2555:(ARBs). These medications may be used alone or in combination (ACE inhibitors and ARBs are not recommended for use together); the latter option may serve to minimize counter-regulatory mechanisms that act to restore blood pressure values to pre-treatment levels, although the evidence for first-line combination therapy is not strong enough. Most people require more than one medication to control their hypertension. Medications for blood pressure control should be implemented by a stepped care approach when target levels are not reached. Withdrawal of such medications in the elderly can be considered by healthcare professionals, because there is no strong evidence of an effect on mortality,
2654:
2813:
1693:
measurement requires the person whose blood pressure is being measured to sit quietly for at least five minutes which is then followed by application of a properly fitted blood pressure cuff to a bare upper arm. The person should be seated with their back supported, feet flat on the floor, and with their legs uncrossed. The person whose blood pressure is being measured should avoid talking or moving during this process. The arm being measured should be supported on a flat surface at the level of the heart. Blood pressure measurement should be done in a quiet room so the medical professional checking the blood pressure can hear the
2903:
1520:
2362:, but whether this translates into a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease remains uncertain. Estimated sodium intake β₯6 g/day and <3 g/day are both associated with high risk of death or major cardiovascular disease, but the association between high sodium intake and adverse outcomes is only observed in people with hypertension. Consequently, in the absence of results from randomized controlled trials, the wisdom of reducing levels of dietary sodium intake below 3 g/day has been questioned. ESC guidelines mention
2646:
1512:
51:
12234:
943:
939:. The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 130/80 mmHg and 160/100 mmHg is less clear, with some reviews finding benefit and others finding unclear benefit. High blood pressure affects 33% of the population globally. About half of all people with high blood pressure do not know that they have it. In 2019, high blood pressure was believed to have been a factor in 19% of all deaths (10.4 million globally).
3119:
12246:
2304:
pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex, age and height of the child. High blood pressure must be confirmed on repeated visits however before characterizing a child as having hypertension. In adolescents, it has been proposed that hypertension is diagnosed and classified using the same criteria as in adults.
11032:"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension: Developed by the task force on the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)"
7004:"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension: Developed by the task force on the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)"
2955:
distended and tense vessels, fullness of the pulse, distension of the skin, coloured and dense urine, loss of appetite, weak eyesight, impairment of thinking, yawning, drowsiness, vascular rupture, and hemorrhagic stroke. Fullness disease was presumed to be due to an excessive amount of blood within the blood vessels.
3144:(WHL), an umbrella organization of 85 national hypertension societies and leagues, recognized that more than 50% of the hypertensive population worldwide are unaware of their condition. To address this problem, the WHL initiated a global awareness campaign on hypertension in 2005 and dedicated 17 May of each year as
7306:"European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)"
7290:
The results showed that cardiovascular disease and death are increased with low sodium intake (compared with moderate intake) irrespective of hypertension status, whereas there is a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and death only in individuals with hypertension consuming more than 6 g of sodium
3178:
Normal blood pressure in dogs can differ substantially between breeds but hypertension is often diagnosed if systolic blood pressure is above 160 mmHg particularly if this is associated with target organ damage. Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and calcium channel blockers are often used to
3161:
face many obstacles to achieving blood pressure control, including resistance to taking multiple medications to reach blood pressure goals. People also face the challenges of adhering to medicine schedules and making lifestyle changes. Nonetheless, the achievement of blood pressure goals is possible,
3156:
High blood pressure is the most common chronic medical problem prompting visits to primary health care providers in US. The
American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $ 76.6 billion. In the US 80% of people with hypertension are aware of their
2768:
were estimated to have hypertension. Of all people with hypertension, about 46% do not have a diagnosis of hypertension and are unaware that they have the condition. In 1975, almost 600 million people had a diagnosis of hypertension, a number which increased to 1.13 billion by 2015 mostly due to risk
2772:
Hypertension is slightly more frequent in men. In people aged under 50 years, more men than women have hypertension, and in ages above 50 years the prevalence of hypertension is the same in men and women. In ages above 65 years, more women than men have hypertension. Hypertension becomes more common
2464:
For people who have never experienced cardiovascular disease who are at a 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease of less than 10%, the 2017 American Heart
Association guidelines recommend medications if the systolic blood pressure is >140 mmHg or if the diastolic BP is >90 mmHg. For people who
1543:
or 'borderline hypertension' have high cardiac output, an elevated heart rate and normal peripheral resistance, termed hyperkinetic borderline hypertension. These individuals develop the typical features of established essential hypertension in later life as their cardiac output falls and peripheral
7303:
Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, Benlian P, Boysen G, Cifkova R, Deaton C, Ebrahim S, Fisher M, Germano G, Hobbs R, Hoes A, Karadeniz S, Mezzani A, Prescott E, Ryden L, Scherer M, SyvΓ€nne M, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Vrints C, Wood D, Zamorano JL, Zannad F (July
2523:
may be considered as an add-on to other treatments to reduce hypertension, but do not have evidence for preventing cardiovascular disease on their own. Self-monitoring and appointment reminders might support the use of other strategies to improve blood pressure control, but need further evaluation.
1709:
should be emptied before a person's blood pressure is measured since this can increase blood pressure by up to 15/10 mmHg. Multiple blood pressure readings (at least two) spaced 1β2 minutes apart should be obtained to ensure accuracy. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over 12 to 24 hours is the
1343:
and lifestyle and the risk of becoming hypertensive in later life is significant. Several environmental factors influence blood pressure. High salt intake raises the blood pressure in salt sensitive individuals; lack of exercise and central obesity can play a role in individual cases. The possible
2578:
The prescription of antihypertensive medication for children with hypertension has limited evidence. There is limited evidence which compare it with placebo and shows modest effect to blood pressure in short term. Administration of higher dose did not make the reduction of blood pressure greater.
2788:
In 1995 it was estimated that 24% of the United States population had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication. By 2004 this had increased to 29% and further to 32% (76 million US adults) by 2017. In 2017, with the
American guidelines' change in definition for hypertension, 46% of
2444:
reviews recommend similar targets for subgroups such as people with diabetes and people with prior cardiovascular disease. Additionally, Cochrane reviews have found that for older individuals with moderate to high cardiovascular risk, the benefits of trying to achieve a lower than standard blood
7241:
Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, Dagenais G, Lear S, McQueen M, Diaz R, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lanas F, Li W, Lu Y, Yi S, Rensheng L, Iqbal R, Mony P, Yusuf R, Yusoff K, Szuba A, Oguz A, Rosengren A, Bahonar A, Yusufali A, Schutte AE, Chifamba J, Mann JF, Anand SS, Teo K, Yusuf S (July
2784:
In 2019, rates of diagnosed hypertension were highest in Africa (30% for both sexes), and lowest in the
Americas (18% for both sexes). Rates also vary markedly within regions with country-level rates as low as 22.8% (men) and 18.4% (women) in Peru and as high as 61.6% (men) and 50.9% (women) in
2477:
systematic review found no evidence (due to lack of data) for effects of weight loss diets on death, long-term complications or adverse events in persons with hypertension. The review did find a decrease in body weight and blood pressure. Their potential effectiveness is similar to and at times
946:
949:
948:
944:
2386:
that the available evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening for hypertension in children and adolescents who do not have symptoms. The US Preventive
Services Task Force recommends screening adults 18 years or older for hypertension with office blood
2303:
Hypertension defined as elevated blood pressure over several visits affects 1% to 5% of children and adolescents and is associated with long-term risks of ill-health. Blood pressure rises with age in childhood and, in children, hypertension is defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood
2954:
The symptoms similar to symptoms of patients with hypertensive crisis are discussed in medieval
Persian medical texts in the chapter of "fullness disease". The symptoms include headache, heaviness in the head, sluggish movements, general redness and warm to touch feel of the body, prominent,
1692:
technique to be used. Improper measurement of blood pressure is common and can change the blood pressure reading by up to 10 mmHg, which can lead to misdiagnosis and misclassification of hypertension. Correct blood pressure measurement technique involves several steps. Proper blood pressure
2797:
Rates of high blood pressure in children and adolescents have increased in the last 20 years in the United States. Childhood hypertension, particularly in pre-adolescents, is more often secondary to an underlying disorder than in adults. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of
2496:
has a potential benefit for lowering the risk of hypertension. The 2015 Dietary
Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) stated that potassium is one of the shortfall nutrients which is under-consumed in the United States. However, people who take certain antihypertensive medications (such as
950:
2574:
were thought to have similar beneficial effects when used as first-line therapy for hypertension. However, a
Cochrane review that included 13 trials found that the effects of beta-blockers are inferior to that of other antihypertensive medications in preventing cardiovascular disease.
2461:, but others recommend the same target as for the general population. The issue of what is the best target and whether targets should differ for high risk individuals is unresolved, although some experts propose more intensive blood pressure lowering than advocated in some guidelines.
1379:
has been found in untreated people with hypertension in comparison with people with normal blood pressure, although it is uncertain whether the former plays a causal role or is subsidiary to poor kidney function. Average blood pressure may be higher in the winter than in the summer.
1331:
even though mechanisms underlying these associations are not understood. Single variant test performed in this study for the 35 sentinel SNP (known and new) showed that genetic variants singly or in aggregate contribute to risk of clinical phenotypes related to high blood pressure.
3467:"2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines"
3464:
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Dennison
Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA, Williamson JD, Wright JT (June 2018).
951:
2636:
unmitigated by five or more concurrent antihypertensive agents of different classes. People with refractory hypertension typically have increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and are at high risk for more severe cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality.
3541:"2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)"
1828:(ECG/EKG). Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension. eGFR can also provide a baseline measurement of kidney function that can be used to monitor for side effects of certain
11070:"2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)"
6691:
When plasma renin activity (PRA) is plotted against 24-h sodium excretion, ~10β15% of hypertensive patients have high PRA and 25% have low PRA. High-renin patients may have a vasoconstrictor form of hypertension, whereas low-renin patients may have volume-dependent
3157:
condition, 71% take some antihypertensive medication, but only 48% of people aware that they have hypertension adequately control it. Adequate management of hypertension can be hampered by inadequacies in the diagnosis, treatment, or control of high blood pressure.
4582:
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT, Roccella EJ, et al. (Joint
National Committee on Prevention, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee) (December 2003).
947:
1158:
Hypertension occurs in approximately 8β10% of pregnancies. Two blood pressure measurements six hours apart of greater than 140/90 mmHg are diagnostic of hypertension in pregnancy. High blood pressure in pregnancy can be classified as pre-existing hypertension,
8852:
Nagele E, Jeitler K, Horvath K, Semlitsch T, Posch N, Herrmann KH, Grouven U, Hermanns T, Hemkens LG, Siebenhofer A (October 2014). "Clinical effectiveness of stress-reduction techniques in patients with hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis".
3174:
the usual first-line treatment. A cat with a systolic blood pressure above 170 mmHg is considered hypertensive. If a cat has other problems such as any kidney disease or retina detachment then a blood pressure below 160 mmHg may also need to be monitored.
1544:
resistance rises with age. Whether this pattern is typical of all people who ultimately develop hypertension is disputed. The increased peripheral resistance in established hypertension is mainly attributable to structural narrowing of small arteries and
2369:
The value of routine screening for hypertension is debated. In 2004, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommended that children aged 3 years and older have blood pressure measurement at least once at every health care visit and the
7609:
1585:(the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) is frequently increased in older people with hypertension. This can mean that systolic pressure is abnormally high, but diastolic pressure may be normal or low, a condition termed
2439:
Various expert groups have produced guidelines regarding how low the blood pressure target should be when a person is treated for hypertension. These groups recommend a target below the range 140β160 / 90β100 mmHg for the general population.
5584:
Jiang J, Liu M, Parvez F, Wang B, Wu F, Eunus M, Bangalore S, Newman JD, Ahmed A, Islam T, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Hasan R, Sarwar G, Levy D, Slavkovich V, Argos M, Scannell Bryan M, Farzan SF, Hayes RB, Graziano JH, Ahsan H, Chen Y (August 2015).
9774:
Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, Brown C, Cutler JA, Higgins M, Horan MJ, Labarthe D (March 1995). "Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988β1991".
1202:. Usually there are no symptoms in pre-eclampsia and it is detected by routine screening. When symptoms of pre-eclampsia occur the most common are headache, visual disturbance (often "flashing lights"), vomiting, pain over the stomach, and
7105:
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children Adolescents (August 2004). "The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents".
1729:
has led to a change in protocols. In the United Kingdom, current best practice is to follow up a single raised clinic reading with ambulatory measurement, or less ideally with home blood pressure monitoring over the course of 7 days. The
7960:"Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension in Adults Aged 60 Years or Older to Higher Versus Lower Blood Pressure Targets: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians"
2465:
have experienced cardiovascular disease or those who are at a 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease of greater than 10%, it recommends medications if the systolic blood pressure is >130 mmHg or if the diastolic BP is >80 mmHg.
2357:
Effective lifestyle modification may lower blood pressure as much as an individual antihypertensive medication. Combinations of two or more lifestyle modifications can achieve even better results. There is considerable evidence that
934:
are used. Up to three medications taken concurrently can control blood pressure in 90% of people. The treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure (defined as >160/100 mmHg) with medications is associated with an improved
1596:
Many mechanisms have been proposed to account for the rise in peripheral resistance in hypertension. Most evidence implicates either disturbances in the kidneys' salt and water handling (particularly abnormalities in the intrarenal
10114:
Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R (December 2002). "Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies".
2789:
people in the United States are affected. African-American adults in the United States have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44%. Differences in hypertension rates are multifactorial and under study.
3024:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, before effective pharmacological treatment for hypertension became possible, three treatment modalities were used, all with numerous side-effects: strict sodium restriction (for example the
3162:
and most importantly, lowering blood pressure significantly reduces the risk of death due to heart disease and stroke, the development of other debilitating conditions, and the cost associated with advanced medical care.
1852:
Blood pressure measurements can be influenced by circumstances of measurement. Guidelines use different thresholds for office (also known as clinic), home (when the patient measures their own blood pressure at home), and
3886:
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland DT, LeFevre ML, MacKenzie TD, Ogedegbe O, Smith SC, Svetkey LP, Taler SJ, Townsend RR, Wright JT, Narva AS, Ortiz E (February 2014).
2618:. As many as one in five people with resistant hypertension have primary aldosteronism, which is a treatable and sometimes curable condition. Resistant hypertension may also result from chronically high activity of the
2452:
recommend the target of 150/90 mmHg for those over 60 years of age, but some experts within these groups disagree with this recommendation. Some expert groups have also recommended slightly lower targets in those with
11319:
11304:
11289:
2291:
Hypertension occurs in around 0.2 to 3% of newborns; however, blood pressure is not measured routinely in healthy newborns. Hypertension is more common in high risk newborns. A variety of factors, such as
7617:
1679:
Hypertension is diagnosed on the basis of a persistently high resting blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure measurements on at least two separate occasions is required for a diagnosis of hypertension.
4507:
3977:
SundstrΓΆm J, Arima H, Jackson R, Turnbull F, Rahimi K, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Neal B (February 2015). "Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
899:
systolic and 60β90 mmHg diastolic. For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg. Different numbers apply to children.
1648:
in the diet leads to excessive intracellular sodium, which contracts vascular smooth muscle, restricting blood flow and so increases blood pressure. Non-modulating essential hypertension is a form of
1311:
and environmental factors. Numerous common genetic variants with small effects on blood pressure have been identified as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure. Also,
1129:
In hypertensive urgency, there is no evidence of end organ damage resulting from the elevated blood pressure. In these cases, oral medications are used to lower the BP gradually over 24 to 48 hours.
8231:"An effective approach to high blood pressure control: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"
2473:
The first line of treatment for hypertension is lifestyle changes, including dietary changes, physical activity, and weight loss. Though these have all been recommended in scientific advisories, a
945:
2121:
3699:"Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants"
1398:
Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable cause. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension. Hypertension can also be caused by endocrine conditions, such as
1132:
In hypertensive emergency, there is evidence of direct damage to one or more organs. The most affected organs include the brain, kidney, heart and lungs, producing symptoms which may include
1118:
Severely elevated blood pressure (equal to or greater than a systolic 180 mmHg or diastolic of 120 mmHg) is referred to as a hypertensive crisis. Hypertensive crisis is categorized as either
2587:
Resistant hypertension is defined as high blood pressure that remains above a target level, in spite of being prescribed three or more antihypertensive drugs simultaneously with different
1040:
Secondary hypertension is hypertension due to an identifiable cause, and may result in certain specific additional signs and symptoms. For example, as well as causing high blood pressure,
7041:"Harmonization of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure/Hypertension Guidelines"
5775:
Yang BY, Qian Z, Howard SW, Vaughn MG, Fan SJ, Liu KK, Dong GH (April 2018). "Global association between ambient air pollution and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
2973:
Until the 1990s, systolic hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or greater. In 1993, the WHO/ISH guidelines defined 140 mmHg as the threshold for hypertension.
