Peripheral artery disease

757:(ABI). The ABI is a simple, non-invasive test that measures the ratio of systolic blood pressure in the ankle to the systolic blood pressure in the upper arm. This is based on the idea that if blood pressure readings in the ankle are lower than those in the arm, a blockage in the arteries that provide blood from the heart to the ankle is suspected. An ABI range of 0.90 to 1.40 is considered normal. A person is considered to have PAD when the ABI is ≤ 0.90. However, PAD can be further graded as mild to moderate if the ABI is between 0.41 and 0.90, and severe if the ABI is less than 0.40. These categories can provide insight into the disease course. Furthermore, ABI values of 0.91 to 0.99 are considered borderline, and values >1.40 indicate 680:) to the lower limbs can be classified as either functional or critical. Functional ischemia occurs when the blood flow is normal at rest but insufficient during exercise, presenting clinically as intermittent claudication. Critical ischemia is produced when the reduction in blood flow results in a perfusion deficit at rest and is defined by the presence of pain at rest or trophic lesions in the legs. In this situation, precise diagnosis is fundamental, as there is a clear risk of loss of the limb if adequate blood flow is not re-established, either by surgery or by endovascular therapy. Differentiating between the two concepts is important in order to establish the therapeutic indication and the prognosis in patients with PAD. 1125: 53: 520: 1318:, but the trial has been criticized as being underpowered, limiting endovascular options, and comparing inappropriate endpoints. As of 2017, two randomized clinical trials are being conducted to better understand the optimal revascularization technique for severe PAD and critical limb ischemia (CLI), the BEST-CLI (Best Endovascular Versus Best Surgical Therapy for Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia) Trial and the BASIL-2 (Bypass Versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg – 2 )Trial. 445:(IC), which typically refers to lower extremity skeletal muscle pain that occurs during exercise. IC presents when there is insufficient oxygen delivery to meet the metabolic requirements of the skeletal muscles. IC is a common manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The pain is usually located in the calf muscles of the affected leg and is relieved by rest. This occurs because during exercise, the muscles require more 804:(CT) scanners provide direct imaging of the arterial system. Studies have shown the sensitivity and specificity of CT in identifying lesions with >50% stenosis to be 95% and 96%, respectively. As such, CT may be considered as an alternative to invasive angiography. An important distinction between the two is that, unlike invasive angiography, assessment of the arterial system with CT does not allow for vascular intervention. 651: 701: 819: 433: 449:. Normally, the arteries would be able to increase the amount of blood flow and therefore increase the amount of oxygen going to the exercised muscle. However, in PAD, the artery is unable to respond appropriately to the increased demand for oxygen from the muscles, and as a result, the muscles are deprived of oxygen, leading to muscle pain that subsides with rest. 810:(MRA) is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of a large magnet, radio frequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of blood vessels inside the body. The advantages of MRA include its safety and ability to provide high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of the entire abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities in one sitting. 541:), which can lead to atherosclerosis. Smokers are 2-3 times more likely to have lower extremity PAD than coronary artery disease. Greater than 80%–90% of patients with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease are current or former smokers. The risk of PAD increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years smoked. 909:. This system was created on the basis that ischemia and angiographic disease patterns are not the sole determinants of amputation risk. The WIfI classification system is broken up into two parts: wounds and ischemia. Wounds are graded 0 through 3 based on the presence of ulceration, gangrene, and ischemia. 1278:

The incidence of symptomatic PAD increases with age, from about 0.3% per year for men aged 40–55 years to about 1% per year for men aged over 75 years. The prevalence of PAD varies considerably depending on how PAD is defined and the age of the population being studied. People diagnosed with PAD have

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Individuals with suspected PAD with normal ABIs can undergo exercise testing for ABI. A baseline ABI is obtained prior to exercise. The patient is then asked to exercise (usually patients are made to walk on a treadmill at a constant speed) until claudication pain occurs (for a maximum of 5 minutes),

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for the diagnosis and treatment of lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic PAD was compiled in 2013, combining the 2005 and 2011 guidelines. For chronic limb-threatening ischemia, the ACCF/AHA guidelines recommend balloon angioplasty only for people with a life expectancy of 2 years

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therapy). The recommended daily dosage of aspirin for treating PAD is between 75 and 325 mg, while the recommended daily dosage for clopidogrel is 75 mg. The effectiveness of both aspirin and clopidogrel to reduce the risk of cardiovascular ischemic events in people with symptomatic PAD is

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often improves. Treadmill exercise (35 to 50 minutes, three or four times per week) has been reviewed as another treatment with a number of positive outcomes, including a reduction in cardiovascular events and improved quality of life. Supervised exercise programs increase pain-free walking time and

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Other risk factors that are being studied include levels of various inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, and lipoprotein A. Individuals with increased levels of homocysteine in their blood have a 2-fold risk of developing peripheral artery disease. While there

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The illustration shows how PAD can affect arteries in the legs. Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of the normal artery. Figure B shows an artery with plaque buildup that is partially blocking blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section

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Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. (March 2017). "2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association

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diabetes, respectively, demonstrated that glycemic control is more strongly associated with microvascular disease than macrovascular disease. Pathologic changes occurring in small vessels may be more sensitive to chronically elevated glucose levels than atherosclerosis occurring in larger arteries.

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Some studies propose the development of devices measuring oxygen continuously during exercise. This is because resting perfusion and metabolic activity are extremely low and differences between non-patients and PAD patients are barely measurable. As such, testing of vascular function and energetics

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when the affected limb is in an elevated position. The limb is then moved from an elevated to a sitting position and checked for redness, which is called reactive hyperemia. Buerger's test is an assessment of arterial sufficiency, which is the ability of the artery to supply oxygenated blood to the

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thrombosis related to hypercoagulable states. Additional mechanisms of peripheral artery disease include arterial spasm and fibromuscular dysplasia. The cause and pathophysiology of arterial spasm are not fully understood, but it is hypothesised that they can occur secondary to trauma. The symptoms

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Factors contributing to an increased risk of PAD are the same as those for atherosclerosis. These include age, sex, and ethnicity. PAD is twice as common in males as in females. In terms of ethnicity, PAD is more common in people of color compared to the white population in a 2:1 ratio. The factors

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In 2015, about 155 million people had PAD worldwide. It becomes more common with age. In the developed world, it affects about 5.3% of 45- to 50-year-olds and 18.6% of 85- to 90-year-olds. In the developing world, it affects 4.6% of people between the ages of 45 and 50 and 15% of people between the

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and decrease with arteries towards the toes. Other criteria that affect the outcome following revascularization are the length of the lesion and the number of lesions. There do not appear to be any long-term advantages or sustained benefits to placing a stent following angioplasty in order to hold

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can be inconvenient to wear during exercise and only give oxygen values at discrete time points, nor is there sufficient evidence to support any use in identifying PAD. Some publications and studies therefore discuss the use of wearable sensors measuring oxygen levels continuously in PAD patients,

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Diagnosing or identifying peripheral artery disease requires a history of symptoms and a physical exam, followed by confirmatory testing. These tests could include CT scans (Computed Tomographic Angiography), MRA scans (Magnetic Resonance Angiography), or ultrasounds for imaging. In the setting of

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affects 12–20 percent of Americans age 65 and older. Around 10 million Americans have PAD. Despite its prevalence and implications for cardiovascular risk, there are still low levels of awareness of risk factors and symptoms, with 26% of the population in the US reported to have knowledge of PAD.

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The prevalence of PAD in the general population is 3–7%, affecting up to 20% of those over 70; 70%–80% of affected individuals are asymptomatic; only a minority ever require revascularization or amputation. Peripheral artery disease affects one in three diabetics over the age of 50. In the US, it

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symptoms consistent with peripheral artery disease, a physician will then examine an individual for specific exam findings. Abnormal physical exam findings can lead a health care provider to consider a specific diagnosis. However, in order to confirm a diagnosis, confirmatory testing is required.

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Individuals with PAD have an "exceptionally elevated risk for cardiovascular events and the majority will eventually die of a cardiac or cerebrovascular etiology". Prognosis is correlated with the severity of the PAD as measured by an ABI. Large-vessel PAD increases mortality from cardiovascular

3643:– describes ABI procedure, interpretation of results, and notes the somewhat arbitrary selection of "ABI of 0.8 has become the accepted endpoint for high-compression therapy, the trigger for referral for a vascular surgical opinion and the defining upper marker for an ulcer of mixed aetiology. 904:

came out with a classification system based on "wound, ischemia and foot infection" (WIfI). This classification system, published in 2013, was created to account for the demographic changes that have occurred over the past forty years, including the increased incidence of high blood sugar and

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The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves complex interactions between cholesterol and vascular cells. In the early stages of PAD, the arteries compensate for the plaque buildup by dilating to preserve flow through the vessel. Eventually, the artery cannot dilate any further, and the

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The risk is low that an individual with claudication will develop severe ischemia and require amputation, but the risk of death from coronary events is three to four times higher than matched controls without claudication. Of patients with intermittent claudication, only "7% will undergo

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is of unclear benefit. Cilostazol may improve walking distance for people who experience claudication due to peripheral artery disease, but no strong evidence suggests that it improves the quality of life, decreases mortality, or decreases the risk of cardiovascular events.

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Lin JS, Olson CM, Johnson ES, Whitlock EP (September 2013). "The ankle-brachial index for peripheral artery disease screening and cardiovascular disease prediction among asymptomatic adults: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force".

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is shown to increase the risk of PAD by 2-4 fold. It does this by causing endothelial and smooth-muscle cell dysfunction in peripheral arteries. The risk of developing lower extremity peripheral arterial disease is proportional to the severity and duration of

4818:"2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines" 3268:

Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N (May 2001). "Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease".

