624:
613:
695:. Females are more likely to have unusual or unexplained tiredness and nausea or vomiting as symptoms. Females having heart attacks are more likely to have palpitations, back pain, labored breath, vomiting, and left arm pain than males, although the studies showing these differences had high variability. Females are less likely to report chest pain during a heart attack and more likely to report nausea, jaw pain, neck pain, cough, and fatigue, although these findings are inconsistent across studies. Females with heart attacks also had more indigestion,
1654:
9775:"2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI Focused Update on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions"
1356:
2162:. The dose should be increased to the highest tolerated. Contrary to most guidelines, the use of beta blockers does not appear to affect the risk of death, possibly because other treatments for MI have improved. When beta blocker medication is given within the first 24–72 hours of a STEMI no lives are saved. However, 1 in 200 people were prevented from a repeat heart attack, and another 1 in 200 from having an abnormal heart rhythm. Additionally, for 1 in 91 the medication causes a
62:
2574:, and left ventricular impairment are all associated with poorer prognosis. Without treatment, about a quarter of those affected by MI die within minutes and about forty percent within the first month. Morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction has, however, improved over the years due to earlier and better treatment: in those who have a STEMI in the United States, between 5 and 6 percent die before leaving the hospital and 7 to 18 percent die within a year.
2406:
656:, is pain radiating to the right arm and shoulder. Similarly, chest pain similar to a previous heart attack is also suggestive. The pain associated with MI is usually diffuse, does not change with position, and lasts for more than 20 minutes. It might be described as pressure, tightness, knifelike, tearing, burning sensation (all these are also manifested during other diseases). It could be felt as an unexplained anxiety, and pain might be absent altogether.
1717:
1700:. ST elevation is associated with infarction, and may be preceded by changes indicating ischemia, such as ST depression or inversion of the T waves. Abnormalities can help differentiate the location of an infarct, based on the leads that are affected by changes. Early STEMIs may be preceded by peaked T waves. Other ECG abnormalities relating to complications of acute myocardial infarctions may also be evident, such as
2549:. It should start soon after discharge from the hospital. The program may include lifestyle advice, exercise, social support, as well as recommendations about driving, flying, sports participation, stress management, and sexual intercourse. Returning to sexual activity after myocardial infarction is a major concern for most patients, and is an important area to be discussed in the provision of holistic care.
1473:
1241:
2361:, with the dose depending on whether further surgical management or fibrinolysis is planned. Prasugrel and ticagrelor are recommended in European and American guidelines, as they are active more quickly and consistently than clopidogrel. P2Y12 inhibitors are recommended in both NSTEMI and STEMI, including in PCI, with evidence also to suggest improved mortality.
1839:
1821:
1310:. If there is ongoing inflammation, the cap may be thin or ulcerate. Exposed to the pressure associated with blood flow, plaques, especially those with a thin lining, may rupture and trigger the formation of a blood clot (thrombus). The cholesterol crystals have been associated with plaque rupture through mechanical injury and inflammation.
2417:(PCI) is the treatment of choice for STEMI if it can be performed in a timely manner, ideally within 90–120 minutes of contact with a medical provider. Some recommend it is also done in NSTEMI within 1–3 days, particularly when considered high-risk. A 2017 review, however, did not find a difference between early versus later PCI in NSTEMI.
1672:(ECGs) are a series of leads placed on a person's chest that measure electrical activity associated with contraction of the heart muscle. The taking of an ECG is an important part of the workup of an AMI, and ECGs are often not just taken once but may be repeated over minutes to hours, or in response to changes in signs or symptoms.
2117:, exercising, and trying to achieve a healthy weight. Exercise is both safe and effective even if people have had stents or heart failure, and is recommended to start gradually after 1–2 weeks. Counselling should be provided relating to medications used, and for warning signs of depression. Previous studies suggested a benefit from
530:
world, the risk of death in those who have had a STEMI is about 10%. Rates of MI for a given age have decreased globally between 1990 and 2010. In 2011, an MI was one of the top five most expensive conditions during inpatient hospitalizations in the US, with a cost of about $ 11.5 billion for 612,000 hospital stays.
4515:"European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)"
3568:"ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)"
2851:
Depictions of heart attacks in popular media often include collapsing or loss of consciousness which are not common symptoms; these depictions contribute to widespread misunderstanding about the symptoms of myocardial infarctions, which in turn contributes to people not getting care when they should.
2507:
In the past, high flow oxygen was recommended for everyone with a possible myocardial infarction. More recently, no evidence was found for routine use in those with normal oxygen levels and there is potential harm from the intervention. Therefore, oxygen is currently only recommended if oxygen levels
1629:
for measuring injury to the heart muscle than other tests. A rise in troponin occurs within 2–3 hours of injury to the heart muscle, and peaks within 1–2 days. The level of the troponin, as well as a change over time, are useful in measuring and diagnosing or excluding myocardial infarctions, and the
2711:
Rates of death from ischemic heart disease (IHD) have slowed or declined in most high-income countries, although cardiovascular disease still accounted for one in three of all deaths in the US in 2008. For example, rates of death from cardiovascular disease have decreased almost a third between 2001
2466:
If PCI cannot be performed within 90 to 120 minutes in STEMI then fibrinolysis, preferably within 30 minutes of arrival to hospital, is recommended. If a person has had symptoms for 12 to 24 hours evidence for effectiveness of thrombolysis is less and if they have had symptoms for more than 24 hours
1572:
Sudden unexpected cardiac death, including cardiac arrest, where symptoms may suggest MI, an ECG may be taken with suggestive changes, or a blood clot is found in a coronary artery by angiography and/or at autopsy, but where blood samples could not be obtained, or at a time before the appearance of
2627:
as a result of the heart being unable to adequately pump blood may develop, dependent on infarct size, and is most likely to occur within the days following an acute myocardial infarction. Cardiogenic shock is the largest cause of in-hospital mortality. Rupture of the ventricular dividing wall or
1452:
Injury to the myocardium also occurs during re-perfusion. This might manifest as ventricular arrhythmia. The re-perfusion injury is a consequence of the calcium and sodium uptake from the cardiac cells and the release of oxygen radicals during reperfusion. No-reflow phenomenon—when blood is still
2261:
A myocardial infarction requires immediate medical attention. Treatment aims to preserve as much heart muscle as possible, and to prevent further complications. Treatment depends on whether the myocardial infarction is a STEMI or NSTEMI. Treatment in general aims to unblock blood vessels, reduce
2008:
instead of saturated fats may reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, although there is not universal agreement. Dietary modifications are recommended by some national authorities, with recommendations including increasing the intake of wholegrain starch, reducing sugar intake (particularly of
529:
Worldwide, about 15.9 million myocardial infarctions occurred in 2015. More than 3 million people had an ST elevation MI, and more than 4 million had an NSTEMI. STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women. About one million people have an MI each year in the United States. In the developed
2043:
measures may also act at a population level to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, for example by reducing unhealthy diets (excessive salt, saturated fat, and trans-fat) including food labeling and marketing requirements as well as requirements for catering and restaurants and stimulating
2080:
has been studied extensively in people considered at increased risk of myocardial infarction. Based on numerous studies in different groups (e.g. people with or without diabetes), there does not appear to be a benefit strong enough to outweigh the risk of excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, many
1813:
Medical societies and professional guidelines recommend that the physician confirm a person is at high risk for
Chronic Coronary Syndrome before conducting diagnostic non-invasive imaging tests to make a diagnosis, as such tests are unlikely to change management and result in increased costs.
1843:
1842:
1826:
1824:
1154:) has been associated with MI and other acute cardiovascular events. For sudden cardiac deaths, every increment of 30 units in Pollutant Standards Index correlated with an 8% increased risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on the day of exposure. Extremes of temperature are also associated.
2569:
The prognosis after myocardial infarction varies greatly depending on the extent and location of the affected heart muscle, and the development and management of complications. Prognosis is worse with older age and social isolation. Anterior infarcts, persistent ventricular tachycardia or
1844:
1825:
6251:
1245:
1244:
691:, and these symptoms may also occur without any pain at all. Dizziness or lightheadedness is common and occurs due to reduction in oxygen and blood to the brain. In females, the most common symptoms of myocardial infarction include shortness of breath, weakness, and
2794:. Similarly, South Asians (including South Asians that have migrated to other countries around the world) experience higher rates of acute myocardial infarctions at younger ages, which can be largely explained by a higher prevalence of risk factors at younger ages.
5379:
Ho AF, Wah W, Earnest A, Ng YY, Xie Z, Shahidah N, et al. (November 2018). "Health impacts of the
Southeast Asian haze problem – A time-stratified case crossover study of the relationship between ambient air pollution and sudden cardiac deaths in Singapore".
1841:
1823:
1246:
2884:
may be classified as line-of-duty injuries by statute or policy. In some countries or states, a person having had an MI may be prevented from participating in activity that puts other people's lives at risk, for example driving a car or flying an airplane.
1318:
Atherosclerotic disease is not the only cause of myocardial infarction, but it may exacerbate or contribute to other causes. A myocardial infarction may result from a heart with a limited blood supply subject to increased oxygen demands, such as in fever,
647:
is one of the most common symptoms of acute myocardial infarction and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper
6850:
Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP (December 2013). "Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force".
6386:
Lipinski MJ, Escárcega RO, D'Ascenzo F, Magalhães MA, Baker NC, Torguson R, et al. (May 2014). "A systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis to determine the incremental value of copeptin for rapid rule-out of acute myocardial infarction".
360:. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms. Women more often present without chest pain and instead have neck pain, arm pain or feel tired. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause
2139:
is continued indefinitely, as well as another antiplatelet agent such as clopidogrel or ticagrelor ("dual antiplatelet therapy" or DAPT) for up to twelve months. If someone has another medical condition that requires anticoagulation (e.g. with
1641:, are discouraged. CK-MB is not as specific as troponins for acute myocardial injury, and may be elevated with past cardiac surgery, inflammation or electrical cardioversion; it rises within 4–8 hours and returns to normal within 2–3 days.
7943:
Jobs A, Mehta SR, Montalescot G, Vicaut E, Van't Hof AW, Badings EA, et al. (August 2017). "Optimal timing of an invasive strategy in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomised trials".
1243:
949:
or MI, particularly if one has a male first-degree relative (father, brother) who had a myocardial infarction before age 55 years, or a female first-degree relative (mother, sister) less than age 65 increases a person's risk of MI.
2228:
and a New York Heart
Association grade II or III after 40 days of the infarction. Defibrillators detect potentially fatal arrhythmia and deliver an electrical shock to the person to depolarize a critical mass of the heart muscle.
8335:
Sepehrvand N, James SK, Stub D, Khoshnood A, Ezekowitz JA, Hofmann R (October 2018). "Effects of supplemental oxygen therapy in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials".
3011:
4389:"Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: the Task Force on the Management of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology"
1266:
that blocks the artery; this can occur in minutes. Blockage of an artery can lead to tissue death in tissue being supplied by that artery. Atherosclerotic plaques are often present for decades before they result in symptoms.
1107:. Heart attacks appear to occur more commonly in the morning hours, especially between 6AM and noon. Evidence suggests that heart attacks are at least three times more likely to occur in the morning than in the late evening.
8802:
Weir RA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ (May 2006). "Epidemiology of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognostic importance".
4798:
Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, Crowe F, Ward HA, Johnson L, et al. (March 2014). "Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1421:
and cannot be predicted by the presence or absence of Q waves on an ECG. The position, size and extent of an infarct depends on the affected artery, totality of the blockage, duration of the blockage, the presence of
972:
that are implicated are within a non-coding region. The majority of these variants are in regions that have not been previously implicated in coronary artery disease. The following genes have an association with MI:
2808:
who are eligible for coverage remain uninsured because immigrant families face a range of enrollment barriers, including fear, confusion about eligibility policies, difficulty navigating the enrollment process, and
2552:
In the short-term, exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation programs may reduce the risk of a myocardial infarction, reduces a large number of hospitalizations from all causes, reduces hospital costs, improves
4883:
2396:
found they do not change the risk of death when given to people with a suspected NSTEMI prior to PCI, nor do heparins change the risk of death. They do decrease the risk of having a further myocardial infarction.
2262:
blood clot enlargement, reduce ischemia, and modify risk factors with the aim of preventing future MIs. In addition, the main treatment for myocardial infarctions with ECG evidence of ST elevation (STEMI) include
9887:
9868:
6347:"2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines"
2144:) this may need to be adjusted based on risk of further cardiac events as well as bleeding risk. In those who have had a stent, more than 12 months of clopidogrel plus aspirin does not affect the risk of death.
1695:
can be used to diagnose an ST segment myocardial infarction (STEMI). A rise must be new in V2 and V3 ≥2 mm (0,2 mV) for males or ≥1.5 mm (0.15 mV) for females or ≥1 mm (0.1 mV) in two other
2495:. Situations in which thrombolysis may be considered, but with caution, include recent surgery, use of anticoagulants, pregnancy, and proclivity to bleeding. Major risks of thrombolysis are major bleeding and
1562:. STEMIs make up about 25–40% of myocardial infarctions. A more explicit classification system, based on international consensus in 2012, also exists. This classifies myocardial infarctions into five types:
1453:
unable to be distributed to the affected myocardium despite clearing the occlusion—also contributes to myocardial injury. Topical endothelial swelling is one of many factors contributing to this phenomenon.
1762:
scan of the heart, is able to visualize the heart, its size, shape, and any abnormal motion of the heart walls as they beat that may indicate a myocardial infarction. The flow of blood can be imaged, and
3682:"2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines"
2828:
and financial concerns about accessing care were associated with delays in seeking emergency care for acute myocardial infarction which can have significant, adverse consequences on patient outcomes.
8513:
Rahim L, Allana S, Steinke EE, Ali F, Khan AH (November 2017). "Level of knowledge among cardiac nurses regarding sexual counseling of post-MI patients in three tertiary care hospitals in
Pakistan".
4428:
Davis TM, Fortun P, Mulder J, Davis WA, Bruce DG (March 2004). "Silent myocardial infarction and its prognosis in a community-based cohort of Type 2 diabetic patients: the
Fremantle Diabetes Study".
2074:, drugs that act to lower blood cholesterol, decrease the incidence and mortality rates of myocardial infarctions. They are often recommended in those at an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases.
7498:"Impact of Aldosterone Antagonists on Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention in Heart Failure and Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
1413:
region, and tissue begins to die within 15–30 minutes of loss of blood supply. The dead tissue is surrounded by a zone of potentially reversible ischemia that progresses to become a full-thickness
636:
Chest pain that may or may not radiate to other parts of the body is the most typical and significant symptom of myocardial infarction. It might be accompanied by other symptoms such as sweating.
3273:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
2619:
transmitted from the heart during PCI, as a result of bleeding following anticoagulation, or as a result of disturbances in the heart's ability to pump effectively as a result of the infarction.
8696:"Prognostic value of clinical variables at presentation in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results of the Proyecto de Estudio del PronĂłstico de la Angina (PEPA)"
4836:"Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"
2499:. Pre-hospital thrombolysis reduces time to thrombolytic treatment, based on studies conducted in higher income countries; however, it is unclear whether this has an impact on mortality rates.