5948:
Andersson OK, Lingman M, Himmelmann A, Sivertsson R, Widgren BR (2004). "Prediction of future hypertension by casual blood pressure or invasive hemodynamics? A 30-year follow-up study".
1327:. These sentinel SNP are located within genes related to vascular smooth muscle and renal function. DNA methylation might affect in some way linking common genetic variation to multiple
2117:
2485:(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), which was the best against 11 other diet in an umbrella review, and plant-based diets. A 2024 clinical guideline recommended an increase
4021:
Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, Bennett A, Neal B, Ninomiya T, Woodward M, MacMahon S, Turnbull F, Hillis GS, Chalmers J, Mant J, Salam A, Rahimi K, Perkovic V, Rodgers A (January 2016).
1136:, drowsiness, chest pain and breathlessness. In hypertensive emergency, the blood pressure must be reduced more rapidly to stop ongoing organ damage; however, there is a lack of
2316:
are required to reduce the consequences of high blood pressure and reduce the need for antihypertensive medications. Lifestyle changes are recommended to lower blood pressure.
1840:
and for cardiovascular risk stratification. Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) testing is done to check for evidence that the heart is under strain from high blood pressure, such as
4782:
2478:
exceeds a single medication. If hypertension is high enough to justify immediate use of medications, lifestyle changes are still recommended in conjunction with medication.
11128:
Coles S, Fisher L, Lin KW, Lyon C, Vosooney AA, Bird MD (December 2022). "Blood Pressure Targets in Adults With Hypertension: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the AAFP".
1605:. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and it is likely that both contribute to some extent in most cases of essential hypertension. It has also been suggested that
11235:"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)"
8559:"Lifestyle management of hypertension: International Society of Hypertension position paper endorsed by the World Hypertension League and European Society of Hypertension"
7734:"The 2015 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension"
3889:"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)"
2946:
that are heard when the artery is ausculted with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated. This permitted systolic and diastolic pressure to be measured.
4711:
8896:
Dickinson HO, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Nicolson DJ, Cook JV, Ford GA, Mason JM (January 2008). "Relaxation therapies for the management of primary hypertension in adults".
9866:"Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in older U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2004"
7592:
6386:
Esler M, Lambert E, Schlaich M (December 2010). "Point: Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system is the dominant contributor to systemic hypertension".
10089:
2930:
made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733. However, hypertension as a clinical entity came into its own with the invention of the cuff-based
2445:
pressure target (at or below 140/90 mmHg) are outweighed by the risk associated with the intervention. These findings may not be applicable to other populations.
9656:
8968:
1375:
may be risk factors for adult essential hypertension, although the mechanisms linking these exposures to adult hypertension remain unclear. An increased rate of
9823:"Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population. Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991"
8811:
Brook RD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, Ogedegbe G, Bisognano JD, Elliott WJ, Fuchs FD, Hughes JW, Lackland DT, Staffileno BA, Townsend RR, Rajagopalan S (June 2013).
1742:
of the arteries resulting in abnormally high blood pressure readings with a blood pressure cuff while intra arterial measurements of blood pressure are normal.
1705:
for accurate blood pressure measurements. The blood pressure cuff should be deflated slowly (2β3 mmHg per second) while listening for the Korotkoff sounds. The
7244:"Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies"
4499:
3070:). None of these were well tolerated. A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of the first well-tolerated orally available agents. The first was
7521:
6859:
5683:
Meng L, Chen D, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Hui R (May 2012). "Depression increases the risk of hypertension incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies".
3188:
2434:
1272:
can be associated with hypertension in newborns and young infants. In older infants and children, hypertension can cause headache, unexplained irritability,
11193:"2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults"
8428:"Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group"
868:
use. The remaining 5β10% of cases are categorized as secondary hypertension, defined as high blood pressure due to a clearly identifiable cause, such as
6648:
Williams GH, Hollenberg NK (November 1985). "Non-modulating essential hypertension: a subset particularly responsive to converting enzyme inhibitors".
9486:"Baroreceptors in the carotid and hypertension-systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of baroreflex activation therapy on blood pressure"
8097:
Cheung AK, Chang TI, Cushman WC, Furth SL, Hou FF, Ix JH, Knoll GA, Muntner P, Pecoits-Filho R, Sarnak MJ, Tobe SW, Tomson CR, Mann JF (March 2021).
9630:
5166:
3301:
3123:
3309:(1st ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. p. 38.
1710:
most accurate method to confirm the diagnosis. An exception to this is those with very high blood pressure readings especially when there is poor
1315:(GWAS) have identified 35 genetic loci related to blood pressure; 12 of these genetic loci influencing blood pressure were newly found. Sentinel
6759:
Vischer AS, Burkard T (2017). "Principles of Blood Pressure Measurement β Current Techniques, Office vs Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement".
6026:
Struijker Boudier HA, le Noble JL, Messing MW, Huijberts MS, le Noble FA, van Essen H (December 1992). "The microcirculation and hypertension".
4818:"Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes"
3611:
12271:
8377:"Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials"
9822:
9042:
Chen JM, Heran BS, Wright JM (October 2009). "Blood pressure lowering efficacy of diuretics as second-line therapy for primary hypertension".
7386:
Daniels SR, Gidding SS (March 2013). "Blood pressure screening in children and adolescents: is the glass half empty or more than half full?".
5820:"Sex-Specific Associations Between Alcohol Consumption and Incidence of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies"
5073:"Trans-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicates a role for DNA methylation"
3340:
Hernandorena I, Duron E, Vidal JS, Hanon O (July 2017). "Treatment options and considerations for hypertensive patients to prevent dementia".
9679:
8813:"Beyond medications and diet: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the american heart association"
2448:
Many expert groups recommend a slightly higher target of 150/90 mmHg for those over somewhere between 60 and 80 years of age. The JNC 8 and
7104:
2383:
1731:
9308:
Santschi V, Chiolero A, Burnier M (November 2009). "Electronic monitors of drug adherence: tools to make rational therapeutic decisions".
8745:
1836:
is used as a secondary indicator of kidney disease. Lipid panel and glucose tests are done to identify comorbidities such as diabetes and
11458:
6848:
766:
12031:
3229:
2497:
ACE-inhibitors or ARBs) should not take potassium supplements or potassium-enriched salts due to the risk of high levels of potassium.
5215:"The effect of coffee on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3235:
2371:
10973:"ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats"
5587:"Association between Arsenic Exposure from Drinking Water and Longitudinal Change in Blood Pressure among HEALS Cohort Participants"
910:
Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of health complications. Lifestyle changes include
5477:
MuΓ±oz Aguilera E, Suvan J, Buti J, Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M, Barbosa Ribeiro A, Orlandi M, et al. (January 2020). Lembo G (ed.).
4900:
4866:
1497:
A 2018 review found that any alcohol increased blood pressure in males while over one or two drinks increased the risk in females.
10383:
Emtiazy M, Choopani R, Khodadoost M, Tansaz M, Dehghan S, Ghahremani Z (2014). "Avicenna's doctrine about arterial hypertension".
4735:"Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
8001:"Evidence supporting a systolic blood pressure goal of less than 150 mm Hg in patients aged 60 years or older: the minority view"
4535:
3193:
2548:
7474:"Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report"
7156:"Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV"
6719:
Viera AJ (July 2017). "Screening for Hypertension and Lowering Blood Pressure for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Events".
4023:"Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
1785:
is more common in adolescents and adults and has multiple risk factors, including obesity and a family history of hypertension.
4703:
1235:
7553:"Screening for primary hypertension in children and adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement"
4058:
3005:. The therapeutic approach for the treatment of hard pulse disease included changes in lifestyle (staying away from anger and
2312:
Much of the disease burden of high blood pressure is experienced by people who are not labeled as hypertensive. Consequently,
801:
is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms itself. It is, however, a major risk factor for
11803:
10419:
10316:
6776:
6684:
5533:
4684:
4438:
4422:
4255:
3778:
3668:
3314:
2379:
11808:
11385:
10874:
Coca A (2008). "Economic benefits of treating high-risk hypertension with angiotensin II receptor antagonists (blockers)".
4585:"Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure"
1269:
972:. Half of all people with hypertension are unaware that they have it. Hypertension is usually identified as part of health
900:
8606:
Jama, HA, Snelson M, Schutte AE (2024). "Recommendations for the Use of Dietary Fiber to Improve Blood Pressure Control".
6339:"Counterpoint: Activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system is the dominant contributor to systemic hypertension"
3697:
Ezzati M, Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, Riley LM, et al. (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration) (11 September 2021).
1589:. The high pulse pressure in elderly people with hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension is explained by increased
11334:
10082:
4238:
Fisher ND, Williams GH (2005). "Hypertensive vascular disease". In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al. (eds.).
2821:
1018:
correlates roughly with the duration or the severity of the hypertension. Other hypertension-caused organ damage include
10068:
9081:
GarjΓ³n J, Saiz LC, Azparren A, Gaminde I, Ariz MJ, Erviti J, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (February 2020).
9652:
5905:
Palatini P, Julius S (June 2009). "The role of cardiac autonomic function in hypertension and cardiovascular disease".
5549:
Grossman E, Messerli FH (January 2012). "Drug-induced hypertension: an unappreciated cause of secondary hypertension".
3179:
treat hypertension in dogs, although other drugs may be indicated for specific conditions causing high blood pressure.
2981:
Historically the treatment for what was called the "hard pulse disease" consisted in reducing the quantity of blood by
350:
174:
8931:
8643:"Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses"
1179:. Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing
11154:
1735:
307:
4886:
4884:
3013:, meat, and pastries, reducing the volume of food in a meal, maintaining a low-energy diet and the dietary usage of
1555:
of arteriolar blood vessels plays a role in hypertension. Hypertension is also associated with decreased peripheral
11958:
11575:
7424:
Schmidt BM, Durao S, Toews I, Bavuma CM, Hohlfeld A, Nury E, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (May 2020).
2798:
hypertension in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, primary or essential hypertension accounts for most cases.
1528:
956:
9343:
Sarwar MS, Islam MS, Al Baker SM, Hasnat A (May 2013). "Resistant hypertension: underlying causes and treatment".
9228:
Chaturvedi S, Lipszyc DH, Licht C, Craig JC, Parekh R, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (February 2014).
9130:
Reeve E, Jordan V, Thompson W, Sawan M, Todd A, Gammie TM, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (June 2020).
7529:
6478:
Marchesi C, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL (July 2008). "Role of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular inflammation".
3262:
Lackland DT, Weber MA (May 2015). "Global burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke: hypertension at the core".
3122:
Graph showing prevalence of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension compared between the four studies of
11590:
11451:
4881:
2552:
2359:
2330:
1506:
1084:
frequently causes a decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities relative to the arms, or delayed or absent
759:
535:
10436:
8769:"Hyperkalemia associated with use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers"
7641:"Screening for Hypertension in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement"
2966:
in 1836. The first report of elevated blood pressure in a person without evidence of kidney disease was made by
11909:
6063:"Reactivity of small blood vessels in hypertension: relation with structural changes. State of the art lecture"
2773:
with age. Hypertension is common in high, medium, and low-income countries. It is more common in people of low
2449:
2375:
2031:
1915:
1586:
1316:
723:
4927:
Dionne JM, Abitbol CL, Flynn JT (January 2012). "Hypertension in infancy: diagnosis, management and outcome".
3044:, was used in 1900 but had many side effects and was unpopular. Several other agents were developed after the
1738:
or noncompressibility artery syndrome may also require consideration. This condition is believed to be due to
11721:
10268:"Historical trends and milestones in hypertension research: a model of the process of translational research"
5818:
Roerecke M, Tobe SW, Kaczorowski J, Bacon SL, Vafaei A, Hasan OS, Krishnan RJ, Raifu AO, Rehm J (June 2018).
5126:"Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study"
3141:
3098:
3094:
2807:
2657:
1312:
356:
22:
10533:
Dustan HP, Roccella EJ, Garrison HH (September 1996). "Controlling hypertension. A research success story".
1167:. Women who have chronic hypertension before their pregnancy are at increased risk of complications such as
12026:
11946:
11651:
9273:
Giacona JM, Kositanurit W, Vongpatanasin W (April 2024). "Management of Resistant Hypertension-An Update".
6805:"Screening for high blood pressure in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement"
3049:
2293:
1841:
1767:
1598:
1023:
513:
11233:
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. (February 2014).
7552:
6513:
Gooch JL, Sharma AC (September 2014). "Targeting the immune system to treat hypertension: where are we?".
3037:), and pyrogen therapy (injection of substances that caused a fever, indirectly reducing blood pressure).
12041:
12036:
11763:
11753:
9850:
9626:
8332:
He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA (April 2013). "Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure".
4783:"Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure"
2833:
1622:
1532:
1137:
895:(second number) pressures. For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100β140
818:
708:
126:
3320:
2653:
12224:
12142:
11793:
11768:
11585:
11514:
11444:
8099:"KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease"
3034:
2963:
2812:
2661:
2396:
1919:
1689:
1602:
904:
752:
226:
10917:
Taylor SS, Sparkes AH, Briscoe K, Carter J, Sala SC, Jepson RE, Reynolds BS, Scansen BA (March 2017).
10568:
Lyons HH, Hoobler SW (February 1948). "Experiences with tetraethylammonium chloride in hypertension".
12167:
12110:
11758:
11711:
11561:
11524:
7776:
7154:
Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, Davis M, McInnes GT, Potter JF, Sever PS, McG Thom S (March 2004).
3853:
3660:
3603:
3130:
2520:
1899:
1854:
1797:
1718:
1172:
931:
844:. About 90β95% of cases are primary, defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and
331:
6931:"Orthostatic hypertension: a measure of blood pressure variation for predicting cardiovascular risk"
6145:"Higher heart rate variability as a predictor of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertensione"
1056:, a hump of fat behind the neck and shoulders (referred to as a buffalo hump), and purple abdominal
12152:
11965:
11919:
11914:
11738:
11716:
11345:
7732:
Daskalopoulou SS, Rabi DM, Zarnke KB, Dasgupta K, Nerenberg K, Cloutier L, et al. (May 2015).
3090:
2959:
2885:
2881:
2619:
2615:
2544:
1881:
1743:
1455:
1242:
1160:
1149:
1081:
1015:
728:
71:
9821:
Burt VL, Cutler JA, Higgins M, Horan MJ, Labarthe D, Whelton P, Brown C, Roccella EJ (July 1995).
4850:
4733:
Al Khalaf SY, O'Reilly ΓJ, Barrett PM, B Leite DF, Pawley LC, McCarthy FP, Khashan AS (May 2021).
2336:
engage in regular aerobic physical activity with moderate intensity (minimum 150 minutes per week)
12207:
12189:
11671:
11666:
11630:
11600:
9918:"Heart disease and stroke statistics β 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association"
9916:
Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, et al. (February 2010).
7856:"Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease"
2967:
2897:
2629:
2599:
2474:
2441:
1869:
1726:
1606:
1556:
1431:
806:
688:
595:
283:
252:
114:
109:
67:
8469:"Efficacy of different dietary patterns on lowering of blood pressure level: an umbrella review"
8229:
Go AS, Bauman MA, Coleman King SM, Fonarow GC, Lawrence W, Williams KA, Sanchez E (April 2014).
7690:"Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke: a new preventive strategy"
6253:
Chobanian AV (August 2007). "Clinical practice. Isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly".
4273:"Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research"
4247:
3849:
12179:
12162:
12157:
12147:
11988:
11924:
11566:
11467:
9727:"Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Insights and Vascular Mechanisms"
8741:
3145:
2994:
2853:
2837:
2825:
2458:
2422:
2406:
1782:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1572:
1393:
1302:
1211:
1180:
1123:
1035:
1019:
919:
869:
841:
837:
826:
682:
134:
11396:
7639:
Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Davis EM, et al. (April 2021).
6863:
6556:
AdroguΓ© HJ, Madias NE (May 2007). "Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension".
4970:
Ehret GB, Munroe PB, Rice KM, Bochud M, Johnson AD, Chasman DI, et al. (September 2011).
1844:
or whether the heart has experienced a prior minor disturbance such as a silent heart attack.
1006:
Long-standing untreated hypertension can cause organ damage with signs such as changes in the
12266:
12184:
11929:
11788:
11780:
11748:
11635:
11298:
10160:"Management of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease: does the choice of drugs matter?"
8375:
Huang L, Trieu K, Yoshimura S, Neal B, Woodward M, Campbell NR, et al. (February 2020).
4972:"Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk"
3170:
Hypertension in cats is indicated with a systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mmHg, with
3158:
2607:
2603:
2556:
2533:
2489:
intake, with a minimum of 28g/day for women and 38g/day for men diagnosed with hypertension.
1829:
1722:
1568:
1423:
1399:
1368:
1223:
1073:
1041:
896:
873:
713:
588:
464:
424:
10483:"1993 guidelines for the management of mild hypertension: memorandum from a WHO/ISH meeting"
7733:
7569:
6675:
Harrison TR, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J, eds. (2018).
4789:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 21 November 2023.