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ages of 85 and 90. PAD in the developed world is equally common among men and women, though in the developing world, women are more commonly affected. In 2015, PAD resulted in about 52,500 deaths, which is an increase from the 16,000 deaths in 1990.

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a greater risk of a MACE (Major Adverse Cardiac Event) and stroke. Their risk of developing a reinfarction, stroke, or transient ischemic attack within one year following a heart attack increases to 22.9%, compared to 11.4% for those without PAD.

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levels. This abnormality in blood cholesterol levels has been correlated with accelerated peripheral artery disease. Management of dyslipidemia by diet, exercise, and/or medication is associated with a major reduction in rates of heart attack and

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Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al. (October 2005). "Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins".

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Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, Aboyans V, Denenberg JO, McDermott MM, et al. (October 2013). "Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis".

2974:"Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines" 588:

are genetic factors leading to risk factors for peripheral artery disease, including diabetes and high blood pressure, there have been no specific genes or gene mutations directly associated with the development of peripheral artery disease.

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as opposed to transcutaneously may most effectively help monitor a PAD patient’s progress and direct therapy decisions. To date, one oxygen sensing system has been approved for use in Europe to measure tissue perfusion in all PAD patients.

486:. Critical limb ischemia occurs when the obstruction of blood flow in the artery is compromised to the point where the blood is unable to maintain oxygenation of the tissue at rest. This can lead to pain at rest, a feeling of coldness, or 5530:"2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines" 440:

The signs and symptoms of peripheral artery disease are based on the part of the body that is affected. About 66% of patients affected by PAD either do not have symptoms or have atypical symptoms. The most common presenting symptom is

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Deev RV, Bozo IY, Mzhavanadze ND, Voronov DA, Gavrilenko AV, Chervyakov YV, et al. (September 2015). "pCMV-vegf165 Intramuscular Gene Transfer is an Effective Method of Treatment for Patients With Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia".

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The two most commonly used methods to classify peripheral artery disease are the Fontaine and Rutherford systems of classification. The Fontaine stages were introduced by René Fontaine in 1954 to define the severity of chronic limb

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of peripheral artery disease, especially in patients over 40 years old, is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries caused by lipid or fat buildup and calcium deposition in the wall of the affected arteries.

400:, which helps with thinning the blood and thus improving blood flow, does not appear to help those with mild disease but is usually recommended for those with more significant disease due to the increased risk of heart attacks. 3731:

Shwaiki O, Rashwan B, Fink MA, Kirksey L, Gadani S, Karuppasamy K, et al. (October 2021). "Lower extremity CT angiography in peripheral arterial disease: from the established approach to evolving technical developments".

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In 2000, among people aged 40 years and older in the United States, rates of PAD were 4.3%. Rates were 14.5% for people aged 70 years or over. Within age groups, rates were generally higher for women than men. Non-Hispanic

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lower-extremity bypass surgery, 4% major amputations, and 16% worsening claudication", but stroke and heart attack events are elevated, and the "5-year mortality rate is estimated to be 30% (versus 10% in controls)".

506:. People with diabetes are affected by gangrene of the feet at a rate that is 30 times higher than the unaffected population. Many of these severe complications, such as those leading to amputation, are irreversible. 529:

with the greatest risk associations are hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and smoking. Presenting three of these factors or more increases the risk of developing PAD tenfold.

1076:, and other causes of vascular death in people with symptomatic peripheral artery disease. It is recommended that aspirin and clopidogrel be taken alone and not in conjunction with one another (i.e., not as dual 761:. If an ABI >1.40 is calculated, this could indicate vessel wall stiffness caused by calcification, which can occur in people with uncontrolled diabetes. Abnormally high ABIs (>1.40) are usually considered 5603: 5588: 3775:

Leiner T, Kessels AG, Nelemans PJ, Vasbinder GB, de Haan MW, Kitslaar PE, et al. (May 2005). "Peripheral arterial disease: comparison of color duplex US and contrast-enhanced MR angiography for diagnosis".

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of claudication ensue when the artery spasms, or clamps down on itself, creating an obstruction. Similar to atherosclerosis, this leads to decreased blood flow to the tissue downstream of the obstruction.

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Adam DJ, Beard JD, Cleveland T, Bell J, Bradbury AW, Forbes JF, et al. (December 2005). "Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial".

1880:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 658:

Peripheral arterial disease is considered to be a set of chronic or acute syndromes, generally derived from the presence of occlusive arterial disease, which causes inadequate blood flow to the limbs.

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Met R, Bipat S, Legemate DA, Reekers JA, Koelemay MJ (January 2009). "Diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography in peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Beks PJ, Mackaay AJ, de Neeling JN, de Vries H, Bouter LM, Heine RJ (January 1995). "Peripheral arterial disease in relation to glycaemic level in an elderly Caucasian population: the Hoorn study".

765:, and thus, such results merit further investigation and higher-level studies. Individuals with noncompressible arteries have an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality within a two-year period. 4798: 1828:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 2406:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 966:(AAA), there is no data on screening individuals with asymptomatic PAD for abdominal aortic aneurysms. For people with symptomatic PAD, screening by ultrasound for AAA is not unreasonable. 380:

for peripheral artery disease in people without symptoms is useful, as it has not been properly studied. For those with intermittent claudication from PAD, stopping smoking and supervised

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reduce clot formation and cholesterol levels, respectively, and can help with disease progression and address the other cardiovascular risks that the affected person is likely to have.

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Smoking – Tobacco use in any form is the single greatest risk factor for peripheral artery disease internationally. Smokers have up to a 10-fold increase in the risk of PAD in a

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or elevated blood pressure can increase a person's risk of developing PAD. Similarly to PAD, there is a known association between high blood pressure and heart attacks, strokes, and

1927: 4113:"Screening for Peripheral Artery Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment With the Ankle-Brachial Index: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 1507: 5165:

Suzuki J, Shimamura M, Suda H, Wakayama K, Kumagai H, Ikeda Y, et al. (April 2016). "Current therapies and investigational drugs for peripheral arterial disease".

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disease. PAD means the arteries are narrowed or blocked—the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood as it moves away from the heart to other parts of the body. Peripheral

758: 6480: 1211:, a minimally-invasive method which uses ultrasound waves to break up plaque within the artery without need for penetration. The method was first approved by the US 991:

means. However, because transcutaneous measurements are affected by movement (such as during exercise) and body temperature, use of oxygen sensors that are inserted

2856:"Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease: Edinburgh Artery Study" 5030:"Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000" 863:

and the International Society of Cardiovascular Surgery, introduced in 1986 and revised in 1997 (and known as the Rutherford classification after the lead author,

4072:"The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI)" 4028:"The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI)" 1344:"Creating the Ideal Microcosm for Rapid Incorporation of Bioengineered Alternative Tissues Using An Advanced Hydrogel Impregnated Gauze Dressing: A Case Series" 1115:

After a trial of the best medical treatment outlined above, if symptoms persist, patients may be referred to a vascular or endovascular surgeon. The benefit of

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Moderate to severe PAD, classified by Fontaine's stages III to IV or Rutherford's categories 4 to 5, presents a limb threat (risk of limb loss) in the form of

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Research is being done on therapies to prevent the progression of PAD. In those who have developed critically poor blood flow to the legs, the benefit of

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

3390:, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, Rutherford RB (June 2007). "Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease". 584:. High blood pressure increases the risk of intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of PAD, by 2.5- to 4-fold in men and women, respectively. 955:

It is not clear if screening for disease in the general population is useful, as it has not been extensively studied. This includes screening with the

5303:"Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) and the (hoped for) dawn of evidence-based treatment for advanced limb ischemia" 3653:

Amini A, Gordon I, Wilson S, Williams RA (October 2013). "Noncompressible arteries correlate with increased cardiovascular mortality at 2 years".

2187:"Peripheral artery disease screening and cardiovascular disease risk assessment with the ankle-brachial index in adults: recommendation statement" 974:

A 2022 review found that a variety of wearable medical devices measuring different parameters (such as body temperature) were being combined with

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is thought to correspond to the severity of ischemia and the presence of other risk factors for limb loss, such as wound and infection severity.

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Cole CW, Hill GB, Farzad E, Bouchard A, Moher D, Rody K, Shea B (October 1993). "Cigarette smoking and peripheral arterial occlusive disease".

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Poredos P, Jezovnik MK (March 2013). "Is aspirin still the drug of choice for management of patients with peripheral arterial disease?".

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When there is an imbalance between the needs of the peripheral tissues and the blood supply, we are faced with a situation of ischemia.

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may also be used. Angiography is more accurate and allows for treatment at the same time; however, it is associated with greater risks.

6279: 4353:"Profusa Receives CE Mark Approval to Market the Wireless Lumee® Oxygen Platform for Continuous, Real-Time Monitoring of Tissue Oxygen" 1469: 5344:"Design and Rationale of the Best Endovascular Versus Best Surgical Therapy for Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia (BEST-CLI) Trial" 2676: 1099:

Treatment with other drugs or vitamins is unsupported by clinical evidence, "but trials evaluating the effect of folate and vitamin B

5151: 4799:"Shockwave Intravascular Lithotripsy (IVL) System with the Shockwave C2 Coronary Intravascular Lithotripsy (IVL) Catheter – P200039" 556:, which is an abnormally high level of cholesterol or fat in the blood. Dyslipidemia is caused by a high level of a protein called 4648:

Emmerich J (December 2005). "Current state and perspective on medical treatment of critical leg ischemia: gene and cell therapy".