1569:
MI related to ischemia, such as from increased oxygen demand or decreased supply, e.g., coronary artery spasm, coronary embolism, anemia, arrhythmias, high blood pressure, or low blood pressure
2487:. Thrombolysis is not recommended in a number of situations, particularly when associated with a high risk of bleeding or the potential for problematic bleeding, such as active bleeding, past
1840:
1822:
2085:
continue to recommend aspirin for primary prevention, and some researchers feel that those with very high cardiovascular risk but low risk of bleeding should continue to receive aspirin.
4556:"AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"
2786:
of risk factors that are unrecognized and therefore not treated, which places these individuals at a greater likelihood of experiencing adverse outcomes and therefore potentially higher
933:
intake affects heart attack risk. Dietary cholesterol does not appear to have a significant effect on blood cholesterol and thus recommendations about its consumption may not be needed.
7295:
Perez MI, Musini VM, Wright JM (October 2009). "Effect of early treatment with anti-hypertensive drugs on short and long-term mortality in patients with an acute cardiovascular event".
3003:
2224:, an electric device connected to the heart and surgically inserted under the skin, may be recommended. This is particularly if there are any ongoing signs of heart failure, with a low
1242:
2719:, IHD had become the leading cause of death by 2004, accounting for 1.46 million deaths (14% of total deaths) and deaths due to IHD were expected to double during 1985–2015. Globally,
584:). When there is evidence of an MI, it may be classified as an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) based on the results of an
6087:
5344:
Mustafic H, Jabre P, Caussin C, Murad MH, Escolano S, Tafflet M, et al. (February 2012). "Main air pollutants and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
929:
has been shown in studies to be associated with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction, while other studies find little evidence that reducing dietary saturated fat or increasing
9808:
Min Cho S, et al. (2021). "Machine learning compared with conventional statistical models for predicting myocardial infarction readmission and mortality: a systematic review".
8868:
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. (American Heart
Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee) (January 2012).
2700:
estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to
7160:
Hodis HN, Mack WJ (July 2014). "Hormone replacement therapy and the association with coronary heart disease and overall mortality: clinical application of the timing hypothesis".
9149:"Disentangling the relative importance of different socioeconomic resources for myocardial infarction incidence and survival: a longitudinal study of over 300,000 Finnish adults"
6802:
Clinical guideline 181: Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
2880:
if it results, for example, from unusual emotional stress or unusual exertion. In addition, in some jurisdictions, heart attacks had by persons in particular occupations such as
2444:
is only considered when the affected area of heart muscle is large, and PCI is unsuitable, for example with difficult cardiac anatomy. After PCI, people are generally placed on
8755:"Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE)"
8380:
2577:
It is unusual for babies to experience a myocardial infarction, but when they do, about half die. In the short-term, neonatal survivors seem to have a normal quality of life.
2369:, help to prevent the enlargement of a clot, and are also given in myocardial infarction, owing to evidence suggesting improved mortality rates. In very high-risk scenarios,
4894:
4215:
Coventry LL, Finn J, Bremner AP (November–December 2011). "Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2341:
to reduce the clot size and reduce further clotting in the affected artery. It is known to decrease mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction by at least 50%.
6252:"Rapid Rule-out of Acute Myocardial Infarction With a Single High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T Measurement Below the Limit of Detection: A Collaborative Meta-analysis"
5662:
Lonn E (September 2007). "Homocysteine in the prevention of ischemic heart disease, stroke and venous thromboembolism: therapeutic target or just another distraction?".
2318:. Morphine or other opioid medications may also be used, and are effective for the pain associated with STEMI. There is poor evidence that morphine shows any benefit to
1985:
Physical activity can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and people at risk are advised to engage in 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity
4154:
Canto JG, Goldberg RJ, Hand MM, Bonow RO, Sopko G, Pepine CJ, Long T (December 2007). "Symptom presentation of females with acute coronary syndromes: myth vs reality".
8466:"Aldosterone Antagonist Therapy and Mortality in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Without Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
7701:
7766:
McCarthy CP, Mullins KV, Sidhu SS, Schulman SP, McEvoy JW (June 2016). "The on- and off-target effects of morphine in acute coronary syndrome: A narrative review".
2530:
with evaluation for implementation of hypothermia protocols. Furthermore, those with cardiac arrest, and ST elevation at any time, should usually have angiography.
7557:"Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations"
6566:
Schinkel AF, Valkema R, Geleijnse ML, Sijbrands EJ, Poldermans D (May 2010). "Single-photon emission computed tomography for assessment of myocardial viability".
5619:
Clarke R, Halsey J, Bennett D, Lewington S (February 2011). "Homocysteine and vascular disease: review of published results of the homocysteine-lowering trials".
4329:
2801:(SES) areas, which is close to 25% of the US population, myocardial infarctions (MIs) occurred twice as often compared with people who lived in higher SES areas.
9680:
Gaziano TA, Gaziano JM (15 September 2016). "Global
Evolving Epidemiology, Natural History, and Treatment Trends of Myocardial Infarction". In Morrow DA (ed.).
2723:(DALYs) lost to ischemic heart disease are predicted to account for 5.5% of total DALYs in 2030, making it the second-most-important cause of disability (after
2238:
1630:
diagnostic accuracy of troponin testing is improving over time. One high-sensitivity cardiac troponin can rule out a heart attack as long as the ECG is normal.
2009:
refined sugar), consuming five portions of fruit and vegetables daily, consuming two or more portions of fish per week, and consuming 4–5 portions of unsalted
10738:
7217:
6796:
6592:
8028:
Dalal F, Dalal HM, Voukalis C, Gandhi MM (July 2017). "Management of patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction".
2051:
Most guidelines recommend combining different preventive strategies. A 2015 Cochrane Review found some evidence that such an approach might help with
629:
Areas where pain is experienced in myocardial infarction, showing common (dark red) and less common (light red) areas on the chest (top) and back (bottom).
8998:"Individual education, area income, and mortality and recurrence of myocardial infarction in a Medicare cohort: the National Longitudinal Mortality Study"
4368:
8651:
Papneja K, Chan AK, Mondal TK, Paes B (March 2017). "Myocardial
Infarction in Neonates: A Review of an Entity with Significant Morbidity and Mortality".
5477:
Chatzidimitriou D, Kirmizis D, Gavriilaki E, Chatzidimitriou M, Malisiovas N (October 2012). "Atherosclerosis and infection: is the jury still not in?".
3320:
Coventry LL, Finn J, Bremner AP (2011). "Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2561:. Longer-term studies indicate that exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation programs may reduce cardiovascular mortality and myocardial infarction.
1810:
scans can visualize the perfusion of heart muscle. SPECT may also be used to determine viability of tissue, and whether areas of ischemia are inducible.
7723:
Yadlapati A, Gajjar M, Schimmel DR, Ricciardi MJ, Flaherty JD (December 2016). "Contemporary management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction".
7013:"Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials"
3138:
2642:
may develop as a long-term consequence, with an impaired ability of heart muscle to pump, scarring, and an increase in the size of the existing muscle.
956:
have found 27 genetic variants that are associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. The strongest association of MI has been found with
937:
do appear to increase risk. Acute and prolonged intake of high quantities of alcoholic drinks (3–4 or more daily) increases the risk of a heart attack.
11164:
4250:
Chen W, Woods SL, Puntillo KA (July–August 2005). "Sex differences in symptoms associated with acute myocardial infarction: a review of the research".
2279:
2172:
therapy should be started within 24 hours and continued indefinitely at the highest tolerated dose. This is provided there is no evidence of worsening
2194:
therapy has been shown to reduce mortality and subsequent cardiac events and should be commenced to lower LDL cholesterol. Other medications, such as
6899:
6544:
4103:
Marcus GM, Cohen J, Varosy PD, Vessey J, Rose E, Massie BM, et al. (January 2007). "The utility of gestures in patients with chest discomfort".
3411:
3097:(1st ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. pp. 3–18.
2941:
2114:
1744:
has no role in the acute diagnostic algorithm; however, it can confirm a clinical suspicion of
Chronic Coronary Syndrome when the patient's history,
9049:"Relation of socioeconomic position to the case fatality, prognosis and treatment of myocardial infarction events; the FINMONICA MI Register Study"
3229:"Part 10: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
3108:
2093:
There is a large crossover between the lifestyle and activity recommendations to prevent a myocardial infarction, and those that may be adopted as
1964:
There is a large crossover between the lifestyle and activity recommendations to prevent a myocardial infarction, and those that may be adopted as
8116:"Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
595:, where the heart is not contracting at all or so poorly that all vital organs cease to function, thus leading to death. It is also distinct from
560:, which describes a sudden or short-term change in symptoms related to blood flow to the heart. Unlike the other type of acute coronary syndrome,
3271:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
2978:
2314:) may improve blood supply to the heart. It is an important part of therapy for its pain relief effects, though there is no proven benefit to
1732:
may assist in modifying clinical suspicion of ongoing myocardial infarction in patients that can't be ruled out or ruled in following initial
7803:"Reappraisal of thienopyridine pretreatment in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1554:
A myocardial infarction is usually clinically classified as an ST-elevation MI (STEMI) or a non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI). These are based on
6079:
5423:
Sun Z, Chen C, Xu D, Li T (October 2018). "Effects of ambient temperature on myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
2911:
6291:"Association of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Concentration With Cardiac Outcomes in Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome"
1542:
1034:
786:, occur more frequently in females, the elderly, those with diabetes, in people who have just had surgery, and in critically ill patients.
7062:"Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews"
4285:
DeVon HA, Zerwic JJ (July–August 2002). "Symptoms of acute coronary syndromes: are there gender differences? A review of the literature".
2708:. Worldwide, more than 3 million people have STEMIs and 4 million have NSTEMIs a year. STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women.
10026:
8953:
Gupta R, Joshi P, Mohan V, Reddy KS, Yusuf S (January 2008). "Epidemiology and causation of coronary heart disease and stroke in India".
6709:
2759:
is associated with an increased risk of poorer survival. There are well-documented disparities in myocardial infarction survival by
2212:) may be used if there is evidence of left ventricular dysfunction after an MI, ideally after beginning treatment with an ACE inhibitor.
1968:
after an initial myocardial infarction, because of shared risk factors and an aim to reduce atherosclerosis affecting heart vessels. The
802:
after a person has died. Such silent myocardial infarctions represent between 22 and 64% of all infarctions, and are more common in the
10379:
7474:
6815:
Stradling C, Hamid M, Taheri S, Thomas GN (2014). "A review of dietary influences on cardiovascular health: part 2: dietary patterns".
3779:
3492:
664:, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor
9569:
9590:
1006:
1111:
is also associated with a higher risk of MI. One analysis has found an increase in heart attacks immediately following the start of
10069:
6490:"2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation"
1042:
7113:"Review of guidelines on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with aspirin: how much evidence is needed to turn a tanker?"
4651:"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy"
862:, the primary cause of myocardial infarction, with other risk factors including male sex, low levels of physical activity, a past
591:
The phrase "heart attack" is often used non-specifically to refer to myocardial infarction. An MI is different from—but can cause—
10003:
9701:
Morrow DA, Bohula EA (15 September 2016). "Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock After Myocardial Infarction". In Morrow DA (ed.).
9617:
Allison TG, Murphy JG (6 December 2012). "Stress Test Selection". In Murphy JG, Lloyd MA, Brady PA, Olsen LJ, Shields RC (eds.).
9399:"Health care insurance, financial concerns in accessing care, and delays to hospital presentation in acute myocardial infarction"
2782:
have a greater burden of myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular events. On a population level, there is a higher overall
2764:
1026:
9372:
6717:
11157:
10796:
10113:
7066:
1605:
1218:
1054:
1282:. Atherosclerosis is characterized by progressive inflammation of the walls of the arteries. Inflammatory cells, particularly
10014:
9754:
9733:
9712:
9691:
9670:
9649:
9628:
8852:
8448:
8421:
6658:
6461:
6436:
6183:
6121:
5880:
4480:
4362:
4044:
3987:
3550:
3102:
2256:
1183:
among others have been linked to atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. As of 2013, there is no evidence of benefit from
1123:
510:, with the additional use of PCI in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes,
9722:
Morrow DA, Braunwald E (15 September 2016). "Classification and Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes". In Morrow DA (ed.).
1206:
is associated with premature atherosclerosis; whether elevated homocysteine in the normal range is causal is controversial.
10600:
10437:
9984:
1488:(labelled LCA and RCA). A myocardial infarction (2) has occurred with blockage of a branch of the left coronary artery (1).
1433:
alter the normal conduction pathways of the heart and weaken affected areas. The size and location put a person at risk of
7693:
6622:
2646:
develops in about 10% of MI and is itself a risk factor for heart failure, ventricular arrhythmia, and the development of
1724:
Noninvasive imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and characterisation of myocardial infarction. Tests such as
10791:
10605:
10595:
10184:
7223:
Clinical guideline 172: Secondary prevention in primary and secondary care for patients following a myocardial infarction
2681:
2586:
2545:
benefits many who have experienced myocardial infarction, even if there has been substantial heart damage and resultant
1876:, and other muscles, bones and nerves surrounding the chest. In addition to myocardial infarction, other causes include
909:. Lack of physical activity has been linked to 7–12% of cases. Less common causes include stress-related causes such as
11292:
10902:
10733:
10347:
4321:
2414:
2267:
2185:
1587:
1462:
1336:
487:
243:
9190:"Income and short-term case fatality after myocardial infarction in the whole middle-aged population of Malmö, Sweden"
5248:"Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data"
4602:"Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data"
1122:
have a modestly increased risk of myocardial infarction, especially in the presence of other risk factors. The use of
11150:
10773:
7645:"Diagnostic accuracy of the TIMI risk score in patients with chest pain in the emergency department: a meta-analysis"
3364:"Prevalence, incidence, predictive factors and prognosis of silent myocardial infarction: a review of the literature"
2701:
7416:
Safi S, Sethi NJ, Nielsen EE, Feinberg J, Jakobsen JC, Gluud C, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (December 2019).
1814:
Patients who have a normal ECG and who are able to exercise, for example, most likely do not merit routine imaging.
1675:
ECG readouts produce a waveform with different labeled features. In addition to a rise in biomarkers, a rise in the
11302:
10768:
8870:"Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics--2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association"
3179:"ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation"
2370:
1119:
671:
Typically, chest pain because of ischemia, be it unstable angina or myocardial infarction, lessens with the use of
357:
4920:"Moderate ethanol ingestion and cardiovascular protection: from epidemiologic associations to cellular mechanisms"
10637:
10418:
9743:
Morrow DA (15 September 2016). "Clinical Approach to Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction". In Morrow DA (ed.).
9546:
8556:
Jaarsma T, Steinke EE, Gianotten WL (2010). "Sexual problems in cardiac patients: how to assess, when to refer".
2527:
2441:
1885:
969:
953:
1306:
and other cells move into the plaque and act to stabilize it. A stable plaque may have a thick fibrous cap with
1191:, however, calling the association into question. Myocardial infarction can also occur as a late consequence of
10713:
10708:
10632:
9659:
Dwight J (16 June 2016). "Chest pain, breathlessness, fatigue". In Warrell D, Cox T, Firth J, Dwight J (eds.).