4563:
4239:
1613:
may also contribute to increased peripheral resistance and vascular damage in hypertension.
12098:
12093:
11897:
11689:
10971:
Acierno MJ, Brown S, Coleman AE, Jepson RE, Papich M, Stepien RL, Syme HM (November 2018).
10083:"Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks"
8426:
Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, et al. (January 2001).
6158:
5784:
4983:
3224:
3066:
2873:
2774:
2592:
1793:
1777:
Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children, with most cases caused by
1754:
Once the diagnosis of hypertension has been made, further testing may be performed to find
1564:
1345:
1340:
1119:
973:
698:
650:
384:
1482:
exposure through drinking water has been shown to correlate with elevated blood pressure.
8:
12174:
11941:
11323:
7347:"Screening for elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents: a critical appraisal"
4363:
2935:
2857:
2588:
2509:
2300:
needs to be taken into account when deciding if a blood pressure is normal in a newborn.
1576:
1435:
1381:
1199:
1113:
1049:
881:
861:
814:
718:
629:
530:
494:
419:
394:
341:
11030:
McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, et al. (30 August 2024).
10945:
10918:
9437:"Autonomic-immune-vascular interaction: an emerging concept for neurogenic hypertension"
9250:
9229:
8583:
8558:
8257:
8230:
7831:
7810:
7002:
McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, et al. (30 August 2024).
6763:(Review). Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 956. pp. 85β96.
6162:
5788:
5165:
Carrera-Bastos P, Fontes-Villalba M, O'Keefe JH, Lindeberg S, Cordain L (9 March 2011).
4987:
4892:
4858:
3654:
2626:
are being studied as an option for lowering blood pressure in people in this situation.
12088:
11998:
11580:
10997:
10972:
10899:
10856:
10843:
10816:
10797:
10749:
10724:
10700:
10675:
10507:
10482:
10360:
10333:
10284:
10267:
10240:
10215:
10140:
10024:
9999:
9975:
9958:
9893:
9800:
9751:
9726:
9603:
9578:
9554:
9529:
9461:
9452:
9436:
9417:
9368:
9205:
9180:
9156:
9131:
9107:
9083:"First-line combination therapy versus first-line monotherapy for primary hypertension"
9082:
9063:
9019:
8994:
8932:"Interventions used to improve control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension"
8878:
8718:
8691:
8667:
8642:
8534:
8509:
8403:
8376:
8357:
8309:
8284:
8283:
Semlitsch T, Krenn C, Jeitler K, Berghold A, Horvath K, Siebenhofer A (February 2021).
8167:
8074:
8041:
7932:
7907:
7880:
7855:
7670:
7582:
7498:
7473:
7450:
7425:
7281:
7243:
7223:
7075:
7040:
6906:
6889:
6625:
6600:
6581:
6538:
6455:
6430:
6411:
6363:
6338:
6314:
6297:
6278:
6230:
6203:
6179:
6149:
6144:
5973:
5930:
5844:
5819:
5752:
5728:"Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms"
5727:
5708:
5660:
5635:
5611:
5586:
5454:
5429:
5405:
5380:
5361:
5349:
5313:
5296:
5272:
5255:
5188:
5097:
5072:
5004:
4971:
4952:
4798:
4759:
4734:
4653:
4628:
4601:
4584:
4481:
4345:
4297:
4272:
4212:
4187:
4163:
4138:
4119:
4106:
4081:
4050:
4003:
3954:
3929:
3746:
3733:
3698:
3429:
3365:
3041:
3006:
2902:
2869:
2501:
1801:
1590:
1419:
1415:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1194:. It occurs in about 5% of pregnancies and is responsible for approximately 16% of all
996:
969:
923:
888:
877:
555:
346:
99:
10740:
10691:
10605:"The evolution of antihypertensive therapy: an overview of four decades of experience"
10128:
9934:
9917:
9594:
8619:
8203:
8186:
8155:
7259:
7211:
6431:"Endothelium-dependent contractions and endothelial dysfunction in human hypertension"
5479:"Periodontitis is associated with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5045:
5028:
4834:
4817:
4333:
4038:
3815:
3798:
3715:
3417:
2622:, an effect known as neurogenic hypertension. Electrical therapies that stimulate the
2333:
to <100 mmol/day (<6 g of salt (sodium chloride) or <2.4 g of sodium per day)
1462:, excessive drinking of alcohol, certain prescription medicines, herbal remedies, and
892:
11879:
11828:
11728:
11356:
11256:
11214:
11145:
11137:
11109:
11101:
11068:
Mancia G, Kreutz R, BrunstrΓΆm M, Burnier M, Grassi G, et al. (1 December 2023).
11049:
11002:
10950:
10891:
10887:
10848:
10833:
10789:
10754:
10705:
10626:
10621:
10604:
10585:
10581:
10550:
10512:
10494:
10464:
10456:
10452:
10415:
10392:
10365:
10312:
10289:
10245:
10181:
10132:
10060:
10029:
9980:
9939:
9885:
9881:
9842:
9792:
9756:
9707:
9699:
9608:
9559:
9507:
9466:
9409:
9360:
9325:
9290:
9255:
9210:
9161:
9112:
9055:
9024:
8960:
8909:
8870:
8834:
8790:
8785:
8768:
8723:
8672:
8623:
8588:
8539:
8490:
8449:
8408:
8349:
8314:
8262:
8208:
8159:
8120:
8079:
8061:
8022:
7981:
7937:
7885:
7836:
7755:
7711:
7674:
7662:
7574:
7503:
7455:
7403:
7368:
7327:
7273:
7227:
7215:
7177:
7133:
7080:
7062:
7021:
6979:
6952:
6911:
6826:
6782:
6772:
6736:
6680:
6657:
6630:
6573:
6530:
6495:
6460:
6446:
6403:
6368:
6354:
6319:
6270:
6235:
6184:
6125:
6084:
6043:
6039:
6008:
5965:
5922:
5884:
5849:
5800:
5757:
5700:
5665:
5616:
5566:
5529:
5520:
5500:
5459:
5410:
5353:
5318:
5277:
5236:
5147:
5102:
5050:
5009:
4944:
4839:
4802:
4764:
4680:
4658:
4606:
4555:
4473:
4418:
4337:
4302:
4251:
4240:
4217:
4168:
4137:
Garrison SR, Kolber MR, Korownyk CS, McCracken RK, Heran BS, Allan GM (August 2017).
4111:
4042:
3995:
3959:
3910:
3820:
3774:
3750:
3738:
3720:
3664:
3580:
3572:
3539:
Mancia G, Kreutz R, BrunstrΓΆm M, Burnier M, Grassi G, et al. (1 December 2023).
3488:
3433:
3421:
3357:
3310:
3279:
2939:
2348:
1825:
1483:
1273:
1253:
1045:
787:
605:
414:
303:
293:
234:
181:
158:
83:
11328:
10860:
10801:
10325:
10144:
9897:
9804:
9421:
9286:
9067:
8882:
8467:
Sukhato K, Akksilp K, Dellow A, Vathesatogkit P, Anothaisintawee T (December 2020).
8361:
8171:
7587:
7399:
7363:
7346:
7285:
7039:
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Mancia G, Kreutz R, Bundy JD, Williams B (14 September 2022).
6585:
6542:
6399:
6282:
6204:"Vascular stiffness and increased pulse pressure in the aging cardiovascular system"
6079:
6062:
5977:
5934:
5712:
5365:
5071:
Kato N, Loh M, Takeuchi F, Verweij N, Wang X, Zhang W, et al. (November 2015).
4956:
4485:
4349:
4123:
4054:
4007:
3369:
2938:
in 1896. This allowed easy measurement of systolic pressure in the clinic. In 1905,
1548:, although a reduction in the number or density of capillaries may also contribute.
1519:
1245:
is defined as new-onset hypertension during pregnancy without protein in the urine.
1183:
compared to women with normal blood pressure who had no complications in pregnancy.
11884:
11533:
11436:
11407:
11246:
11204:
11091:
11081:
11039:
10992:
10984:
10940:
10930:
10919:"ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension in Cats"
10903:
10883:
10838:
10828:
10781:
10744:
10736:
10695:
10687:
10653:
10616:
10577:
10542:
10502:
10448:
10355:
10345:
10279:
10235:
10227:
10171:
10124:
10019:
10011:
9970:
9929:
9877:
9834:
9784:
9746:
9738:
9691:
9598:
9590:
9549:
9541:
9497:
9456:
9448:
9399:
9388:"Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism: practical clinical perspectives"
9372:
9352:
9317:
9282:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9051:
9047:
9014:
9010:
9006:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8905:
8901:
8862:
8824:
8780:
8713:
8703:
8662:
8654:
8615:
8578:
8570:
8529:
8521:
8480:
8439:
8398:
8388:
8345:
8341:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8252:
8242:
8198:
8151:
8110:
8069:
8053:
8012:
7971:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7745:
7701:
7652:
7564:
7493:
7485:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7395:
7358:
7317:
7263:
7255:
7207:
7167:
7123:
7115:
7070:
7052:
7011:
6942:
6901:
6816:
6764:
6728:
6620:
6612:
6565:
6522:
6487:
6450:
6442:
6415:
6395:
6358:
6350:
6309:
6262:
6225:
6215:
6174:
6166:
6115:
6074:
6035:
6000:
5957:
5914:
5876:
5839:
5831:
5792:
5747:
5739:
5692:
5655:
5647:
5606:
5598:
5558:
5490:
5449:
5441:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5345:
5336:
Lawlor DA, Smith GD (May 2005). "Early life determinants of adult blood pressure".
5308:
5267:
5226:
5192:
5178:
5137:
5092:
5084:
5040:
4999:
4991:
4936:
4829:
4790:
4754:
4746:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4596:
4547:
4465:
4329:
4292:
4284:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4034:
3987:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3900:
3810:
3728:
3710:
3562:
3552:
3478:
3413:
3349:
3271:
3102:
2943:
2931:
2918:
Modern understanding of the cardiovascular system began with the work of physician
2765:
2611:
2505:
1805:
1593:, which typically accompanies aging and may be exacerbated by high blood pressure.
1552:
1439:
1364:
1089:
645:
640:
520:
404:
399:
366:
336:
288:
59:
11191:
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, et al. (15 May 2018).
9579:"Refractory hypertension: A novel phenotype of antihypertensive treatment failure"
9545:
8641:
Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP (April 2013).
7999:
Wright JT, Fine LJ, Lackland DT, Ogedegbe G, Dennison Himmelfarb CR (April 2014).
6004:
5880:
5867:
Conway J (April 1984). "Hemodynamic aspects of essential hypertension in humans".
4022:
3353:
2645:
2481:
Dietary changes shown to reduce blood pressure include diets with low sodium, the
21:
This article is about arterial hypertension. For other forms of hypertension, see
12250:
12076:
12071:
11983:
11706:
11661:
11541:
11350:
11086:
11069:
10546:
9695:
9321:
8866:
8829:
8812:
8574:
8247:
6601:"Sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure, hypertension, and related factors"
6526:
5796:
5696:
5562:
5164:
4469:
3768:
3557:
3540:
3483:
3466:
2849:
2845:
2324:
1817:
1789:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1688:
For an accurate diagnosis of hypertension to be made, it is essential for proper
1664:
1617:
has garnered interest for its role in increasing the production of several other
1540:
1475:
1427:
1403:
1320:
1285:
1231:
1206:. Pre-eclampsia can occasionally progress to a life-threatening condition called
1061:
984:
936:
620:
575:
525:
475:
452:
446:
389:
361:
11413:
11044:
11031:
10772:
Alcocer L, Cueto L (June 2008). "Hypertension, a health economics perspective".
8444:
8427:
7057:
7016:
7003:
12238:
12125:
11975:
11838:
11798:
11733:
11694:
11605:
11410:
11209:
11192:
10644:
Novello FC, Sprague JM (1957). "Benzothiadiazine dioxides as novel diuretics".
10231:
10176:
10159:
9742:
8115:
8098:
7750:
7322:
7305:
7128:
6732:
6491:
6170:
4794:
3275:
3137:
3134:
3071:
2990:
2919:
2633:
2493:
2402:
1837:
1821:
1778:
1668:
1614:
1582:
1536:
1407:
1277:
1227:
1219:
1195:
1085:
1011:
1000:
865:
794:
733:
560:
470:
409:
326:
11361:
10015:
7854:
Saiz LC, Gorricho J, GarjΓ³n J, Celaya MC, Erviti J, Leache L (November 2022).
7119:
5961:
5918:
5743:
5213:
Mesas AE, Leon-MuΓ±oz LM, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Lopez-Garcia E (October 2011).
4940:
12260:
11993:
11656:
11251:
11234:
11163:
11141:
11105:
11053:
10935:
10785:
10498:
10460:
10350:
10048:
9703:
8525:
8065:
7066:
7025:
6947:
6930:
5212:
3905:
3888:
3724:
3576:
3082:
3053:
3030:
2927:
2841:
2816:
Diagram illustrating the main complications of persistent high blood pressure
2567:
2486:
2414:
2363:
2313:
1739:
1657:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1560:
1491:
1376:
1372:
1168:
1164:
1153:
1057:
810:
693:
614:
545:
298:
162:
122:
11820:
11313:
10000:"Hypertension in children and adolescents: epidemiology and natural history"
9788:
7489:
6970:
Luma GB, Spiotta RT (May 2006). "Hypertension in children and adolescents".
6120:
6103:
5835:
5231:
5214:
5142:
5125:
4816:
Al Khalaf S, Chappell LC, Khashan AS, McCarthy FP, O'Reilly ΓJ (July 2023).
4750:
2500:
Physical exercise regimens which are shown to reduce blood pressure include
1788:
Initial assessment upon diagnosis of hypertension should include a complete
1734:
also recommends getting measurements outside of the healthcare environment.
12046:
11861:
11551:
11494:
11424:
11260:
11218:
11149:
11113:
11006:
10954:
10895:
10852:
10793:
10758:
10709:
10589:
10396:
10369:
10293:
10185:
10136:
10064:
10033:
9984:
9943:
9889:
9838:
9760:
9711:
9612:
9563:
9511:
9470:
9413:
9364:
9356:
9329:
9294:
9259:
9214:
9165:
9116:
9059:
9028:
8964:
8913:
8874:
8838:
8794:
8727:
8676:
8627:
8592:
8543:
8494:
8485:
8468:
8453:
8412:
8353:
8318:
8266:
8212:
8163:
8124:
8083:
8026:
7985:
7941:
7889:
7840:
7759:
7715:
7666:
7657:
7640:
7578:
7507:
7459:
7407:
7372:
7331:
7277:
7219:
7181:
7172:
7155:
7137:
7084:
6983:
6956:
6915:
6830:
6786:
6740:
6634:
6577:
6534:
6499:
6464:
6407:
6372:
6323:
6274:
6239:
6188:
5969:
5926:
5853:
5804:
5761:
5704:
5669:
5620:
5570:
5504:
5463:
5414:
5357:
5322:
5281:
5240:
5151:
5124:, Seshadri S, Larson MG, Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Levy D (February 2002).
5121:
5106:
5054:
5013:
4948:
4843:
4768:
4662:
4610:
4559:
4477:
4341:
4306:
4221:
4172:
4115:
4046:
3999:
3963:
3914:
3824:
3742:
3584:
3492:
3425:
3361:
3283:
3086:
3045:
2982:
2297:
1610:
1261:
1069:
1007:
927:
738:
673:
655:
540:
480:
10630:
10554:
10516:
10468:
10249:
9846:
9796:
7958:
Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Rich R, Humphrey LL, Frost J, Forciea MA (March 2017).
7811:"Blood pressure targets for hypertension in people with diabetes mellitus"
6661:
6616:
6220:
6129:
6088:
6047:
6012:
5888:
5476:
4551:
3133:
has identified hypertension (high blood pressure) as the leading cause of
2319:
Recommended lifestyle changes for the prevention of hypertension include:
1126:, according to the absence or presence of end organ damage, respectively.
12199:
11595:
11391:
11168:
9502:
9485:
6768:
6569:
6266:
6025:
5528:(9th ed.). Philadelphia; Montreal: W.B. Saunders. pp. 729β749.
5495:
5478:
4456:
Rodriguez MA, Kumar SK, De Caro M (1 April 2010). "Hypertensive crisis".
3057:
3002:
2769:
factors for hypertension increasing in low- and middle-income countries.
2516:
1833:
1809:
1702:
1511:
1447:
1191:
1186:
Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition of the second half of pregnancy and
1101:
1093:
1065:
911:
822:
635:
570:
565:
278:
273:
263:
153:
130:
11096:
10657:
8285:"Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in people with hypertension"
6849:"7 Diagnosis of Hypertension, 7.5 Link from evidence to recommendations"
5991:
Folkow B (April 1982). "Physiological aspects of primary hypertension".
5651:
5602:
5183:
4995:
4320:
Wong TY, Wong T, Mitchell P (February 2007). "The eye in hypertension".
