88:, and accidental injury, and is a leading cause of preventable death in industrialized countries. Some studies have suggested that one drink per day may have cardiovascular benefits. However, these studies are controversial, and the common view is that no level of alcohol consumption improves health. There is far more evidence for the harmful effects of alcohol than for any beneficial effects. It is also recognized that the alcohol industry may promote the unsubstantiated benefits of moderate drinking.
2319:
26:
114:
health benefits and reduced mortality. Some researchers have suggested there are health benefits from wine, especially red wine, and that a glass a day can be good for the heart. But there’s more to the story. No research has proved a cause-and-effect link between drinking alcohol and better heart health."
113:
states that drinking too much alcohol increases health risks including cardiovascular disease precursors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high triglycerides and also heart attacks and strokes. They warn that "We’ve all seen the headlines about studies associating light or moderate drinking with
133:
It is well known that alcohol consumption increases the risk of hypertension. Hence, many clinical trials examined the effect of reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure. Systematic review and meta-analysis have shown that effect of alcohol reduction on blood pressure is dose dependent.
96:
Some early reviews showed that light alcohol consumption may have a protective effect on cardiovascular health. For instance, a meta-analysis from 2010 found that patients with cardiovascular disease who were light to moderate alcohol consumers, were less likely to suffer from cardiovascular and
105:
in research studies previously drank excessively and had undermined their health. After they quit they were categorized as non-drinkers, which in turn lead to more sick people in the non-drinkers category. To test this hypothesis, a 2019 meta analysis has recategorized people accordingly. As a
100:
Several possible mechanisms have been suggested for the cardioprotective effect of alcohol. These include glucose control, lipid metabolism, and metabolism as a whole. However, another possible explanation is that the cardioprotective effect is only a confounding research result. A logical
156:
In 2010, a systematic review reported that moderate consumption of alcohol does not cause harm to people with cardiovascular disease. However, the authors did not encourage people to start drinking alcohol in the hope of any benefit.
124:
It has also been pointed out that the studies suggesting a positive link between red wine consumption and heart health had flawed methodology in the form of comparing two sets of people which were not actually appropriately paired.
725:
Arora, Monika; ElSayed, Ahmed; Beger, Birgit; Naidoo, Pamela; Shilton, Trevor; Jain, Neha; Armstrong-Walenczak, Kelcey; Mwangi, Jeremiah; Wang, Yunshu; Eiselé, Jean-Luc; Pinto, Fausto J.; Champagne, Beatriz M. (2022-07-22).
491:"Vested interests in addiction research and policy. Why do we not see the corporate interests of the alcohol industry as clearly as we see those of the tobacco industry?: Alcohol corporate interests compared with tobacco"
611:"Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, and ischemic heart disease: a narrative review of meta-analyses and a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of heavy drinking occasions on risk for moderate drinkers"
97:
all-cause mortality. However, the researchers warned against encouraging cardiovascular patients who do not regularly consume alcohol to start drinking due to lack of controlled intervention studies and evidence.
147:
IV. The effect of alcohol reduction on blood pressure is still unclear for women and hypertensive patients who consume less than three drinks per day due to limited clinical trials.
531:
Costanzo, S; Di
Castelnuovo, A; Donati, MB; Iacoviello, L; de Gaetano, G (2010). "Alcohol consumption and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis".
872:
Costanzo S, Di
Castelnuovo A, Donati MB, Iacoviello L, de Gaetano G (2010). "Alcohol consumption and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis".
144:
III. For people who consumed 6 or more drinks per day, reduction rate on blood pressure was the strongest when they reduced alcohol consumption close to abstinence.
1730:
138:
I. For people who consumed 2 or fewer drinks per day, blood pressure was not significantly decreased when they reduced alcohol consumption close to abstinence.
983:
141:
II. For people who consumed 3 or more drinks per day, blood pressure was significantly decreased when they reduced alcohol consumption close to abstinence.