9554:
2818:
2554:
2542:
794:"Silent" myocardial infarctions can happen without any symptoms at all. These cases can be discovered later on
511:
142:
6903:
1202:. Calcium seen in coronary arteries can provide predictive information beyond that of classical risk factors.
11059:
10935:
10864:
10696:
10432:
3130:
2720:
22:
6172:
Kloner R, Hale SL (15 September 2016). "Reperfusion Injury: Prevention and Management". In Morrow DA (ed.).
2063:. However, there was insufficient evidence to show an effect on mortality or actual cardio-vascular events.
1625:, measured through a blood test, are considered to be the best, and are preferred because they have greater
11307:
11054:
10847:
10830:
10763:
10683:
10062:
9280:"Risk Factors for Early Myocardial Infarction in South Asians Compared With Individuals in Other Countries"
8381:"How Much Evidence Is Needed to Conclude against the Use of Oxygen Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction?"
2472:
1783:
1741:
1599:
1340:
874:. Risk factors for myocardial disease are often included in risk factor stratification scores, such as the
8071:
Lassen JF, Bøtker HE, Terkelsen CJ (January 2013). "Timely and optimal treatment of patients with STEMI".
6536:
6137:
Kutty RS, Jones N, Moorjani N (November 2013). "Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction".
3403:
2044:
physical activity. This may be part of regional cardiovascular disease prevention programs or through the
1286:, move into affected arterial walls. Over time, they become laden with cholesterol products, particularly
1262:
supplying heart muscle. Plaques can become unstable, rupture, and additionally promote the formation of a
10897:
10342:
7801:
Bellemain-Appaix A, Kerneis M, O'Connor SA, Silvain J, Cucherat M, Beygui F, et al. (October 2014).
5512:
Charakida M, Tousoulis D (2013). "Infections and atheromatous plaque: current therapeutic implications".
2392:
There is varying evidence on the mortality benefits in NSTEMI. A 2014 review of P2Y12 inhibitors such as
2082:
1626:
826:
factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms. In heart transplantation, the
9448:"Low Educational Attainment is a Predictor of Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease"
5547:
Sánchez-Manubens J, Bou R, Anton J (February 2014). "Diagnosis and classification of Kawasaki disease".
3089:
10879:
10367:
10352:
3723:"The global burden of ischemic heart disease in 1990 and 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study"
2291:
1038:
747:
10426:
6289:
Chapman AR, Lee KK, McAllister DA, Cullen L, Greenslade JH, Parsonage W, et al. (November 2017).
1254:
can lead to a heart attack and how blocked blood flow in a coronary artery can lead to a heart attack.
897:
Many risk factors for myocardial infarction are potentially modifiable, with the most important being
486:
or shortness of breath. In a STEMI, treatments attempt to restore blood flow to the heart and include
10957:
10654:
10622:
10549:
10276:
2724:
2697:
2591:
Complications may occur immediately following the myocardial infarction or may take time to develop.
2307:
863:
665:
623:
5580:"Prognostic value of cardiac computed tomography angiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4600:
Kivimäki M, Nyberg ST, Batty GD, Fransson EI, Heikkilä K, Alfredsson L, et al. (October 2012).
4387:
Van de Werf F, Bax J, Betriu A, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Crea F, Falk V, et al. (December 2008).
3177:
Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, Badano LP, Blömstrom-Lundqvist C, Borger MA, et al. (October 2012).
2970:
1103:
The risk of having a myocardial infarction increases with older age, low physical activity, and low
11297:
11081:
10907:
10837:
10627:
10524:
10505:
10335:
10108:
9902:
9047:
Salomaa V, Miettinen H, Niemelä M, Ketonen M, Mähönen M, Immonen-Räihä P, et al. (July 2001).
7377:"Clinical outcomes with β-blockers for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials"
6345:
Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR, et al. (December 2014).
5705:
Agewall S, Beltrame JF, Reynolds HR, Niessner A, Rosano G, Caforio AL, et al. (January 2017).
2873:
2715:
In contrast, IHD is becoming a more common cause of death in the developing world. For example, in
2604:
2546:
2045:
1705:
1688:
1512:
1417:
infarct. The initial "wave" of infarction can take place over 3–4 hours. These changes are seen on
1258:
The most common cause of a myocardial infarction is the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque on an
1179:
1163:
887:
878:. At any given age, men are more at risk than women for the development of cardiovascular disease.
855:
771:
408:
8753:
Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Van de Werf F, et al. (November 2006).
8296:"Oxygen Therapy in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis"
7328:"Extended duration dual antiplatelet therapy and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
7238:"Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews"
7060:
Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Kandala NB, et al. (September 2013).
5707:"ESC working group position paper on myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries"
599:, in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired. However, an MI may lead to heart failure.
11201:
11114:
11088:
11076:
11064:
11049:
10783:
10725:
10529:
10510:
10162:
10102:
10055:
9397:
Smolderen KG, Spertus JA, Nallamothu BK, Krumholz HM, Tang F, Ross JS, et al. (April 2010).
5947:"Cholesterol crystal induced arterial inflammation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque"
3227:
O'Connor RE, Brady W, Brooks SC, Diercks D, Egan J, Ghaemmaghami C, et al. (November 2010).
2919:
2693:
2600:
2531:
2467:
it is not recommended. Thrombolysis involves the administration of medication that activates the
2433:
1485:
1210:
1098:
906:
883:
859:
557:
539:
380:
329:
that classically radiates to the left shoulder, arm, or jaw. The pain may occasionally feel like
185:
153:
84:
formation, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream to the heart muscle.
9279:
8911:"Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association"
6488:
Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, Barthélémy O, Bauersachs J, Bhatt DL, et al. (April 2021).
3864:
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. (October 2012).
3680:
O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, et al. (January 2013).
612:
10703:
10669:
10612:
10590:
10412:
10394:
10330:
10197:
10150:
10078:
8909:
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al. (January 2015).
8438:
6962:
Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore TH, Burke M, Davey Smith G, et al. (January 2013).
2755:
play an important role in myocardial infarction risk and survival. Studies have shown that low
2629:
2201:
1956:. There are many different causes of fatigue, and myocardial infarction is not a common cause.
1869:
1446:
1387:
1344:
946:
10023:
9942:
9773:
Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B, et al. (March 2016).
8599:
Dibben G, Faulkner J, Oldridge N, Rees K, Thompson DR, Zwisler AD, Taylor RS (November 2021).
8114:
Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, et al. (November 2015).
7555:
Hazinski MF, Nolan JP, Aickin R, Bhanji F, Billi JE, Callaway CW, et al. (October 2015).
5091:
Vyas MV, Garg AX, Iansavichus AV, Costella J, Donner A, Laugsand LE, et al. (July 2012).
4352:
2872:. This can create coverage issues in the administration of no-fault insurance schemes such as
2428:
into the blood vessels of the heart. The probes are then used to identify and clear blockages
10467:
10462:
10357:
10272:
9639:
8411:
8294:
Abuzaid A, Fabrizio C, Felpel K, Al Ashry HS, Ranjan P, Elbadawi A, et al. (June 2018).
8253:
Hofmann R, James SK, Jernberg T, Lindahl B, Erlinge D, Witt N, et al. (September 2017).
6864:
3721:
Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Flaxman A, et al. (April 2014).
1799:
1658:
1449:
following infarction, and rupture of the heart wall that can have catastrophic consequences.
875:
811:
420:
404:
217:
9325:"Association of Low Socioeconomic Status With Premature Coronary Heart Disease in US Adults"
7466:
3484:
10963:
10491:
10472:
10372:
10283:
10226:
9566:
7509:
7326:
Elmariah S, Mauri L, Doros G, Galper BZ, O'Neill KE, Steg PG, et al. (February 2015).
5432:
5246:
Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM (May 2017).
2798:
2760:
2756:
2643:
2620:
2094:
1965:
1921:
1917:
1745:
1577:
1481:
1477:
1442:
1203:
1112:
1104:
879:
819:
767:
707:
is a common, and sometimes the only symptom, occurring when damage to the heart limits the
672:
577:
471:
440:
435:) and extreme cold, among others. Many tests are helpful to help with diagnosis, including
263:
233:
9970:
9586:
7643:
Hess EP, Agarwal D, Chandra S, Murad MH, Erwin PJ, Hollander JE, et al. (July 2010).
7375:
Bangalore S, Makani H, Radford M, Thakur K, Toklu B, Katz SD, et al. (October 2014).
6199:
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD (January 2019).
4513:
Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, et al. (July 2012).
4068:
Gupta R, Munoz R (August 2016). "Evaluation and Management of Chest Pain in the Elderly".
2158:
is recommended to be started within 24 hours, provided there is no acute heart failure or
1405:
Cells in the area with the worst blood supply, just below the inner surface of the heart (
8:
11312:
11254:
11239:
11211:
10968:
10825:
10820:
10743:
10647:
10617:
10576:
10202:
10119:
9891:
7987:
Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, Di Mario C, Falk V, Folliguet T, et al. (October 2010).
7011:
Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, et al. (May 2009).
4834:
de Souza RJ, Mente A, Maroleanu A, Cozma AI, Ha V, Kishibe T, et al. (August 2015).
4354:
Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project of Medical Students and Faculty
2596:
2558:
2429:
2311:
2060:
1749:
1733:
1701:
1430:
1173:
930:
704:
653:
553:
337:
114:
8464:
Dahal K, Hendrani A, Sharma SP, Singireddy S, Mina G, Reddy P, et al. (July 2018).
7513:
6250:
Pickering JW, Than MP, Cullen L, Aldous S, Ter Avest E, Body R, et al. (May 2017).
5436:
3771:
3566:
Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H, et al. (December 2011).
2623:
is possible, particularly if the infarction causes dysfunction of the papillary muscle.
1492:
A myocardial infarction, according to current consensus, is defined by elevated cardiac
1363:
If impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the
11259:
11071:
10869:
10691:
10642:
10267:
10214:
10124:
9833:
9521:
9496:
9472:
9447:
9423:
9398:
9349:
9324:
9255:
9230:
9124:
9099:
9075:
9048:
9024:
8997:
8978:
8779:
8754:
8735:
8676:
8625:
8600:
8581:
8538:
8490:
8465:
8361:
8230:
8205:
8181:
8156:
8096:
8053:
7969:
7879:
7854:
7827:
7802:
7748:
7669:
7644:
7532:
7497:
7442:
7417:
7352:
7327:
7272:
7237:
7185:
7142:
7088:
7037:
7012:
6988:
6963:
6939:
6918:
6876:
6765:
6740:
6315:
6290:
6052:
6027:
5922:
5897:
5842:
5687:
5644:
5456:
5405:
5321:
5296:
5272:
5247:
5223:
5190:
5171:
5117:
5092:
5073:
4944:
4919:
4860:
4835:
4770:
4745:
4723:
4675:
4650:
4626:
4601:
4453:
3747:
3722:
3636:
3611:
3461:
3434:
3297:
3272:
3062:
3037:
2705:
2666:
2496:
2315:
2271:
2118:
2022:
1953:
1913:
1889:
1394:. ATP is required for the maintenance of electrolyte balance, particularly through the
795:
700:
692:
688:
660:, in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching one or both fists over their
428:
365:
162:
105:
98:
10000:
9246:
9115:
7957:
7852:
7613:
7343:
7028:
6828:
6741:"Influenza vaccine as a coronary intervention for prevention of myocardial infarction"
5830:
5189:
Roach RE, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, Stijnen T, Algra A, Dekkers OM (August 2015).
4666:
4617:
3738:
3627:
3288:
3245:
3228:
1989:
a week. Keeping a healthy weight, drinking alcohol within the recommended limits, and
11131:
10982:
10940:
10855:
10673:
10571:
10288:
10231:
10129:
9996:— Information and resources for preventing, recognizing, and treating a heart attack.
9913:
9837:
9825:
9796:
9750:
9729:
9708:
9687:
9666:
9645:
9624:
9526:
9477:
9428:
9354:
9299:
9260:
9211:
9170:
9129:
9080:
9029:
8970:
8932:
8891:
8848:
8820:
8784:
8727:
8712:
8695:
8668:
8630:
8573:
8530:
8495:
8444:
8417:
8353:
8317:
8276:
8235:
8186:
8157:"Pre-hospital versus in-hospital thrombolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction"
8137:
8088:
8045:
8010:
7961:
7925:
7884:
7832:
7783:
7740:
7674:
7625:
7617:
7578:
7537:
7496:
Le HH, El-Khatib C, Mombled M, Guitarian F, Al-Gobari M, Fall M, et al. (2016).
7447:
7398:
7357:
7308:
7277:
7177:
7134:
7093:
7042:
6993:
6944:
6919:"Multiple risk factor interventions for primary prevention of coronary heart disease"
6868:
6832:
6770:
6691:
6654:
6575:
6511:
6467:
6457:
6432:
6404:
6368:
6320:
6271:
6232:
6179:
6154:
6117:
6057:
6008:
5968:
5927:
5876:
5834:
5728:
5679:
5636:
5601:
5560:
5529:
5494:
5448:
5397:
5361:
5326:
5277:
5228:
5191:"Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke"
5175:
5163:
5122:
5065:
5030:
4995:
4949:
4865:
4816:
4775:
4715:
4680:
4631:
4577:
4554:
Smith SC, Allen J, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Fonarow GC, et al. (May 2006).
4536:
4476:
4445:
4410:
4358:
4302:
4267:
4232:
4171:
4120:
4085:
4050:
4040:
3993:
3983:
3887:
3752:
3703:
3641:
3589:
3546:
3466:
3385:
3337:
3302:
3250:
3200:
3098:
3067:
2877:
2779:
2624:
2616:
2512:
2437:
2334:
2163:
2098:
1990:
1969:
1925:
1909:
1779:
1669:
1504:
1423:
847:
815:
807:
763:
518:. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long-term treatment with aspirin,
483:
436:
392:
369:
310:
229:
224:
205:
166:
138:
89:
9896:
9446:
Kelli HM, Mehta A, Tahhan AS, Liu C, Kim JH, Dong TA, et al. (September 2019).
8982:
8739:
8680:
8585:
8481:
8100:
8057:
7853:
Andrade-Castellanos CA, Colunga-Lozano LE, Delgado-Figueroa N, Magee K (June 2014).
7752:
7189:
7146:
6880:
5846:
5460:
5409:
5312:
5077:
4727:
4457:
4189:
2270:, although PCI is also ideally conducted within 1–3 days for NSTEMI. In addition to
1548:
925:
in the development of myocardial infarctions. Eating polyunsaturated fat instead of
478:
may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes.