3567:
12115:
12105:
12066:
12010:
12003:
11833:
11419:
10988:
10332:
Heydari M, Dalfardi B, Golzari SE, Habibi H, Zarshenas MM (July 2014).
9404:
9387:
9179:
Wiysonge CS, Bradley HA, Volmink J, Mayosi BM, Opie LH (January 2017).
7268:
4186:
Musini VM, Gueyffier F, Puil L, Salzwedel DM, Wright JM (August 2017).
3171:
2623:
2342:
consume a diet rich in whole grains, fruit and vegetables, such as the
1487:
1463:
1411:
1187:
1176:
853:
600:
490:
268:
258:
166:
92:
88:
75:
50:
8955:
8708:
8692:"Potassium Intake, Bioavailability, Hypertension, and Glucose Control"
8658:
8057:
4288:
3404:
Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, Caulfield M (August 2015). "Hypertension".
2339:
limit alcohol consumption, max 1 drink for women and 2 for men per day
11869:
11610:
11546:
11502:
11485:
11480:
11402:
8742:"Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee"
8393:
8017:
8000:
7976:
7959:
6821:
6804:
5445:
5297:"Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions"
3991:
3061:
3026:
2482:
2343:
1645:
1545:
1459:
1451:
1328:
1281:
1215:
1207:
1133:
1053:
678:
11281:
10808:
9865:
8040:
Passarella P, Kiseleva TA, Valeeva FV, Gosmanov AR (1 August 2018).
7706:
7689:
7240:
6104:"Arterial and venous compliance in sustained essential hypertension"
5947:
5256:"Vitamin D and hypertension: current evidence and future directions"
5088:
1319:
for each new genetic locus identified has shown an association with
12233:
12083:
11685:
11622:
11556:
11507:
8139:
4732:
3078:
3075:
2877:
2865:
2778:
2571:
2540:
2454:
2410:
1759:
1618:
1324:
1265:
1257:
1092:
may cause abrupt episodes of hypertension accompanied by headache,
992:
980:
915:
845:
830:
625:
456:
442:
138:
8930:
Glynn LG, Murphy AW, Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T (March 2010).
6429:
Versari D, Daghini E, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Taddei S (June 2009).
1725:
machines, the importance of not wrongly diagnosing those who have
9864:
Ostchega Y, Dillon CF, Hughes JP, Carroll M, Yoon S (July 2007).
8466:
8039:
6846:
3018:
3014:
2958:
Descriptions of hypertension as a disease came among others from
2922:(1578β1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book "
1479:
1471:
1443:
988:
857:
848:
factors. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess
790:
610:
460:
248:
170:
11339:
9576:
6298:"Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness"
5633:
4897:
eMedicine Pediatrics: Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine
4815:
4188:"Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years"
3928:
Musini VM, Tejani AM, Bassett K, Puil L, Wright JM (June 2019).
3009:) and dietary program for patients (avoiding the consumption of
1539:
remains normal. There is evidence that some younger people with
11476:
11380:
11308:
11293:
10382:
9272:
7731:
5634:
Abhyankar LN, Jones MR, Guallar E, Navas-Acien A (April 2012).
4136:
3656:
Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer
2908:
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
2861:
2829:
2598:
Some common secondary causes of resistant hypertension include
2560:
1661:
1653:
1641:
1467:
1097:
802:
798:
703:
118:
63:
10216:"From blood pressure to hypertension: the history of research"
9915:
8895:
6890:"Unusual hypertensive phenotypes: what is their significance?"
4679:(18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011. pp. 55β61.
3930:"Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults 60 years or older"
3696:
3118:
1190:
characterised by increased blood pressure and the presence of
903:
over a 24-hour period appears more accurate than office-based
833:. Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide.
11123:
9577:
Dudenbostel T, Siddiqui M, Oparil S, Calhoun DA (June 2016).
8851:
8282:
6202:
Steppan J, Barodka V, Berkowitz DE, Nyhan D (2 August 2011).
5381:"Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricaemia in hypertensive patients"
5167:"The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization"
4704:"Management of hypertension in pregnant and postpartum women"
3976:
3303:
Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control
2998:
2986:
2418:
1813:
1336:
1203:
1077:
485:
11173:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
11067:
10331:
10113:
9528:
Acelajado MC, Hughes ZH, Oparil S, Calhoun DA (March 2019).
9527:
9230:"Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children"
9178:
6428:
6201:
5817:
4629:"Pharmacological interventions for hypertensive emergencies"
4185:
3538:
2532:
Several classes of medications, collectively referred to as
2401:
According to one review published in 2003, reduction of the
2353:
stress reduction and management, e.g. by meditation and yoga
11852:
11029:
9863:
9227:
8810:
8640:
8228:
7638:
7522:"Hypertension β Clinical Preventive Service Recommendation"
7001:
4581:
3403:
3339:
3010:
1873:
1649:
1308:
1080:
to the left or right of the midline, or in both locations.
849:
500:
10916:
7998:
6674:
4080:
Diao D, Wright JM, Cundiff DK, Gueyffier F (August 2012).
4079:
3048:, the most popular and reasonably effective of which were
999:. These symptoms, however, might be related to associated
10970:
9342:
9080:
8929:
7784:
7302:
7291:
per day (representing only 10% of the population studied)
7153:
6887:
5719:
5119:
4139:"Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults"
1523:
Illustration depicting the effects of high blood pressure
1344:
roles of other factors such as caffeine consumption, and
11232:
11063:
9773:
9680:"Socioeconomic status and hypertension: a meta-analysis"
9434:
9129:
8425:
7853:
7777:"Hypertension: Recommendations, Guidance and guidelines"
7610:"Document | United States Preventive Services Taskforce"
7038:
6888:
Franklin SS, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM (February 2012).
6477:
5636:"Arsenic exposure and hypertension: a systematic review"
4364:"Truncal obesity (Concept Id: C4551560) β MedGen β NCBI"
3885:
11190:
9959:"Epidemiological issues are not simply black and white"
9307:
8374:
8096:
7423:
4439:"High Blood Pressure β Understanding the Silent Killer"
3927:
3463:
1064:
frequently causes weight loss with increased appetite,
11182:
11025:
10532:
9820:
9435:
Zubcevic J, Waki H, Raizada MK, Paton JF (June 2011).
9132:"Withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs in older people"
8140:"Lower blood pressure targets: to whom do they apply?"
7957:
7727:
7725:
7198:"Evidence-based policy for salt reduction is needed".
6761:
Hypertension: From basic research to clinical practice
6679:(20th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 1896.
5070:
4890:
3797:
Lau DH, Nattel S, Kalman JM, Sanders P (August 2017).
3796:
2366:
is associated with poor cardiovascular health status.
887:
Blood pressure is classified by two measurements, the
12222:
10441:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
10334:"The medieval origins of the concept of hypertension"
10164:
European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
6860:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
4969:
4455:
4445:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 21 January 2021.
4412:
4270:
3773:(2 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 562.
3189:
Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines
2435:
Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines
2405:
by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of
976:
or when seeking healthcare for an unrelated problem.
11466:
11271:
9678:
Leng B, Jin Y, Li G, Chen L, Jin N (February 2015).
9530:"Treatment of resistant and refractory hypertension"
8605:
8556:
8507:
8187:"Intensive blood pressure lowering β Authors' reply"
7908:"Blood pressure targets in adults with hypertension"
7344:
6385:
6295:
5774:
1762:, identify hypertension-caused organ damage such as
995:(buzzing or hissing in the ears), altered vision or
7905:
7808:
7722:
5026:
3299:
1857:(using an automated device over a 24-hour period).
1671:. They make up 25% of the hypertensive population.
1352:, which is common in obesity and is a component of
1307:Hypertension results from a complex interaction of
11186:
11169:"Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management"
11127:
8845:
8278:
8276:
8184:
8042:"Hypertension Management in Diabetes: 2018 Update"
6647:
6302:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
5583:
5519:
5027:Lifton RP, Gharavi AG, Geller DS (February 2001).
4926:
4020:
3335:
3333:
2593:Failing to take prescribed medications as directed
2360:reducing dietary salt intake lowers blood pressure
188:β₯ 130/80 mmHg or β₯ 140/90 mmHg
8689:
8599:
8550:
8137:
7906:Arguedas JA, Leiva V, Wright JM (December 2020).
7901:
7899:
6847:National Clinical Guidance Centre (August 2011).
5682:
5524:. In Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM (eds.).
4246:(16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
3799:"Modifiable Risk Factors and Atrial Fibrillation"
2595:is an important cause of resistant hypertension.
1442:. Other causes of secondary hypertension include
1198:globally. Pre-eclampsia also doubles the risk of
12258:
11228:
10669:
10667:
10437:"Determinants of Isolated Systolic Hypertension"
9724:
9483:
8992:
7809:Arguedas JA, Leiva V, Wright JM (October 2013).
5548:
4536:"Hypertensive crises: challenges and management"
4319:
3649:
3085:, which became available in 1958. Subsequently,
2539:First-line medications for hypertension include
1746:is when blood pressure increases upon standing.
1214:and has several serious complications including
10261:
10259:
10209:
10207:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10199:
10197:
10195:
9816:
9814:
9041:
8273:
6842:
6840:
5725:
4698:
4696:
4271:Marshall IJ, Wolfe CD, McKevitt C (July 2012).
4233:
4231:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3330:
1621:thought to be involved in hypertension such as
10774:Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease
10643:
10602:
10306:
8185:Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, Rodgers A (June 2016).
7896:
7385:
6758:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6515:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
5904:
5338:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
4891:Rodriguez-Cruz E, Ettinger LM (6 April 2010).
4237:
11452:
11197:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
10867:
10765:
10725:"World Hypertension Day and global awareness"
10716:
10664:
10609:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
10376:
10151:
10107:
9991:
9857:
9677:
9266:
8806:
8804:
8501:
8331:
8325:
7687:
7345:Chiolero A, Bovet P, Paradis G (March 2013).
6798:
6796:
6555:
6296:Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA (May 2005).
5517:
3399:
3261:
2323:maintain normal body weight for adults (e.g.
1384:is also associated with high blood pressure.
1076:may be associated with a localized abdominal
760:
16:Long-term high blood pressure in the arteries
10771:
10722:
10673:
10567:
10309:A century of arterial hypertension 1896β1996
10256:
10192:
9811:
9767:
6963:
6837:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6668:
6136:
5294:
5288:
5253:
5029:"Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension"
4963:
4693:
4669:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4228:
3626:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
2777:. Hypertension is around twice as common in
2378:made a similar recommendation. However, the
1732:United States Preventive Services Task Force
1003:rather than the high blood pressure itself.
979:Some people with high blood pressure report
10570:Journal of the American Medical Association
10414:. Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. xiii.
10046:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9234:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9185:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9136:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9087:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9044:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8999:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8993:Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R (April 2018).
8939:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8898:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8690:Stone MS, Martyn L, Weaver CM (July 2016).
8334:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8289:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7953:
7951:
7912:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7860:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7815:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7804:
7802:
7430:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7193:
7191:
7032:
6969:
6747:
6512:
6101:
5900:
5898:
5430:"Winter Hypertension: Potential mechanisms"
5385:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5335:
5329:
4633:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4626:
4192:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4143:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4086:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3934:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3598:
3596:
3594:
3105:were developed as antihypertensive agents.
2822:preventable risk factor for premature death
2536:, are available for treating hypertension.
1847:
1571:. For patients having hypertension, higher
1387:
930:. If lifestyle changes are not sufficient,
12032:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
11459:
11445:
10528:
10526:
10157:
10049:"Hypertension in children and adolescents"
9870:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
9725:Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM (May 2018).
9653:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
9484:Wallbach M, Koziolek MJ (September 2018).
8801:
8473:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
8224:
8222:
8090:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6793:
6677:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
6598:
6142:
5219:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
5066:
5064:
4677:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
4533:
4264:
4242:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3792:
3790:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3230:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2649:Rates of hypertension in adult men in 2014
2468:
1200:death of the baby around the time of birth
767:
753:
49:
44:Arterial hypertension, high blood pressure
11250:
11208:
11095:
11085:
11043:
10996:
10944:
10934:
10842:
10832:
10748:
10699:
10620:
10506:
10487:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
10409:
10359:
10349:
10283:
10239:
10175:
10023:
9974:
9933:
9750:
9645:
9602:
9553:
9501:
9460:
9403:
9249:
9204:
9155:
9106:
9018:
8954:
8828:
8784:
8717:
8707:
8666:
8582:
8557:Charchar FJ, Prestes PR, Mills C (2024).
8533:
8484:
8443:
8402:
8392:
8336:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
8308:
8256:
8246:
8202:
8114:
8073:
8016:
7975:
7931:
7879:
7830:
7749:
7705:
7656:
7586:
7568:
7544:
7497:
7449:
7362:
7321:
7267:
7171:
7127:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7074:
7056:
7015:
6946:
6905:
6820:
6697:
6624:
6506:
6454:
6362:
6313:
6252:
6229:
6219:
6178:
6119:
6078:
6060:
5843:
5824:Journal of the American Heart Association
5751:
5659:
5610:
5494:
5453:
5404:
5378:
5312:
5271:
5230:
5182:
5141:
5096:
5044:
5003:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4833:
4758:
4739:Journal of the American Heart Association
4652:
4600:
4522:
4296:
4211:
4162:
4105:
3953:
3904:
3814:
3732:
3714:
3608:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
3566:
3556:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3482:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3376:
3295:
3293:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
2942:improved the technique by describing the
2872:. Hypertension is also a risk factor for
2582:
2372:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
1029:
10603:Bakris GL, Frohlich ED (December 1989).
10220:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
9956:
9904:
9523:
9521:
8508:Joshi S, Ettinger L, Liebman SE (2020).
8138:BrunstrΓΆm M, Carlberg B (January 2016).
8033:
7948:
7799:
7771:
7769:
7188:
7149:
7147:
5895:
5726:Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT (October 2010).
5434:International Journal of Health Sciences
4622:
4620:
4313:
4073:
3591:
3117:
2901:
2811:
2652:
2644:
2549:angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
2428:
1683:
1518:
1510:
941:
10977:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
10814:
10523:
10434:
10265:
10071:from the original on 26 September 2007.
9997:
8219:
7570:10.7326/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00725
7426:"Screening strategies for hypertension"
6990:
5171:Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology
5061:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4443:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
4408:
4406:
4404:
4082:"Pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension"
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3831:
3787:
3757:
3677:
3250:
3194:Health effects of ultra-processed foods
2764:As of 2019, one in three or 33% of the
2632:is described by one source as elevated
1749:
1535:) accounts for the high pressure while
1296:
12259:
10966:
10964:
10923:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
10213:
8925:
8923:
8766:
8514:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
7091:
5990:
5866:
4915:
4856:
4413:O'Brien E, Beevers DG, Lip GY (2007).
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
3499:
3440:
3300:Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B (2011).
3290:
3206:
3108:
2664:per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:
1800:suggests the following initial tests:
1531:, increased resistance to blood flow (
1515:Determinants of mean arterial pressure
1236:disseminated intravascular coagulation
1107:
968:Hypertension is rarely accompanied by
12272:Medical conditions related to obesity
11804:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
11440:
10817:"The economic impact of hypertension"
10095:from the original on 14 February 2012
10040:
9659:from the original on 11 November 2009
9518:
9490:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
9385:
7766:
7550:
7484:(Suppl 5): S213βS256. December 2011.
7419:
7417:
7144:
6928:
6718:
6336:
5427:
5254:Vaidya A, Forman JP (November 2010).
4617:
3604:"How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?"
3040:The first chemical for hypertension,
2610:, and some rare secondary causes are
2409:by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of
2380:American Academy of Family Physicians
2122:International Society of Hypertension
1494:may be associated with hypertension.
1360:), also contributes to hypertension.
963:
836:High blood pressure is classified as
148:Usually lifestyle and genetic factors
11809:Generalized essential telangiectasia
10873:
9316:(11): 2294β2295, author reply 2295.
8510:"Plant-Based Diets and Hypertension"
7598:from the original on 19 August 2017.
6721:The Medical Clinics of North America
5379:Gois PH, Souza ER (September 2020).
4627:Perez MI, Musini VM (January 2008).
4570:
3868:
2824:worldwide. It increases the risk of
2666:
2515:Stress reduction techniques such as
901:Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
10961:
10088:. World Health Organization. 2009.
9655:. World Health Organization. 2009.
8995:"First-line drugs for hypertension"
8920:
8432:The New England Journal of Medicine
6802:
6599:Perez V, Chang ET (November 2014).
6558:The New England Journal of Medicine
6255:The New England Journal of Medicine
6102:Safar ME, London GM (August 1987).
5577:
5295:Sorof J, Daniels S (October 2002).
4903:from the original on 15 August 2009
4863:eMedicine Obstetrics and Gynecology
4381:
3033:(surgical ablation of parts of the
2820:Hypertension is the most important
2384:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
13:
11017:
10729:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology
10680:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology
10676:"Impact of World Hypertension Day"
10311:. Chichester: Wiley. p. 213.