5393:"Bypass versus angio plasty in severe ischaemia of the leg - 2 (BASIL-2) trial: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial" 959:(ABI), although a systematic review of the literature did not support the use of routine ABI screening in asymptomatic patients. 4432:

Hussain MA, Wheatcroft M, Nault P, Lindsay TF, Bhatt DL, Anand SS, Verma S, Al-Omran M (2019). "COMPASS for Vascular Surgeons".

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Kannel WB, McGee DL (January 1985). "Update on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication: the Framingham Study".

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Kannel WB, McGee DL (1979). "Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study".

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Fowkes FG, Gillespie IN (2000). Fowkes G (ed.). "Angioplasty (versus non surgical management) for intermittent claudication".

6051: 4318: 4195:"Smart Wearable Systems for the Remote Monitoring of Selected Vascular Disorders of the Lower Extremity: A Systematic Review" 1393: 933:

Grade 1: arterial brachial index 0.6 to 0.79, ankle systolic pressure 70 to 100 mm Hg, toe pressure 40 to 59 mm Hg

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Illustration of how the buildup of lipids cause a blockage of blood flow to the portion of the artery below the narrowing.

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Age less than 50 years, with diabetes and one other atherosclerosis risk factor (smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, or

3582:"Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association" 2198: 1960: 6485: 2455:"Education in wound care: Curricula for doctors and nurses, and experiences from the German wound healing society ICW" 3564: 2578: 2381: 2062: 988: 3630: 1734:"Supervised exercise therapy versus home-based exercise therapy versus walking advice for intermittent claudication" 1153:, in which the plaque is scraped off the inside of the vessel wall (albeit with no better results than angioplasty). 962:

Testing for coronary artery disease or carotid artery disease is of unclear benefit. While PAD is a risk factor for

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is taken. Any blood flow-limiting blockage found in the X-ray can be identified and treated by procedures including

6206: 5823: 5210:"Local intramuscular transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for critical lower limb ischaemia" 1314:. The trial found no difference in amputation-free survival between vascular bypass and angioplasty at the planned 5838: 5699: 1139: 6157: 1225: 1045: 807: 287:

disease, on the other hand, refers to problems with veins—the vessels that bring the blood back to the heart.

5969: 754: 358: 302:, cold skin, or abnormal nail and hair growth in the affected leg. Complications may include an infection or 2695:"Associations between conventional cardiovascular risk factors and risk of peripheral artery disease in men" 1943:

Disorders of arteries that supply the brain with blood are considered separately as cerebrovascular disease.

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The TASC (and TASC II) classification suggests PAD treatment is based on the severity of disease seen on an

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Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), peripheral artery occlusive disease, peripheral obliterative arteriopathy

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Grade III, Category 5: minor tissue loss; ischemic ulceration not exceeding ulcer of the digits of the foot

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after which the ankle pressure is again measured. A decrease in ABI of 15%–20% would be diagnostic of PAD.

495: 295: 94: 61: 1134:(or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty) can be done on solitary lesions in large arteries, such as the 6289: 6284: 6011: 6001: 5528:

Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. (March 2017).

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The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the UK Prospective Diabetes Study trials in people with

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Hankey GJ, Norman PE, Eikelboom JW (February 2006). "Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease".

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show no definitive scientific evidence of benefit in PAD. Surgical procedures used to treat PAD include

6390: 6041: 6016: 5833: 5762: 5692: 1229: 1040: 537:. Exposure to second-hand smoke has also been shown to promote changes in the lining of blood vessels ( 534: 6415: 6358: 6006: 5959: 5809: 4599:

Johnston KW, Rae M, Hogg-Johnston SA, Colapinto RF, Walker PM, Baird RJ, et al. (October 1987).

3107:"Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: Part II" 1699: 1624: 1523:

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the narrowing of the arteries to the legs, stomach, arms and head.

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All people between 50 and 69 who have a cardiovascular risk factor (particularly diabetes or smoking)

581: 442: 291: 90: 3066:"Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: Part I" 1991:

Shantulli S (2018). "Update on peripheral arterial disease: Epidemiology and evidence-based facts".

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Violi F, Basili S, Berger JS, Hiatt WR (2012). "Antiplatelet Therapy in Peripheral Artery Disease".

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Grade 2: ABI 0.4–0.59, ankle systolic pressure 50 to 70 mm Hg, toe pressure 30 to 39 mm Hg

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to look at the site of obstruction and extent of atherosclerosis. Other imaging can be performed by

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Depending on the severity of the disease, these steps can be taken, according to these guidelines:

565: 74: 5122:"HbA1c and peripheral arterial disease in diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study" 1538: 6455: 6437: 5919: 5914: 5878: 5848: 5515: 4070:

Mills JL, Conte MS, Armstrong DG, Pomposelli FB, Schanzer A, Sidawy AN, Andros G (January 2014).

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Mills JL, Conte MS, Armstrong DG, Pomposelli FB, Schanzer A, Sidawy AN, Andros G (January 2014).

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All people who have leg symptoms with exertion (suggestive of claudication) or ischemic rest pain

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Moazzami B, Mohammadpour Z, Zabala ZE, Farokhi E, Roohi A, Dolmatova E, Moazzami K (July 2022).

4154:"A systematic review for the screening for peripheral arterial disease in asymptomatic patients" 2693:

Joosten MM, Pai JK, Bertoia ML, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Mittleman MA, Mukamal KJ (October 2012).

1124: 6427: 6410: 6405: 6395: 6236: 6172: 5814: 5715: 5442: 4816:

Rooke TW, Hirsch AT, Misra S, Sidawy AN, Beckman JA, Findeiss LK, et al. (November 2011).

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Nichols S (2019). "Long-Term in Vivo Oxygen Sensors for Peripheral Artery Disease Monitoring".

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Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P, Allison MA, Creager MA, Diehm C, et al. (December 2012).

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in February 2021, and has been used as a complement to more widely-used methods of atherectomy.

1035: 894: 800:. Contrast angiography is the most readily available and widely used imaging technique. Modern 479: 366: 167: 5658: 4923:

Chan KA, Junia A (March 2020). "Lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a basic approach".

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disease significantly. PAD carries a greater than "20% risk of a coronary event in 10 years".

6432: 6177: 6036: 6028: 5996: 5883: 5342:

Menard MT, Farber A, Assmann SF, Choudhry NK, Conte MS, Creager MA, et al. (July 2016).

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Grade 3: ABI ≤0.39, ankle systolic pressure <50 mm Hg, toe pressure <30 mm Hg

867:). This classification system consists of four grades and seven categories (categories 0–6): 635: 52: 4254:"Oxygenation and flow in the limbs: Novel methods to characterize peripheral artery disease" 3931:

Rutherford RB, Baker JD, Ernst C, Johnston KW, Porter JM, Ahn S, Jones DN (September 1997).

2280: 6346: 6341: 6145: 5937: 4979: 2972:

Rooke TW, Hirsch AT, Misra S, Sidawy AN, Beckman JA, Findeiss L, et al. (April 2013).

2897:"Intermittent claudication, heart disease risk factors, and mortality. The Whitehall Study" 1461: 1160: 1138:, but may not have sustained benefits. Patency rates following angioplasty are highest for 1104: 956: 864: 615: 499: 377: 334: 163: 150: 5391:

Popplewell MA, Davies H, Jarrett H, Bate G, Grant M, Patel S, et al. (January 2016).

4874:"Epidemiology, classification, and modifiable risk factors of peripheral arterial disease" 4111:

Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, et al. (July 2018).

3933:"Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version" 1013:

Stopping smoking (cigarettes promote PAD and are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease)

519: 337:. PAD is primarily caused by the buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries, which is called 8: 6422: 6189: 5607: 5121: 4152:

Alahdab F, Wang AT, Elraiyah TA, Malgor RD, Rizvi AZ, Lane MA, et al. (March 2015).

1300: 1197: 1159:

grafting can be performed to circumvent a diseased area of the arterial vasculature. The

1144: 848: 5069:

Bauersachs R, Zeymer U, Brière JB, Marre C, Bowrin K, Huelsebeck M (November 26, 2019).

4983: 3503:"A review of the pathophysiology and potential biomarkers for peripheral artery disease" 2162: 2137: 930:

Grade 0: ABI ≥0.80, ankle systolic pressure ≥100 mm Hg, toe pressure ≥60 mm Hg

926:

Ischemia is graded 0 through 3 based on ABI, ankle systolic pressure, and toe pressure.

268:, but other arteries may also be involved, such as those of the arms, neck, or kidneys. 6336: 6246: 5828: 5554: 5529: 5521: 5494: 5419: 5392: 5368: 5343: 5283: 5234: 5209: 5190: 5138: 5097: 5070: 5046: 5029: 5002: 4967: 4948: 4900: 4873: 4842: 4817: 4779: 4766: 4741: 4717: 4692: 4673: 4625: 4600: 4581: 4573: 4501: 4476: 4457: 4409: 4384: 4329: 4278: 4253: 4229: 4194: 3998: 3973: 3863:

Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, et al. (2007).

3842: 3829: 3812: 3757: 3713: 3611: 3529: 3502: 3445: 3316:

Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, et al. (2007).

3250: 3238: 3207: 3123: 3106: 3082: 3065: 3046: 2998: 2973: 2836: 2719: 2694: 2644: 2617: 2596: 2481: 2454: 2430: 2405: 2292: 2243: 2218: 1904: 1879: 1852: 1827: 1758: 1733: 1603: 1325:

drug for the treatment of PAD, including the advanced stage of critical limb ischemia.