11206:
11104:
10996:
10889:
10585:
10011:
9953:
9817:
9786:
9516:
9508:
9467:
9459:
9418:
9410:
9344:
9336:
9291:
9250:
9242:
9201:
9160:
9119:
9111:
9100:"Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Life Expectancy After Acute Myocardial Infarction"
9070:
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9019:
9009:
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8127:
8080:
8037:
8000:
7973:
7953:
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7874:
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7656:
7609:
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7388:
7347:
7339:
7304:
7300:
7267:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7169:
7124:
7083:
7075:
7032:
7024:
6983:
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6975:
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6926:
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6824:
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6752:
6683:
6501:
6396:
6358:
6310:
6302:
6263:
6222:
6212:
6146:
6047:
6039:
6000:
5958:
5917:
5909:
5826:
5718:
5691:
5671:
5648:
5628:
5591:
5552:
5521:
5486:
5440:
5389:
5353:
5316:
5308:
5267:
5259:
5218:
5210:
5206:
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5153:
5112:
5104:
5057:
5022:
4985:
4939:
4931:
4855:
4847:
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4761:
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4707:
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4662:
4621:
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4567:
4526:
4437:
4400:
4294:
4259:
4224:
4163:
4112:
4077:
3877:
3742:
3734:
3693:
3631:
3623:
3579:
3456:
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3329:
3292:
3284:
3240:
3190:
3057:
3049:
2832:
2825:
2748:
2592:
2534:
appear to be useful in people who have had an STEMI and do not have heart failure.
2366:
2342:
2102:
1986:
1807:
1755:
1729:
1697:
1434:
1364:
1192:
1143:
1138:
is also an important modifiable risk. Short-term exposure to air pollution such as
965:
910:
902:
779:
727:
657:
396:
209:
8816:
8694:
López de Sá E, López-Sendón J, Anguera I, Bethencourt A, Bosch X (November 2002).
7920:
7903:
6400:
6004:
1972:
also appear to protect against myocardial infarction with a benefit of 15 to 45%.
838:
The most prominent risk factors for myocardial infarction are older age, actively
443:. An ECG, which is a recording of the heart's electrical activity, may confirm an
11264:
11126:
10518:
10499:
10486:
10293:
10172:
10047:
10030:
10018:
10007:
9907:
9791:
9774:
9744:
9723:
9702:
9681:
9660:
9618:
9573:
9550:
9340:
8927:
8910:
8886:
8869:
8569:
8526:
8349:
8312:
8295:
8132:
8115:
7573:
7556:
7522:
7393:
7376:
6756:
6363:
6346:
6173:
5675:
5444:
5393:
5026:
4263:
4228:
4167:
4116:
3882:
3865:
3772:"National Inpatient Hospital Costs: The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer, 2011"
3698:
3681:
3333:
2420:
PCI involves small probes, inserted through peripheral blood vessels such as the
2319:
2275:
2056:
1997:
1937:
1901:
1877:
1418:
1324:
1279:
1275:
1235:
1139:
898:
774:. When the brain was without oxygen for too long due to a myocardial infarction,
755:
720:
675:, but nitroglycerin may also relieve chest pain arising from non-cardiac causes.
561:
416:
412:
388:
201:
146:
77:
70:
9956:
8770:
7173:
6506:
6489:
6043:
5476:
5142:"Shifts to and from daylight saving time and incidence of myocardial infarction"
4935:
2519:
on the ECG recording after 90 minutes, then rescue PCI is indicated emergently.
1908:
and other musculoskeletal injuries. Rarer severe differential diagnoses include
1684:
1566:
Spontaneous MI related to plaque erosion and/or rupture fissuring, or dissection
1516:
1368:
905:). Smoking appears to be the cause of about 36% and obesity the cause of 20% of
11234:
11196:
11119:
11027:
10925:
10917:
10815:
10325:
10318:
10305:
9959:
9821:
9323:
Hamad R, Penko J, Kazi DS, Coxson P, Guzman D, Wei PC, et al. (May 2020).
8005:
7988:
6917:
Ebrahim S, Taylor F, Ward K, Beswick A, Burke M, Davey Smith G (January 2011).
6653:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 535, 539.
6614:
6217:
6200:
5963:
5946:
5723:
5706:
5596:
5579:
5556:
5525:
4572:
4555:
4531:
4514:
4405:
4388:
3584:
3567:
3380:
3363:
3195:
3178:
2881:
2840:
2791:
2744:
2669:
2662:
2523:
2421:
2244:
2239:
Management of acute coronary syndrome § Patient-dependent initial measures
2205:
2173:
2052:
1933:
1214:
1147:
998:
827:
751:
743:
739:
712:
708:
592:
479:
373:
174:
29:
9918:
8722:
8664:
8084:
7779:
7736:
6687:
6150:
5913:
5632:
5061:
5048:
Shaw E, Tofler GH (July 2009). "Circadian rhythm and cardiovascular disease".
4441:
4081:
3545:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 588–599.
3053:
1653:
1343:(CABG) may cause a myocardial infarction. Spasm of coronary arteries, such as
419:
is usually the underlying mechanism of an MI. MIs are less commonly caused by
11286:
11109:
11020:
10155:
9014:
7621:
7129:
7112:
6471:
6431:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 529–30.
4744:
Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS (August 2020).
4711:
4054:
3997:
2736:
2658:
2639:
2480:
2425:
2221:
2177:
2169:
2130:
2106:
2040:
1905:
1657:
A 12-lead ECG showing an inferior STEMI due to reduced perfusion through the
1307:
1303:
1299:
1135:
1129:
926:
922:
891:
661:
596:
519:
361:
158:
33:
9881:
9877:
9463:
9206:
9189:
9165:
9148:
8966:
6306:
5875:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 577–9.
5817:
Reed GW, Rossi JE, Cannon CP (January 2017). "Acute myocardial infarction".
5578:
Hulten EA, Carbonaro S, Petrillo SP, Mitchell JD, Villines TC (March 2011).
4649:
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (July 2012).
4298:
1728:
can be used to explore and exclude alternate causes of a person's symptoms.
1355:
11142:
11041:
11015:
10859:
10807:
10480:
10456:
10403:
10262:
10036:
9993:
9829:
9800:
9530:
9481:
9432:
9358:
9303:
9295:
9264:
9215:
9174:
9133:
9084:
9033:
8974:
8936:
8895:
8824:
8788:
8731:
8672:
8634:
8577:
8534:
8499:
8357:
8321:
8280:
8239:
8190:
8141:
8092:
8049:
8014:
7965:
7929:
7888:
7836:
7787:
7744:
7678:
7629:
7582:
7541:
7451:
7402:
7361:
7312:
7281:
7181:
7138:
7097:
7046:
6997:
6948:
6872:
6836:
6774:
6695:
6579:
6515:
6408:
6372:
6324:
6275:
6236:
6227:
6158:
6061:
6012:
5972:
5931:
5838:
5732:
5683:
5640:
5605:
5564:
5533:
5498:
5452:
5401:
5365:
5330:
5281:
5232:
5167:
5126:
5069:
5034:
4999:
4953:
4869:
4820:
4779:
4719:
4684:
4635:
4581:
4540:
4449:
4414:
4306:
4271:
4236:
4175:
4124:
4089:
3891:
3756:
3707:
3645:
3593:
3470:
3389:
3341:
3306:
3254:
3204:
3071:
2673:
2654:
2633:
2611:
can arise as a result of ischemia, cardiac scarring, and infarct location.
2516:
2492:
2484:
2468:
2461:
2382:
2358:
2338:
2263:
2181:
2147:
2005:
1897:
1764:
1692:
1593:
Associated with stent thrombosis as documented by angiography or at autopsy
1555:
1409:), are most susceptible to damage. Ischemia first affects this region, the
1398:. This leads to an ischemic cascade of intracellular changes, necrosis and
1391:
957:
843:
783:
495:
452:
384:
322:
247:
197:
61:
9512:
9414:
9065:
8271:
8254:
7800:
6597:
6116:(4th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 88–89.
5357:
4990:
4973:
3794:
10976:
10874:
10664:
10581:
10563:
10389:
10362:
10313:
10254:
9937:
8693:
7222:
6801:
6452:
Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2015).
5158:
5141:
4698:
Steptoe A, Kivimäki M (April 2012). "Stress and cardiovascular disease".
4035:
Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2015).
3978:
Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2015).
2752:
2740:
2608:
2571:
2449:
2393:
2346:
2295:
2159:
2110:
2034:
2010:
1803:
1791:
1768:
1725:
1438:
1406:
1395:
1332:
1320:
1271:
1188:
871:
851:
731:
684:
515:
460:
349:
192:
134:
9497:"Symptom expectations and delay in acute myocardial infarction patients"
8204:
Cabello JB, Burls A, Emparanza JI, Bayliss SE, Quinn T (December 2016).
7660:
4131:
2405:
2365:, particularly in the unfractionated form, act at several points in the
2029:
and mineral supplements are of no proven benefit, and neither are plant
913:, which accounts for about 3% of cases, and chronic high stress levels.
758:
can occur in myocardial infarctions due to inadequate blood flow to the
11223:
11177:
11004:
10554:
9965:
7262:
6896:"Prevention of cardiovascular disease – NICE public health guidance 25"
6385:
6028:"Why is the subendocardium more vulnerable to ischemia? A new paradigm"
5214:
4386:
2861:
2783:
2677:
2354:
2274:, risk stratification may be used to guide treatment, such as with the
2209:
2155:
2151:
1861:
1759:
1676:
1662:
1547:"STEMI" redirects here. For the Christian evangelist organization, see
1508:
1493:
1367:; the heart cells in the territory of the blocked coronary artery die (
1283:
1184:
1158:
1108:
934:
823:
735:
644:
573:
569:
565:
549:
545:
345:
318:
254:
130:
110:
94:
9543:
8041:
7855:"Heparin versus placebo for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes"
7818:
7418:"Beta-blockers for suspected or diagnosed acute myocardial infarction"
5490:
5263:
5108:
5013:
Culić V (April 2007). "Acute risk factors for myocardial infarction".
4851:
830:
heart is not fully innervated by the nervous system of the recipient.
11173:
9948:
9576:. Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
9146:
7079:
7061:
6267:
5093:"Shift work and vascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis"
4967:
4965:
4963:
4884:"Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee"
4812:
2821:
are ineligible for coverage options due to their immigration status.
2805:
2787:
2768:
2476:
2448:
indefinitely and on dual antiplatelet therapy (generally aspirin and
2386:
2350:
2290:
The pain associated with myocardial infarction is often treated with
2195:
2001:
1929:
1893:
1787:
1716:
1638:
1618:
1525:
1399:
1291:
1251:
1168:
716:
696:
498:, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a
330:
274:
126:
9860:
5295:
Mu F, Rich-Edwards J, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Missmer SA (May 2016).
4473:
Rubin's Pathology — Clinicopathological Foundations of Medicine
2835:, those with lower educational attainment appeared to have a higher
1645:
may be useful to rule out MI rapidly when used along with troponin.
556:, the lack of oxygen delivery to myocardial tissue. It is a type of
11271:
11185:
10930:
10087:
6895:
5991:
Buja LM (July 2005). "Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury".
3451:
2814:
2810:
2647:
2303:
2141:
1881:
1795:
1775:
1737:
1642:
1622:
1376:
1372:
1295:
1263:
1090:
858:
levels. Many risk factors of myocardial infarction are shared with
581:
456:
306:
122:
81:
73:
9495:
Perry K, Petrie KJ, Ellis CJ, Horne R, Moss-Morris R (July 2001).
9396:
9147:
Kilpi F, Silventoinen K, Konttinen H, Martikainen P (April 2016).
8941:
From 2001 to 2011, death rates attributable to CVD declined 30.8%.
8601:"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease"
4960:
2876:. In general, a heart attack is not covered; however, it may be a
2184:. Those who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors may be treated with an
1496:
with a rising or falling trend and at least one of the following:
9231:"Disparities in cardiovascular disease risk in the United States"
7110:
6565:
3898:
3435:"Clinical review: Major consequences of illicit drug consumption"
2865:
2772:
2515:, continued severe chest pain, or less than a 50% improvement in
2445:
2362:
2330:
2136:
2129:
Following a heart attack, nitrates, when taken for two days, and
2077:
2026:
1941:
1529:
1199:
1094:
1050:
994:
867:
839:
803:
799:
649:
507:
467:
424:
400:
353:
267:
259:
213:
7722:
6032:
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
5188:
3004:"Heart Attack or Sudden Cardiac Arrest: How Are They Different?"
11010:
10990:
10145:
9988:
9872:
9746:
Myocardial Infarction: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
9725:
Myocardial Infarction: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
9704:
Myocardial Infarction: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
9683:
Myocardial Infarction: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
8443:. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. p. 1758.
7111:
Matthys F, De Backer T, De Backer G, Stichele RV (March 2014).
7010:
6175:
Myocardial Infarction: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
5704:
5577:
4797:
4489:
2869:
2612:
2488:
2299:
2191:
2071:
2030:
2021:
per week. The dietary pattern with the greatest support is the
2018:
1945:
1752:) ECG, and cardiac biomarkers suggest coronary artery disease.
1680:
1383:
1328:
1259:
1198:
Calcium deposits in the coronary arteries can be detected with
1070:
1018:
1014:
1010:
523:
475:
341:
326:
118:
9579:
9046:
7467:"Beta Blockers for Acute Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)"
6964:"Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease"
5944:
4746:"Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease"
4471:
Rubin E, Gorstein F, Rubin R, Schwarting R, Strayer D (2001).
3810:
3226:
2508:
are found to be low or if someone is in respiratory distress.
9187:
8463:
8293:
7059:
6674:
Boie ET (November 2005). "Initial evaluation of chest pain".
6648:
6487:
6426:
6201:"Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018)"
5945:
Janoudi A, Shamoun FE, Kalavakunta JK, Abela GS (July 2016).
5870:
3679:
3540:
3091:
Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control
2716:
2097:
after an initial myocardial infarct. Recommendations include
1873:
1832:
Poor movement of the heart due to an MI as seen on ultrasound
1772:
1634:
1581:
1472:
1359:
Cross section showing anterior left ventricle wall infarction
1151:
1078:
1074:
1046:
1030:
1002:
986:
978:
974:
759:
491:
314:
9772:
9188:
Rosvall M, Gerward S, Engström G, Hedblad B (October 2008).
8416:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 57.
8334:
8203:
7765:
7374:
5618:
5294:
4475:. Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 549.
4470:
2912:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?"
2797:
Socioeconomic status: Among individuals who live in the low-
1382:
forms in their place. When an artery is blocked, cells lack
652:. The pain most suggestive of an acute MI, with the highest
8908:
8252:
7495:
6739:
MacIntyre CR, Mahimbo A, Moa AM, Barnes M (December 2016).
6344:
6198:
5090:
4833:
4599:
3910:
2836:
2225:
2014:
1949:
1865:
1426:, oxygen demand, and success of interventional procedures.
1379:
1132:
in women under the age of 40 is an identified risk factor.
1066:
1062:
1058:
990:
982:
775:
750:, which occurs in response to pain and, where present, low
170:
9098:
Bucholz EM, Ma S, Normand SL, Krumholz HM (October 2015).
8867:
8598:
7942:
6814:
6288:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3863:
3720:
3038:"Ischemic heart disease in women: a focus on risk factors"
2831:
Education: Researchers found that compared to people with
2676:
of two or greater), ST-segment deviation, diabetes, serum
2628:
left ventricular wall may occur within the initial weeks.
742:. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of
470:
is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI.