10285:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.177766
9976:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.178541
9731:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology
9633:from the original on 18 April 2017
9453:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.169748
8974:from the original on 12 April 2019
8861:(10): 1936β1944, discussion 1944.
8748:from the original on 26 April 2017
7738:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology
7414:
6907:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.182956
6650:Journal of Hypertension Supplement
6480:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
6315:10.1161/01.ATV.0000160548.78317.29
6028:Journal of Hypertension Supplement
5526:Williams textbook of endocrinology
5350:10.1097/01.mnh.0000165893.13620.2b
5314:10.1161/01.HYP.0000032940.33466.12
5273:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140160
4602:10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2
4061:from the original on 16 April 2019
3264:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology
3081:and developed from the antibiotic
3064:(derived from the medicinal plant
1500:
351:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
204:33% (all adults), 16% (diagnosed)
14:
12283:
9935:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667
9595:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06587
8620:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22575
7614:uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org
6394:(6): 1996β1998, discussion 2016.
6349:(6): 1998β2000, discussion 2015.
5640:Environmental Health Perspectives
5591:Environmental Health Perspectives
4869:from the original on 24 July 2009
4835:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628
4714:from the original on 4 March 2016
4510:from the original on 25 July 2015
3816:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023163
3614:from the original on 6 April 2016
3342:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
2949:
1758:, identify comorbidities such as
1736:Pseudohypertension in the elderly
1717:With the availability of 24-hour
1486:was also linked to hypertension.
12244:
12232:
11959:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
10910:
10888:10.2165/00044011-200828040-00002
10834:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2003.02463.x
10821:Journal of Clinical Hypertension
10637:
10596:
10582:10.1001/jama.1948.02890260016005
10561:
10475:
10453:10.1001/jama.1988.03410230069030
10428:
10403:
10300:
10075:
10047:Luma GB, Spiotta RT (May 2006).
9950:
9882:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01215.x
9718:
9671:
9619:
9570:
9477:
9428:
9379:
9336:
9301:
9221:
9181:"Beta-blockers for hypertension"
9172:
9123:
9074:
9035:
8986:
8889:
8786:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00258.x
8760:
8734:
8683:
8634:
8460:
8419:
8368:
8178:
8131:
7992:
7847:
7688:Law M, Wald N, Morris J (2003).
7681:
7632:
7602:
6447:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00240.x
6355:10.1152/japplphysiol.00182.2010a
6208:Cardiology Research and Practice
6143:Kim SH, Lim KR, Chun KJ (2022).
6040:10.1097/00004872-199212000-00016
5551:The American Journal of Medicine
3238:from the original on 20 May 2024
3165:
2279:
2276:
2267:
2264:
2253:
2250:
2241:
2238:
2201:
2198:
2189:
2186:
2175:
2172:
2163:
2160:
2149:
2146:
2137:
2134:
2118:European Society of Hypertension
1656:intake does not modulate either
1527:In most people with established
874:narrowing of the kidney arteries
838:primary (essential) hypertension
186:Resting blood pressure in adults
10435:Wilking SV (16 December 1988).
10385:Acta medico-historica Adriatica
10158:Singer DR, Kite A (June 2008).
9287:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.8555
7514:
7466:
7400:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.439
7379:
7364:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.438
7338:
7296:
7234:
7114:(2 Suppl 4th Report): 555β576.
6922:
6881:
6641:
6592:
6549:
6471:
6435:British Journal of Pharmacology
6422:
6400:10.1152/japplphysiol.00182.2010
6379:
6330:
6289:
6246:
6195:
6095:
6080:10.1161/01.HYP.19.2_Suppl.II1-a
6054:
6019:
5984:
5941:
5860:
5811:
5768:
5676:
5627:
5542:
5511:
5470:
5421:
5372:
5247:
5206:
5158:
5113:
5020:
4809:
4775:
4726:
4534:Marik PE, Varon J (June 2007).
4492:
4449:
4431:
4356:
4179:
4130:
4014:
3970:
3921:
2640:
2512:, and device-guided breathing.
1861:Blood pressure classifications
1832:on kidney function. Testing of
1652:-sensitive hypertension, where
1551:It is not clear whether or not
1507:Pathophysiology of hypertension
1313:genome-wide association studies
11910:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
9242:10.1002/14651858.CD008117.pub2
9197:10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub5
9148:10.1002/14651858.CD012572.pub2
9099:10.1002/14651858.CD010316.pub3
9052:10.1002/14651858.CD007187.pub2
9011:10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3
8947:10.1002/14651858.cd005182.pub4
8906:10.1002/14651858.CD004935.pub2
8346:10.1002/14651858.CD004937.pub2
8301:10.1002/14651858.CD008274.pub4
7924:10.1002/14651858.CD004349.pub3
7872:10.1002/14651858.CD010315.pub5
7823:10.1002/14651858.cd008277.pub2
7442:10.1002/14651858.CD013212.pub2
6061:Schiffrin EL (February 1992).
5518:Dluhy RG, Williams GH (1998).
5397:10.1002/14651858.CD008652.pub4
4645:10.1002/14651858.CD003653.pub3
4204:10.1002/14651858.CD008276.pub2
4155:10.1002/14651858.CD011575.pub2
4098:10.1002/14651858.CD006742.pub2
3946:10.1002/14651858.CD000028.pub3
2913:
2880:. Other complications include
2527:
2450:American College of Physicians
2376:American Academy of Pediatrics
2032:European Society of Cardiology
1916:American College of Cardiology
1842:thickening of the heart muscle
1768:thickening of the heart muscle
1619:immune system chemical signals
1587:isolated systolic hypertension
1363:Events in early life, such as
1024:thickening of the heart muscle
724:Social determinants of obesity
196:Lifestyle changes, medications
1:
11722:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
11576:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
10741:10.1016/S0828-282X(08)70617-2
10692:10.1016/S0828-282X(07)70795-X
10535:Archives of Internal Medicine
10129:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8
9629:. World Health Organization.
9546:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312156
8204:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30366-X
8156:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00816-8
7260:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30467-6
7212:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31205-3
7160:Journal of Human Hypertension
6862:. p. 102. Archived from
6388:Journal of Applied Physiology
6343:Journal of Applied Physiology
6005:10.1152/physrev.1982.62.2.347
5881:10.1152/physrev.1984.64.2.617
5732:Annals of Behavioral Medicine
5046:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00241-0
4334:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60198-6
4039:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00805-3
3716:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1
3418:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61468-9
3354:10.1080/14656566.2017.1333599
3199:
3142:The World Hypertension League
3099:angiotensin receptor blockers
3095:angiotensin converting enzyme
2906:Image of veins from Harvey's
2808:Complications of hypertension
2792:
2658:Disability-adjusted life year
2553:angiotensin receptor blockers
2502:isometric resistance exercise
2390:
2307:
2286:
1238:(a blood clotting disorder).
357:Metabolically healthy obesity
23:Hypertension (disambiguation)
12027:Chronic venous insufficiency
11652:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
11087:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480
10723:Chockalingam A (June 2008).
10622:10.1016/0735-1097(89)90002-8
10547:10.1001/archinte.156.17.1926
10307:Postel-Vinay N, ed. (1996).
9957:Frohlich ED (October 2011).
9696:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000428
9392:Journal of Internal Medicine
9322:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328332a501
8867:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000298
8830:10.1161/HYP.0b013e318293645f
8575:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003563
8248:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000003
7694:Health Technology Assessment
6527:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000052
5907:Current Hypertension Reports
5797:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.001
5697:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32835080b7
5563:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.05.024
4859:"Hypertension and Pregnancy"
4470:10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181c307b7
3558:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480
3484:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065
3151:
3113:
3050:tetramethylammonium chloride
2989:. This was advocated by The
2976:
2801:
2534:antihypertensive medications
2331:reduce dietary sodium intake
1674:
1143:
1140:evidence for this approach.
514:Obesity-associated morbidity
214:10.4 million; 19% of deaths
7:
12042:Inferior vena cava syndrome
12037:Superior vena cava syndrome
11764:Vertebral artery dissection
11754:Intracranial berry aneurysm
10876:Clinical Drug Investigation
10815:Elliott WJ (October 2003).
10674:Chockalingam A (May 2007).
10266:Kotchen TA (October 2011).
8773:Cardiovascular Therapeutics
8445:10.1056/NEJM200101043440101
8005:Annals of Internal Medicine
7964:Annals of Internal Medicine
7557:Annals of Internal Medicine
6809:Annals of Internal Medicine
3980:Annals of Internal Medicine
3225:"About High Blood Pressure"
3182:
2834:peripheral vascular disease
2296:, postconceptional age and
1623:tumor necrosis factor alpha
1575:(HRV) is a risk factor for
1533:total peripheral resistance
1248:
1138:randomized controlled trial
819:peripheral arterial disease
709:Obesity and the environment
127:peripheral arterial disease
10:
12288:
12143:Hypertensive heart disease
11794:Arteriovenous malformation
11769:Familial aortic dissection
11210:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006
10232:10.1177/014107689108401019
10214:Esunge PM (October 1991).
10177:10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.01.007
9743:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.005
9386:Young WF (February 2019).
8116:10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.003
7751:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.02.016
7551:Moyer VA (November 2013).
6856:Hypertension (NICE CG 127)
6733:10.1016/j.mcna.2017.03.003
6492:10.1016/j.tips.2008.05.003
6337:Navar LG (December 2010).
6171:10.1038/s41598-022-07783-3
4795:10.3310/nihrevidence_60660
3767:Naish J, Court DS (2014).
3663:(WHO). 19 September 2023.
3276:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.009
3035:sympathetic nervous system
2895:
2891:
2805:
2662:hypertensive heart disease
2432:
2397:Management of hypertension
2394:
1920:American Heart Association
1690:blood pressure measurement
1603:sympathetic nervous system
1601:) or abnormalities of the
1504:
1391:
1335:Blood pressure rises with
1300:
1147:
1111:
1033:
932:blood pressure medications
905:blood pressure measurement
897:millimeters mercury (mmHg)
20:
12198:
12168:Renovascular hypertension
12133:
12124:
12111:Hepatic artery thrombosis
12059:
12019:
11974:
11878:
11860:
11851:
11819:
11779:
11759:Carotid artery dissection
11712:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
11684:
11644:
11621:
11562:Intermittent claudication
11532:
11525:Peripheral artery disease
11523:
11493:
11475:
11371:
11275:
11130:American Family Physician
11045:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178
10053:American Family Physician
10016:10.1007/s00467-009-1200-3
7206:(10043): 438. July 2016.
7120:10.1542/peds.114.2.S2.555
7058:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac432
7017:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178
6972:American Family Physician
5962:10.1080/08037050410004819
5919:10.1007/s11906-009-0035-4
5744:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
4941:10.1007/s00467-010-1755-z
4857:Gibson P (30 July 2009).
3854:World Health Organization
3661:World Health Organization
3131:World Health Organization
2926:". The English clergyman
2759:
2521:transcendental meditation
2382:supports the view of the
2116:
2030:
1914:
1880:
1877:
1868:
1855:ambulatory blood pressure
1834:urine samples for protein
1798:World Health Organization
1719:ambulatory blood pressure
1291:
332:Classification of obesity
210:
200:
192:
180:
152:
144:
108:
98:
82:
66:hypertension (shown by a
57:
48:
40:
35:
12153:Hypertensive nephropathy
11966:Post-thrombotic syndrome
11947:PagetβSchroetter disease
11739:Coronary artery aneurysm
11717:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
11252:10.1001/jama.2013.284427
10936:10.1177/1098612X17693500
10786:10.1177/1753944708090572
10351:10.4103/1995-705X.144807
8526:10.1177/1559827619875411
7323:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092
6948:10.1253/circj.cj-09-0286
6803:Siu AL (November 2015).
5521:"Endocrine hypertension"
3906:10.1001/jama.2013.284427
3091:calcium channel blockers
2886:hypertensive nephropathy
2882:hypertensive retinopathy
2620:autonomic nervous system
2616:coarctation of the aorta
2545:calcium channel blockers
1882:Diastolic blood pressure
1848:Classification in adults
1744:Orthostatic hypertension
1599:reninβangiotensin system
1456:coarctation of the aorta
1243:gestational hypertension
1161:gestational hypertension
1150:Gestational hypertension
1082:Coarctation of the aorta
1016:hypertensive retinopathy
729:Social stigma of obesity
72:diastolic blood pressure
12208:Orthostatic hypotension
12190:White coat hypertension
11667:Fibromuscular dysplasia
11631:Carotid artery stenosis
11074:Journal of Hypertension
10410:Swales JD, ed. (1995).
9998:Falkner B (July 2010).
9789:10.1161/01.HYP.25.3.305
9684:Journal of Hypertension
9310:Journal of Hypertension
8855:Journal of Hypertension
8767:Raebel MA (June 2012).
8563:Journal of Hypertension
7490:10.1542/peds.2009-2107C
6121:10.1161/01.HYP.10.2.133
5836:10.1161/JAHA.117.008202
5777:Environmental Pollution
5685:Journal of Hypertension
5483:Cardiovascular Research
5232:10.3945/ajcn.111.016667
5143:10.1001/jama.287.8.1003
4751:10.1161/JAHA.120.018494
3545:Journal of Hypertension
2968:Frederick Akbar Mahomed
2962:in 1808 and especially
2898:History of hypertension
2838:cardiovascular diseases
2630:Refractory hypertension
2600:obstructive sleep apnea
2469:Lifestyle modifications
1870:Systolic blood pressure
1830:anti-hypertensive drugs
1727:white coat hypertension
1697:while listening to the
1607:endothelial dysfunction
1567:and, ultimately, cause
1490:is also a risk factor.
1432:fibromuscular dysplasia
1339:when associated with a
1270:difficulty in breathing
1086:femoral arterial pulses
807:coronary artery disease
689:Fat acceptance movement
596:Anti-obesity medication
284:Gestational weight gain
115:Coronary artery disease
78:of 80 beats per minute)
68:systolic blood pressure
12180:Pulmonary hypertension
12163:Secondary hypertension
12158:Essential hypertension
12148:Hypertensive emergency
11989:Portacaval anastomosis
11925:Portal vein thrombosis
11567:Critical limb ischemia
11468:Cardiovascular disease
11036:European Heart Journal
10412:Manual of hypertension
9839:10.1161/01.HYP.26.1.60
9357:10.1055/s-0033-1337930
7658:10.1001/jama.2021.4987
7310:European Heart Journal
7173:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001683
7045:European Heart Journal
7008:European Heart Journal
3146:World Hypertension Day
3126:
2985:or the application of
2910:
2854:chronic kidney disease
2826:ischemic heart disease
2817:
2756:
2650:
2583:Resistant hypertension
2551:(ACE inhibitors), and
2459:chronic kidney disease
2423:cardiovascular disease
2407:ischemic heart disease
2387:pressure measurement.
2259:Hypertension, grade 3
2233:Hypertension, grade 2
2207:Hypertension, grade 1
2005:Hypertension, stage 2
1979:Hypertension, stage 1
1783:essential hypertension
1772:cardiovascular disease
1764:chronic kidney disease
1756:secondary hypertension
1573:heart rate variability
1529:essential hypertension
1524:
1516:
1458:, excessive eating of
1394:Secondary hypertension
1388:Secondary hypertension
1303:Essential hypertension
1212:hypertensive emergency
1181:cardiovascular disease
1124:hypertensive emergency
1036:Secondary hypertension
1030:Secondary hypertension
1020:chronic kidney disease
960:
870:chronic kidney disease
842:secondary hypertension
827:chronic kidney disease
135:chronic kidney disease
12185:Systolic hypertension
11930:Renal vein thrombosis
11789:Arteriovenous fistula
11781:Vascular malformation
11749:Intracranial aneurysm
11636:Renal artery stenosis
6929:Kario K (June 2009).
6617:10.3945/an.114.006783
6605:Advances in Nutrition
5993:Physiological Reviews
5869:Physiological Reviews
5428:Fares A (June 2013).
4552:10.1378/chest.06-2490
4500:"Hypertensive Crisis"
4417:. London: BMJ Books.
3610:. 10 September 2015.
3159:Health care providers
3121:
2905:
2815:
2656:
2648:
2608:renal artery stenosis
2604:primary aldosteronism
2557:myocardial infarction
2429:Target blood pressure
2314:population strategies
1774:risk stratification.
1684:Measurement technique
1569:diastolic dysfunction
1559:, which may increase
1522:
1514:
1424:renal artery stenosis
1276:, failure to thrive,
1074:Renal artery stenosis
954:
714:Obesity and sexuality
589:Management of obesity
465:Binge eating disorder
425:Waist-to-height ratio
12099:Paradoxical embolism
12094:Cholesterol embolism
11920:MayβThurner syndrome
11915:BuddβChiari syndrome
11898:Deep vein thrombosis
11893:primarily lower limb
11672:Raynaud's phenomenon
10493:(5): 503β517. 1993.
10004:Pediatric Nephrology
9853:on 20 December 2012.