1021: 922:

Grade 3: extensive, full-thickness ulcer; gangrene extending to the forefoot or midfoot

723: 290:

The classic symptom is leg pain when walking, which resolves with rest and is known as

272: 253:. PAD can happen in any blood vessel, but it is more common in the legs than the arms. 85: 5612: 5271: 5071:"Burden of Coronary Artery Disease and Peripheral Artery Disease: A Literature Review" 3949: 3932: 3195: 2421: 1895: 1843: 1591: 6127: 6076: 5976: 5629: 5559: 5486: 5424: 5373: 5324: 5275: 5239: 5182: 5143: 5102: 5051: 5007: 4952: 4940: 4905: 4847: 4783: 4771: 4722: 4665: 4630: 4616: 4556: 4537: 4506: 4449: 4414: 4334: 4314: 4283: 4234: 4216: 4175: 4134: 4093: 4049: 4003: 3954: 3913: 3886: 3865:"Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II)" 3834: 3793: 3761: 3749: 3705: 3670: 3603: 3560: 3534: 3477: 3437: 3399: 3374: 3353:"Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II)" 3339: 3318:"Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II)" 3286: 3242: 3199: 3163: 3128: 3087: 3038: 3003: 2945: 2918: 2877: 2840: 2828: 2724: 2649: 2584: 2574: 2516: 2486: 2435: 2387: 2377: 2354: 2345:

Hauk L (May 2012). "ACCF/AHA update peripheral artery disease management guideline".

2327: 2284: 2248: 2167: 2115: 2058: 2015: 1909: 1857: 1805: 1763: 1678: 1595: 1399: 1389: 1315: 1272: 1171:) material is often used for long grafts when adequate venous conduit is unavailable. 1116: 1049: 1017: 906: 841:

Stage IIb: intermittent claudication after walking a distance of less than 200 meters

838:

Stage IIa: intermittent claudication after walking a distance of more than 200 meters

738: 622: 545: 326: 322: 238: 181: 158: 142: 138: 69: 5498: 5287: 4677: 4461: 3717: 3615: 3449: 3254: 3211: 3050: 2671: 2217:

Brown T, Forster RB, Cleanthis M, Mikhailidis DP, Stansby G, Stewart M (June 2021).

1607: 490:

in the affected foot and toes. Other complications of severe PAD include lower limb

6132: 5781: 5684: 5549: 5541: 5478: 5414: 5404: 5363: 5355: 5314: 5267: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5194: 5174: 5133: 5092: 5082: 5041: 4997: 4987: 4932: 4895: 4885: 4837: 4829: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4657: 4620: 4612: 4552: 4548: 4529: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4441: 4404: 4396: 4324: 4306: 4273: 4265: 4224: 4206: 4165: 4124: 4083: 4039: 3993: 3985: 3944: 3876: 3846: 3824: 3785: 3741: 3697: 3662: 3593: 3524: 3514: 3429: 3387: 3364: 3329: 3278: 3234: 3191: 3155: 3118: 3077: 3030: 2993: 2985: 2908: 2867: 2818: 2714: 2706: 2639: 2629: 2476: 2466: 2425: 2417: 2319: 2296: 2276: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2107: 1899: 1891: 1847: 1839: 1797: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1668: 1587: 1381: 1351: 1271:

had a rate of 7.9% compared to 4.4% in Non-Hispanic whites and 3.0% (1.4%–4.6%) in

381: 279:

refers to both the arteries and veins within the body. PAD differs from peripheral

185: 78: 5669: 3351:

Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG (January 2007).

1732:

Hageman D, Fokkenrood HJ, Gommans LN, van den Houten MM, Teijink JA (April 2018).

6324: 6319: 6231: 5954: 5909: 5789: 5623: 5545: 4445: 4310: 3631:"Doppler assessment and ABPI: Interpretation in the management of leg ulceration" 3598: 3581: 1385: 1310:

has been conducted comparing vascular bypass to angioplasty for the treatment of

1238: 1234: 1156: 889:

Grade IV, Category 6: major tissue loss; severe ischemic ulcers or frank gangrene

762: 409: 338: 122: 5672: 4601:"5-year results of a prospective study of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty" 2823: 2806: 2323: 1356: 1343: 1237:

available. For those with a life expectancy greater than 2 years or who have an

1068:

According to guidelines, taking aspirin or clopidogrel is recommended to reduce

729:

Decreased temperature (coolness) in the affected limb when compared to the other

6373: 6223: 6086: 6046: 5981: 5942: 5853: 5634: 4833: 4693:"Angioplasty versus bare metal stenting for superficial femoral artery lesions" 3881: 3864: 3745: 3666: 3469: 3334: 3317: 2989: 2508: 2111: 2007: 1135: 1092: 992: 983: 781: 389: 202: 5597: 5409: 5319: 5302: 4890: 4533: 4269: 4170: 4153: 4088: 4071: 4044: 4027: 3789: 3369: 3352: 2588: 2471: 27:

Abnormal narrowing of arteries other than those that supply the heart or brain

6474: 6241: 5904: 5482: 4661: 4400: 4220: 3813:"Magnetic resonance angiography of abdominal and lower extremity vasculature" 3282: 2913: 2896: 2634: 2391: 2186: 1673: 1656: 401: 6068: 5359: 4936: 4211: 3989: 3034: 2710: 1928:"Overview of Peripheral Arterial Disease – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders" 692:, or the formation of a blood clot, usually occurs due to stasis or trauma. 6382: 6294: 6109: 5799: 5742: 5563: 5490: 5428: 5377: 5328: 5279: 5243: 5186: 5147: 5106: 5087: 5055: 5011: 4944: 4909: 4851: 4775: 4740:

Wardle BG, Ambler GK, Radwan RW, Hinchliffe RJ, Twine CP (September 2020).

4726: 4669: 4560: 4541: 4510: 4453: 4418: 4338: 4287: 4238: 4179: 4138: 4129: 4112: 4097: 4053: 4007: 3917: 3890: 3838: 3797: 3753: 3709: 3701: 3674: 3607: 3538: 3481: 3441: 3403: 3378: 3343: 3290: 3203: 3132: 3091: 3007: 2881: 2872: 2855: 2832: 2728: 2653: 2544: 2520: 2490: 2439: 2358: 2331: 2288: 2252: 2171: 2119: 2019: 1913: 1861: 1809: 1801: 1767: 1682: 1599: 1403: 1322: 1193: 1189: 1077: 785: 628: 577: 569: 553: 342: 330: 276: 146: 126: 4634: 4570:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 3958: 3519: 3246: 3167: 3159: 2949: 2922: 1380:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 210. pp. 547–563. 6447: 5843: 5653: 4992: 3042: 2854:

Price JF, Mowbray PI, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Fowkes FG (March 1999).

1208: 1150: 1131: 1082: 1057: 919:

Grade 2: deep ulcer with exposed tendon or bone, gangrene limited to toes

793: 605: 561: 538: 491: 417: 413: 370: 171: 133: 5178: 5120:

Selvin E, Wattanakit K, Steffes MW, Coresh J, Sharrett AR (April 2006).

676:

From the pathophysiologic point of view, a restriction of blood supply (

341:, especially in individuals over 40 years old. Other mechanisms include 6363: 6353: 6314: 6258: 6251: 6081: 4193:

Souza J, Escadas S, Baxevani I, Rodrigues D, Freitas A (January 2022).

1179: 1088: 689: 393: 354: 346: 307: 206: 193: 112: 5580: 4966:

Horváth L, Németh N, Fehér G, Kívés Z, Endrei D, Boncz I (July 2022).

1731: 1128:

3D Medical Animation still shot depicting the Vascular Bypass Grafting

6117: 5858: 5794: 5750: 5733: 5728: 5664: 3433: 2618:"Psychological effects of amputation: A review of studies from India" 1321:

In 2011, pCMV-vegf165 was registered in Russia as the first-in-class

944: 777: 465:

Skin that is smooth, shiny, or cool to the touch in the affected area

265: 1085:

plus aspirin is effective as a new anti-thrombotic regimen for PAD.

784:

and selectively guided to the artery in question. While injecting a

753:

If peripheral artery disease is suspected, the initial study is the

6331: 5933: 5870: 5804: 5755: 4474: 2184: 1201: 1175: 1164: 852: 828: 677: 662: 503: 487: 483: 478:

In individuals with severe PAD, complications may arise, including

432: 405: 303: 299: 98: 5527: 4475:

Broderick C, Forster R, Abdel-Hadi M, Salhiyyah K (October 2020).

3105:

Lüscher TF, Creager MA, Beckman JA, Cosentino F (September 2003).

3064:

Creager MA, Lüscher TF, Cosentino F, Beckman JA (September 2003).

2750: 2096: 1657:"Lifestyle and dietary risk factors for peripheral artery disease" 650: 436:

Peripheral arterial disease resulting in necrosis of multiple toes

5207: 4598: 4199:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3559:(9th ed.). Elsevier, Inc. pp. Chapter 41, pgs 435–444. 2374:

Vascular medicine : a companion to Braunwald's heart disease

1421:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Arterial Disease?" 1061: 1053: 969: 670:

atherosclerotic plaque starts to narrow the arterial flow lumen.

597:

Peripheral arterial disease is more common in these populations:

397: 385: 198: 2216: 365:

at the ankle divided by the systolic blood pressure of the arm.

5724: 5592: 3419: 1268: 1183: 1073: 822:

Gangrene of three toes resulting from peripheral artery disease

818: 742: 568:(HDL cholesterol), elevation of total cholesterol, and/or high 446: 315: 242: 3974:"Critical Limb Ischemia: Current Trends and Future Directions" 3774: 3104: 3063: 772:

If ABIs are abnormal, the next step is generally a lower limb

712:

These findings are associated with peripheral artery disease:

700: 5119: 4968:"Epidemiology of Peripheral Artery Disease: Narrative Review" 4431: 4192: 4069: 4025: 3420:

Serrano Hernando FJ, Martín Conejero A (September 2007). "".