1654:
909:
914:
1659:
1064:
236:"Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies"
2041:
1603:
566:
Fragopoulou, E; Choleva, M; Antonopoulou, S; Demopoulos, CA (2018). "Wine and its metabolic effects. A comprehensive review of clinical trials".
220:
373:
324:
805:
786:
945:
670:"Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality"
2244:
1814:
1796:
1146:
1187:
171:
106:
result, no benefit was found for alcohol consumption of any dosage, moreover, alcohol was detrimental to health even at low doses.
1784:
1303:
1666:
1767:
204:
1280:
191:
33:
In a 2018 study on 599,912 drinkers, a roughly linear association was found with alcohol consumption and a higher risk of
2001:
1926:
62:
2348:
1899:
1725:
1337:
999:
2284:
2264:
2024:
1707:
2343:
1718:
1514:
938:
918:
1894:
1374:
1327:
1539:
1357:
1161:
1059:
668:
Stockwell, Tim; Zhao, Jinhui; Panwar, Sapna; Roemer, Audra; Naimi, Timothy; Chikritzhs, Tanya (March 2016).
1980:
1947:
1735:
1209:
1151:
1069:
1054:
1044:
825:"The effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2322:
1674:
988:
931:
2190:
2153:
1931:
1182:
1074:
110:
66:
2089:
1755:
1644:
1197:
1106:
1049:
2218:
17:
1620:
2269:
2074:
2011:
1909:
1884:
1156:
77:
38:
1842:
1789:
1745:
1630:
1598:
1389:
1362:
118:
2031:
1635:
1219:
1214:
1118:
1080:
973:
42:
2195:
2182:
2126:
1941:
1559:
1352:
1271:
1204:
1101:
1904:
234:
Wood AM, Kaptoge S, Butterworth AS, Willeit P, Warnakula S, Bolton T, et al. (2018).
8:
2274:
2148:
1889:
1874:
1824:
1529:
1519:
1298:
1228:
1016:
339:
490:
2106:
2049:
1965:
1864:
1857:
1819:
1779:
1585:
1486:
1401:
1379:
1233:
1192:
954:
849:
824:
762:
727:
702:
669:
645:
610:
591:
422:
301:
284:
260:
235:
214:
85:
840:
409:
392:
251:
2136:
2006:
1869:
1847:
1750:
1625:
1569:
1347:
1286:
1276:
1248:
1224:
889:
854:
767:
749:
707:
689:
650:
632:
583:
548:
510:
471:
463:
414:
351:
306:
265:
200:
69:
states that people who are currently non-drinkers should not start drinking alcohol.
595:
426:
2119:
2069:
1713:
1649:
1615:
1608:
1491:
1458:
1448:
881:
844:
836:
757:
739:
697:
681:
640:
622:
575:
540:
502:
453:
404:
340:"Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost--United States, 2001"
296:
255:
247:
579:
2289:
1970:
1955:
1936:
1441:
1436:
1310:
54:
728:"The Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Cardiovascular Health: Myths and Measures"
337:
2304:
2114:
2094:
2056:
1921:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1130:
1096:
962:
885:
544:
166:
73:
685:
627:
2337:
2279:
2160:
2064:
1960:
1549:
1481:
1431:
1426:
1411:
1406:
1384:
1293:
1260:
1125:
994:
753:
693:
636:
467:
81:
58:
46:
823:
Roerecke, M; Kaczorowski, J; Tobe, SW; Gmel, G; Hasan, OSM; Rehm, J (2017).
2239:
2229:
2019:
1315:
893:
858:
771:
711:
654:
587:
552:
514:
475:
418:
355:
310:
269:
50:
2170:
2165:
2036:
1916:
1806:
1699:
1471:
1416:
1021:
910:
USDA Dietary
Guidelines for Americans 2005: Chapter 9 Alcoholic Beverages
565:
29:
Total recorded alcohol per capita consumption, in litres of pure alcohol
2299:
2131:
2079:
1879:
1852:
1762:
1544:
1524:
1453:
1036:
1026:
121:(2022) recommends against any alcohol intake for optimal heart health.