9534:Circulation Research
8486:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa252
8103:Kidney International
6769:10.1007/5584_2016_49
6570:10.1056/NEJMra064486
6267:10.1056/NEJMcp071137
4929:Pediatric Nephrology
4458:Cardiology in Review
3856:(WHO). 16 March 2023
3067:Rauvolfia serpentina
2874:cognitive impairment
2775:socioeconomic status
2589:mechanisms of action
1794:physical examination
1750:Other investigations
1377:high blood uric acid
1346:vitamin D deficiency
1297:Primary hypertension
1192:protein in the urine
1120:hypertensive urgency
699:Health at Every Size
651:Weight loss coaching
385:Body adiposity index
60:blood pressure meter
12175:Benign hypertension
11155:Key recommendations
10827:(3 Suppl 2): 3β13.
10658:10.1021/ja01565a079
10123:(9349): 1903β1913.
7129:2027/uc1.c095473177
6935:Circulation Journal
6221:10.4061/2011/263585
6163:2022NatSR..12.3702K
5789:2018EPoll.235..576Y
5652:10.1289/ehp.1103988
5603:10.1289/ehp.1409004
5184:10.2147/RRCC.S16919
4996:10.1038/nature10405
4988:2011Natur.478..103T
4566:on 4 December 2012.
4415:ABC of hypertension
3109:Society and culture
2936:Scipione Riva-Rocci
2858:atrial fibrillation
2510:resistance exercise
1862:
1723:home blood pressure
1577:atrial fibrillation
1563:, increase cardiac
1436:hyperparathyroidism
1382:Periodontal disease
1323:at multiple nearby
1114:Hypertensive crisis
1108:Hypertensive crisis
1050:glucose intolerance
891:(first number) and
882:birth control pills
862:physical inactivity
815:atrial fibrillation
784:high blood pressure
719:Sedentary lifestyle
531:Fatty liver disease
495:Starvation response
395:Body fat percentage
342:Genetics of obesity
12089:Pulmonary embolism
11999:Esophageal varices
11937:upper limb / torso
11581:Arteriolosclerosis
11372:External resources
10989:10.1111/jvim.15331
9503:10.1093/ndt/gfx279
9405:10.1111/joim.12831
8150:(10017): 405β406.
7532:on 1 November 2014
7254:(10043): 464β475.
6150:Scientific Reports
6073:(2 Suppl): II1-9.
5496:10.1093/cvr/cvz201
4033:(10017): 435β443.
3709:(10304): 957β980.
3326:on 17 August 2014.
3127:
3097:(ACE) inhibitors,
3042:sodium thiocyanate
3007:sexual intercourse
2911:
2870:pulmonary embolism
2818:
2757:
2651:
2541:thiazide-diuretics
1860:
1802:serum electrolytes
1591:arterial stiffness
1525:
1517:
1420:hyperaldosteronism
1400:Cushing's syndrome
1358:metabolic syndrome
1350:Insulin resistance
1188:following delivery
1102:excessive sweating
1044:frequently causes
1042:Cushing's syndrome
1014:. The severity of
964:Signs and symptoms
961:
878:endocrine disorder
854:excess body weight
556:Obesity and cancer
437:Related conditions
347:Metabolic syndrome
167:excess body weight
12220:
12219:
12216:
12215:
12060:Arteries or veins
12055:
12054:
11880:Venous thrombosis
11847:
11846:
11829:Cherry hemangioma
11729:Aortic dissection
11680:
11679:
11515:Buerger's disease
11434:
11433:
11203:(19): e127βe248.
11175:. 28 August 2019.
11080:(12): 1874β2071.
10541:(17): 1926β1935.
10447:(23): 3451β3455.
10421:978-0-86542-861-4
10318:978-0-471-96788-0
8709:10.3390/nu8070444
8659:10.1136/bmj.f1378
8058:10.2337/ds17-0085
8046:Diabetes Spectrum
7787:on 3 October 2006
7651:(16): 1650β1656.
7316:(13): 1635β1701.
7051:(35): 3302β3311.
6778:978-3-319-44250-1
6686:978-1-259-64404-7
6564:(19): 1966β1978.
5535:978-0-7216-6152-0
5083:(11): 1282β1293.
4982:(7367): 103β109.
4686:978-0-07-174889-6
4424:978-1-4051-3061-5
4328:(9559): 425β435.
4289:10.1136/bmj.e3953
4257:978-0-07-139140-5
3780:978-0-7020-5249-1
3670:978-92-4-008106-2
3551:(12): 1874β2071.
3412:(9995): 801β812.
3316:978-92-4-156437-3
2940:Nikolai Korotkoff
2754:
2753:
2494:dietary potassium
2284:
2283:
1826:electrocardiogram
1557:venous compliance
1254:Failure to thrive
997:fainting episodes
952:
916:physical exercise
791:medical condition
777:
776:
606:Bariatric surgery
415:Relative Fat Mass
304:Childhood obesity
294:Weight management
235:Human body weight
220:
219:
182:Diagnostic method
74:99 mmHg and
30:Medical condition
12279:
12249:
12248:
12247:
12237:
12236:
12228:
12131:
12130:
11942:Mondor's disease
11885:Thrombophlebitis
11858:
11857:
11534:Arteriosclerosis
11530:
11529:
11491:
11490:
11461:
11454:
11447:
11438:
11437:
11273:
11272:
11264:
11254:
11230:
11222:
11212:
11188:
11184:
11176:
11165:
11153:
11125:
11117:
11099:
11089:
11065:
11057:
11047:
11027:
11011:
11010:
11000:
10983:(6): 1803β1822.
10968:
10959:
10958:
10948:
10938:
10914:
10908:
10907:
10871:
10865:
10864:
10846:
10836:
10812:
10806:
10805:
10769:
10763:
10762:
10752:
10720:
10714:
10713:
10703:
10671:
10662:
10661:
10652:(8): 2028β2029.
10646:J. Am. Chem. Soc
10641:
10635:
10634:
10624:
10615:(7): 1595β1608.
10600:
10594:
10593:
10565:
10559:
10558:
10530:
10521:
10520:
10510:
10479:
10473:
10472:
10432:
10426:
10425:
10407:
10401:
10400:
10380:
10374:
10373:
10363:
10353:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10304:
10298:
10297:
10287:
10263:
10254:
10253:
10243:
10211:
10190:
10189:
10179:
10155:
10149:
10148:
10111:
10105:
10104:
10102:
10100:
10094:
10087:
10079:
10073:
10072:
10059:(9): 1558β1568.
10044:
10038:
10037:
10027:
10010:(7): 1219β1224.
9995:
9989:
9988:
9978:
9954:
9948:
9947:
9937:
9913:
9902:
9901:
9876:(7): 1056β1065.
9861:
9855:
9854:
9849:. Archived from
9818:
9809:
9808:
9771:
9765:
9764:
9754:
9722:
9716:
9715:
9675:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9664:
9649:
9643:
9642:
9640:
9638:
9627:"Blood Pressure"
9623:
9617:
9616:
9606:
9589:(6): 1085β1092.
9574:
9568:
9567:
9557:
9540:(7): 1061β1070.
9525:
9516:
9515:
9505:
9496:(9): 1485β1493.
9481:
9475:
9474:
9464:
9447:(6): 1026β1033.
9432:
9426:
9425:
9407:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9340:
9334:
9333:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9270:
9264:
9263:
9253:
9225:
9219:
9218:
9208:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9159:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9110:
9078:
9072:
9071:
9039:
9033:
9032:
9022:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8973:
8958:
8936:
8927:
8918:
8917:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8832:
8823:(6): 1360β1383.
8808:
8799:
8798:
8788:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8753:
8738:
8732:
8731:
8721:
8711:
8687:
8681:
8680:
8670:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8614:(7): 1450β1459.
8603:
8597:
8596:
8586:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8537:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8488:
8479:(6): 1584β1598.
8464:
8458:
8457:
8447:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8406:
8396:
8394:10.1136/bmj.m315
8372:
8366:
8365:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8312:
8280:
8271:
8270:
8260:
8250:
8226:
8217:
8216:
8206:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8118:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8077:
8037:
8031:
8030:
8020:
8018:10.7326/m13-2981
7996:
7990:
7989:
7979:
7977:10.7326/M16-1785
7955:
7946:
7945:
7935:
7918:(12): CD004349.
7903:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7866:(11): CD010315.
7851:
7845:
7844:
7834:
7817:(10): CD008277.
7806:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7783:. Archived from
7773:
7764:
7763:
7753:
7729:
7720:
7719:
7709:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7660:
7636:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7616:. Archived from
7606:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7590:
7572:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7528:. Archived from
7518:
7512:
7511:
7501:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7453:
7421:
7412:
7411:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7366:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7325:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7271:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7195:
7186:
7185:
7175:
7151:
7142:
7141:
7131:
7102:
7089:
7088:
7078:
7060:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7019:
6999:
6988:
6987:
6978:(9): 1558β1568.
6967:
6961:
6960:
6950:
6941:(6): 1002β1007.
6926:
6920:
6919:
6909:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6868:
6853:
6844:
6835:
6834:
6824:
6822:10.7326/m15-2223
6800:
6791:
6790:
6756:
6745:
6744:
6716:
6695:
6694:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6628:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6458:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6233:
6223:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6182:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6123:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6082:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6023:
6017:
6016:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5902:
5893:
5892:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5847:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5755:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5663:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5614:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5523:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5498:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5457:
5446:10.12816/0006044
5425:
5419:
5418:
5408:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5316:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5234:
5225:(4): 1113β1126.
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5186:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5136:(8): 1003β1010.
5117:
5111:
5110:
5100:
5068:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5007:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4924:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4837:
4828:(7): 1427β1438.
4813:
4807:
4806:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4762:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4624:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4595:(6): 1206β1252.
4579:
4568:
4567:
4562:. Archived from
4546:(6): 1949β1962.
4531:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4410:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4368:ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
4360:
4354:
4353:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4245:
4235:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4166:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4109:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3992:10.7326/M14-0773
3974:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3883:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3846:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3770:Medical sciences
3764:
3755:
3754:
3736:
3718:
3694:
3675:
3674:
3651:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3600:
3589:
3588:
3570:
3560:
3536:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3461:
3438:
3437:
3401:
3374:
3373:
3348:(10): 989β1000.
3337:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3319:. Archived from
3308:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3259:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3221:
3103:renin inhibitors
3046:Second World War
2995:Cornelius Celsus
2944:Korotkoff sounds
2932:sphygmomanometer
2846:aortic aneurysms
2766:world population
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2612:pheochromocytoma
2506:aerobic exercise
1863:
1859:
1806:serum creatinine
1695:Korotkoff sounds
1644:or insufficient
1553:vasoconstriction
1440:pheochromocytoma
1369:maternal smoking
1365:low birth weight
1348:are less clear.
1286:facial paralysis
1090:Pheochromocytoma
953:
880:, or the use of
782:, also known as
769:
762:
755:
646:Weight loss camp
641:Obesity medicine
521:Arteriosclerosis
405:Corpulence index
400:Body Shape Index
367:Set point theory
337:Exercise paradox
321:Medical concepts
289:Diet (nutrition)
243:General concepts
222:
221:
216:(globally, 2019)
206:(globally, 2019)
53:
33:
32:
12287:
12286:
12282:
12281:
12280:
12278:
12277:
12276:
12257:
12256:
12255:
12245:
12243:
12231:
12223:
12221:
12212:
12194:
12120:
12077:Microangiopathy
12072:Macroangiopathy
12051:
12015:
11984:Gastric varices
11970:
11883:
11874:
11843:
11815:
11775:
11707:Aortic aneurysm
11693:
11676:
11662:Erythromelalgia
11640:
11617:
11542:Atherosclerosis
11519:
11483:
11471:
11465:
11435:
11430:
11429:
11367:
11366:
11284:
11269:
11267:
11167:
11020:
11018:Further reading
11015:
11014:
10969:
10962:
10915:
10911:
10872:
10868:
10813:
10809:
10770:
10766:
10721:
10717:
10672:
10665:
10642:
10638:
10601:
10597:
10566:
10562:
10531:
10524:
10481:
10480:
10476:
10433:
10429:
10422:
10408:
10404:
10381:
10377:
10330:
10326:
10319:
10305:
10301:
10264:
10257:
10212:
10193:
10156:
10152:
10112:
10108:
10098:
10096:
10092:
10085:
10081:
10080:
10076:
10045:
10041:
9996:
9992:
9955:
9951:
9928:(7): e46βe215.
9914:
9905:
9862:
9858:
9819:
9812:
9772:
9768:
9723:
9719:
9676:
9672:
9662:
9660:
9651:
9650:
9646:
9636:
9634:
9625:
9624:
9620:
9575:
9571:
9526:
9519:
9482:
9478:
9433:
9429:
9384:
9380:
9341:
9337:
9306:
9302:
9275:JAMA Intern Med
9271:
9267:
9236:(2): CD008117.
9226:
9222:
9191:(1): CD002003.
9177:
9173:
9142:(6): CD012572.
9128:
9124:
9093:(2): CD010316.
9079:
9075:
9046:(4): CD007187.
9040:
9036:
9005:(4): CD001841.
8991:
8987:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8941:(3): CD005182.
8934:
8928:
8921:
8900:(1): CD004935.
8894:
8890:
8850:
8846:
8809:
8802:
8779:(3): e156β166.
8765:
8761:
8751:
8749:
8740:
8739:
8735:
8688:
8684:
8639:
8635:
8604:
8600:
8555:
8551:
8506:
8502:
8465:
8461:
8424:
8420:
8373:
8369:
8340:(4): CD004937.
8330:
8326:
8295:(2): CD008274.
8281:
8274:
8227:
8220:
8197:(10035): 2291.
8183:
8179:
8136:
8132:
8095:
8091:
8038:
8034:
7997:
7993:
7956:
7949:
7904:
7897:
7852:
7848:
7807:
7800:
7790:
7788:
7775:
7774:
7767:
7730:
7723:
7707:10.3310/hta7310
7686:
7682:
7637:
7633:
7623:
7621:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7595:
7549:
7545:
7535:
7533:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7436:(5): CD013212.
7422:
7415:
7388:JAMA Pediatrics
7384:
7380:
7351:JAMA Pediatrics
7343:
7339:
7301:
7297:
7239:
7235:
7197:
7196:
7189:
7152:
7145:
7103:
7092:
7037:
7033:
7000:
6991:
6968:
6964:
6927:
6923:
6886:
6882:
6872:
6870:
6869:on 23 July 2013
6866:
6851:
6845:
6838:
6815:(10): 778β786.
6801:
6794:
6779:
6757:
6748:
6717:
6698:
6687:
6673:
6669:
6646:
6642:
6597:
6593:
6554:
6550:
6511:
6507:
6476:
6472:
6427:
6423:
6384:
6380:
6335:
6331:
6294:
6290:
6251:
6247:
6200:
6196:
6141:
6137:
6100:
6096:
6059:
6055:
6034:(7): S147β156.
6024:
6020:
5989:
5985:
5946:
5942:
5903:
5896:
5865:
5861:
5830:(13): e008202.
5816:
5812:
5773:
5769:
5724:
5720:
5681:
5677:
5632:
5628:
5582:
5578:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5516:
5512:
5475:
5471:
5426:
5422:
5391:(9): CD008652.
5377:
5373:
5334:
5330:
5293:
5289:
5252:
5248:
5211:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5163:
5159:
5118:
5114:
5089:10.1038/ng.3405
5077:Nature Genetics
5069:
5062:
5025:
5021:
4968:
4964:
4925:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4889:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4855:
4851:
4814:
4810:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4639:(1): CD003653.
4625:
4618:
4580:
4571:
4532:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4454:
4450:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4411:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4318:
4314:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4236:
4229:
4198:(8): CD008276.
4184:
4180:
4149:(8): CD011575.
4135:
4131:
4092:(8): CD006742.
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4019:
4015:
3975:
3971:
3940:(6): CD000028.
3926:
3922:
3884:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3832:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3765:
3758:
3695:
3678:
3671:
3653:
3652:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3537:
3500:
3477:(6): e13βe115.
3462:
3441:
3402:
3377:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3317:
3306:
3298:
3291:
3260:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3234:. 15 May 2024.