3145: 797: 789: 250: 246: 4739: 3930: 3180: 1654: 6100: 5390: 5341: 5164: 5068: 4385:"Management of peripheral arterial disease in primary care" 3579: 3554: 1168: 1081:

not well established. Research also suggests that low-dose

284: 280: 5467: 3862: 3557:

Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice

3385: 3350: 3315: 4151: 3730: 3652: 2185:

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (December 15, 2014).

1182:

may be required to prevent infected tissues from causing

1107:, a putative vascular risk factor, are near completion". 1018:

helps open up alternative small vessels (collateral flow)

456:

Pain, aches, and/or cramps in the buttocks, hip, or thigh

3972:

Teraa M, Conte MS, Moll FL, Verhaar MC (February 2016).

1163:

is used as a conduit if available, although artificial (

271:

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a form of peripheral

5471:

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

4965: 3687: 2569:

Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow RW (September 7, 2018).

2265: 1576: 978:

of PAD patients, in a goal to improve health outcomes.

627:

Those with known atherosclerotic coronary, carotid, or

5256: 4815: 4305:. Adv Exp Med Biol. Vol. 1072. pp. 351–356. 3555:

Walls R, Hockberger R, Gausche-Hill M (May 18, 2017).

2971: 2935: 2807:"Supporting Family Physician Maternity Care Providers" 2748: 2371: 2057:(20 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education / Medical. 2018. 1877: 1375: 264:. Peripheral artery disease most commonly affects the 3971: 3869:

European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery

3322:

European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery

2853: 2692: 2376:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. 1787: 641:

All people who have previously experienced chest pain

318:. Up to 50% of people with PAD do not have symptoms. 5714: 5570: 4690: 4110: 3500: 2615: 2568: 4650:

The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds

3734:

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging

3267: 1825: 5524:at the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 4916: 4382: 3467: 2688: 2686: 1961:"Arterial Diseases of the Extremities Chapter 275" 1959: 474:Sores/ulcers on the affected limb that do not heal 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 859:The Rutherford classification was created by the 604:All people aged 65 years and over, regardless of 459:Muscle atrophy (muscle loss) of the affected limb 256:When narrowing occurs in the heart, it is called 64:in a person with severe peripheral artery disease 6481:Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries 6472: 5113: 4858: 4371: 3904:Fontaine R, Kim M, Kieny R (December 1954). "". 3903: 2894: 2804: 2131: 2129: 1025:the maximum walking distance in people with PAD. 5518:at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4691:Chowdhury MM, McLain AD, Twine CP (June 2014). 4523: 4378: 4376: 4374: 3476:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2683: 2680:Professional Edition. Retrieved August 9, 2010. 2515:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2309: 2014:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 1957: 1625:"How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Diagnosed?" 780:, where a catheter is inserted into the common 645: 5027: 4477:"Pentoxifylline for intermittent claudication" 2956: 2895:Smith GD, Shipley MJ, Rose G (December 1990). 2571:Current medical diagnosis & treatment 2019 970:Wearable devices and remote patient monitoring 5700: 4822:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 4742:"Atherectomy for peripheral arterial disease" 3965: 3501:Krishna SM, Moxon JV, Golledge J (May 2015). 2978:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2545:"Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) | cdc.gov" 2506: 2126: 2100:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2098:Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". 1821: 1819: 1700:"How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Treated?" 1619: 1617: 1016:Regular exercise for those with claudication 621:Individuals with an abnormal lower extremity 384:may improve outcomes. Medications, including 91:Leg pain when walking that resolves with rest 4383:Burns P, Gough S, Bradbury AW (March 2003). 3628: 2805:Avery DM, Skinner CA, Reed MD (April 2019). 2749:Elsevier Point of Care (December 11, 2018). 2135: 1873: 1871: 1694: 1692: 1655:Ruiz-Canela M, Martínez-González MA (2014). 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1415: 1413: 1303:of autologous mononuclear cells is unclear. 5214:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4746:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4697:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4526:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4481:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4251: 3507:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 3224: 3020: 2751:"Atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease" 2616:Sahu A, Sagar R, Sarkar S, Sagar S (2016). 2372:Creager MA, Beckman JA, Loscalzo J (2013). 2223:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2142:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2138:"Screening for peripheral arterial disease" 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1738:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1533: 1531: 1491: 1489: 1487: 357:. PAD is typically diagnosed by finding an 6280:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency 5707: 5693: 4584:|...|intentional=yes}} 3227:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2601:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2549:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2219:"Cilostazol for intermittent claudication" 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2055:Harrison's principles of internal medicine 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 1966:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 1816: 1727: 1725: 1614: 1539:"What Causes Peripheral Arterial Disease?" 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 916:Grade 1: small, shallow ulcer; no gangrene 877:Grade I, Category 2: moderate claudication 51: 5553: 5418: 5408: 5367: 5348:Journal of the American Heart Association 5318: 5233: 5137: 5096: 5086: 5045: 5001: 4991: 4922: 4899: 4889: 4841: 4765: 4716: 4624: 4500: 4408: 4328: 4277: 4228: 4210: 4169: 4128: 4087: 4043: 3997: 3978:Journal of the American Heart Association 3948: 3880: 3828: 3597: 3528: 3518: 3368: 3333: 3122: 3081: 2997: 2912: 2871: 2822: 2718: 2677:The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy 2643: 2633: 2480: 2470: 2429: 2242: 2161: 2005: 1990: 1903: 1868: 1851: 1757: 1689: 1672: 1561: 1410: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1355: 661:As previously mentioned, the most common 4647: 3468:Zemaitis MR, Boll JM, Dreyer MA (2023), 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2573:(Fifty-eighth ed.). New York, N.Y. 1774: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1528: 1484: 1123: 880:Grade I, Category 3: severe claudication 817: 699: 649: 592: 518: 431: 5023: 5021: 4871: 4300: 4065: 4063: 2538: 2536: 2398: 2312:VASA. Zeitschrift für Gefässkrankheiten 2281:10.7326/0003-4819-159-5-201309030-00007 2071: 2032: 1920: 1722: 1443: 14: 6473: 5449:from the original on September 3, 2015 4796: 3810: 3622: 2452: 1710:from the original on February 25, 2015 1549:from the original on February 25, 2015 1504:American Heart Association (heart.org) 1497:"What Is Peripheral Vascular Disease?" 1472:from the original on February 25, 2015 1462:"What Is Peripheral Arterial Disease?" 1431:from the original on February 25, 2015 1364: 905:evolving techniques and abilities for 874:Grade I, Category 1: mild claudication 260:(CAD), and in the brain, it is called 6052:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 5688: 5300: 5294: 5250: 5028:Selvin E, Erlinger TP (August 2004). 4021: 4019: 4017: 3858: 3856: 3550: 3548: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3415: 3413: 3297: 2793: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2660: 2502: 2500: 2212: 2210: 2208: 1953: 1951: 1643: 1341: 1091:can improve symptoms in some people. 468:Decreased or absent pulse in the feet 427: 6057:Generalized essential telangiectasia 5522:Peripheral Arterial Disease (P.A.D.) 5018: 4925:British Journal of Hospital Medicine 4060: 3817:Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2780:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 2533: 2344: 2201:from the original on March 31, 2017. 1878:Wang H, et al. (October 2016). 1233:or less or those who do not have an 1110: 982:requires a physiological challenge. 683:Other causes include vasculitis and 321:The greatest risk factor for PAD is 5154:from the original on March 4, 2012. 4878:Vascular Health and Risk Management 2542: 1513:from the original on April 12, 2015 361:(ABI) less than 0.90, which is the 24: 5139:10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-2018 5047:10.1161/01.CIR.0000137913.26087.F0 4014: 3853: 3830:10.1097/01.rmr.0000185431.50535.d7 3545: 3456: 3410: 3239:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1985.tb02853.x 3124:10.1161/01.cir.0000089189.70578.e2 3083:10.1161/01.cir.0000091257.27563.32 2735: 2497: 2205: 1948: 1631:from the original on April 7, 2015 735:Smooth or shiny skin and hair loss 704:Measuring the ankle-brachial index 241:that causes abnormal narrowing of 25: 6497: 5509: 3641:from the original on May 9, 2008. 3629:Vowden P, Vowden K (March 2001). 2136:Andras A, Ferket B (April 2014). 1241:, bypass surgery is recommended. 871:Grade 0, Category 0: asymptomatic 813: 245:other than those that supply the 6207:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 4617:10.1097/00000658-198710000-00002 749:Nonhealing lower extremity wound 471:Cold and/or numbness in the toes 5461: 5443:"Gene Therapy for PAD Approved" 5435: 5384: 5335: 5201: 5158: 5062: 4959: 4809: 4797:Health Cf (February 26, 2021). 4790: 4733: 4684: 4641: 4592: 4517: 4468: 4425: 4345: 4294: 4245: 4186: 4145: 4104: 3924: 3897: 3804: 3768: 3724: 3681: 3646: 3573: 3494: 3422:Revista Espanola de Cardiologia 3261: 3218: 3174: 3139: 3098: 3057: 3014: 2929: 2888: 2847: 2768: 2609: 2562: 2446: 2416:(9963): 117–171. January 2015. 2365: 2338: 2303: 2259: 2178: 1999: 1984: 1958:Creager MA, Loscalzo J (2018). 1257: 883:Grade II, Category 4: rest pain 514: 6158:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease 5226:10.1002/14651858.CD008347.pub4 4758:10.1002/14651858.CD006680.pub3 4709:10.1002/14651858.CD006767.pub3 4553:10.1002/14651858.CD000017.pub2 4493:10.1002/14651858.CD005262.pub4 2944:(4): 753–6, discussion 756–7. 2507:Patel SK, Surowiec SM (2023), 2235:10.1002/14651858.CD003748.pub5 2154:10.1002/14651858.CD010835.pub2 1932:Merck Manuals Consumer Version 1750:10.1002/14651858.CD005263.pub4 1335: 1226:American College of Cardiology 1046:Management of high cholesterol 913:Grade 0: no ulcer, no gangrene 808:Magnetic resonance angiography 462:Hair loss of the affected limb 13: 1: 5970:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva 5824:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis 5516:"Peripheral Arterial Disease" 5272:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67704-5 4434:Current Opinion in Cardiology 4303:Oxygen Transport to Tissue XL 3950:10.1016/S0741-5214(97)70045-4 3470:"Peripheral Arterial Disease" 3196:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67394-1 2622:Industrial Psychiatry Journal 2422:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 2008:"Peripheral Vascular Disease" 1896:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 1844:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1592:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61249-0 1342:Moore J (September 1, 2008). 1328: 1219: 1186:, a life-threatening illness. 1029: 496:arterial insufficiency ulcers 325:. Other risk factors include 6275:Chronic venous insufficiency 5900:Aortoiliac occlusive disease 5546:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000470 4931:(3). Mark Allen Group: 1–9. 4446:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000597 4311:10.1007/978-3-319-91287-5_56 3599:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318276fbcb 1980:– via Access Medicine. 1386:10.1007/978-3-642-29423-5_22 1348:The Foot & Ankle Journal 1244: 1213:Food and Drug Administration 1007: 999: 950: 902:Society for Vascular Surgery 861:Society for Vascular Surgery 695: 646:Etiology and pathophysiology 452:Other symptoms may include: 62:arterial insufficiency ulcer 7: 6290:Inferior vena cava syndrome 6285:Superior vena cava syndrome 6012:Vertebral artery dissection 6002:Intracranial berry aneurysm 5307:Journal of Vascular Surgery 5075:Cardiovascular Therapeutics 4258:Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep 4252:Lopez D, Kramer CM (2013). 4158:Journal of Vascular Surgery 4076:Journal of Vascular Surgery 4032:Journal of Vascular Surgery 3937:Journal of Vascular Surgery 3357:Journal of Vascular Surgery 2824:10.22454/fammed.2019.636289 2776:"Peripheral Artery Disease" 2672:Peripheral Arterial Disease 2509:"Intermittent Claudication" 2269:Annals of Internal Medicine 1357:10.3827/faoj.2008.0109.0002 1308:randomized controlled trial 1294: 18:Peripheral arterial disease 10: 6502: 6391:Hypertensive heart disease 6042:Arteriovenous malformation 6017:Familial aortic dissection 4834:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.023 3882:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.09.024 3811:Leiner T (February 2005). 3746:10.1007/s10554-021-02277-1 3667:10.1016/j.avsg.2013.01.006 3655:Annals of Vascular Surgery 3335:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.09.024 2990:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.004 2543:CDC (September 27, 2021). 