin, Spencer J.;
421:
Over the deflation period, the recorded pressure waveform forms a signal known as the cuff deflation curve. A bandpass filter is utilized to extract the oscillometric pulses from the cuff deflation curve. Over the deflation period, the extracted oscillometric pulses form a signal known as the
234:
and oscillometric measurements are simpler and quicker than invasive measurements, require less expertise, have virtually no complications, are less unpleasant and less painful for the patient. However, non-invasive methods may yield somewhat lower accuracy and small systematic differences in
2513:"Recommendations for Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans and Experimental Animals: Part 1: Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans: A Statement for Professionals From the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research"
97:
541:
Home monitoring is a cheap and simple alternative to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, although it does not usually allow assessment of blood pressure during sleep which may be a disadvantage. Automatic self-contained blood pressure monitors are available at reasonable prices, however
448:
In practice the different methods do not give identical results; an algorithm and experimentally obtained coefficients are used to adjust the oscillometric results to give readings which match the auscultatory results as well as possible. Some equipment uses computer-aided analysis of the
2426:
Liu, Wenyan; Du, Shuo; Zhou, Shuran; Mei, Tiemin; Zhang, Yuelan; Sun, Guozhe; Song, Shuang; Xu, Lisheng; Yao, Yudong; Greenwald, Stephen E. (2022). "Noninvasive estimation of aortic pressure waveform based on simplified Kalman filter and dual peripheral artery pressure waveforms".
563:
range of 16.1mmHg. Neufeld et al. reported standard deviations for both systolic and diastolic readings were roughly 3.5 to 5.5 mm Hg. In general standard deviation for the diastolic pressure would be greater because of the difficulty in judging when the sounds disappear.
94:
422:
oscillometric waveform (OMW). The amplitude of the oscillometric pulses increases to a maximum and then decreases with further deflation. A variety of analysis algorithms can be employed in order to estimate the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure.
414:
pressure will be essentially constant. When blood flow is present, but restricted, the cuff pressure, which is monitored by the pressure sensor, will vary periodically in synchrony with the cyclic expansion and contraction of the brachial artery, i.e., it will
571:
For some patients, blood pressure measurements taken in a doctor's office may not correctly characterize their typical blood pressure. In up to 25% of patients, the office measurement is higher than their typical blood pressure. This type of error is called
143:
are contracting. Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood. An example of normal measured values for a resting, healthy adult human is 120 mmHg
1708:
Lovibond K, Jowett S, Barton P, Caulfield M, Heneghan C, Hobbs FD, Hodgkinson J, Mant J, Martin U, Williams B, Wonderling D, McManus RJ (2011). "Cost-effectiveness of options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a modelling study".
638:. Patients with invasive arterial monitoring require very close supervision, as there is a danger of severe bleeding if the line becomes disconnected. It is generally reserved for patients where rapid variations in arterial pressure are anticipated.
344:, measures the height of a column of mercury, giving an absolute result without need for calibration and, consequently, not subject to the errors and drift of calibration which affect other methods. The use of mercury manometers is often required in
1965:"Call to action on use and reimbursement for home blood pressure monitoring: executive summary: a joint scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American Society Of Hypertension, and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association"
532:
and provide more reliable estimates of usual blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. Blood pressure readings outside of a clinical setting are usually slightly lower in the majority of people; however studies that quantified the risks from
658:, which, compared to peripheral blood pressure, has been shown to correlate more strongly with negative cardiovascular events, kidney disease, and other morbidities, as well as all-cause mortality, has traditionally required invasive
502:, the NICCI Technology provides continuous and noninvasive hemodynamic parameters during surgeries. The measurement results are comparable to invasive arterial line measurements in terms of continuity, accuracy and waveform dynamics.
457:
the fundamental relationship between the oscillometric waveform and the blood pressure using modeling and learning approaches. Pulse transit time measurements have been also used to improve oscillometric blood pressure estimates.
483:. Latest developments in this field show promising results in terms of accuracy, ease of use and clinical acceptance. An advanced hemodynamic monitoring system incorporating the CNAP method is the NICCI technology of the company
641:
Invasive vascular pressure monitors are pressure monitoring systems designed to acquire pressure information for display and processing. There are a variety of invasive vascular pressure monitors for trauma, critical care, and
1919:"2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)"
76:
160:/heartrate) and has clinical significance in a wide variety of situations. It is generally measured by first determining the systolic and diastolic pressures and then subtracting the diastolic from the systolic.