3223:
3222:
3207:
3202:
3185:
3168:
3154:
3116:
3111:
2979:
2952:
2916:
2900:
2894:
2850:atherosclerosis
2810:
2804:
2795:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742: 1100β1600
2739:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2643:
2585:
2530:
2471:
2437:
2431:
2399:
2393:
2325:body mass index
2310:
2294:gestational age
2289:
1910:24h ambulatory
1850:
1818:fasting glucose
1752:
1699:brachial artery
1686:
1677:
1541:prehypertension
1509:
1503:
1501:Pathophysiology
1476:methamphetamine
1428:atherosclerosis
1416:Conn's syndrome
1404:hyperthyroidism
1396:
1390:
1321:DNA methylation
1305:
1299:
1294:
1251:
1232:pulmonary edema
1196:maternal deaths
1173:low birthweight
1169:premature birth
1156:
1148:Main articles:
1146:
1116:
1110:
1098:pale appearance
1066:fast heart rate
1062:Hyperthyroidism
1046:truncal obesity
1038:
1032:
985:lightheadedness
966:
955:Video summary (
942:
937:life expectancy
773:
744:
743:
669:
661:
660:
621:Caloric deficit
591:
581:
580:
576:Type 2 diabetes
526:Atherosclerosis
516:
506:
505:
476:Hyperthyroidism
453:Eating disorder
438:
430:
429:
420:Waistβhip ratio
390:Body mass index
380:
372:
371:
362:Obesity paradox
322:
314:
313:
244:
215:
205:
187:
70:158 mmHg,
31:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12285:
12275:
12274:
12269:
12254:
12253:
12241:
12218:
12217:
12214:
12213:
12211:
12210:
12204:
12202:
12196:
12195:
12193:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12171:
12170:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12139:
12137:
12128:
12126:Blood pressure
12122:
12121:
12119:
12118:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12102:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12081:
12080:
12079:
12074:
12063:
12061:
12057:
12056:
12053:
12052:
12050:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12023:
12021:
12017:
12016:
12014:
12013:
12008:
12007:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11986:
11980:
11978:
11976:Varicose veins
11972:
11971:
11969:
11968:
11963:
11962:
11961:
11951:
11950:
11949:
11944:
11934:
11933:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11902:
11901:
11900:
11889:
11887:
11876:
11875:
11873:
11872:
11866:
11864:
11855:
11849:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11841:
11839:Spider angioma
11836:
11831:
11825:
11823:
11821:Vascular nevus
11817:
11816:
11814:
11813:
11812:
11811:
11806:
11799:Telangiectasia
11796:
11791:
11785:
11783:
11777:
11776:
11774:
11773:
11772:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11741:
11736:
11734:Aortic rupture
11731:
11726:
11725:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11699:
11697:
11695:pseudoaneurysm
11682:
11681:
11678:
11677:
11675:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11648:
11646:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11638:
11633:
11627:
11625:
11619:
11618:
11616:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11608:
11606:Oxycholesterol
11603:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11578:
11572:
11571:
11570:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11538:
11536:
11527:
11521:
11520:
11518:
11517:
11512:
11511:
11510:
11499:
11497:
11488:
11473:
11472:
11464:
11463:
11456:
11449:
11441:
11432:
11431:
11428:
11427:
11416:
11399:
11388:
11376:
11375:
11373:
11369:
11368:
11365:
11364:
11353:
11342:
11331:
11316:
11301:
11285:
11280:
11279:
11277:
11276:Classification
11266:
11265:
11224:
11223:
11178:
11177:
11159:
11158:
11119:
11118:
11059:
11058:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11013:
11012:
10960:
10929:(3): 288β303.
10909:
10882:(4): 211β220.
10866:
10807:
10780:(3): 147β155.
10764:
10735:(6): 441β444.
10715:
10686:(7): 517β519.
10663:
10636:
10595:
10576:(9): 608β613.
10560:
10522:
10474:
10427:
10420:
10402:
10391:(1): 157β162.
10375:
10324:
10317:
10299:
10255:
10191:
10170:(6): 701β708.
10150:
10106:
10074:
10039:
9990:
9969:(4): 546β547.
9949:
9903:
9856:
9810:
9783:(3): 305β313.
9766:
9737:(5): 575β584.
9717:
9690:(2): 221β229.
9670:
9644:
9618:
9569:
9517:
9476:
9427:
9398:(2): 126β148.
9378:
9351:(5): 217β223.
9335:
9300:
9281:(4): 433β434.
9265:
9220:
9171:
9122:
9073:
9034:
8985:
8919:
8888:
8844:
8800:
8759:
8733:
8682:
8633:
8598:
8549:
8520:(4): 397β405.
8500:
8459:
8418:
8367:
8324:
8272:
8241:(4): 878β885.
8218:
8177:
8130:
8089:
8052:(3): 218β224.
8032:
8011:(7): 499β503.
7991:
7970:(6): 430β437.
7947:
7895:
7846:
7798:
7765:
7744:(5): 549β568.
7721:
7680:
7631:
7620:on 22 May 2020
7601:
7563:(9): 613β619.
7543:
7513:
7465:
7413:
7394:(3): 302β304.
7378:
7357:(3): 266β273.
7337:
7295:
7233:
7187:
7166:(3): 139β185.
7143:
7090:
7031:
6989:
6962:
6921:
6900:(2): 173β178.
6880:
6836:
6792:
6777:
6746:
6727:(4): 701β712.
6696:
6685:
6667:
6656:(2): S81βS87.
6640:
6611:(6): 712β741.
6591:
6548:
6521:(5): 473β479.
6505:
6486:(7): 367β374.
6470:
6441:(4): 527β536.
6421:
6378:
6329:
6308:(5): 932β943.
6288:
6261:(8): 789β796.
6245:
6194:
6135:
6114:(2): 133β139.
6094:
6053:
6018:
5999:(2): 347β504.
5983:
5956:(6): 350β354.
5950:Blood Pressure
5940:
5913:(3): 199β205.
5894:
5875:(2): 617β660.
5859:
5810:
5767:
5738:(2): 218β227.
5718:
5691:(5): 842β851.
5675:
5646:(4): 494β500.
5626:
5597:(8): 806β812.
5576:
5541:
5534:
5510:
5469:
5440:(2): 210β219.
5420:
5371:
5344:(3): 259β264.
5328:
5307:(4): 441β447.
5287:
5266:(5): 774β779.
5246:
5205:
5157:
5112:
5060:
5039:(4): 545β556.
5019:
4962:
4914:
4893:"Hypertension"
4880:
4849:
4808:
4774:
4745:(9): e018494.
4725:
4692:
4685:
4668:
4616:
4569:
4521:
4491:
4464:(2): 102β107.
4448:
4430:
4423:
4380:
4355:
4312:
4263:
4256:
4227:
4178:
4129:
4072:
4013:
3986:(3): 184β191.
3969:
3920:
3899:(5): 507β520.
3867:
3850:"Hypertension"
3830:
3809:(6): 583β596.
3786:
3779:
3756:
3676:
3669:
3625:
3590:
3498:
3439:
3375:
3329:
3315:
3289:
3270:(5): 569β571.
3249:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3167:
3164:
3153:
3150:
3135:cardiovascular
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3072:chlorothiazide
2991:Yellow Emperor
2978:
2975:
2964:Richard Bright
2951:
2950:Identification
2948:
2924:De motu cordis
2920:William Harvey
2915:
2912:
2896:Main article:
2893:
2890:
2806:Main article:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748: >1600
2744:
2738:
2736: 990β1100
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2642:
2639:
2634:blood pressure
2584:
2581:
2529:
2526:
2470:
2467:
2430:
2427:
2403:blood pressure
2395:Main article:
2392:
2389:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2327:below 25 kg/m)
2309:
2306:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1867:
1849:
1846:
1838:hyperlipidemia
1822:urine dipstick
1779:kidney disease
1751:
1748:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1669:angiotensin II
1615:Interleukin 17
1583:Pulse pressure
1537:cardiac output
1505:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1408:hypothyroidism
1392:Main article:
1389:
1386:
1371:, and lack of
1301:Main article:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1278:blurred vision
1266:lack of energy
1250:
1247:
1228:kidney failure
1220:brain swelling
1145:
1142:
1112:Main article:
1109:
1106:
1072:, and tremor.
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
1012:ophthalmoscopy
965:
962:
924:alcohol intake
795:blood pressure
775:
774:
772:
771:
764:
757:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
736:
734:Weight cutting
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
676:
670:
668:Social aspects
667:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
623:
618:
608:
603:
598:
592:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
561:Osteoarthritis
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
517:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
498:
488:
483:
478:
473:
471:Food addiction
468:
450:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
410:Lean body mass
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
344:
339:
334:
329:
327:Adipose tissue
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
231:
230:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
156:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
112:
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
86:
80:
79:
58:Automated arm
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12284:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12264:
12262:
12252:
12242:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12229:
12226:
12209:
12206:
12205:
12203:
12201:
12197:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12169:
12166:
12165:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12140:
12138:
12136:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12123:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12086:
12085:
12082:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12069:
12068:
12065:
12064:
12062:
12058:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12022:
12018:
12012:
12009:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11994:Caput medusae
11992:
11991:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11981:
11979:
11977:
11973:
11967:
11964:
11960:
11957:
11956:
11955:
11952:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11939:
11938:
11935:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11903:
11899:
11896:
11895:
11894:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11886:
11881:
11877:
11871:
11868:
11867:
11865:
11863:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11850:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11826:
11824:
11822:
11818:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11801:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11786:
11784:
11782:
11778:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11746:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11709:
11708:
11704:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11696:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11657:Degos disease
11655:
11653:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11643:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11624:
11620:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11583:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11573:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11544:
11543:
11540:
11539:
11537:
11535:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11522:
11516:
11513:
11509:
11506:
11505:
11504:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11496:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11482:
11478:
11474:
11469:
11462:
11457:
11455:
11450:
11448:
11443:
11442:
11439:
11426:
11422:
11421:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11409:
11405:
11404:
11400:
11398:
11394:
11393:
11389:
11387:
11383:
11382:
11378:
11377:
11374:
11370:
11363:
11359:
11358:
11354:
11352:
11348:
11347:
11343:
11341:
11337:
11336:
11332:
11330:
11326:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11315:
11311:
11310:
11306:
11302:
11300:
11296:
11295:
11291:
11287:
11286:
11283:
11278:
11274:
11270:
11262:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11245:(5): 507β20.
11244:
11240:
11236:
11226:
11225:
11220:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11202:
11198:
11194:
11180:
11179:
11174:
11170:
11161:
11160:
11156:
11151:
11147:
11143:
11139:
11136:(6): Online.
11135:
11131:
11121:
11120:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11079:
11075:
11071:
11061:
11060:
11055:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11037:
11033:
11023:
11022:
11008:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10990:
10986:
10982:
10978:
10974:
10967:
10965:
10956:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10928:
10924:
10920:
10913:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10870:
10862:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10818:
10811:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10768:
10760:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10719:
10711:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10670:
10668:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10647:
10640:
10632:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10614:
10610:
10606:
10599:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10564:
10556:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10529:
10527:
10518:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10478:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10431:
10423:
10417:
10413:
10406:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10379:
10371:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10328:
10320:
10314:
10310:
10303:
10295:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10278:(4): 522β38.
10277:
10273:
10269:
10262:
10260:
10251:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10200:
10198:
10196:
10187:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10161:
10154:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10110:
10091:
10084:
10078:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10043:
10035:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9994:
9986:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9953:
9945:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9912:
9910:
9908:
9899:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9860:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9817:
9815:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9770:
9762:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9721:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9674:
9658:
9654:
9648:
9632:
9628:
9622:
9614:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9573:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9531:
9524:
9522:
9513:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9480:
9472:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9438:
9431:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9382:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9345:Drug Research
9339:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9304:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9269:
9261:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9224:
9216:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9175:
9167:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9126:
9118:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9077:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9045:
9038:
9030:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8989:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8933:
8926:
8924:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8892:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8848:
8840:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8807:
8805:
8796:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8763:
8747:
8743:
8737:
8729:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8686:
8678:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8637:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8602:
8594:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8553:
8545:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8504:
8496:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8463:
8455:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8422:
8414:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8371:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8328:
8320:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8279:
8277:
8268:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8225:
8223:
8214:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8181:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8134:
8126:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8109:(3): S1βS87.
8108:
8104:
8100:
8093:
8085:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8036:
8028:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7995:
7987:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7954:
7952:
7943:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7902:
7900:
7891:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7850:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7805:
7803:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7770:
7761:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7728:
7726:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7684:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7635:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7605:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7547:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7517:
7509:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7469:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7420:
7418:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7382:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7341:
7333:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7299:
7292:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7194:
7192:
7183:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7150:
7148:
7139:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7086:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7035:
7027:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7009:
7005:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6958:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6925:
6917:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6884:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6841:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6799:
6797:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6693:
6692:hypertension.
6688:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6636:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5987:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5899:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5065:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4885:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4787:NIHR Evidence
4784:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3334:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3166:Other animals
3163:
3160:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:beta blockers
3084:
3083:sulfanilamide
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3054:hexamethonium
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:sympathectomy
3028:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2971:
2970:(1849β1884).
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:Stephen Hales
2925:
2921:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:heart failure
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2730: 880β990
2724: 770β880
2718: 660β770
2713:
2710: 550β660
2704: 440β550
2698: 330β440
2692: 220β330
2686: 110β220
2680: <110
2674: no data
2669:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2568:beta-blockers
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2487:dietary fiber
2484:
2479:
2476:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:heart failure
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2364:periodontitis
2361:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2273:
2270:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2244:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2192:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2140:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2091:Hypertension
2090:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2039:Non-elevated
2038:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1781:. Primary or
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:calcification
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1721:monitors and
1720:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1667:responses to
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1635:interleukin 8
1632:
1631:interleukin 6
1628:
1627:interleukin 1
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:and vascular
1608:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:venous return
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:Air pollution
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1373:breastfeeding
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1241:In contrast,
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:, which is a
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:pre-eclampsia
1162:
1155:
1154:Pre-eclampsia
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:stretch marks
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:, as well as
982:
977:
975:
971:
958:
940:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
852:in the diet,
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:heart failure
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:in which the
792:
789:
785:
781:
770:
765:
763:
758:
756:
751:
750:
748:
747:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
694:Fat fetishism
692:
690:
687:
684:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
665:
664:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
631:
627:
624:
622:
619:
616:
615:List of diets
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
590:
585:
584:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:Heart disease
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
515:
510:
509:
502:
499:
496:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
448:
444:
441:
440:
434:
433:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
376:
375:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
318:
317:
309:
305:
302:
300:
299:Overnutrition
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
254:
250:
247:
246:
240:
239:
236:
233:
232:
228:
224:
223:
213:
209:
203:
199:
195:
191:
185:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:Lack of sleep
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:heart failure
120:
116:
113:
111:
110:Complications
107:
103:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
28:
24:
19:
12267:Hypertension
12135:Hypertension
12134:
12047:Venous ulcer
11953:
11936:
11904:
11892:
11862:Inflammation
11743:
11702:
11591:Hyperplastic
11552:Fatty streak
11495:Inflammation
11425:Hypertension
11418:
11401:
11390:
11386:Hypertension
11379:
11355:
11344:
11333:
11318:
11303:
11288:
11268:
11242:
11238:
11200:
11196:
11172:
11133:
11129:
11097:11379/603005
11077:
11073:
11035:
10980:
10976:
10926:
10922:
10912:
10879:
10875:
10869:
10824:
10820:
10810:
10777:
10773:
10767:
10732:
10728:
10718:
10683:
10679:
10649:
10645:
10639:
10612:
10608:
10598:
10573:
10569:
10563:
10538:
10534:
10490:
10486:
10477:
10444:
10440:
10430:
10411:
10405:
10388:
10384:
10378:
10344:(3): 96β98.
10341:
10337:
10327:
10308:
10302:
10275:
10272:Hypertension
10271:
10223:
10219:
10167:
10163:
10153:
10120:
10116:
10109:
10097:. Retrieved
10077:
10056:
10052:
10042:
10007:
10003:
9993:
9966:
9963:Hypertension
9962:
9952:
9925:
9921:
9873:
9869:
9859:
9851:the original
9833:(1): 60β69.
9830:
9827:Hypertension
9826:
9780:
9777:Hypertension
9776:
9769:
9734:
9730:
9720:
9687:
9683:
9673:
9661:. Retrieved
9647:
9635:. Retrieved
9621:
9586:
9583:Hypertension
9582:
9572:
9537:
9533:
9493:
9489:
9479:
9444:
9441:Hypertension
9440:
9430:
9395:
9391:
9381:
9348:
9344:
9338:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9278:
9274:
9268:
9233:
9223:
9188:
9184:
9174:
9139:
9135:
9125:
9090:
9086:
9076:
9043:
9037:
9002:
8998:
8988:
8976:. Retrieved
8938:
8897:
8891:
8858:
8854:
8847:
8820:
8817:Hypertension
8816:
8776:
8772:
8762:
8750:. Retrieved
8736:
8699:
8695:
8685:
8650:
8646:
8636:
8611:
8608:Hypertension
8607:
8601:
8569:(1): 23β49.
8566:
8562:
8552:
8517:
8513:
8503:
8476:
8472:
8462:
8435:
8431:
8421:
8384:
8380:
8370:
8337:
8333:
8327:
8292:
8288:
8238:
8235:Hypertension
8234:
8194:
8190:
8180:
8147:
8143:
8133:
8106:
8102:
8092:
8049:
8045:
8035:
8008:
8004:
7994:
7967:
7963:
7915:
7911:
7863:
7859:
7849:
7814:
7789:. Retrieved
7785:the original
7780:
7741:
7737:
7700:(31): 1β94.