8842:
8255:"Oxygen Therapy in Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction"
8113:
7554:
7162:
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
6817:
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders Drug Targets
6738:
6249:
5343:
4512:
1621:
used to determine the presence of cardiac muscle damage.
1559:
1287:
1022:
782:
can occur. Cardiac arrest, and atypical symptoms such as
585:
9097:
8752:
8027:
7986:
7415:
7325:
6961:
6916:
6649:
Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, Davidson LS (2010).
6427:
Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, Davidson LS (2010).
5871:
Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, Davidson LS (2010).
5546:
5245:
3541:
Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, Davidson LS (2010).
8996:
Coady SA, Johnson NJ, Hakes JK, Sorlie PD (July 2014).
8995:
8555:
7901:
7694:"Nitrates in the management of acute coronary syndrome"
7642:
4421:
4102:
4004:
3922:
2727:), as well as the leading cause of death by this date.
2164:
temporary decrease in the heart's ability to pump blood
2133:
decrease the risk of death. Other medications include:
1884:) to the heart muscles without evidence of cell death,
1126:(NSAIDs), even for as short as a week, increases risk.
7902:
Bagai A, Dangas GD, Stone GW, Granger CB (June 2014).
6849:
6451:
4427:
4153:
4034:
3977:
2653:
Risk factors for complications and death include age,
2632:, a reaction following larger infarcts and a cause of
1558:, a portion of a heartbeat graphically recorded on an
9662:
Oxford Textbook of Medicine: Cardiovascular Disorders
9589:. Nova Scotia Registry of Regulations. May 24, 2000.
9494:
8801:
8650:
8512:
8070:
7218:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
6797:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
6593:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
5898:"Monocytes in atherosclerosis: subsets and functions"
4743:
4648:
3866:"Third universal definition of myocardial infarction"
3565:
1278:
or other arteries, typically over decades, is termed
968:
21, which contains genes CDKN2A and 2B, although the
490:(PCI), where the arteries are pushed open and may be
9850:
9322:
8952:
7904:"Reperfusion strategies in acute coronary syndromes"
6111:
6025:
4553:
1213:, possible causes for the myocardial infarction are
9445:
6598:
Clinical guideline cg94: Unstable angina and NSTEMI
4214:
3361:
3319:
3270:
3176:
3087:
544:
Myocardial infarction (MI) refers to tissue death (
21:"Heart attack" redirects here. For other uses, see
10077:
9994:American Heart Association's Heart Attack web site
9637:
8378:
8154:
6136:
5511:
5297:"Endometriosis and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease"
4971:
4357:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 172.
3904:
2804:Immigration status: In 2018 many lawfully present
2692:Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of
1850:Pulmonary edema due to an MI as seen on ultrasound
1521:Changes in the motion of the heart wall on imaging
921:There is varying evidence about the importance of
9587:"Classification of Drivers' Licenses Regulations"
8409:
7294:
6900:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
6644:
6642:
6640:
6422:
6420:
6418:
5895:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5856:
4249:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
2432:, which are dragged through the blocked segment,
2121:supplementation but this has not been confirmed.
2101:, a gradual return to exercise, eating a healthy
1936:generally involve the lungs or heart – including
1767:may be given to improve image. Other scans using
1274:and fibrous tissue in plaques in the wall of the
80:and then suddenly ruptures, causing catastrophic
11284:
8440:Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine
8206:"Oxygen therapy for acute myocardial infarction"
6340:
6338:
6336:
6334:
5301:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
4196:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
2730:
2322:, and there is some evidence of potential harm.
2180:, low blood pressure, or known narrowing of the
1204:High blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine
9721:
8413:A practical approach to cardiovascular medicine
8155:McCaul M, Lourens A, Kredo T (September 2014).
7595:
7004:
6107:
6105:
5816:
4697:
4508:
4506:
4504:
3816:
3800:
2621:Regurgitation of blood through the mitral valve
427:, significant emotional stress (often known as
55:Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart attack
9679:
7235:
6651:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
6637:
6429:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
6415:
6073:
6071:
6026:Algranati D, Kassab GS, Lanir Y (March 2011).
5873:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
5853:
5378:
4495:
4021:
3543:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
3035:
2537:
455:is present. Commonly used blood tests include
11158:
10063:
9616:
8549:
7596:Reed GW, Rossi JE, Cannon CP (January 2017).
7548:
7489:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6331:
6077:
5584:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
4917:
4691:
4560:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
4547:
4137:
3982:. McGraw Hill Education. pp. 1593–1610.
3934:
3507:
3266:
3264:
2511:If despite thrombolysis there is significant
1691:can be used to diagnose an AMI. In addition,
726:Other less common symptoms include weakness,
11172:
9700:
9537:
9053:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
8838:
8836:
8834:
7989:"Guidelines on myocardial revascularization"
7458:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6667:
6102:
5889:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5139:
4924:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
4501:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4096:
3916:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3362:Valensi P, Lorgis L, Cottin Y (March 2011).
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3036:Mehta PK, Wei J, Wenger NK (February 2015).
2198:, may also be added with this goal in mind.
1543:Electrocardiography in myocardial infarction
9665:. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–47.
8605:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8210:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8161:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7859:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7848:
7846:
7422:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7297:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7242:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7213:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7199:
6968:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6923:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6676:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
6068:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5540:
5472:
5470:
5422:
5195:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4793:
4791:
4789:
4750:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4595:
4593:
4591:
4284:
4190:"Heart Attack Symptoms, Risk, and Recovery"
4070:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3675:
3605:
3603:
3432:
2998:
2996:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2864:, in general, a myocardial infarction is a
2243:Taking aspirin helps to reduce the risk of
1993:reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
572:, which can be estimated by measuring by a
506:) are often managed with the blood thinner
11165:
11151:
10380:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
10070:
10056:
8795:
7895:
6522:
6454:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
6171:
6165:
6112:Aaronson PI, Ward JP, Connolly MJ (2013).
5896:Woollard KJ, Geissmann F (February 2010).
5047:
4067:
4037:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3980:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3261:
3125:
3123:
3121:
2469:enzymes that normally dissolve blood clots
2115:drinking alcohol within recommended limits
2048:of regional and local plans and policies.
1335:. Damage or failure of procedures such as
1329:too few red blood cells in the bloodstream
882:is a known risk factor, particularly high
814:. In people with diabetes, differences in
715:, with breathlessness arising either from
325:. The most common symptom is retrosternal
76:slowly builds up in the inner lining of a
60:
9790:
9520:
9471:
9452:Journal of the American Heart Association
9422:
9348:
9254:
9205:
9164:
9123:
9074:
9064:
9023:
9013:
8926:
8885:
8845:The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update
8831:
8778:
8721:
8711:
8624:
8489:
8403:
8311:
8270:
8229:
8180:
8131:
8004:
7919:
7878:
7826:
7794:
7668:
7572:
7531:
7521:
7441:
7392:
7351:
7271:
7261:
7159:
7128:
7117:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
7087:
7036:
6987:
6938:
6893:
6887:
6781:
6764:
6609:
6607:
6505:
6362:
6314:
6226:
6216:
6130:
6051:
5962:
5921:
5722:
5595:
5320:
5271:
5222:
5157:
5116:
5006:
4989:
4943:
4911:
4859:
4769:
4674:
4625:
4571:
4530:
4404:
4375:
4061:
4039:. McGraw Hill Education. pp. 98–99.
3881:
3746:
3697:
3635:
3609:
3583:
3460:
3450:
3379:
3296:
3244:
3194:
3153:
3083:
3081:
3061:
3031:
3029:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2644:Aneurysm of the left ventricle myocardium
2371:inhibitors of the platelet glycoprotein α
1855:
279:STEMI 10% risk of death (developed world)
141:; arm, neck, back, jaw, or stomach pain,
9620:Mayo Clinic Cardiology: Concise Textbook
7843:
7196:
6865:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729
6586:
5979:
5739:
5505:
5467:
5084:
5041:
4972:O'Donnell CJ, Nabel EG (December 2011).
4786:
4588:
4147:
3822:
3600:
3559:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
2993:
2952:
2404:
1720:ECG : AMI with ST elevation in V2-4
1715:
1652:
1471:
1354:
1298:forms as foam cells die. In response to
1250:The animation shows plaque buildup or a
1239:
9807:
8148:
7236:Anderson L, Taylor RS (December 2014).
6483:
6481:
6456:. McGraw Hill Education. p. 1457.
4319:
3652:
3348:
3118:
2088:
770:, frequently due to the development of
69:A myocardial infarction occurs when an
11285:
10114:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
9742:
9658:
9228:
8746:
8646:
8644:
8436:
7691:
7464:
6894:McPherson K, et al. (June 2010).
6604:
5621:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
4893:. Feb 2015. p. 17. Archived from
4141:
4015:
3928:
3804:
3088:Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B (2011).
3078:
3026:
2895:
2846:
2615:is also a risk, either as a result of
2409:Inserting a stent to widen the artery.
2247:in people with myocardial infarction.
1864:, which can originate from the heart,
1679:, changes in the shape or flipping of
1606:spontaneous coronary artery dissection
514:(CABG) may be recommended rather than
500:non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
11146:
10051:
9560:
9277:
8847:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
8687:
8558:The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
8379:Singh A, Hussain S, Antony B (2020).
7589:
7477:from the original on 22 December 2015
6543:. Choosing Wisely. 28 February 2017.
6114:The cardiovascular system at a glance
5012:
4918:Krenz M, Korthuis RJ (January 2012).
4739:
4737:
4464:
4350:
3769:
3414:from the original on 18 February 2015
3211:
3141:from the original on 24 February 2015
3014:from the original on 24 February 2015
2981:from the original on 19 February 2015
2855:
2257:Management of acute coronary syndrome
1975:
1665:can be seen in leads II, III and aVF.
1612:
1124:non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
602:
466:Treatment of an MI is time-critical.
10438:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
10043:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
10024:HEART Score for Major Cardiac Events
8410:Ardehali R, Perez M, Wang P (2011).
6673:
6478:
6078:Bolooki HM, Askari A (August 2010).
5990:
5661:
4974:"Genomics of cardiovascular disease"
2918:. September 29, 2014. Archived from
2684:, and elevation of cardiac markers.
2491:or bleeds into the brain, or severe
1928:. The chest pain in an MI may mimic
1648:
1480:by the two major blood vessels, the
1435:abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
16:Interruption of cardiac blood supply
9593:from the original on April 20, 2007
9567:SIGNIFICANT DECISIONS Subject Index
8641:
8259:The New England Journal of Medicine
6615:"UOTW #36 – Ultrasound of the Week"
5382:International Journal of Cardiology
5146:The New England Journal of Medicine
5140:Janszky I, Ljung R (October 2008).
5015:International Journal of Cardiology
4978:The New England Journal of Medicine
3368:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2587:Myocardial infarction complications
1950:acute respiratory distress syndrome
13:
10734:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
9765:
9638:Blumenthal RS, Margolis S (2007).
8843:World Health Organization (2008).
8805:The American Journal of Cardiology
6389:The American Journal of Cardiology
6090:from the original on 28 April 2017
4734:
3782:from the original on 14 March 2017
3495:from the original on 11 April 2017
3131:"How Is a Heart Attack Diagnosed?"
2415:percutaneous coronary intervention
2357:are given concurrently, also as a
2325:
2268:percutaneous coronary intervention
2226:left ventricular ejection fraction
2186:angiotensin II receptor antagonist
1588:percutaneous coronary intervention
1463:Diagnosis of myocardial infarction
1337:percutaneous coronary intervention
1229:
798:, using blood enzyme tests, or at
488:percutaneous coronary intervention
244:Percutaneous coronary intervention
14:
11324:
9846:
9247:10.2174/1573403X11666141122220003
9194:European Journal of Public Health
9153:European Journal of Public Health
9116:10.1161/circulationaha.115.017009
7704:from the original on 28 July 2017
6829:10.2174/1871529x14666140701095426
6547:from the original on 28 July 2017
4332:from the original on 11 July 2017
3739:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004046
3610:White HD, Chew DP (August 2008).
3246:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971028
3042:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
2824:Health care access: Lack of
1120:combined oral contraceptive pills
683:Chest pain may be accompanied by
9488:
9439:
9390:
9365:
9316:
9271:
9222:
9181:
9140:
9091:
9040:
8989:
8946:
8902:
8861:
8713:10.1097/00005792-200211000-00004
8592:
8506:
8457:
8430:
8372:
8328:
8300:The American Journal of Medicine
8287:
8246:
8197:
8107:
8064:
8021:
7980:
7936:
7759:
7716:
7685:
7636:
7409:
7381:The American Journal of Medicine
7368:
7319:
7288:
7229:
7153:
7104:
7053:
6955:
6910:
6906:from the original on 2014-03-29.
6843:
6808:
6716:. 17 August 2016. Archived from
6537:"American College of Cardiology"
4371:from the original on 2017-07-28.
4105:The American Journal of Medicine
3114:from the original on 2014-08-17.
2942:"Heart Attack Symptoms in Women"
2580:
1837:
1819:
1443:aneurysm of the heart ventricles
880:High levels of blood cholesterol
622:
611:
358:decreased level of consciousness
10419:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
9555:Prairie View A&M University
9373:"Health Coverage of Immigrants"
8482:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0850
7725:Internal and Emergency Medicine
6732:
6702:
6625:from the original on 9 May 2017
6559:
6445:
6379:
6282:
6243:
6192:
6019:
5938:
5698:
5655:
5612:
5571:
5416:
5372:
5337:
5313:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002224
5288:
5239:
5182:
5133:
5050:Current Atherosclerosis Reports
4876:
4827:
4642:
4344:
4313:
4278:
4243:
4208:
4182:
3763:
3714:
3477:
3426:
3396:
3313:
2712:and 2011 in the United States.
2687:
2528:targeted temperature management
2455:
2442:Coronary artery bypass grafting
1886:gastroesophageal reflux disease
1573:cardiac biomarkers in the blood
1524:Demonstration of a thrombus on
1350:
1313:
970:single nucleotide polymorphisms
954:Genome-wide association studies
833:
9810:Canadian Journal of Cardiology
9707:. Elsevier. pp. 295–313.
9557:. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
8617:10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub4
8222:10.1002/14651858.CD007160.pub4
8173:10.1002/14651858.CD010191.pub2
7871:10.1002/14651858.CD003462.pub3
7434:10.1002/14651858.CD012484.pub2
7305:10.1002/14651858.CD006743.pub2
7254:10.1002/14651858.CD011273.pub2
6980:10.1002/14651858.CD004816.pub5
6931:10.1002/14651858.cd001561.pub3
6178:. Elsevier. pp. 286–288.
5207:10.1002/14651858.CD011054.pub2
4762:10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3
3905:Blumenthal & Margolis 2007
2934:
2839:of heart attack, dying from a
2721:disability adjusted life years
2555:health-related quality of life
2124:
1447:inflammation of the heart wall
1157:A number of acute and chronic
533:
512:coronary artery bypass surgery
1:
10936:Pulseless electrical activity
10865:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
10739:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
8817:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.03.005
7958:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31490-3
7921:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.302744
7692:Reeder G (27 December 2016).