380:). The pressure at which this sound is first heard is the systolic blood pressure. The cuff pressure is further released until no sound can be heard (fifth Korotkoff sound), at the diastolic arterial pressure.
93:
1540:
Forouzanfar, M.; Ahmad, S.; Batkin, I.; Dajani, H. R.; Groza, V. Z.; Bolic, M. (2013-07-01). "Coefficient-Free Blood
Pressure Estimation Based on Pulse Transit Time #x2013;Cuff Pressure Dependence".
453:
to determine the systolic, mean, and diastolic points. Since many oscillometric devices have not been validated, caution must be given as most are not suitable in clinical and acute care settings.
498:
to detect the blood flow in the patient's fingers and pressure cuffs to create a constant flow. The resulting pressure in the finger sensor corresponds to the real arterial pressure. Based on the
2511:
Pickering, Thomas G.; Hall, John E.; Appel, Lawrence J.; Falkner, Bonita E.; Graves, John; Hill, Martha N.; Jones, Daniel W.; Kurtz, Theodore; Sheps, Sheldon G.; Roccella, Edward J. (2005).
662:
to be measured, but newer devices have either been developed or are in late stages of development that allow it to be non-invasively measured indirectly with an acceptable margin of error.
1165:
O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Mancia G, Mengden T, Myers M, Padfield P, Palatini P, Parati G, Pickering T, Redon J, Staessen J, Stergiou G, Verdecchia P (2003).
391:
The oscillometric method was first demonstrated in 1876 and involves the observation of oscillations in the sphygmomanometer cuff pressure which are caused by the oscillations of
235:
numerical results. Non-invasive measurement methods are more commonly used for routine examinations and monitoring. New non-invasive and continuous technologies based on the
993:
Solà , Josep; Proença, Martin; Braun, Fabian; Pierrel, Nicolas; Degiorgis, Yan; Verjus, Christophe; Lemay, Mathieu; Bertschi, Mattia; Schoettker, Patrick (1 September 2016).
1495:
Forouzanfar, M.; Dajani, H. R.; Groza, V. Z.; Bolic, M.; Rajan, S. (August 2011). "Feature-Based Neural
Network Approach for Oscillometric Blood Pressure Estimation".
484:
1348:
Forouzanfar, M.; Dajani, H. R.; Groza, V. Z.; Bolic, M.; Rajan, S.; Batkin, I. (2015-01-01). "Oscillometric Blood Pressure Estimation: Past, Present, and Future".
2139:
1031:"Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid, femoral, and radial pulses: observational study"
271:
alone in patients with systolic blood pressure of > 50 mmHg, and only a carotid pulse in patients with a systolic blood pressure of > 40 mmHg.
505:
Recent developments have proposed continuous, noninvasive, non-contact blood pressure measurements using systems such as cameras to monitor the human face.
1497:
852:
Khilnani P, Singhi S, Lodha R, Santhanam I, Sachdev A, Chugh K, Jaishree M, Ranjit S, Ramachandran B, Ali U, Udani S, Uttam R, Deopujari S (January 2010).
809:
Benetos, Athanase; Safar, Michel; Rudnichi, Annie; Smulyan, Harold; Richard, Jacques-Lucien; Ducimetière, Pierre; Guize, Louis (1997). "Pulse Pressure".
172:, it is more commonly estimated indirectly using one of several different mathematical formulas once systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures are known.
152:(written as 120/80 mmHg, and spoken as "one-twenty over eighty"). The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is referred to as
1811:
Sprague, Eliott; Padwal, Raj S. (2018). "Adequacy of validation of wide-range cuffs used with home blood pressure monitors: a systematic review".
112:, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure. Blood pressure values are generally reported in
905:"Pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure in relation to ischemic stroke among patients with uncontrolled hypertension in rural areas of China"
528:
devices take readings regularly (e.g. every half-hour throughout the day and night). They have been used to exclude measurement problems like
2224:
Jhalani J, Goyal T, Clemow L, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG, Gerin W (2005). "Anxiety and outcome expectations predict the white-coat effect".
2004:
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT, Roccella EJ (December 2003).