7697:
7693:
7683:
7648:
7644:
7634:
7622:. Retrieved
7618:the original
7613:
7604:
7560:
7556:
7546:
7534:. Retrieved
7530:the original
7525:
7516:
7481:
7477:
7468:
7433:
7429:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7354:
7350:
7340:
7313:
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7247:
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7048:
7044:
7034:
7007:
6975:
6971:
6965:
6938:
6934:
6924:
6897:
6894:Hypertension
6893:
6883:
6871:. Retrieved
6864:the original
6855:
6812:
6808:
6760:
6724:
6720:
6690:
6676:
6670:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6608:
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6301:
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6211:
6207:
6197:
6154:
6148:
6138:
6111:
6108:Hypertension
6107:
6097:
6070:
6067:Hypertension
6066:
6056:
6031:
6027:
6021:
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5992:
5986:
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5949:
5943:
5910:
5906:
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5868:
5862:
5827:
5823:
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5770:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5594:
5590:
5579:
5557:(1): 14β22.
5554:
5550:
5544:
5525:
5513:
5489:(1): 28β39.
5486:
5482:
5472:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5304:
5301:Hypertension
5300:
5290:
5263:
5260:Hypertension
5259:
5249:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5196:. Retrieved
5174:
5170:
5160:
5133:
5129:
5115:
5080:
5076:
5036:
5032:
5022:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4935:(1): 17β32.
4932:
4928:
4905:. Retrieved
4899:. Medscape.
4896:
4871:. Retrieved
4865:. Medscape.
4862:
4852:
4825:
4822:Hypertension
4821:
4811:
4786:
4777:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4716:. Retrieved
4708:uptodate.com
4707:
4676:
4671:
4636:
4632:
4592:
4589:Hypertension
4588:
4564:the original
4543:
4539:
4512:. Retrieved
4503:
4494:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4442:
4433:
4414:
4371:. Retrieved
4367:
4358:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4241:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4030:
4026:
4016:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3896:
3892:
3858:. Retrieved
3806:
3802:
3769:
3706:
3702:
3655:
3616:. Retrieved
3607:
3568:11379/603005
3548:
3544:
3474:
3471:Hypertension
3470:
3409:
3405:
3345:
3341:
3321:the original
3302:
3267:
3263:
3240:. Retrieved
3228:
3177:
3169:
3155:
3128:
3074:, the first
3065:
3039:
3023:
2983:bloodletting
2980:
2972:
2960:Thomas Young
2957:
2953:
2923:
2917:
2907:
2840:, including
2836:, and other
2819:
2796:
2787:
2783:
2771:
2763:
2641:Epidemiology
2628:
2597:
2586:
2577:
2566:Previously,
2565:
2538:
2531:
2514:
2499:
2491:
2480:
2472:
2463:
2447:
2438:
2400:
2368:
2356:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2298:birth weight
2290:
2181:High normal
1851:
1787:
1776:
1753:
1716:
1687:
1678:
1639:
1611:inflammation
1595:
1581:
1550:
1526:
1496:
1397:
1362:
1341:western diet
1334:
1306:
1262:irritability
1252:
1240:
1185:
1157:
1131:
1128:
1117:
1094:palpitations
1070:bulging eyes
1039:
1008:optic fundus
1005:
978:
967:
928:healthy diet
918:, decreased
909:
886:
835:
783:
780:Hypertension
779:
778:
739:Weight class
674:Comfort food
656:Yo-yo effect
551:Hypertension
550:
541:Gynecomastia
481:Malnutrition
379:Measurements
308:Epidemiology
253:Epidemiology
154:Risk factors
36:Hypertension
27:
18:
12200:Hypotension
11744:head / neck
11596:Cholesterol
11486:capillaries
11392:MedlinePlus
11231:guideline:
11189:guideline:
11166:guideline:
11126:guideline:
11066:guideline:
11028:guideline:
10338:Heart Views
10226:(10): 621.
10099:10 February
9922:Circulation
9663:11 November
8978:11 February
8438:(1): 3β10.
7269:10379/16625
6873:22 December
6157:(1): 3702.
5783:: 576β588.
4065:11 February
3803:Circulation
3058:hydralazine
3003:Hippocrates
2914:Measurement
2528:Medications
2517:biofeedback
2492:Increasing
2349:not smoking
1866:Categories
1810:lipid panel
1703:stethoscope
1448:sleep apnea
1216:vision loss
922:, reducing
920:salt intake
912:weight loss
823:vision loss
636:Liposuction
571:Sleep apnea
566:Prediabetes
279:Weight loss
274:Weight gain
264:Underweight
163:excess salt
131:vision loss
41:Other names
12261:Categories
12116:Vasculitis
12106:Thrombosis
12067:Angiopathy
12011:Varicocele
12004:Hemorrhoid
11834:Halo nevus
11690:dissection
11481:arterioles
11420:Patient UK
11357:DiseasesDB
8956:10344/9179
8702:(7): 444.
7536:13 October
7478:Pediatrics
7108:Pediatrics
6723:(Review).
6214:: 263585.
5198:9 February
5120:Vasan RS,
3805:(Review).
3703:The Lancet
3659:. Geneva:
3344:(Review).
3200:References
3172:amlodipine
2993:of China,
2848:, diffuse
2785:Paraguay.
2624:baroreflex
2433:See also:
2391:Management
2308:Prevention
1900:ambulatory
1770:, and for
1714:function.
1640:Excessive
1546:arterioles
1488:Loneliness
1484:Depression
1464:stimulants
1412:acromegaly
1354:syndrome X
1329:phenotypes
1282:nosebleeds
1177:stillbirth
601:Bariatrics
491:Starvation
269:Body shape
259:Overweight
93:Nephrology
89:Cardiology
76:heart rate
11870:Phlebitis
11611:Trans fat
11547:Foam cell
11503:Arteritis
11470:(vessels)
11414:emerg/267
11403:eMedicine
11142:1532-0650
11106:1473-5598
11054:0195-668X
10499:0042-9686
10461:0098-7484
9704:0263-6352
8696:Nutrients
8653:: f1378.
8066:1040-9165
7675:233409679
7228:205982690
7067:0195-668X
7026:0195-668X
5177:: 15β35.
4803:265356623
4504:heart.org
4283:: e3953.
3751:237286310
3725:0140-6736
3577:1473-5598
3434:208792897
3152:Economics
3138:mortality
3114:Awareness
3062:reserpine
3027:rice diet
2977:Treatment
2802:Prognosis
2779:diabetics
2483:DASH diet
2419:mortality
2344:DASH diet
2065:Elevated
1953:Elevated
1675:Diagnosis
1646:potassium
1460:liquorice
1452:pregnancy
1325:CpG sites
1208:eclampsia
1144:Pregnancy
1134:confusion
1054:moon face
981:headaches
974:screening
893:diastolic
788:long-term
683:Criticism
679:Fast food
201:Frequency
193:Treatment
84:Specialty
12251:Medicine
12084:Embolism
11686:Aneurysm
11623:Stenosis
11557:Atheroma
11508:Aortitis
11477:Arteries
11411:ped/1097
11408:med/1106
11261:24352797
11219:29146535
11150:36521481
11114:37345492
11007:30353952
10955:28245741
10946:11119534
10896:18345711
10861:26799038
10853:12826765
10802:31053059
10794:19124418
10759:18548140
10710:17534457
10590:18899127
10397:25310615
10370:25538828
10294:21859967
10186:18375152
10145:54363452
10137:12493255
10090:Archived
10069:Archived
10065:16719248
10034:19421783
9985:21911712
9944:20019324
9898:27522876
9890:17608879
9805:23660820
9761:29459239
9712:25479029
9657:Archived
9637:22 April
9631:Archived
9613:27091893
9564:30920924
9512:29136223
9471:21536990
9422:52824356
9414:30255616
9365:23526242
9330:20724871
9295:38372970
9260:24488616
9251:11056235
9215:28107561
9166:32519776
9117:32026465
9068:73993182
9060:19821398
9029:29667175
8969:Archived
8965:20238338
8914:18254065
8883:20098894
8875:25084308
8839:23608661
8795:21883995
8752:26 April
8746:Archived
8728:27455317
8677:23558164
8628:38586958
8593:37712135
8584:10713007
8544:33281520
8495:33022695
8454:11136953
8413:32094151
8387:: m315.
8362:23522004
8354:23633321
8319:33555049
8267:24243703
8258:10280688
8213:27302266
8172:44282689
8164:26559745
8125:33637192
8084:30140137
8027:24424788
7986:28135725
7942:33332584
7890:36398903
7841:24170669
7832:11365096
7791:4 August
7760:25936483
7716:14604498
7667:33904861
7624:22 April
7593:Archived
7588:20193715
7579:24097285
7508:22084329
7460:32378196
7408:23303514
7373:23303490
7332:22555213
7286:44581906
7278:27216139
7220:27507743
7182:14973512
7138:15286277
7085:36100239
6984:16719248
6957:19430163
6916:22184330
6831:26458123
6787:27417699
6741:28577621
6635:25398734
6586:22345731
6578:17494929
6543:13383731
6535:25036747
6500:18579222
6465:19630832
6408:20185633
6373:21148349
6324:15731494
6283:42515260
6275:17715411
6240:21845218
6189:35260686
5978:28992820
5970:15771219
5935:11320300
5927:19442329
5854:29950485
5805:29331891
5762:20652462
5713:32187480
5705:22343537
5670:22138666
5621:25816368
5571:22195528
5505:31549149
5464:24421749
5415:32877573
5366:10646150
5358:15821420
5323:12364344
5282:20937970
5241:21880846
5152:11866648
5122:Beiser A
5107:26390057
5055:11239411
5014:21909115
4957:10698052
4949:21258818
4901:Archived
4867:Archived
4844:37170819
4769:33870708
4712:Archived
4663:18254026
4611:14656957
4560:17565029
4508:Archived
4486:34137590
4478:20160537
4373:24 April
4350:28579025
4342:17276782
4307:22777025
4222:28813123
4173:28787537
4124:42363250
4116:22895954
4059:Archived
4055:36805676
4047:26559744
4008:46553658
4000:25531552
3964:31167038
3915:24352797
3825:28784826
3743:34450083
3612:Archived
3585:37345492
3493:29133356
3426:25832858
3370:46601689
3362:28532183
3284:25795106
3236:Archived
3183:See also
3079:diuretic
3076:thiazide
2878:dementia
2866:leukemia
2793:Children
2572:atenolol
2570:such as
2475:Cochrane
2455:diabetes
2442:Cochrane
2411:dementia
2287:Children
2248:100β109
2236:160β179
2210:140β159
2184:130β139
2158:120β129
2132:<120
2129:Optimal
2074:115β129
2071:120β135
2068:120β139
2048:<115
2045:<120
2042:<120
1988:125β129
1985:130β134
1982:130β139
1962:115β124
1959:120β129
1956:120β129
1936:<115
1933:<120
1930:<120
1760:diabetes
1665:vascular
1466:such as
1258:seizures
1249:Children
1224:seizures
1204:swelling
1010:seen by
993:tinnitus
970:symptoms
926:, and a
889:systolic
831:dementia
799:arteries
626:Exercise
457:Anorexia
443:Diabetes
227:a series
225:Part of
139:dementia
100:Symptoms
64:arterial
62:showing
12239:Biology
12225:Portals
11905:abdomen
11586:Hyaline
11351:D006973
10998:6271319
10904:8294060
10844:8099256
10750:2643187
10701:2650754
10631:2685075
10555:8823146
10517:8261554
10508:2393474
10469:3210285
10361:4268622
10250:1744849
10241:1295564
10025:2874036
9847:7607734
9797:7875754
9752:5953551
9604:5425297
9555:6469348
9462:3105900
9373:8247941
9206:5369873
9157:7387859
9108:7002970
9020:6513559
8719:4963920
8668:4816263
8647:The BMJ
8535:7692016
8404:7190039
8381:The BMJ
8310:8093137
8075:6092891
7933:8094587
7881:9673465
7499:4536582
7451:7203601
7304:2012).
7242:2016).
7076:9470378
6662:3003304
6626:4224208
6456:2707964
6416:7685157
6364:3006411
6231:3154449
6180:8904557
6159:Bibcode
6130:3301662
6089:1735561
6048:1291649
6013:6461865
5889:6369352
5845:6064910
5785:Bibcode
5753:3874845
5661:3339454
5612:4529016
5455:3883610
5406:8094453
5193:3231706
5098:4719169
5005:3340926
4984:Bibcode
4907:16 June
4873:16 June
4760:8200761
4718:30 July
4654:6991936
4514:25 July
4298:3392078
4277:The BMJ
4250:β1481.
4213:6483466
4164:6483478
4107:8985074
3955:6550717
3734:8446938
3618:6 March
3019:vinegar
3015:spinach
2987:leeches
2892:History
2862:cancers
2271:and/or
2245:and/or
2219:and/or
2193:and/or
2167:and/or
2155:Normal
2144:<80
2124:(2023)
2060:<65
2057:<70
2054:<70
2034:(2024)
1974:<75
1971:<80
1968:<80
1948:<75
1945:<80
1942:<80
1927:Normal
1922:(2017)
1904:Office
1892:Office
1889:Method
1884:, mmHg
1878:and/or
1790:history
1707:bladder
1701:with a
1658:adrenal
1565:preload
1480:Arsenic
1472:cocaine
1444:obesity
1274:fatigue
1001:anxiety
989:vertigo
866:alcohol
858:smoking
846:genetic
797:in the
786:, is a
630:outline
611:Dieting
461:Bulimia
249:Obesity
175:alcohol
171:smoking
11397:000468
11381:Curlie
11340:145500
11259:
11217:
11148:
11140:
11112:
11104:
11052:
11005:
10995:
10953:
10943:
10902:
10894:
10859:
10851:
10841:
10800:
10792:
10757:
10747:
10708:
10698:
10629:
10588:
10553:
10515:
10505:
10497:
10467:
10459:
10418:
10395:
10368:
10358:
10315:
10292:
10248:
10238:
10184:
10143:
10135:
10117:Lancet
10063:
10032:
10022:
9983:
9942:
9896:
9888:
9845:
9803:
9795:
9759:
9749:
9710:
9702:
9611:
9601:
9562:
9552:
9510:
9469:
9459:
9420:
9412:
9371:
9363:
9328:
9293:
9258:
9248:
9213:
9203:
9164:
9154:
9115:
9105:
9066:
9058:
9027:
9017:
8963:
8912:
8881:
8873:
8837:
8793:
8726:
8716:
8675:
8665:
8626:
8591:
8581:
8542:
8532:
8493:
8452:
8411:
8401:
8360:
8352:
8317:
8307:
8265:
8255:
8211:
8191:Lancet
8170:
8162:
8144:Lancet
8123:
8082:
8072:
8064:
8025:
7984:
7940:
7930:
7888:
7878:
7839:
7829:
7758:
7714:
7673:
7665:
7585:
7577:
7506:
7496:
7458:
7448:
7406:
7371:
7330:
7284:
7276:
7248:Lancet
7226:
7218:
7200:Lancet
7180:
7136:
7083:
7073:
7065:
7024:
6982:
6955:
6914:
6829:
6785:
6775:
6739:
6683:
6660:
6633:
6623:
6584:
6576:
6541:
6533:
6498:
6463:
6453:
6414:
6406:
6371:
6361:
6322:
6281:
6273:
6238:
6228:
6187:
6177:
6128:
6087:
6046:
6011:
5976:
5968:
5933:
5925:
5887:
5852:
5842:
5803:
5760:
5750:
5711:
5703:
5668:
5658:
5619:
5609:
5569:
5532:
5503:
5462:
5452:
5413:
5403:
5364:
5356:
5321:
5280:
5239:
5191:
5150:
5105:
5095:
5053:
5012:
5002:
4976:Nature
4955:
4947:
4842:
4801:
4767:
4757:
4683:
4661:
4651:
4609:
4558:
4484:
4476:
4421:
4348:
4340:
4322:Lancet
4305:
4295:
4254:
4220:
4210:
4171:
4161:
4122:
4114:
4104:
4053:
4045:
4027:Lancet
4006:
3998:
3962:
3952:
3913:
3860:22 May
3823:
3777:
3749:
3741:
3731:
3723:
3667:
3583:
3575:
3491:
3432:
3424:
3406:Lancet
3368:
3360:
3313:
3282:
3242:22 May
3124:NHANES
3101:, and
3060:, and
3001:, and
2830:stroke
2760:Adults
2750:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2561:stroke
2417:, and
2222:90β99
2196:85β89
2170:80β84
2086:65β79
2083:70β85
2080:70β89
2000:75β79
1997:80β84
1994:80β89
1796:. The
1654:sodium
1642:sodium
1633:, and
1468:coffee
1438:, and
1426:(from
1292:Causes
1284:, and
1268:, and
1234:, and
1100:, and
957:script
829:, and
803:stroke
704:Hunger
447:Type 1
211:Deaths
145:Causes
119:stroke
12020:Other
11853:Veins
11703:torso
11645:Other
11229:JNC 8
11227:2014
11181:2017
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