2112:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.008 1230:American Heart Association 1041:Management of hypertension 964:abdominal aortic aneurysms 716:Decreased or absent pulses 582:abdominal aortic aneurysms 535:dose-response relationship 6486:Health effects of tobacco 6446: 6416:Renovascular hypertension 6381: 6372: 6359:Hepatic artery thrombosis 6307: 6267: 6222: 6126: 6108: 6099: 6067: 6027: 6007:Carotid artery dissection 5960:Abdominal aortic aneurysm 5932: 5892: 5869: 5810:Intermittent claudication 5780: 5773:Peripheral artery disease 5771: 5741: 5723: 5644: 5574: 5410:10.1186/s13063-015-1114-2 5320:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.02.001 4891:10.2147/vhrm.2007.3.2.229 4534:10.1002/14651858.CD000017 4270:10.1007/s12410-013-9191-7 4171:10.1016/j.jvs.2014.12.008 4089:10.1016/j.jvs.2013.08.003 4045:10.1016/j.jvs.2013.08.003 3906:Helvetica Chirurgica Acta 3790:10.1148/radiol.2352040089 3370:10.1016/j.jvs.2006.12.037 2472:10.1186/s40779-016-0094-1 2459:Military Medical Research 2347:American Family Physician 2324:10.1024/0301-1526/a000251 2006:Gul F, Janzer SD (2023), 976:remote patient monitoring 719:Muscle atrophy or wasting 552:High blood cholesterol – 509: 443:intermittent claudication 404:(blood thinners) such as 294:. Other symptoms include 292:intermittent claudication 231:Peripheral artery disease 220: 212: 192: 177: 157: 132: 118: 105: 84: 68: 59: 50: 42: 38:Peripheral artery disease 37: 6401:Hypertensive nephropathy 6214:Post-thrombotic syndrome 6195:Paget–Schroetter disease 5987:Coronary artery aneurysm 5965:Thoracic aortic aneurysm 5483:10.1177/1074248415574336 4662:10.1177/1534734605283538 4401:10.1136/bmj.326.7389.584 3283:10.1001/jama.285.19.2481 2914:10.1161/01.cir.82.6.1925 2635:10.4103/0972-6748.196041 1674:10.1253/circj.cj-14-0062 1207:shockwave intravascular 759:noncompressible arteries 566:high-density lipoprotein 75:Interventional radiology 6456:Orthostatic hypotension 6438:White coat hypertension 5915:Fibromuscular dysplasia 5879:Carotid artery stenosis 5360:10.1161/JAHA.116.003219 4937:10.12968/hmed.2019.0263 4212:10.3390/ijerph192215231 3990:10.1161/JAHA.115.002938 3392:International Angiology 3035:10.2337/diacare.2.2.120 2711:10.1001/jama.2012.13415 802:computerized tomography 746:tissue that it goes to. 558:low-density lipoprotein 524:of the narrowed artery. 363:systolic blood pressure 351:fibromuscular dysplasia 333:, kidney problems, and 312:coronary artery disease 262:cerebrovascular disease 258:coronary artery disease 6428:Pulmonary hypertension 6411:Secondary hypertension 6406:Essential hypertension 6396:Hypertensive emergency 6237:Portacaval anastomosis 6173:Portal vein thrombosis 5815:Critical limb ischemia 5716:Cardiovascular disease 4130:10.1001/jama.2018.8357 3702:10.1001/jama.301.4.415 2873:10.1053/euhj.1998.1194 2860:European Heart Journal 1802:10.1001/jama.295.5.547 1129: 1036:Management of diabetes 895:critical limb ischemia 823: 705: 655: 576:High blood pressure – 525: 480:critical limb ischemia 437: 367:Duplex ultrasonography 335:high blood cholesterol 168:duplex ultrasonography 151:high blood cholesterol 6433:Systolic hypertension 6178:Renal vein thrombosis 6037:Arteriovenous fistula 6029:Vascular malformation 5997:Intracranial aneurysm 5884:Renal artery stenosis 5301:Conte MS (May 2010). 5167:Hypertension Research 4576:|...}} 4547:(Retracted, see 3520:10.3390/ijms160511294 3160:10.1007/s001250050257 1224:A guideline from the 1196:are used in cases of 1143:the narrowing of the 1127: 1022:limitation in walking 835:Stage I: asymptomatic 821: 703: 653: 636:Framingham risk score 593:High risk populations 522: 435: 6347:Paradoxical embolism 6342:Cholesterol embolism 6168:May–Thurner syndrome 6163:Budd–Chiari syndrome 6146:Deep vein thrombosis 6141:primarily lower limb 5920:Raynaud's phenomenon 5445:. December 6, 2011. 5313:(5 Suppl): 69S–75S. 5088:10.1155/2019/8295054 4993:10.3390/life12071041 4164:(3 Suppl): 42S–53S. 1890:(10053): 1459–1544. 1838:(10053): 1545–1602. 1161:great saphenous vein 1105:hyperhomocysteinemia 957:ankle-brachial index 865:Robert B. Rutherford 844:Stage III: rest pain 755:ankle–brachial index 726:of the affected limb 616:hyperhomocysteinemia 500:erectile dysfunction 359:ankle-brachial index 306:, which may require 164:Ankle-brachial index 6423:Benign hypertension 5266:(9501): 1925–1934. 5179:10.1038/hr.2015.134 4984:2022Life...12.1041H 4872:Shammas NW (2007). 4038:(1): 220–234.e1–2. 3190:(9493): 1267–1278. 1661:Circulation Journal 1586:(9901): 1329–1340. 1378:Antiplatelet Agents 1301:autotransplantation 1198:arterial thrombosis 1145:subsartorial artery 788:contrast agent, an 544:High blood sugar – 331:high blood pressure 147:high blood pressure 6337:Pulmonary embolism 6247:Esophageal varices 6185:upper limb / torso 5829:Arteriolosclerosis 5645:External resources 4357:www.prnewswire.com 4082:(1): 220–34.e1–2. 3875:(Suppl 1): S1-75. 3513:(5): 11294–11322. 3363:(Suppl S): S5-67. 3328:(Suppl 1): S1-75. 3312:TASC II Guidelines 2453:Münter KC (2016). 1706:. August 2, 2011. 1627:. August 2, 2011. 1545:. August 2, 2011. 1468:. August 2, 2011. 1427:. August 2, 2011. 1130: 1072:("heart attack"), 1050:antiplatelet drugs 824: 796:, angioplasty, or 774:Doppler ultrasound 706: 656: 634:All people with a 526: 438: 428:Signs and symptoms 216:155 million (2015) 6468: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6308:Arteries or veins 6303: 6302: 6128:Venous thrombosis 6095: 6094: 6077:Cherry hemangioma 5977:Aortic dissection 5928: 5927: 5763:Buerger's disease 5682: 5681: 5540:(12): e686–e725. 4828:(19): 2020–2045. 4605:Annals of Surgery 4395:(7389): 584–588. 4320:978-3-319-91285-1 3740:(10): 3101–3114. 3592:(24): 2890–2909. 3277:(19): 2481–2485. 3117:(13): 1655–1661. 3076:(12): 1527–1532. 2984:(14): 1555–1570. 2705:(16): 1660–1667. 2353:(10): 1000–1001. 2197:(12): 858A–858D. 2106:(11): 1465–1508. 1395:978-3-642-29422-8 1316:clinical endpoint 1273:Mexican Americans 1117:revascularization 1111:Revascularization 907:revascularization 623:pulse examination 564:), low levels of 546:Diabetes mellitus 396:, may also help. 376:It is unclear if 323:cigarette smoking 239:vascular disorder 228: 227: 159:Diagnostic method 139:Cigarette smoking 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6493: 6379: 6378: 6190:Mondor's disease 6133:Thrombophlebitis 6106: 6105: 5782:Arteriosclerosis 5778: 5777: 5739: 5738: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5686: 5685: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5503: 5502: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5412: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5371: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5322: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5141: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5100: 5090: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5049: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5005: 4995: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4903: 4893: 4869: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4769: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4720: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4628: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4566:Retraction Watch 4545: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4504: 4487:(10): CD005262. 4472: 4466: 4465: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4412: 4380: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4281: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4214: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4173: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4132: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4047: 4023: 4012: 4011: 4001: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3912:(5–6): 499–533. 3901: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3832: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3635:Worldwide Wounds 3626: 3620: 3619: 3601: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3532: 3522: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3465: 3454: 3453: 3434:10.1157/13109651 3417: 3408: 3407: 3382: 3372: 3347: 3337: 3310: 3295: 3294: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3001: 2969: 2954: 2953: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2916: 2907:(6): 1925–1931. 2892: 2886: 2885: 2875: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2826: 2802: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2746: 2733: 2732: 2722: 2690: 2681: 2669: 2658: 2657: 2647: 2637: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2600: 2592: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2484: 2474: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2433: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2246: 2214: 2203: 2202: 2191:Am Fam Physician 2182: 2176: 2175: 2165: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2094: 2069: 2068: 2051: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1963: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1907: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1855: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1785: 1772: 1771: 1761: 1729: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1676: 1652: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1574: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1512: 1501: 1493: 1482: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1458: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1417: 1408: 1407: 1373: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1339: 987:such as through 382:exercise therapy 186:exercise therapy 182:Stopping smoking 79:vascular surgery 55: 35: 34: 21: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6460: 6442: 6368: 6325:Microangiopathy 6320:Macroangiopathy 6299: 6263: 6232:Gastric varices 6218: 6131: 6122: 6091: 6063: 6023: 5955:Aortic aneurysm 5941: 5924: 5910:Erythromelalgia 5888: 5865: 5790:Atherosclerosis 5767: 5731: 5719: 5713: 5683: 5678: 5677: 5640: 5639: 5583: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5389: 5385: 5340: 5336: 5299: 5295: 5255: 5251: 5220:(7): CD008347. 5206: 5202: 5163: 5159: 5118: 5114: 5067: 5063: 5026: 5019: 4964: 4960: 4921: 4917: 4870: 4859: 4814: 4810: 4795: 4791: 4752:(9): CD006680. 4738: 4734: 4703:(6): CD006767. 4689: 4685: 4646: 4642: 4597: 4593: 4579: 4571: 4569: 4546: 4528:(2): CD000017. 4522: 4518: 4473: 4469: 4430: 4426: 4381: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4359:(Press release) 4351: 4350: 4346: 4321: 4299: 4295: 4250: 4246: 4191: 4187: 4150: 4146: 4109: 4105: 4068: 4061: 4024: 4015: 3970: 3966: 3929: 3925: 3902: 3898: 3861: 3854: 3809: 3805: 3773: 3769: 3729: 3725: 3686: 3682: 3651: 3647: 3627: 3623: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3553: 3546: 3499: 3495: 3486: 3484: 3466: 3457: 3418: 3411: 3383: 3348: 3313: 3311: 3298: 3266: 3262: 3223: 3219: 3179: 3175: 3144: 3140: 3103: 3099: 3062: 3058: 3019: 3015: 2970: 2957: 2934: 2930: 2893: 2889: 2852: 2848: 2811:Family Medicine 2803: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2747: 2736: 2691: 2684: 2670: 2661: 2614: 2610: 2594: 2593: 2581: 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2505: 2498: 2451: 2447: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2384: 2370: 2366: 2343: 2339: 2308: 2304: 2264: 2260: 2229:(6): CD003748. 2215: 2206: 2183: 2179: 2148:(4): CD010835. 2134: 2127: 2095: 2072: 2065: 2053: 2052: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2004: 2000: 1993:Atherosclerosis 1989: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1956: 1949: 1936: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1876: 1869: 1824: 1817: 1786: 1775: 1744:(4): CD005263. 1730: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1698: 1697: 1690: 1653: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1575: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1460: 1459: 1444: 1434: 1432: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1396: 1374: 1365: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1297: 1260: 1247: 1239:autogenous vein 1235:autogenous vein 1222: 1157:Vascular bypass 1113: 1102: 1032: 1010: 1002: 984:Pulse oximeters 972: 953: 816: 763:false negatives 732:Thickened nails 698: 648: 595: 517: 512: 430: 410:bypass grafting 339:atherosclerosis 123:Atherosclerosis 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6499: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6376: 6374:Blood pressure 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6224:Varicose veins 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6137: 6135: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6087:Spider angioma 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6069:Vascular nevus 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6047:Telangiectasia 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5989: 5984: 5982:Aortic rupture 5979: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5947: 5945: 5943:pseudoaneurysm 5930: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5854:Oxycholesterol 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5786: 5784: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5747: 5745: 5736: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5661: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5626: 5615: 5600: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575:Classification 5569: 5568: 5525: 5519: 5511: 5510:External links 5508: 5505: 5504: 5477:(5): 473–482. 