243:
parameters more applicable in general anesthesia and surgery where periods of hypotension might be missed by intermittent measurements.
1103:"Mean mid-arm circumference and blood pressure cuff sizes for U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2010"
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three or four cuff sizes should be available to allow measurements in arms of different size. Listening with the stethoscope to the
499:
469:
236:
50:
968:
303:
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Alastruey, Jordi (1 Feb 2021). "Estimating central blood pressure from aortic flow: development and assessment of algorithms".
2047:"A comparison of home measurement and ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure in the adjustment of antihypertensive treatment"
222:, by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement, is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting.
1680:
1633:
2301:
Albasri, Ali; OĘĽSullivan, Jack W.; Roberts, Nia W.; Prinjha, Suman; McManus, Richard J.; Sheppard, James P. (October 2017).
995:"Continuous non-invasive monitoring of blood pressure in the operating room: a cuffless optical technology at the fingertip"
215:, blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers.
2006:"Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure"
1259:
2352:"Ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation in adult and paediatric populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2303:"A comparison of blood pressure in community pharmacies with ambulatory, home and general practitioner office readings"
2135:
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Oscillometric monitors may produce inaccurate readings in patients with heart and circulation problems, which include
1080:
1167:"European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement"
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Alternative settings, such as pharmacies, have been proposed as alternatives to office blood pressure monitoring.
558:
There are many factors that can play a role in the blood pressure reading by physician, such as hearing problem,
263:, carotid, femoral and radial pulses are present in patients with a systolic blood pressure > 70 mmHg,
460:
The term NIBP, for non-invasive blood pressure, is often used to describe oscillometric monitoring equipment.
655:
2088:"The Relative Utility of Home, Ambulatory, and Office Blood Pressures in the Prediction of End-Organ Damage"
1695:
Hypertension Guideline 2011 Produced in a collaboration between the British Hypertension Society and NICE.
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Cannulation for invasive vascular pressure monitoring is infrequently associated with complications such as
402:
The oscillometric method uses a sphygmomanometer cuff, like the auscultatory method, but with an electronic
372:, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in the cuff. When blood just starts to flow in the artery, the
239:
vascular unloading technique, are making non-invasive measurement of blood pressure and further advanced
179:
are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a
2351:
760:
Franklin, Stanley S.; Khan, Shehzad A.; Wong, Nathan D.; Larson, Martin G.; Levy, Daniel (27 Jul 1999).
489:
1650:
525:
256:
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O’Rourke, Michael F.; Adji, Audrey (15 Nov 2011). "Noninvasive Studies of Central Aortic Pressure".
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involves direct measurement of arterial pressure by placing a cannula needle in an artery (usually
334:
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pressures. Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the end of the
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1214:. Slide seven of twenty-two, Cardiff University/Prfysgol Caerdydd. Accessed 27 September 2016
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1450:"Ratio-independent blood pressure estimation by modeling the oscillometric waveform envelope"
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611:). The cannula is inserted either via palpation or with the use of ultrasound guidance.
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A medical student checking blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.
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Measuring systolic and diastolic blood pressure using a mercury sphygmomanometer
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28:
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969:"Vital Signs (Body Temperature, Pulse Rate, Respiration Rate, Blood Pressure)"
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2494:
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1963:
Pickering TG, Miller NH, Ogedegbe G, Krakoff LR, Artinian NT, Goff D (2008).
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Shimbo D, Pickering TG, Spruill TM, Abraham D, Schwartz JE, Gerin W (2007).
1593:"Blood pressure estimation by spatial pulse-wave dynamics in a facial video"
1306:"Blood Pressure Monitoring – Automated Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitors"
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The auscultatory method is the predominant method of clinical measurement.
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at roughly the same vertical height as the heart, attached to a mercury or
240:
231:
196:
2180:
838:
587:
Arterial blood pressure is most accurately measured invasively through an
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1880:
1863:
762:"Is Pulse Pressure Useful in Predicting Risk for Coronary Heart Disease?"
713:
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259:, but should be used with caution. It has been estimated that, using 50%
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58:
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903:
Zheng L, Sun Z, Li J, Zhang R, Zhang X, Liu S, et al. (July 2008).