871:
530:
506:
458:
441:
2234:
2141:
1975:
1774:
1740:
1593:
1564:
1534:
1466:
1421:
1394:
1242:
1177:
1011:
1006:
923:
102:
25:
744:
1834:
1498:
1996:
1554:
1113:
806:"Want a healthier heart? Seriously consider skipping the drinks"
787:"Want a healthier heart? Seriously consider skipping the drinks"
34:
2294:
2202:
1367:
233:
91:
822:
442:"Alcohol—a universal preventive agent? A critical analysis"
371:
667:
338:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2004).
189:
1731:
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States
724:
22:
Effects of alcohol consumption on cardiovascular health
915:
Alcohol and heart health: Separating fact from fiction
984:
Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States
1655:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
374:"Is drinking alcohol part of a healthy lifestyle?"
1660:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
1065:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism
393:"No level of alcohol consumption improves health"
2335:
2042:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
609:Roerecke, Michael; Rehm, Jürgen (2014-10-21).
391:Burton, Robyn; Sheron, Nick (September 2018).
327:. American Heart Association. August 15, 2014.
76:intake is associated with an elevated risk of
939:
533:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1604:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
608:
390:
344:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
331:
2245:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
1815:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
946:
932:
219:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1147:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
848:
761:
743:
701:
644:
626:
457:
408:
300:
259:
92:Alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease
488:
172:Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
101:possibility is that some of the alcohol
24:
1785:Legal drinking age in the United States
803:
784:
674:Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
2336:
953:
439:
1768:List of dry communities by U.S. state
927:
568:Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental
526:
524:
282:
1281:List of methanol poisoning incidents
718:
367:
365:
193:Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004
128:
2002:Alcohol consumption recommendations
1927:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
440:Fekjær, Hans Olav (December 2013).
372:American Heart Association (2020).
63:occupational cardiovascular disease
13:
1726:Alcohol packaging warning messages
1338:Alcohol use among college students
1000:Drunk driving in the United States
521:
190:World Health Organization (2004).
14:
2360:
2285:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
2265:Index of alcohol-related articles
1708:Administrative License Suspension
903:
362:
2318:
2317:
1719:Alcoholic beverage control state
1515:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
1328:Alcohol in association football
865:
816:
804:Salamon, Maureen (1 May 2022).
797:
785:Salamon, Maureen (1 May 2022).
778:
661:
602:
559:
1540:List of deaths through alcohol
1358:Epidemiology of binge drinking
1162:Subjective response to alcohol
489:Casswell, Sally (April 2013).
482:
433:
384:
317:
276:
227:
183:
57:, even for moderate drinkers.
1:
2025:Sweat alcohol content monitor
1060:Alcoholism in rural Australia
841:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30003-8
580:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.024
410:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31571-X
289:Alcohol Research & Health
285:"Work stress and alcohol use"
252:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X
177:
1948:Adult Children of Alcoholics
1736:Drunk driving law by country
1152:Long-term effects of alcohol
1070:Disease theory of alcoholism
1055:Alcoholism in family systems
1045:Alcohol and Native Americans
7:
1675:International whisk(e)y day
989:Driving under the influence
10:
2365:
2191:Christian views on alcohol
1797:List of alcohol laws of US
1075:High-functioning alcoholic
886:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.006
545:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.006
378:American Heart Association
325:"Alcohol and Heart Health"
151:
111:American Heart Association
67:American Heart Association
15:
2349:Health effects of alcohol
2313:
2257:
2211:
2181:
2105:
2090:Alcoholic spirits measure
2075:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
1989:
1833:
1805:
1756:Ignition interlock device
1698:
1689:
1645:Drunken monkey hypothesis
1578:
1507:
1478:Routes of administration
1259:
1170:
1139:
1107:Alcohol congener analysis
1089:
1050:Alcoholism in adolescence
1035:
972:
961:
829:The Lancet. Public Health
686:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185
628:10.1186/s12916-014-0182-6
18:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
2344:Cardiovascular diseases
2270:Alcohol and spaceflight
2012:Alcohol server training
1885:Managed alcohol program
1463:Binge drinking devices
1157:Pharmacology of ethanol
78:alcoholic liver disease
39:coronary artery disease
1875:Alcohol rehabilitation
1843:Alcohol detoxification
1746:Field sobriety testing
1631:Health effects of wine
1599:International Beer Day
1363:Holiday heart syndrome
919:Johns Hopkins Medicine
160:
119:World Heart Federation
30:
2127:Disulfiram-like drugs
1667:Ritual use of alcohol
1636:Wine and food pairing
1621:Apéritif and digestif
1272:Adulterated moonshine
1119:Blood alcohol content
1081:Seeing pink elephants
43:myocardial infarction
28:
2196:Alcohol in the Bible
2183:Religion and alcohol
2149:General anaesthetics
1942:Alcoholics Anonymous
1900:List of mixed drinks
1353:Alcohol intoxication
1268:Adulterated alcohol
874:J. Am. Coll. Cardiol
246:(10129): 1513–1523.