5460: 5434: 5383: 5354:(7): e003219. 5334: 5293: 5249: 5200: 5173:(4): 183–191. 5157: 5132:(4): 877–882. 5112: 5061: 5040:(6): 738–743. 5017: 4958: 4915: 4884:(2): 229–234. 4857: 4808: 4789: 4732: 4683: 4656:(4): 234–241. 4640: 4611:(4): 403–413. 4591: 4516: 4467: 4440:(2): 178–184. 4424: 4370: 4344: 4319: 4293: 4244: 4185: 4144: 4123:(2): 177–183. 4103: 4059: 4013: 3984:(2): e002938. 3964: 3943:(3): 517–538. 3923: 3896: 3852: 3803: 3784:(2): 699–708. 3767: 3723: 3696:(4): 415–424. 3680: 3661:(7): 918–923. 3645: 3621: 3572: 3565: 3544: 3493: 3455: 3428:(9): 969–982. 3409: 3296: 3260: 3217: 3173: 3138: 3097: 3056: 3029:(2): 120–126. 3013: 2955: 2928: 2887: 2866:(5): 344–353. 2846: 2792: 2767: 2734: 2682: 2659: 2608: 2579: 2561: 2532: 2496: 2445: 2397: 2382: 2364: 2337: 2302: 2275:(5): 333–341. 2258: 2204: 2177: 2125: 2070: 2063: 2031: 1998: 1983: 1947: 1919: 1867: 1815: 1796:(5): 547–553. 1773: 1721: 1688: 1667:(3): 553–559. 1642: 1613: 1560: 1527: 1483: 1442: 1409: 1394: 1363: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1296: 1293: 1259: 1256: 1246: 1243: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1205: 1187: 1172: 1154: 1148: 1140:iliac arteries 1136:femoral artery 1112: 1109: 1100: 1093:Pentoxifylline 1066: 1065: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1001: 998: 993:subcutaneously 989:transcutaneous 971: 968: 952: 949: 941: 940: 937: 934: 931: 924: 923: 920: 917: 914: 900:Recently, the 891: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 857: 856: 845: 842: 839: 836: 815: 814:Classification 812: 782:femoral artery 751: 750: 747: 741:can check for 739:Buerger's test 736: 733: 730: 727: 720: 717: 697: 694: 647: 644: 643: 642: 639: 632: 625: 619: 612: 609: 602: 594: 591: 590: 589: 585: 574: 550: 542: 516: 513: 511: 508: 494:(amputation), 476: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 429: 426: 402:Anticoagulants 390:ACE inhibitors 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 203:ACE inhibitors 196: 190: 189: 179: 175: 174: 161: 155: 154: 136: 130: 129: 120: 116: 115: 109: 103: 102: 88: 82: 81: 72: 66: 65: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6498: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6242:Caput medusae 6240: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905:Degos disease 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5705: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5126:Diabetes Care 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4583: 4575: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4205:(22): 15231. 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3908:(in German). 3907: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3857: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3568: 3566:9780323354790 3562: 3558: 3551: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3401: 3398:(2): 81–157. 3397: 3393: 3389: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023:Diabetes Care 3017: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2604: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2580:9781260117431 2576: 2572: 2565: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2383:9781455737369 2379: 2375: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2066: 2064:9781259644047 2060: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1994: 1987: 1972:. McGraw Hill 1971: 1967: 1962: 1954: 1952: 1944: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1709: 1705: 1704:nhlbi.nih.gov 1701: 1695: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1618: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1548: 1544: 1543:nhlbi.nih.gov 1540: 1534: 1532: 1524: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1471: 1467: 1466:nhlbi.nih.gov 1463: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1430: 1426: 1425:nhlbi.nih.gov 1422: 1416: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1334: 1326: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1108: 1106: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1005: 997: 994: 990: 985: 979: 977: 967: 965: 960: 958: 948: 946: 938: 935: 932: 929: 928: 927: 921: 918: 915: 912: 911: 910: 908: 903: 898: 896: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 869: 868: 866: 862: 854: 850: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 833: 832: 830: 820: 811: 809: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 766: 764: 760: 756: 748: 744: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 721: 718: 715: 714: 713: 710: 702: 693: 691: 686: 681: 679: 674: 671: 667: 664: 659: 652: 640: 637: 633: 630: 626: 624: 620: 617: 613: 610: 607: 603: 600: 599: 598: 586: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 540: 536: 532: 531: 530: 521: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 454: 453: 450: 448: 444: 434: 425: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 224:52,500 (2015) 223: 219: 215: 211: 208: 204: 200: 197: 195: 191: 187: 184:, supervised 183: 180: 176: 173: 169: 165: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 108: 107:Complications 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 71: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 6383:Hypertension 6295:Venous ulcer 6201: 6184: 6152: 6140: 6110:Inflammation 5991: 5950: 5839:Hyperplastic 5800:Fatty streak 5772: 5743:Inflammation 5663: 5652: 5628: 5617: 5602: 5587: 5537: 5533: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5451:. Retrieved 5437: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5037: 5033: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4881: 4877: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4802: 4792: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4580:{{ 4572:{{ 4565: 4563:, 4525: 4519: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4392: 4388: 4363:September 2, 4361:. Retrieved 4356: 4347: 4302: 4296: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4079: 4075: 4035: 4031: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3872: 3868: 3823:(1): 21–66. 3820: 3816: 3806: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3634: 3624: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3556: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3485:, retrieved 3473: 3425: 3421: 3395: 3391: 3360: 3356: 3325: 3321: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3233:(1): 13–18. 3230: 3226: 3220: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3154:(1): 86–96. 3151: 3148:Diabetologia 3147: 3141: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3026: 3022: 3016: 2981: 2977: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2814: 2810: 2783:. Retrieved 2779: 2770: 2760:December 14, 2758:. Retrieved 2755:Clinical Key 2754: 2702: 2698: 2675: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2570: 2564: 2554:November 10, 2552:. Retrieved 2548: 2524:, retrieved 2512: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2373: 2367: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2318:(2): 88–95. 2315: 2311: 2305: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2226: 2222: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2145: 2141: 2103: 2099: 2054: 2023:, retrieved 2011: 2001: 1992: 1986: 1974:. Retrieved 1969: 1965: 1942: 1935:. Retrieved 1931: 1922: 1887: 1883: 1835: 1831: 1793: 1789: 1741: 1737: 1714:February 26, 1712:. Retrieved 1703: 1664: 1660: 1633:. Retrieved 1583: 1579: 1553:February 26, 1551:. Retrieved 1542: 1522: 1517:February 26, 1515:. Retrieved 1503: 1476:February 25, 1474:. Retrieved 1465: 1435:February 26, 1433:. Retrieved 1424: 1377: 1347: 1337: 1323:gene therapy 1320: 1305: 1298: 1281: 1277: 1265: 1261: 1258:Epidemiology 1252: 1248: 1223: 1194:thrombectomy 1190:Thrombolysis 1178:has set in, 1114: 1098: 1087: 1078:antiplatelet 1067: 1003: 980: 973: 961: 954: 942: 925: 899: 892: 858: 825: 806: 771: 767: 752: 711: 707: 684: 682: 675: 672: 668: 660: 657: 629:renal artery 596: 578:Hypertension 570:triglyceride 554:Dyslipidemia 527: 515:Risk factors 477: 451: 439: 422: 375: 343:artery spasm 320: 304:tissue death 289: 270: 255: 234: 230: 229: 134:Risk factors 127:artery spasm 29: 6448:Hypotension 5992:head / neck 5844:Cholesterol 5734:capillaries 5654:MedlinePlus 5534:Circulation 5081:: 8295054. 5034:Circulation 4978:(7): 1041. 3586:Circulation 3386:Norgren L, 3111:Circulation 3070:Circulation 2901:Circulation 2628:(1): 4–10. 1209:lithotripsy 1151:Atherectomy 1132:Angioplasty 1083:rivaroxaban 1058:clopidogrel 855:of the limb 794:atherectomy 786:radio-dense 778:angiography 722:Noticeable 606:risk factor 562:cholesterol 539:endothelium 492:tissue loss 418:atherectomy 414:angioplasty 371:angiography 347:blood clots 300:bluish skin 296:skin ulcers 172:angiography 166:< 0.90, 111:Infection, 101:, cold skin 99:bluish skin 95:skin ulcers 43:Other names 6475:Categories 6364:Vasculitis 6354:Thrombosis 6315:Angiopathy 6259:Varicocele 6252:Hemorrhoid 6082:Halo nevus 5938:dissection 5729:arterioles 5630:DiseasesDB 4264:(2): 157. 3474:StatPearls 2817:(4): 362. 2785:October 4, 2589:1048597590 2513:StatPearls 2012:StatPearls 1329:References 1312:severe PAD 1220:Guidelines 1180:amputation 1089:Cilostazol 1030:Medication 1020:, and the 847:Stage IV: 690:Thrombosis 638:of 10%–20% 394:cilostazol 355:vasculitis 349:, trauma, 308:amputation 207:cilostazol 194:Medication 113:amputation 6118:Phlebitis 5859:Trans fat 5795:Foam cell 5751:Arteritis 5718:(vessels) 5673:emerg/862 5665:eMedicine 5453:August 5, 4953:214771540 4784:222151812 4582:retracted 4574:retracted 4221:1660-4601 3778:Radiology 3762:234684675 3487:April 10, 2841:108295670 2597:cite book 2526:April 10, 2465:(1): 29. 2392:810335904 2025:April 10, 1976:April 10, 1937:April 30, 1635:March 27, 1306:Only one 1245:Prognosis 1008:Lifestyle 1000:Treatment 951:Screening 945:angiogram 696:Diagnosis 549:diabetes. 378:screening 275:disease. 213:Frequency 188:, surgery 178:Treatment 70:Specialty 6332:Embolism 5934:Aneurysm 5871:Stenosis 5805:Atheroma 5756:Aortitis 5725:Arteries 5564:27840332 5499:13443907 5491:25770117 5447:Archived 5429:26739146 5378:27402237 5329:20435263 5288:54229954 5280:16325694 5244:35802393 5187:26631852 5152:Archived 5148:16567831 5107:32099582 5056:15262830 5012:35888129 4945:32240007 4910:17580733 4852:21963765 4776:32990327 4727:24959692 4678:18384741 4670:16286375 4561:29521415 4542:10796469 4511:33063850 4462:56484366 4454:30543542 4419:12637405 4339:30178370 4288:23504569 4239:36429951 4180:25721066 4139:29998344 4098:24126108 4054:24126108 4008:26908409 3918:14366554 3891:17140820 3839:16314696 3798:15858107 3754:33997924 3718:44960635 3710:19176443 3675:23993108 3639:Archived 3616:45644292 3608:23159553 3539:25993296 3482:28613496 3450:71164825 3442:17915154 3404:17489079 3388:Hiatt WR 3379:17223489 3344:17140820 3291:11368701 3255:13543458 3212:10716362 3204:16214597 3133:14517152 3092:14504252 3051:39307266 3008:23473760 2882:10206381 2833:30973629 2729:23093164 2654:28163401 2521:28613529 2491:27602234 2440:25530442 2359:22612053 2332:23485835 2289:24026319 2253:34192807 2199:Archived 2172:24711093 2163:11103656 2120:27851991 2020:32491414 1914:27733281 1862:27733282 1810:16449620 1768:29627967 1708:Archived 1683:24492064 1629:Archived 1608:38652734 1600:23915883 1547:Archived 1508:Archived 1506:. 2012. 1470:Archived 1429:Archived 1404:22918746 1295:Research 1202:embolism 1176:gangrene 1165:Gore-Tex 1052:such as 853:gangrene 829:ischemia 798:stenting 724:blueness 678:ischemia 663:etiology 504:gangrene 488:numbness 484:gangrene 406:warfarin 327:diabetes 277:Vascular 273:vascular 243:arteries 143:diabetes 86:Symptoms 6153:abdomen 5834:Hyaline 5670:med/391 5624:D016491 5555:5479414 5420:4704263 5369:5015366 5235:9266992 5195:3070349 5098:7024142 5003:9320565 4980:Bibcode 4901:1994028 4843:4714326 4767:8513671 4718:6544814 4635:2959214 4626:1493220 4502:8094235 4410:1125476 4330:6367927 4279:3597748 4230:9690814 3999:4802465 3959:9308598 3847:8026674 3530:4463701 3247:3965550 3168:7744233 2999:4492473 2950:8211690 2938:Surgery 2923:2242518 2720:3733106 2645:5248418 2482:5011891 2431:4340604 2297:9350462 2244:8245159 1905:5388903 1853:5055577 1759:6513337 1062:Statins 1054:aspirin 685:in situ 631:disease 573:stroke. 398:Aspirin 386:statins 285:veinous 281:veinous 237:) is a 199:Statins 5659:000170 5562: 5552: 5497: 5489: 5427: 5417: 5403:: 11. 5397:Trials 5376: 5366: 5327: 5286: 5278: 5260:Lancet 5242: 5232: 5193: 5185: 5146: 5105: 5095: 5054: 5010: 5000: 4951: 4943: 4908: 4898: 4850: 4840: 4782: 4774: 4764: 4725: 4715: 4676: 4668: 4633: 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