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A more accurate value of systolic blood pressure can be obtained with a
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212:
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157:
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Niiranen TJ, Kantola IM, Vesalainen R, Johansson J, Ruuska MJ (2006).
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854:"Pediatric Sepsis Guidelines: Summary for resource-limited countries"
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415:
353:
337:
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The auscultatory method (from the Latin word for "listening") uses a
252:
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149:
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Since the 1990s a novel family of techniques based on the so-called
592:
450:
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132:
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refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high, as opposed to
128:
2465:
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
1915:
2300:
2419:
1962:
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Auscultatory method aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope
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1754:"The quest for accuracy of blood pressure measuring devices"
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851:
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591:. Invasive arterial pressure measurement with intravascular
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817:(6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1410–1415.
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http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG127/NICEGuidance/pdf/English
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and, although it is possible to measure directly using an
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772:(4). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 354–360.
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system and it is noninvasive like the standard upper arm
330:
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Masked Hypertension or Isolated Ambulatory Hypertension
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White Coat Hypertension or Isolated Office Hypertension
992:
759:
251:
A minimum systolic value can be roughly estimated by
2399:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 8–20.
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IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
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2260:
1862:Ruzicka, Marcel; Hiremath, Swapnil (2017-07-01).
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680:"A short history of blood pressure measurement"
2202:. American Medical Association. Archived from
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1951:
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1022:
2429:Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
2425:
2390:
2138:. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
2038:
1100:
999:Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering
684:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
2217:
1689:
1542:IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
1251:
896:
615:regularly employed in human and veterinary
2196:"Blood pressure readings often unreliable"
2187:
2136:"How to prepare for a blood pressure test"
2079:
1904:
1626:Arterial Stiffness and Pulse Wave Velocity
1151:
1019:
566:
27:
2528:
2484:
2367:
2326:
2170:
2111:
2062:
2021:
1980:
1934:
1879:
1787:
1769:
1608:
1416:
1321:
1303:
1126:
1094:
1054:
1028:
1010:
920:
879:
869:
777:
703:
651:Central aortic blood pressure measurement
376:creates a "whooshing" or pounding (first
183:rhythm). They also change in response to
16:Techniques for determining blood pressure
1399:Hamzaoui O, Monnet X, Teboul JL (2013).
1078:Interpretation – Blood Pressure – Vitals
975:. Oregon Health & Science University
845:
671:
470:Continuous noninvasive arterial pressure
340:. The mercury manometer, considered the
302:
294:
286:
203:, when it is abnormally low. Along with
164:is the average pressure during a single
87:
84:Right position for taking blood pressure
72:
1257:
677:
2548:
2193:
1350:IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
508:
195:. Sometimes the variations are large.
120:and electronic devices do not contain
2194:Elliot, Victoria Stagg (2007-06-11).
1675:. Springer International Publishing.
1623:
1590:
1343:
1341:
101:Digital blood pressure monitor in use
2159:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1648:
1212:Audio recordings of Korotkoff sounds
1029:Deakin CD, Low JL (September 2000).
348:and for the clinical measurement of
1260:"Blood Pressure & Hypertension"
961:
13:
2530:10.1161/01.HYP.0000150859.47929.8e
2023:10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2
1982:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.189011
1338:
1229:Blood Pressure Measurement Methods
1101:M.M. Chiappa, Y. Ostchega (2013).
14:
2567:
553:
464:Continuous noninvasive techniques
2238:10.1097/00126097-200512000-00006
2142:from the original on 2021-04-07.
1868:American Journal of Hypertension
1758:Journal of Clinical Hypertension
1658:. Zurich: ETHZ PhD dissertation.
1183:10.1097/00004872-200305000-00001
449:instantaneous arterial pressure
386:
319:. This comprises an inflatable (
108:is most commonly measured via a
2343:
2294:
2146:
2128:
1855:
1804:
1745:
1701:
1662:
1642:
1617:
1584:
1533:
1488:
1441:
1392:
1297:
1272:
1205:
1071:
352:in high-risk patients, such as
282:
225:
2356:British Journal of Anaesthesia
2104:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.12.011
2064:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.10.017
1310:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
986:
937:
753:
521:Ambulatory and home monitoring
1:
1723:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61184-7
665:
656:Central aortic blood pressure
623:, and for research purposes.