51:hypertensive disease
2275:Gateway drug effect
2061:Low-alcohol drinks
1890:Non-alcoholic drink
1825:Temperance movement
1807:Alcohol prohibition
1530:Gilbert Paul Jordan
1520:Dionysian Mysteries
1304:on college campuses
1299:Alcohol advertising
1017:Public intoxication
2107:Addiction medicine
2050:Get Your Sexy Back
1990:Alcohol limitation
1966:Sober living house
1932:Twelve-step groups
1865:Brief intervention
1858:Open-container law
1820:Neo-prohibitionism
1780:Legal drinking age
1586:Alcoholic beverage
1487:Alcohol inhalation
1402:Drinking in public
1380:Blackout Wednesday
1238:Beverage-specific
955:Alcohol and health
403:(10152): 987–988.
31:
2331:
2330:
2253:
2252:
2203:Islam and alcohol
2137:Calcium carbimide
2007:Alcohol education
1895:List of cocktails
1870:Designated driver
1848:Alcohol-free zone
1751:Hip flask defence
1685:
1684:
1626:Hangover remedies
1570:Whiskey Rebellion
1560:Six o'clock swill
1348:Austrian syndrome
1287:Surrogate alcohol
1277:Denatured alcohol
1249:Red wine headache
880:(13): 1339–1347.
539:(13): 1339–1347.
507:10.1111/add.12011
459:10.1111/add.12104
452:(12): 2051–2057.
283:Frone MR (1999).
206:978-92-4-156272-0
129:Alcohol reduction
2356:
2321:
2320:
2120:Chlordiazepoxide
2070:Low-alcohol beer
1714:Alcohol monopoly
1696:
1695:
1616:Drinking culture
1609:Women in brewing
1492:Vodka eyeballing
1459:Passive drinking
970:
969:
948:
941:
934:
925:
924:
898:
897:
869:
863:
862:
852:
835:(2): e108–e120.
820:
814:
813:
801:
795:
794:
782:
776:
775:
765:
747:
722:
716:
715:
705:
665:
659:
658:
648:
630:
606:
600:
599:
563:
557:
556:
528:
519:
518:
486:
480:
479:
461:
437:
431:
430:
412:
388:
382:
381:
369:
360:
359:
335:
329:
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321:
315:
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304:
280:
274:
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263:
231:
225:
224:
218:
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198:
187:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2309:
2290:Self-medication
2249:
2207:
2177:
2115:Benzodiazepines
2101:
1985:
1971:Sobering center
1956:Sober companion
1937:Al-Anon/Alateen
1829:
1801:
1691:
1681:
1574:
1503:
1443:In vino veritas
1437:Hair of the dog
1255:
1171:Adverse effects
1166:
1135:
1085:
1031:
975:
974:Alcohol-related
965:
957:
952:
906:
901:
870:
866:
821:
817:
802:
798:
783:
779:
745:10.5334/gh.1132
723:
719:
666:
662:
607:
603:
564:
560:
529:
522:
487:
483:
438:
434:
389:
385:
370:
363:
350:(37): 866–870.