7614:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30677-8
7598:"Acute myocardial infarction"
7344:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62052-3
7029:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1
6401:10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.01.436
6080:"Acute Myocardial Infarction"
6005:10.1016/j.carpath.2005.03.006
5831:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30677-8
5664:Current Opinion in Hematology
5514:Current Pharmaceutical Design
4667:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9
4618:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5
4156:Archives of Internal Medicine
3628:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61237-4
3612:"Acute myocardial infarction"
3404:"What Causes a Heart Attack?"
3289:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
2888:
2731:Social determinants of health
2593:Disturbances of heart rhythms
2570:fibrillation, development of
2250:
2066:
1959:
1880:, insufficient blood supply (
1500:Symptoms relating to ischemia
1341:coronary artery bypass grafts
703:, and loss of consciousness.
526:, are typically recommended.
482:is recommended in those with
411:. The complete blockage of a
23:Heart attack (disambiguation)
9792:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000336
9749:. Elsevier. pp. 55–65.
9686:. Elsevier. pp. 11–21.
9641:Heart Attack Prevention 2007
9623:. OUP US. pp. 196–202.
9341:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1458
8928:10.1161/cir.0000000000000152
8887:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182456d46
8570:10.1097/JCN.0b013e3181c60e7c
8527:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2017.09.002
8350:10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313089
8313:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.12.027
8133:10.1161/cir.0000000000000252
7574:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000270
7523:10.1371/journal.pone.0145958
7394:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.032
7067:Health Technology Assessment
6757:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-309983
6364:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000134
6084:www.clevelandclinicmeded.com
5676:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282c48bd8
5445:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.045
5394:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.070
5027:10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.05.011
4326:www.clevelandclinicmeded.com
4264:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2004.12.004
4229:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.05.001
4168:10.1001/archinte.167.22.2405
4117:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.045
3883:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31826e1058
3699:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6
3433:Devlin RJ, Henry JA (2008).
3334:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.05.001
2735:Social determinants such as
2725:unipolar depressive disorder
2702:lower respiratory infections
2564:
2557:, and has a small effect on
2473:tissue plasminogen activator
2471:. These medications include
2400:
2232:
2083:clinical practice guidelines
1980:
1742:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1698:adjacent chest or limb leads
1549:Stephen Tong § Ministry
1456:
1224:
7:
9728:. Elsevier. pp. 1–10.
8771:10.1136/bmj.38985.646481.55
7465:Newman D (19 August 2010).
7174:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.06.011
6853:Annals of Internal Medicine
6256:Annals of Internal Medicine
6044:10.1152/ajpheart.00473.2010
4936:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.10.011
4801:Annals of Internal Medicine
3817:Morrow & Braunwald 2016
3801:Morrow & Braunwald 2016
2682:peripheral vascular disease
2538:Rehabilitation and exercise
1627:sensitivity and specificity
1467:
940:
780:persistent vegetative state
503:
336:Other symptoms may include
147:total loss of consciousness
10:
11329:
10880:Wandering atrial pacemaker
10427:non-infective endocarditis
10368:Endocardial fibroelastosis
9822:10.1016/j.cjca.2021.02.020
9816:(8). Elsevier: 1207–1214.
9609:
9235:Current Cardiology Reviews
8073:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
5902:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
5597:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.011
5557:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.010
5526:10.2174/138161213805219658
4700:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
4573:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.04.026
4496:Gaziano & Gaziano 2016
3381:10.1016/j.acvd.2010.11.013
2946:American Heart Association
2843:event, and overall death.
2584:
2502:
2459:
2254:
2236:
2215:
1711:
1546:
1540:
1460:
1375:, and do not grow back. A
1233:
1219:coronary artery dissection
1209:In people without evident
1088:
1084:
789:
748:sympathetic nervous system
687:, nausea or vomiting, and
537:
448:
415:caused by a rupture of an
27:
20:
11293:Aging-associated diseases
11222:
11184:
11097:
11040:
10958:hexaxial reference system
10949:
10916:
10903:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
10888:
10846:
10805:
10782:
10756:
10724:
10682:
10663:
10562:
10548:
10448:
10433:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
10402:
10388:
10304:
10253:
10246:
10183:
10138:
10095:
10086:
9928:
9854:
9544:Workers' Compensation FAQ
8665:10.1007/s00246-016-1556-7
8085:10.1038/nrcardio.2012.156
7780:10.1016/j.ahj.2016.04.004
7737:10.1007/s11739-016-1550-3
6688:10.1016/j.emc.2005.07.007
6574:(Supplement G): G115–22.
6507:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575
6151:10.1016/j.ccl.2013.07.004
5914:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.228
5633:10.1007/s10545-010-9235-y
5062:10.1007/s11883-009-0044-4
4442:10.1007/s00125-004-1344-4
4138:Allison & Murphy 2012
4082:10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.006
3054:10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.005
2971:"What Is a Heart Attack?"
2771:, and census-tract-level
2698:World Health Organization
2285:
1948:, and pulmonary embolus,
1932:. Causes of sudden-onset
1860:There are many causes of
1617:There are many different
1478:blood supply to the heart
1302:secreted by macrophages,
666:positive predictive value
283:
273:
253:
239:
223:
191:
180:
152:
104:
88:
68:
59:
51:
46:
10838:Ventricular fibrillation
10109:Coronary artery aneurysm
9644:. Johns Hopkins Health.
9015:10.1186/1471-2458-14-705
8385:Res Pract Thromb Haemost
8006:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq277
7130:10.1177/2047487312472077
6218:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462
5993:Cardiovascular Pathology
5964:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv653
5724:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw149
4712:10.1038/nrcardio.2012.45
4532:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092
4406:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn416
3917:Morrow & Bohula 2016
3585:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr236
3239:(18 Suppl 3): S787–817.
3196:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs215
2868:but may sometimes be an
2547:left ventricular failure
2046:health impact assessment
1706:ventricular fibrillation
1689:left bundle branch block
1536:
1513:left bundle branch block
1424:collateral blood vessels
1180:Porphyromonas gingivalis
1164:Chlamydophila pneumoniae
888:high-density lipoprotein
856:high-density lipoprotein
772:ventricular fibrillation
678:
439:(ECGs), blood tests and
409:excessive alcohol intake
327:chest pain or discomfort
28:Not to be confused with
11303:Ischemic heart diseases
11115:Diastolic heart failure
11089:Athletic heart syndrome
11050:Ventricular hypertrophy
10784:Pre-excitation syndrome
10638:Left posterior fascicle
10163:Acute coronary syndrome
10103:Coronary artery disease
9464:10.1161/JAHA.119.013165
9229:Graham G (2015-05-14).
8967:10.1136/hrt.2007.132951
8437:Jindal SK, ed. (2011).
8126:(18 Suppl 2): S315–67.
6710:"Assessment of fatigue"
6307:10.1001/jama.2017.17488
6145:(4): 519–31, vii–viii.
5549:Journal of Autoimmunity
5425:Environmental Pollution
4299:10.1067/mhl.2002.126105
3770:Torio C (August 2013).
2819:undocumented immigrants
2694:coronary artery disease
2601:ventricular tachycardia
2532:Aldosterone antagonists
2452:) for at least a year.
2438:the insertion of stents
2306:. Nitroglycerin (given
2202:Aldosterone antagonists
1892:, tumors of the lungs,
1486:right coronary arteries
1270:The gradual buildup of
1211:coronary artery disease
1099:996 working hour system
916:
907:coronary artery disease
884:low-density lipoprotein
860:coronary artery disease
734:, and abnormalities in
717:low oxygen in the blood
639:
558:acute coronary syndrome
548:) of the heart muscle (
540:Acute coronary syndrome
383:. Risk factors include
381:coronary artery disease
309:or stops in one of the
301:), commonly known as a
186:coronary artery disease
10633:Left anterior fascicle
10413:infective endocarditis
10198:Hibernating myocardium
10079:Cardiovascular disease
9296:10.1001/jama.297.3.286
9278:Joshi P (2007-01-17).
8470:JAMA Internal Medicine
7993:European Heart Journal
7768:American Heart Journal
6619:Ultrasound of the Week
6541:www.choosingwisely.org
6494:European Heart Journal
6205:European Heart Journal
5951:European Heart Journal
5711:European Heart Journal
4519:European Heart Journal
4393:European Heart Journal
3572:European Heart Journal
3183:European Heart Journal
2817:challenges. Uninsured
2706:lower-income countries
2543:Cardiac rehabilitation
2434:dragging away the clot
2410:
1870:gastrointestinal tract
1856:Differential diagnosis
1721:
1666:
1489:
1360:
1255:
947:ischemic heart disease
423:, which may be due to
421:coronary artery spasms
417:atherosclerotic plaque
405:high blood cholesterol
379:Most MIs occur due to
321:(tissue death) to the
218:high blood cholesterol
10797:Wolff–Parkinson–White
10757:Premature contraction
10655:Adams–Stokes syndrome
10358:Loeffler endocarditis
10168:Myocardial infarction
9985:Myocardial infarction
9971:Myocardial infarction
9513:10.1136/heart.86.1.91
9415:10.1001/jama.2010.409
9207:10.1093/eurpub/ckn059
9166:10.1093/eurpub/ckv202
9066:10.1136/jech.55.7.475
8272:10.1056/nejmoa1706222
7567:(16 Suppl 1): S2–39.
5358:10.1001/jama.2012.126
4991:10.1056/NEJMra1105239
3410:. December 17, 2013.
3137:. December 17, 2013.
2977:. December 17, 2013.
2874:workers' compensation
2497:intracranial bleeding
2408:
2237:Further information:
1719:
1659:right coronary artery
1656:
1633:Other tests, such as
1475:
1358:
1252:coronary artery spasm
1249:
1234:Further information:
876:Framingham Risk Score
812:heart transplantation
756:Loss of consciousness
580:(the cardiac protein
568:occurs when there is
433:broken heart syndrome
295:myocardial infarction
232:(ECGs), blood tests,
47:Myocardial infarction
10964:Right axis deviation
10926:Sudden cardiac death
10284:Pericardial effusion
10227:Ventricular aneurysm
8653:Pediatric Cardiology
7908:Circulation Research
5159:10.1056/NEJMc0807104
4328:. Cleveland Clinic.
3283:(10053): 1545–1602.
2761:socioeconomic status
2757:socioeconomic status
2657:parameters (such as
2430:using small balloons
2312:injected into a vein
2302:medications such as
2095:secondary prevention
2089:Secondary prevention
1966:secondary prevention
1922:pericardial effusion
1918:tension pneumothorax
1746:physical examination
1578:coronary angioplasty
1476:Diagram showing the
1386:, needed to produce
1347:may cause blockage.
1113:daylight saving time
1105:socioeconomic status
820:autonomic neuropathy
441:coronary angiography
307:blood flow decreases
234:coronary angiography
11308:Medical emergencies
10969:Left axis deviation
10826:Atrial fibrillation
10821:Ventricular flutter
10744:Torsades de pointes
10618:Bundle branch block
10577:Sick sinus syndrome
10363:Cardiac amyloidosis
10348:Tachycardia-induced
10203:Myocardial stunning
10151:Prinzmetal's angina
10120:Coronary thrombosis
7661:10.1503/cmaj.092119
7514:2016PLoSO..1145958L
6621:. 5 February 2015.
5479:Future Microbiology
5437:2018EPoll.241.1106S
4320:Ashton R, Raman D.
3491:. 9 December 2016.
3485:"Electrocardiogram"
2922:on 24 February 2015
2878:work-related injury
2847:Society and culture
2630:Dressler's syndrome
2597:atrial fibrillation
2559:all-cause mortality
2522:Those who have had
2061:waist circumference
1750:cardiac examination
1661:. Elevation of the
1608:in young, fit women
1431:myocardial scarring
1402:of affected cells.
1371:), chiefly through
1345:Prinzmetal's angina
1174:Helicobacter pylori
931:polyunsaturated fat
844:high blood pressure
705:Shortness of breath
480:Supplemental oxygen
385:high blood pressure
366:irregular heartbeat
338:shortness of breath
287:15.9 million (2015)
198:High blood pressure
163:irregular heartbeat
115:shortness of breath
11072:Atrial enlargement
10870:Pacemaker syndrome
10792:Lown–Ganong–Levine
10714:Junctional ectopic
10709:AV nodal reentrant
10215:Myocardial rupture
10125:Coronary vasospasm
10029:2016-10-28 at the
10017:2009-03-19 at the
10006:2016-11-05 at the
9929:External resources
9572:2006-12-06 at the
9549:2007-07-11 at the
8723:20.500.13003/14561
7952:(10096): 737–746.
7608:(10065): 197–210.
6139:Cardiology Clinics
5825:(10065): 197–210.
2856:Legal implications
2778:Race: In the U.S.
2636:is also possible.
2411:
2272:clinical judgement
2119:omega-3 fatty acid
2023:Mediterranean diet
1976:Primary prevention
1954:metabolic acidosis
1914:esophageal rupture
1890:pulmonary embolism
1722:
1670:Electrocardiograms
1667:
1613:Cardiac biomarkers
1490:
1361:
1333:low blood pressure
1256:
945:Family history of
796:electrocardiograms
603:Signs and symptoms
461:creatine kinase MB
437:electrocardiograms
429:Takotsubo syndrome
230:Electrocardiograms
99:emergency medicine
11280:
11279:
11140:
11139:
11132:Obstructive shock
11036:
11035:
10983:Short QT syndrome
10950:Other / ungrouped
10941:Sinoatrial arrest
10856:Ectopic pacemaker
10752:
10751:
10572:Sinus bradycardia
10544:
10543:
10540:
10539:
10289:Cardiac tamponade
10242:
10241:
10232:Dressler syndrome
10130:Myocardial bridge
9980:
9979:
9756:978-0-323-35943-6
9735:978-0-323-35943-6
9714:978-0-323-35943-6
9693:978-0-323-35943-6
9672:978-0-19-871702-7
9651:978-1-933087-47-4
9630:978-0-19-991571-2
9002:BMC Public Health
8854:978-92-4-156371-0
8450:978-93-5025-073-0
8423:978-1-4443-9387-3
8344:(20): 1691–1698.
8265:(13): 1240–1249.
8042:10.1136/bmj.j3237
7819:10.1136/bmj.g6269
7023:(9678): 1849–60.
6751:(24): 1953–1956.
6720:on 28 August 2021
6714:BMJ Best Practice
6660:978-0-7020-3085-7
6500:(14): 1289–1367.
6463:978-0-07-180215-4
6438:978-0-7020-3085-7
6301:(19): 1913–1924.
6185:978-0-323-35943-6
6123:978-0-470-65594-8
5882:978-0-7020-3085-7
5491:10.2217/fmb.12.87
5264:10.1136/bmj.j1909
5109:10.1136/bmj.e4800
4852:10.1136/bmj.h3978
4482:978-0-7817-4733-2
4399:(23): 2909–2945.
4364:978-1-4698-1668-5
4351:Lilly LS (2012).
4162:(22): 2405–2413.
4046:978-0-07-180215-4
4018:, pp. 59–60.
3989:978-0-07-180215-4
3931:, pp. 59–61.
3578:(23): 2999–3054.