2393:Current Hypertension Reports
2319:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001443
1825:10.1097/MBP.0000000000000344
1304:Westhorpe, R.N. (May 2009).
1119:10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283617606
922:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.510677
729:"Physiology, Pulse Pressure"
500:vascular unloading technique
475:real-time like the invasive
246:
193:momentarily from standing up
53:vascular unloading technique
7:
2477:10.1152/ajpheart.00241.2020
1246:The Oscillometric Technique
749:– via NCBI Bookshelf.
582:
10:
2572:
2504:
2441:10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106760
1323:10.1177/0310057X0903700321
696:10.1177/003591577707001112
467:
22:Blood pressure measurement
2405:10.1007/s11906-011-0236-5
2226:Blood Pressure Monitoring
1813:Blood Pressure Monitoring
1597:Biomedical Optics Express
1554:10.1109/TBME.2013.2243148
1454:IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas
1418:10.1183/09031936.00138912
1362:10.1109/RBME.2015.2434215
1258:Laurent, P (2003-09-28).
1107:Blood Pressure Monitoring
526:Ambulatory blood pressure
279:the auscultatory method.
191:, disease, exercise, and
156:(not to be confused with
57:
46:
38:
26:
21:
1936:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm236
1519:10.1109/TIM.2011.2123210
1474:10.1109/tim.2014.2332239
1047:10.1136/bmj.321.7262.673
823:10.1161/01.hyp.30.6.1410
779:10.1161/01.cir.100.4.354
647:intracranial pressures.
329:placed around the upper
177:arterial blood pressures
2435:. Elsevier BV: 106760.
2307:Journal of Hypertension
1284:The Wood Library-Museum
1012:10.1515/cdbme-2016-0060
973:OHSU Health Information
871:10.4103/0972-5229.63029
617:intensive care medicine
574:white-coat hypertension
567:White-coat hypertension
530:white-coat hypertension
485:Pulsion Medical Systems
187:, nutritional factors,
175:Systolic and diastolic
106:Arterial blood pressure
1624:Asmar, Roland (1999).
1448:Forouzanfar M (2014).
858:Indian J Crit Care Med
308:
300:
292:
162:Mean arterial pressure
116:(mmHg), though modern
114:millimetres of mercury
102:
85:
2285:Pickering et al. 2005
2268:Pickering et al. 2005
2200:American Medical News
1591:Iuchi, Kaito (2022).
1242:Pickering et al. 2005
1225:Pickering et al. 2005
1091:, accessed 2008-03-18
1089:University of Florida
660:heart catheterization
306:
298:
290:
255:, most often used in
100:
83:
1649:SolĂ , Josep (2011).
496:photoplethysmography
257:emergency situations
2287:, p. 146) See
2270:, p. 145) See
1717:(9798): 1219–1230.
1628:. Paris: Elsevier.
1511:2011ITIM...60.2786F
1466:2014ITIM...63.2501F
1244:, p. 147) See
1227:, p. 146) See
560:auditory perception
515:pulse wave velocity
509:Pulse wave velocity
218:Measuring pressure
2369:10.1093/bja/aew097
1881:10.1093/ajh/hpx056
1610:10.1364/BOE.473166
1401:"Pulsus paradoxus"
494:. The system uses
309:
301:
293:
103:
86:
2313:(10): 1919–1928.
1929:(12): 1462–1536.
1771:10.1111/jch.13279
1682:978-3-030-24701-0
1635:978-2-84299-148-7
1603:(11): 6035–6047.
1460:(10): 2501–2503.
1041:(7262): 673–674.
477:arterial catheter
307:Mercury manometer
230:The non-invasive
170:arterial catheter
148:and 80 mmHg
98:
81:
71:
70:
2563:
2542:
2532:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2298:
2292:
2281:
2275:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2016:(6): 1206–1252.
2001:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1883:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1773:
1764:(7): 1092–1095.
1749:
1743:
1742:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1548:(7): 1814–1824.
1537:
1531:
1530:
1505:(8): 2786–2796.
1492:
1486:
1485:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1420:
1411:(6): 1696–1705.
1396:
1390:
1389:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1130:
1098:
1092:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1014:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
941:
935:
934:
924:
915:(7): 1932–1937.