336:
332:
323:
322:
318:
281:
277:
232:
228:
212:
211:
207:
196:
188:
184:
180:
163:
154:
131:
94:
61:may also cause
55:aortic aneurysm
23:
20:
12:
11:
5:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2305:French paradox
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2161:Sulfonic acids
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2095:Standard drink
2092:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2059:
2057:Liquor license
2054:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1929:
1924:
1922:Temperance bar
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
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1628:
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1601:
1596:
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1562:
1557:
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1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
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1504:
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1501:
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1414:
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1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1343:Binge drinking
1340:
1335:
1333:Alcohol powder
1330:
1325:
1323:Alcohol myopia
1320:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1274:
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1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1131:Wine chemistry
1128:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1097:Beer chemistry
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1002:
992:
986:
980:
978:
967:
959:
958:
951:
950:
943:
936:
928:
922:
921:
912:
905:
904:External links
902:
900:
899:
864:
815:
810:Harvard Health
796:
791:Harvard Health
777:
717:
680:(2): 185–198.
660:
601:
558:
520:
501:(4): 680–685.
481:
432:
383:
361:
330:
316:
295:(4): 284–291.
275:
226:
205:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
169:
167:French paradox
162:
159:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
130:
127:
93:
90:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2361:
2350:
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2342:
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2339:
2324:
2316:
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2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Mood disorder
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
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2228:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:Nitrous oxide
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Fermented tea
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Sober curious
1959:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
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1832:
1826:
1823:
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1813:
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1810:
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1798:
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1769:
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1724:
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1701:
1697:
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1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Ladies' night
1648:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:Rum Rebellion
1548:
1546:
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1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:Alcohol enema
1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:Flaming drink
1430:
1428:
1427:Dutch courage
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Drunk walking
1410:
1408:
1407:Drunk dialing
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:Drinking game
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
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1336:
1334:
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1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Alcohol abuse
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1261:Social issues
1258:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:breast cancer
1196:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:Fusel alcohol
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
995:Drunk driving
993:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
979:
977:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
929:
926:
920:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
860:
856:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
811:
807:
800:
792:
788:
781:
773:
769:
764:
759:
755:
751:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
713:
709:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
656:
652:
647:
642:
638:
634:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
562:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
527:
525:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
387:
379:
375:
368:
366:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
334:
326:
320:
312:
308:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
279:
271:
267:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
230:
222:
216:
208:
202:
195:
194:
186:
182:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
158:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
135:
126:
122:
120:
115:
112:
107:
104:
98:
89:
87:
83:
82:heart failure
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
59:Alcohol abuse
56:
52:
48:
47:heart failure
44:
40:
36:
27:
19:
2240:Gin Act 1751
2230:Bratt System
2223:
2219:
2086:Measurement
2020:Breathalyzer
1790:Shoulder tap
1442:
1316:Beer goggles
877:
873:
867:
832:
828:
818:
809:
799:
790:
780:
735:
732:Global Heart
731:
720:
677:
673:
663:
618:
615:BMC Medicine
614:
604:
571:
567:
561:
536:
532:
498:
494:
484:
449:
445:
435:
400:
396:
386:
377:
347:
343:
333:
319:
292:
288:
278:
243:
239:
229:
192:
185:
155:
132:
123:
116:
108:
99:
95:
71:
53:, and fatal
32:
2220:Beer Street
2171:Homotaurine
2166:Acamprosate
2037:Dry January
2016:Monitoring
1917:Teetotalism
1910:Malt drinks
1700:Alcohol law
1472:Yard of ale
1417:Drunkorexia
1229:intolerance
1022:Rum-running
574:: 102–119.