3552:978-0-7020-3085-7
3408:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
3135:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
3104:978-92-4-156437-3
2975:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2916:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2780:African Americans
2625:Cardiogenic shock
2526:may benefit from
2513:cardiogenic shock
2335:antiplatelet drug
2282:scoring systems.
1970:influenza vaccine
1926:cardiac tamponade
1910:aortic dissection
1845:
1827:
1771:contrast include
1649:Electrocardiogram
1505:electrocardiogram
1429:Tissue death and
1321:a fast heart rate
1276:coronary arteries
1247:
960:on the short arm
848:diabetes mellitus
808:diabetes mellitus
764:cardiogenic shock
484:low oxygen levels
407:, poor diet, and
370:cardiogenic shock
311:coronary arteries
291:
290:
225:Diagnostic method
167:cardiogenic shock
41:Medical condition
11320:
11167:
11160:
11153:
11144:
11143:
11105:Cardiac fibrosis
10997:T wave alternans
10890:Long QT syndrome
10684:Supraventricular
10680:
10679:
10613:Intraventricular
10560:
10559:
10400:
10399:
10251:
10250:
10096:Coronary disease
10093:
10092:
10072:
10065:
10058:
10049:
10048:
10044:
9852:
9851:
9841:
9804:
9794:
9760:
9739:
9718:
9697:
9676:
9655:
9634:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9583:
9577:
9564:
9558:
9541:
9535:
9534:
9524:
9492:
9486:
9485:
9475:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9426:
9409:(14): 1392–400.
9394:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9384:
9369:
9363:
9362:
9352:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9258:
9226:
9220:
9219:
9209:
9185:
9179:
9178:
9168:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9127:
9095:
9089:
9088:
9078:
9068:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9027:
9017:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8930:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8889:
8865:
8859:
8858:
8840:
8829:
8828:
8811:(10A): 13F–25F.
8799:
8793:
8792:
8782:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8725:
8715:
8691:
8685:
8684:
8648:
8639:
8638:
8628:
8611:(11): CD001800.
8596:
8590:
8589:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8515:Heart & Lung
8510:
8504:
8503:
8493:
8461:
8455:
8454:
8434:
8428:
8427:
8407:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8376:
8370:
8369:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8315:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8274:
8250:
8244:
8243:
8233:
8216:(12): CD007160.
8201:
8195:
8194:
8184:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8135:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8025:
8019:
8018:
8008:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7923:
7899:
7893:
7892:
7882:
7850:
7841:
7840:
7830:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7731:(8): 1107–1113.
7720:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7698:www.uptodate.com
7689:
7683:
7682:
7672:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7576:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7535:
7525:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7445:
7428:(12): CD012484.
7413:
7407:
7406:
7396:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7355:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7265:
7248:(12): CD011273.
7233:
7227:
7215:
7194:
7193:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7132:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7091:
7080:10.3310/hta17430
7057:
7051:
7050:
7040:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6991:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6942:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6812:
6806:
6794:
6779:
6778:
6768:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6646:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6611:
6602:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6568:EuroIntervention
6563:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6533:
6520:
6519:
6509:
6485:
6476:
6475:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6424:
6413:
6412:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6357:(25): e344–426.
6342:
6329:
6328:
6318:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6268:10.7326/M16-2562
6247:
6241:
6240:
6230:
6220:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6109:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6055:
6038:(3): H1090–100.
6023:
6017:
6016:
5988:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5868:
5851:
5850:
5814:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5599:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5551:. 48–49: 113–7.
5544:
5538:
5537:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5474:
5465:
5464:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5324:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5226:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5161:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5120:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4993:
4984:(22): 2098–109.
4969:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4899:
4888:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4813:10.7326/M13-1788
4795:
4784:
4783:
4773:
4741:
4732:
4731:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4661:(9838): 219–29.
4646:
4640:
4639:
4629:
4612:(9852): 1491–7.
4597:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4525:(13): 1635–701.
4510:
4499:
4498:, p. 11-22.
4493:
4487:
4486:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4384:
4373:
4372:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4287:Heart & Lung
4282:
4276:
4275:
4252:Heart & Lung
4247:
4241:
4240:
4217:Heart & Lung
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4151:
4145:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4032:
4019:
4013:
4002:
4001:
3975:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3861:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3803:, pp. 1–3;
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3733:(14): 1493–501.
3718:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3677:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3622:(9638): 570–84.
3607:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3538:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3454:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3359:
3346:
3345:
3322:Heart & Lung
3317:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3224:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3189:(20): 2569–619.
3174:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3127:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3096:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3010:. Jul 30, 2014.
3000:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2967:
2950:
2949:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2908:
2833:graduate degrees
2826:health insurance
2751:, and access to
2749:social isolation
2743:status, lack of
2367:clotting cascade
2343:P2Y12 inhibitors
2337:, is given as a
2320:overall outcomes
2308:under the tongue
2150:therapy such as
2099:stopping smoking
1998:unsaturated fats
1991:quitting smoking
1987:aerobic exercise
1847:
1846:
1829:
1828:
1808:nuclear medicine
1756:Echocardiography
1730:Echocardiography
1604:Associated with
1598:Associated with
1586:Associated with
1576:Associated with
1515:, or pathologic
1365:ischemic cascade
1296:cholesterol core
1248:
1193:Kawasaki disease
1144:nitrogen dioxide
903:secondhand smoke
806:, in those with
728:light-headedness
701:loss of appetite
654:likelihood ratio
626:
615:
397:lack of exercise
210:lack of exercise
64:
44:
43:
11328:
11327:
11323:
11322:
11321:
11319:
11318:
11317:
11298:Causes of death
11283:
11282:
11281:
11276:
11218:
11212:Small intestine
11207:Large intestine
11180:
11171:
11141:
11136:
11127:Rheumatic fever
11093:
11032:
10945:
10912:
10884:
10842:
10801:
10778:
10748:
10720:
10667:
10659:
10553:
10536:
10444:
10393:
10384:
10300:
10294:Hemopericardium
10238:
10179:
10173:Unstable angina
10146:Angina pectoris
10139:Active ischemia
10134:
10082:
10076:
10035:
10031:Wayback Machine
10019:Wayback Machine
10008:Wayback Machine
9999:TIMI Score for
9981:
9976:
9975:
9924:
9923:
9863:
9849:
9844:
9785:(11): 1135–47.
9768:
9766:Further reading
9763:
9757:
9736:
9715:
9694:
9673:
9652:
9631:
9612:
9607:
9606:
9596:
9594:
9585:
9584:
9580:
9574:Wayback Machine
9565:
9561:
9551:Wayback Machine
9542:
9538:
9493:
9489:
9458:(17): e013165.
9444:
9440:
9395:
9391:
9382:
9380:
9371:
9370:
9366:
9329:JAMA Cardiology
9321:
9317:
9308:
9306:
9276:
9272:
9227:
9223:
9186:
9182:
9145:
9141:
9110:(14): 1338–46.
9096:
9092:
9045:
9041:
8994:
8990:
8951:
8947:
8907:
8903:
8866:
8862:
8855:
8841:
8832:
8800:
8796:
8751:
8747:
8692:
8688:
8649:
8642:
8597:
8593:
8554:
8550:
8511:
8507:
8462:
8458:
8451:
8435:
8431:
8424:
8408:
8404:
8394:
8392:
8377:
8373:
8333:
8329:
8292:
8288:
8251:
8247:
8202:
8198:
8167:(9): CD010191.
8153:
8149:
8112:
8108:
8069:
8065:
8026:
8022:
7999:(20): 2501–55.
7985:
7981:
7941:
7937:
7914:(12): 1918–28.
7900:
7896:
7865:(6): CD003462.
7851:
7844:
7799:
7795:
7764:
7760:
7721:
7717:
7707:
7705:
7690:
7686:
7655:(10): 1039–44.
7641:
7637:
7594:
7590:
7553:
7549:
7508:(2): e0145958.
7494:
7490:
7480:
7478:
7463:
7459:
7414:
7410:
7387:(10): 939–953.
7373:
7369:
7338:(9970): 792–8.
7324:
7320:
7299:(4): CD006743.
7293:
7289:
7234:
7230:
7226:. London, 2013.
7216:
7197:
7158:
7154:
7109:
7105:
7058:
7054:
7009:
7005:
6974:(1): CD004816.
6960:
6956:
6925:(1): CD001561.
6915:
6911:
6892:
6888:
6848:
6844:
6813:
6809:
6805:. London, 2014.
6795:
6782:
6737:
6733:
6723:
6721:
6708:
6707:
6703:
6672:
6668:
6661:
6647:
6638:
6628:
6626:
6613:
6612:
6605:
6601:. London, 2010.
6591:
6587:
6564:
6560:
6550:
6548:
6535:
6534:
6523:
6486:
6479:
6464:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6425:
6416:
6384:
6380:
6343:
6332:
6287:
6283:
6262:(10): 715–724.
6248:
6244:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6170:
6166:
6135:
6131:
6124:
6110:
6103:
6093:
6091:
6076:
6069:
6024:
6020:
5989:
5980:
5957:(25): 1959–67.
5943:
5939:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5869:
5854:
5815:
5740:
5703:
5699:
5660:
5656:
5617:
5613:
5590:(10): 1237–47.
5576:
5572:
5545:
5541:
5510:
5506:
5485:(10): 1217–30.
5475:
5468:
5421:
5417:
5377:
5373:
5342:
5338:
5293:
5289:
5244:
5240:
5201:(8): CD011054.
5187:
5183:
5138:
5134:
5089:
5085:
5046:
5042:
5011:
5007:
4970:
4961:
4916:
4912:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4832:
4828:
4796:
4787:
4756:(8): CD011737.
4742:
4735:
4696:
4692:
4647:
4643:
4598:
4589:
4552:
4548:
4511:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4469:
4465:
4426:
4422:
4385:
4376:
4365:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4318:
4314:
4283:
4279:
4248:
4244:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4152:
4148:
4140:, p. 197;
4136:
4132:
4101:
4097:
4066:
4062:
4047:
4033:
4022:
4014:
4005:
3990:
3976:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3907:, pp. 4–5.
3903:
3899:
3876:(16): 2020–35.
3862:
3823:
3819:, pp. 1–3.
3815:
3811:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3764:
3719:
3715:
3692:(4): e362–425.
3678:
3653:
3608:
3601:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3539:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3360:
3349:
3318:
3314:
3269:
3262:
3225:
3212:
3175:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3129:
3128:
3119:
3111:
3105:
3094:
3086:
3079:
3034:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2969:
2968:
2953:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2910:
2909:
2896:
2891:
2882:police officers
2858:
2849:
2753:health services
2733:
2690:
2589:
2583:
2567:
2540:
2505:
2464:
2458:
2403:
2378:
2374:
2328:
2326:Antithrombotics
2288:
2259:
2253:
2241:
2235:
2218:
2127:
2091:
2069:
2059: and
2057:body mass index
1983:
1978:
1962:
1938:pulmonary edema
1902:costochondritis
1858:
1851:
1848:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1820:
1800:Fludeoxyglucose
1714:
1651:
1615:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1507:(ECG), such as
1470:
1465:
1459:
1419:gross pathology
1353:
1325:hyperthyroidism
1316:
1280:atherosclerosis
1240:
1238:
1236:Atherosclerosis
1232:
1230:Atherosclerosis
1227:
1140:carbon monoxide
1101:
1087:
943:
919:
899:tobacco smoking
836:
792:
721:pulmonary edema
681:
642:
634:
633:
632:
631:
630:
627:
618:
617:
616:
605:
564:, a myocardial
562:unstable angina
542:
536:
459:and less often
445:ST elevation MI
413:coronary artery
143:decreased level
131:lightheadedness
78:coronary artery
71:atherosclerotic
42:
37:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11326:
11316:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11278:
11277:
11275:
11274:
11269:
11268:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11244:
11243:
11242:
11237:
11228:
11226:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11216:
11215:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11190:
11188:
11182:
11181:
11170:
11169:
11162:
11155:
11147:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11123:
11122:
11120:Cardiac asthma
11117:
11107:
11101:
11099:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11091:
11086:
11085:
11084:
11079:
11069:
11068:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11046:
11044:
11038:
11037:
11034:
11033:
11031:
11030:
11028:Strain pattern
11025:
11024:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11001:
11000:
10999:
10987:
10986:
10985:
10973:
10972:
10971:
10966:
10953:
10951:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10922:
10920:
10918:Cardiac arrest
10914:
10913:
10911:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10898:Andersen–Tawil
10894:
10892:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10852:
10850:
10844:
10843:
10841:
10840:
10835:
10834:
10833:
10823:
10818:
10816:Atrial flutter
10812:
10810:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10788:
10786:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10760:
10758:
10754:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10730:
10728:
10722:
10721:
10719:
10718:
10717:
10716:
10711:
10701:
10700:
10699:
10688:
10686:
10677:
10661:
10660:
10658:
10657:
10652:
10651:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10615:
10610:
10609:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10588:
10579:
10574:
10568:
10566:
10557:
10546:
10545:
10542:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10534:
10533:
10532:
10527:
10515:
10514:
10513:
10508:
10496:
10495:
10494:
10489:
10477:
10476:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10441:
10440:
10435:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10408:
10406:
10397:
10386:
10385:
10383:
10382:
10377:
10376:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10339:
10338:
10326:Cardiomyopathy
10323:
10322:
10321:
10319:Chagas disease
10310:
10308:
10302:
10301:
10299:
10298:
10297:
10296:
10291:
10281:
10280:
10279:
10270:
10259:
10257:
10248:
10244:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10237:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10219:
10218:
10217:
10207:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10189:
10187:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10177:
10176:
10175:
10170:
10160:
10159:
10158:
10153:
10142:
10140:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10111:
10106:
10099:
10097:
10090:
10084:
10083:
10075:
10074:
10067:
10060:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10037:"Heart Attack"
10033:
10021:
9997:
9991:
9978:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9962:
9945:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9926:
9925:
9922:
9921:
9910:
9899:
9884:
9864:
9859:
9858:
9856:
9855:Classification
9848:
9847:External links
9845:
9843:
9842:
9805:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9761:
9755:
9740:
9734:
9719:
9713:
9698:
9692:
9677:
9671:
9656:
9650:
9635:
9629:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9578:
9559:
9536:
9487:
9438:
9389:
9364:
9335:(8): 899–908.
9315:
9290:(3): 286–294.
9270:
9221:
9180:
9139:
9090:
9039:
8988:
8945:
8921:(4): e29–322.
8901:
8860:
8853:
8830:
8794:
8765:(7578): 1091.
8745:
8686:
8659:(3): 427–441.
8640:
8591:
8548:
8521:(6): 412–416.
8505:
8476:(7): 913–920.
8456:
8449:
8429:
8422:
8402:
8371:
8327:
8306:(6): 693–701.
8286:
8245:
8196:
8147:
8106:
8063:
8020:
7979:
7935:
7894:
7842:
7793:
7758:
7715:
7684:
7635:
7588:
7547:
7488:
7457:
7408:
7367:
7318:
7287:
7228:
7195:
7152:
7103:
7052:
7003:
6954:
6909:
6886:
6859:(12): 824–34.