900:
894:
893:
883:
873:
849:
843:
842:
806:
800:
799:
781:
757:
751:
750:
748:
747:
724:
718:
717:
707:
678:Booth J (1977).
675:
493:
481:sphygmomanometer
443:pulsus paradoxus
439:pulsus alternans
427:arteriosclerosis
366:antecubital area
317:sphygmomanometer
276:sphygmomanometer
209:respiratory rate
205:body temperature
110:sphygmomanometer
99:
82:
67:
31:
19:
18:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2546:
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2420:
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2278:
2265:
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2222:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2188:
2151:
2147:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2084:
2080:
2043:
2039:
2002:
1998:
1961:
1952:
1914:
1905:
1860:
1856:
1809:
1805:
1750:
1746:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1622:
1618:
1589:
1585:
1538:
1534:
1493:
1489:
1446:
1442:
1397:
1393:
1346:
1339:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1239:
1235:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1163:
1152:
1099:
1095:
1076:
1072:
1027:
1020:
991:
987:
978:
976:
967:
966:
962:
953:
951:
949:medlineplus.gov
943:
942:
938:
901:
897:
850:
846:
807:
803:
758:
754:
745:
743:
725:
721:
690:(11): 793–799.
676:
672:
668:
653:
585:
569:
556:
523:
511:
487:
472:
466:
404:pressure sensor
389:
378:Korotkoff sound
362:brachial artery
346:clinical trials
285:
249:
228:
88:
73:
63:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2556:Blood pressure
2544:
2543:
2523:(1): 142–161.
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2454:
2418:
2383:
2362:(5): 610–617.
2342:
2293:
2276:
2259:
2232:(6): 317–319.
2216:
2186:
2165:(6): 633–637.
2145:
2127:
2098:(5): 476–482.
2092:Am J Hypertens
2078:
2057:(5): 468–474.
2051:Am J Hypertens
2037:
1996:
1950:
1903:
1874:(7): 661–664.
1854:
1819:(5): 219–224.
1803:
1744:
1700:
1688:
1681:
1661:
1641:
1634:
1616:
1583:
1532:
1487:
1440:
1405:Eur. Respir. J
1391:
1337:
1296:
1280:"Dinamap 1045"
1271:
1250:
1233:
1216:
1204:
1177:(5): 821–848.
1150:
1113:(3): 138–143.
1093:
1083:2012-07-02 at
1070:
1018:
1005:(1): 267–271.
985:
960:
936:
895:
844:
801:
752:
719:
669:
667:
664:
652:
649:
644:operating room
621:anesthesiology
605:dorsalis pedis
584:
581:
568:
565:
555:
554:Observer error
552:
522:
519:
510:
507:
468:Main article:
465:
462:
388:
385:
374:turbulent flow
354:pregnant women
284:
281:
269:femoral pulses
248:
245:
227:
224:
154:pulse pressure
69:
68:
61:
55:
54:
48:
44:
43:
42:Blood pressure
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2568:
2557:
2554:
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2297:
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2280:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2206:on 2008-11-12
2205:
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2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
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1966:
1959:
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1946:
1942:
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1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1912:
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1908:
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1891:
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1877:
1873:
1869:
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1850:
1846:
1842:
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1834:
1830:
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1086:
1085:archive.today
1082:
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589:arterial line
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387:Oscillometric
384:
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342:gold standard
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166:cardiac cycle
163:
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147:
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138:
137:cardiac cycle
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
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66:
62:
60:
56:
52:
49:
47:Based on
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2520:
2517:Hypertension
2516:
2486:10261/265391
2468:
2464:
2457:
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2428:
2421:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2271:
2262:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2199:
2189:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2130:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2013:
2010:Hypertension
2009:
1999:
1972:
1969:Hypertension
1968:
1926:
1922:
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1812:
1806:
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1313:
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1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1263:. Retrieved
1253:
1245:
1236:
1228:
1219:
1207:
1174:
1171:J. Hypertens
1170:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1073:
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1034:
1002:
998:
988:
977:. Retrieved
972:
963:
952:. Retrieved
948:
939:
912:
908:
898:
864:(1): 41–52.
861:
857:
847:
814:
811:Hypertension
810:
804:
769:
765:
755:
744:. Retrieved
732:
722:
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220:invasively
213:pulse rate
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1081:Archived
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2059:doi
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1977:doi
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