2338:Categories
2300:Town drunk
2132:Disulfiram
2080:Small beer
2046:Campaigns
1880:Drunk tank
1853:Dry campus
1763:Dry county
1545:Rum ration
1525:Dipsomania
1454:Pantsdrunk
1247:Red wine:
1037:Alcoholism
1027:Wine fraud
621:(1): 182.
397:The Lancet
240:The Lancet
199:. Geneva.
178:References
103:abstainers
72:Excessive
41:excluding
16:See also:
2235:Dry state
2142:Cyanamide
1976:Sobrietol
1775:Last call
1741:DWI court
1594:Beer mile
1565:Speakeasy
1535:Gin Craze
1467:Beer bong
1422:Dry drunk
1395:Pregaming
1243:Potomania
1225:Tolerance
1215:Pregnancy
1090:Chemistry
1012:Nip joint
1007:Moonshine
754:2211-8179
694:1938-4114
637:1741-7015
495:Addiction
468:0965-2140
446:Addiction
215:cite book
2323:Category
2224:Gin Lane
1981:Quit lit
1905:Spritzer
1835:Sobriety
1690:Alcohol
1671:Whiskey
1499:Sconcing
1449:Nightcap
1375:Blackout
1205:Cortisol
1102:Congener
894:20338495
859:29253389
772:36051324
712:26997174
655:25567363
596:29149518
588:29408458
553:20338495
515:23496067
476:23297738
427:52075453
419:30146328
356:15385917
311:10890825
270:29676281
49:, fatal
2258:Related
2212:History
1997:0-0-1-3
1692:control
1579:General
1555:Shebeen
1508:History
1178:Anxiety
1140:Effects
1114:Ethanol
963:Alcohol
850:6118407
763:9306675
703:4803651
646:4203905
302:6760381
261:5899998
152:History
86:cancers
84:, some
80:(ALD),
74:alcohol
2032:FRAMES
1241:Beer:
1234:Weight
1210:Memory
1193:Cancer
976:crimes
892:
857:
847:
770:
760:
752:
710:
700:
692:
653:
643:
635:
594:
586:
551:
513:
474:
466:
425:
417:
354:
309:
299:
268:
258:
203:
65:. The
35:stroke
2295:Spins
1950:(ACA)
1944:(AA):
1710:(ALS)
1590:Beer
1368:Zapoy
1220:Sleep
1188:Brain
1183:Aging
1077:(HFA)
991:(DUI)
738:(1).
592:S2CID
423:S2CID
197:(PDF)
2222:and
1390:list
890:PMID
855:PMID
768:PMID
750:ISSN
708:PMID
690:ISSN
651:PMID
633:ISSN
584:PMID
549:PMID
511:PMID
472:PMID
464:ISSN
415:PMID
352:PMID
307:PMID
266:PMID
221:link
201:ISBN
117:The
109:The
1311:Sex
966:use
882:doi
845:PMC
837:doi
758:PMC
740:doi
698:PMC
682:doi
641:PMC
623:doi
576:doi
541:doi
503:doi
499:108
454:doi
450:108
405:doi
401:392
297:PMC
256:PMC
248:doi
244:391
161:See
2340::
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888:.
878:55
876:.
853:.
843:.
831:.
827:.
808:.
789:.
766:.
756:.
748:.
736:17
734:.
730:.
706:.
696:.
688:.
678:77
676:.
672:.
649:.
639:.
631:.
619:12
617:.
613:.
590:.
582:.
572:83
570:.
547:.
537:55
535:.
523:^
509:.
497:.
493:.
470:.
462:.
448:.
444:.
421:.
413:.
399:.
395:.
376:.
364:^
348:53
346:.
342:.
305:.
293:23
291:.
287:.
264:.
254:.
242:.
238:.
217:}}
213:{{
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1227:/
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940:t
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884::
861:.
839::
833:2
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793:.
774:.
742::
714:.
684::
657:.
625::
598:.
578::
555:.
543::
517:.
505::
478:.
456::
429:.
407::
380:.
358:.
313:.
272:.
250::
223:)
209:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