6842:
6807:
6780:
6731:
6701:
6666:
6659:
6636:
6603:
6585:
6558:
6521:
6477:
6462:
6444:
6437:
6414:
6395:(9): 1581–91.
6378:
6330:
6281:
6242:
6211:(3): 237–269.
6191:
6184:
6164:
6129:
6122:
6101:
6067:
6018:
5978:
5937:
5888:
5881:
5852:
5738:
5717:(3): 143–153.
5697:
5654:
5611:
5570:
5539:
5520:(9): 1638–50.
5504:
5466:
5415:
5371:
5336:
5287:
5238:
5181:
5152:(18): 1966–8.
5132:
5083:
5040:
5005:
4959:
4910:
4875:
4826:
4807:(6): 398–406.
4785:
4733:
4690:
4641:
4587:
4566:(10): 2130–9.
4546:
4500:
4488:
4481:
4463:
4436:(3): 395–399.
4420:
4374:
4363:
4343:
4312:
4293:(4): 235–245.
4277:
4258:(4): 240–247.
4242:
4223:(6): 477–491.
4207:
4181:
4146:
4130:
4095:
4060:
4045:
4020:
4003:
3988:
3933:
3921:
3919:, p. 295.
3909:
3897:
3821:
3809:
3793:
3762:
3713:
3651:
3599:
3558:
3551:
3506:
3476:
3452:10.1186/cc6166
3425:
3395:
3347:
3312:
3260:
3210:
3152:
3117:
3103:
3077:
3025:
2992:
2951:
2933:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2841:cardiovascular
2745:social support
2739:disadvantage,
2732:
2729:
2689:
2686:
2670:blood pressure
2665:on admission,
2663:cardiac arrest
2585:Main article:
2582:
2579:
2566:
2563:
2539:
2536:
2524:cardiac arrest
2504:
2501:
2460:Main article:
2457:
2454:
2422:femoral artery
2402:
2399:
2376:
2372:
2327:
2324:
2287:
2284:
2255:Main article:
2252:
2249:
2234:
2231:
2217:
2214:
2206:spironolactone
2182:renal arteries
2178:high potassium
2174:kidney failure
2131:ACE-inhibitors
2126:
2123:
2090:
2087:
2068:
2065:
2053:blood pressure
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1961:
1958:
1944:reactions and
1934:breathlessness
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1818:
1713:
1710:
1650:
1647:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1522:
1519:
1503:Changes on an
1501:
1469:
1466:
1461:Main article:
1458:
1455:
1411:subendocardial
1352:
1349:
1315:
1312:
1300:growth factors
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1215:coronary spasm
1148:sulfur dioxide
1118:Women who use
1086:
1083:
942:
939:
927:saturated fats
918:
915:
864:family history
835:
832:
816:pain threshold
791:
788:
752:blood pressure
744:catecholamines
740:blood pressure
713:left ventricle
680:
677:
641:
638:
628:
621:
620:
619:
610:
609:
608:
607:
606:
604:
601:
593:cardiac arrest
538:Main article:
535:
532:
374:cardiac arrest
305:, occurs when
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
257:
251:
250:
241:
237:
236:
227:
221:
220:
195:
189:
188:
182:
178:
177:
175:cardiac arrest
156:
150:
149:
108:
102:
101:
92:
86:
85:
66:
65:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
40:
30:Cardiac arrest
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11325:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11273:
11270:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11232:
11230:
11229:
11227:
11225:
11221:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11194:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11183:
11179:
11175:
11168:
11163:
11161:
11156:
11154:
11149:
11148:
11145:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11112:
11111:
11110:Heart failure
11108:
11106:
11103:
11102:
11100:
11096:
11090:
11087:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11074:
11073:
11070:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11052:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11043:
11039:
11029:
11026:
11022:
11021:ST depression
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11007:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10993:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10981:
10980:
10979:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10961:
10960:
10959:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10948:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10923:
10921:
10919:
10915:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10891:
10887:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10857:
10854:
10853:
10851:
10849:
10845:
10839:
10836:
10832:
10829:
10828:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10804:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10789:
10787:
10785:
10781:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10761:
10759:
10755:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10727:
10723:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10705:
10702:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10693:
10690:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10681:
10678:
10675:
10671:
10666:
10662:
10656:
10653:
10649:
10648:Trifascicular
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10569:
10567:
10565:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10551:
10547:
10531:
10530:regurgitation
10528:
10526:
10523:
10522:
10521:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10511:regurgitation
10509:
10507:
10504:
10503:
10502:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10492:regurgitation
10490:
10488:
10485:
10484:
10483:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10473:regurgitation
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10460:
10459:
10458:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10447:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10414:
10410:
10409:
10407:
10405:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10391:
10387:
10381:
10378:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10337:
10334:
10333:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10327:
10324:
10320:
10317:
10316:
10315:
10312:
10311:
10309:
10307:
10303:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10285:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10265:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10252:
10249:
10245:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10224:
10223:
10220:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10211:
10208:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10195:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10186:
10182:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10157:
10156:Stable angina
10154:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10137:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10104:
10101:
10100:
10098:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10085:
10080:
10073:
10068:
10066:
10061:
10059:
10054:
10053:
10050:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10032:
10028:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10016:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10002:
9998:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9972:
9968:
9967:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9955:
9951:
9950:
9946:
9944:
9940:
9939:
9935:
9934:
9931:
9927:
9920:
9916:
9915:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9904:
9900:
9898:
9894:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9865:
9862:
9857:
9853:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9771:
9770:
9758:
9752:
9748:
9747:
9741:
9737:
9731:
9727:
9726:
9720:
9716:
9710:
9706:
9705:
9699:
9695:
9689:
9685:
9684:
9678:
9674:
9668:
9664:
9663:
9657:
9653:
9647:
9643:
9642:
9636:
9632:
9626:
9622:
9621:
9615:
9614:
9592:
9588:
9582:
9575:
9571:
9568:
9563:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9545:
9540:
9532:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9491:
9483:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9442:
9434:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9393:
9378:
9374:
9368:
9360:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9319:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9274:
9266:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9241:(3): 238–45.
9240:
9236:
9232:
9225:
9217:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9184:
9176:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9143:
9135:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9094:
9086:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9059:(7): 475–82.
9058:
9054:
9050:
9043:
9035:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8992:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8949:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8905:
8897:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8880:(1): 188–97.
8879:
8875:
8871:
8864:
8856:
8850:
8846:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8798:
8790:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8749:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8706:(6): 434–42.
8705:
8701:
8697:
8690:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8647:
8645:
8636:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8595:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8564:(2): 159–64.
8563:
8559:
8552:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8509:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8460:
8452:
8446:
8442:
8441:
8433:
8425:
8419:
8415:
8414:
8406:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8375:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8331:
8323:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8290:
8282:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8249:
8241:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8200:
8192:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8151:
8143:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8110:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8067:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8016:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7983:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7939:
7931:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7849:
7847:
7838:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7797:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7762:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7719:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7688:
7680:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7639:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7592:
7584:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7551:
7543:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7492:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7461:
7453:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7412:
7404:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7371:
7363:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7123:(3): 354–65.
7122:
7118:
7114:
7107:
7099:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7074:(43): 1–253.
7073:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7056:
7048:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7007:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6958:
6950:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6890:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6846:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6776:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6682:(4): 937–57.
6681:
6677:
6670:
6662:
6656:
6652:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6610:
6608:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6562:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6326:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6285:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6238:
6234:
6229:
6228:10044/1/73052
6224:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6125:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6106:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6074:
6072:
6063:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5884:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5658:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5471:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5431:: 1106–1114.
5430:
5426:
5419:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5352:(7): 713–21.
5351:
5347:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5307:(3): 257–64.
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5056:(4): 289–95.
5055:
5051:
5044:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4930:(1): 93–104.
4929:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4900:on 2016-05-03
4896:
4892:
4885:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4706:(6): 360–70.
4705:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4347:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4144:, p. 60.
4143:
4139:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:(3): 523–42.
4075:
4071:
4064:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3913:
3906:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3818:
3813:
3807:, p. 41.
3806:
3802:
3797:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:Critical Care
3436:
3429:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3374:(3): 178–88.
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3328:(6): 477–91.
3327:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:(2): 140–51.
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3013:
3009:
3008:www.heart.org
3005:
2999:
2997:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2799:socioeconomic
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:heart failure
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:Heart failure
2637:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2581:Complications
2578:
2575:
2573:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2481:streptokinase
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:radial artery
2423:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2389:may be used.
2388:
2384:
2380:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:nitroglycerin
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:defibrillator
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:ACE inhibitor
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:saturated fat
2104:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:Public health
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:Substituting
1994:
1992:
1988:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:, pneumonia,
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:heart failure
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1835:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:contrast dyes
1761:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1511:changes, new
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1311:
1309:
1308:calcification
1305:
1304:smooth muscle
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:, and become
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1237:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Air pollution
1133:
1131:
1130:Endometriosis
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:saturated fat
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
892:triglycerides
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
831:
829:
825:
824:psychological
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
676:
674:
673:nitroglycerin
669:
667:
663:
659:
658:Levine's sign
655:
651:
646:
637:
625:
614:
600:
598:
597:heart failure
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
531:
527:
525:
521:
520:beta blockers
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Nitroglycerin
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:heart failure
359:
355:
354:feeling tired
351:
347:
346:feeling faint
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
286:
282:
278:
276:
272:
269:
265:
264:nitroglycerin
261:
258:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:Heart failure
157:
155:
154:Complications
151:
148:
144:
140:
139:feeling tired
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
39:
35:
34:Heart failure
31:
24:
19:
11249:
11042:Cardiomegaly
11016:ST elevation
11003:
10989:
10975:
10956:
10860:Ectopic beat
10808:fibrillation
10643:Bifascicular
10517:
10498:
10479:
10455:
10425:
10411:
10404:Endocarditis
10343:Hypertrophic
10277:Constrictive
10263:Pericarditis
10221:
10209:
10192:
10167:
10040:
9964:
9947:
9936:
9912:
9901:
9886:
9867:
9813:
9809:
9782:
9778:
9745:
9724:
9703:
9682:
9661:
9640:
9619:
9595:. Retrieved
9581:
9562:
9539:
9504:
9500:
9490:
9455:
9451:
9441:
9406:
9402:
9392:
9381:. Retrieved
9379:. 2020-03-18
9376:
9367:
9332:
9328:
9318:
9307:. Retrieved
9287:
9283:
9273:
9238:
9234:
9224:
9200:(5): 533–8.
9197:
9193:
9183:
9159:(2): 260–6.
9156:
9152:
9142:
9107:
9103:
9093:
9056:
9052:
9042:
9005:
9001:
8991:
8961:(1): 16–26.
8958:
8954:
8948:
8940:
8918:
8914:
8904:
8877:
8873:
8863:
8844:
8808:
8804:
8797:
8762:
8758:
8748:
8703:
8699:
8689:
8656:
8652:
8608:
8604:
8594:
8561:
8557:
8551:
8518:
8514:
8508:
8473:
8469:
8459:
8439:
8432:
8412:
8405:
8393:. Retrieved
8388:
8384:
8374:
8341:
8337:
8330:
8303:
8299:
8289:
8262:
8258:
8248:
8213:
8209:
8199:
8164:
8160:
8150:
8123:
8119:
8109:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8033:
8029:
8023:
7996:
7992:
7982:
7949:
7945:
7938:
7911:
7907:
7897:
7862:
7858:
7810:
7806:
7796:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7706:. Retrieved
7697:
7687:
7652:
7648:
7638:
7605:
7601:
7591:
7564:
7560:
7550:
7505:
7501:
7491:
7479:. Retrieved
7470:
7460:
7425:
7421:
7411:
7384:
7380:
7370:
7335:
7331:
7321:
7296:
7290:
7245:
7241:
7231:
7221:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7120:
7116:
7106:
7071:
7065:
7055:
7020:
7016:
7006:
6971:
6967:
6957:
6922:
6912:
6889:
6856:
6852:
6845:
6823:(1): 50–63.
6820:
6816:
6810:
6800:
6748:
6744:
6734:
6722:. Retrieved
6718:the original
6713:
6704:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6650:
6627:. Retrieved
6618:
6596:
6588:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6549:. Retrieved
6540:
6497:
6493:
6453:
6447:
6428:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6354:
6350:
6298:
6294:
6284:
6259:
6255:
6245:
6208:
6204:
6194:
6174:
6167:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6113:
6092:. Retrieved
6083:
6035:
6031:
6021:
5999:(4): 170–5.
5996:
5992:
5954:
5950:
5940:
5908:(2): 77–86.
5905:
5901:
5891:
5872:
5822:
5818:
5714:
5710:
5700:
5670:(5): 481–7.
5667:
5663:
5657:
5627:(1): 83–91.
5624:
5620:
5614:
5587:
5583:
5573:
5548:
5542:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5482:
5478:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5349:
5345:
5339:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5255:
5251:
5241:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5021:(2): 260–9.
5018:
5014:
5008:
4981:
4977:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4902:. Retrieved
4895:the original
4890:
4878:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4804:
4800:
4753:
4749:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4609:
4605:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4522:
4518:
4491:
4472:
4466:
4433:
4430:Diabetologia
4429:
4423:
4396:
4392:
4353:
4346:
4334:. Retrieved
4325:
4315:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4198:. Retrieved
4193:
4184:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4133:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4036:
3979:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3873:
3869:
3812:
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3775:
3765:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3689:
3685:
3619:
3615:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3542:
3497:. Retrieved
3488:
3479:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3416:. Retrieved
3407:
3398:
3371:
3367:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3280:
3276:
3236:
3232:
3186:
3182:
3143:. Retrieved
3134:
3090:
3045:
3041:
3016:. Retrieved
3007:
2983:. Retrieved
2974:
2945:
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2915:
2859:
2850:
2830:
2823:
2803:
2796:
2777:
2737:neighborhood
2734:
2714:
2710:
2691:
2688:Epidemiology
2674:Killip class
2652:
2638:
2634:pericarditis
2605:fibrillation
2595:, including
2590:
2576:
2572:heart blocks
2568:
2551:
2541:
2521:
2517:ST elevation
2510:
2506:
2493:hypertension
2485:tenecteplase
2465:
2462:Thrombolysis
2456:Fibrinolysis
2419:
2412:
2391:
2383:eptifibatide
2359:loading dose
2339:loading dose
2329:
2289:
2264:thrombolysis
2260:
2242:
2219:
2200:
2190:
2168:
2148:Beta blocker
2146:
2135:
2128:
2092:
2076:
2070:
2050:
2039:
2006:rapeseed oil
1995:
1984:
1963:
1898:rib fracture
1859:
1812:
1754:
1726:chest X-rays
1723:
1693:ST elevation
1674:
1668:
1632:
1616:
1556:ST elevation
1553:
1491:
1451:
1428:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1392:mitochondria
1362:
1351:Tissue death
1317:
1314:Other causes
1269:
1257:
1208:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1162:
1156:
1134:
1128:
1117:
1102:
961:
958:chromosome 9
952:
944:
920:
896:
850:, and total
837:
834:Risk factors
793:
784:palpitations
768:sudden death
732:palpitations
725:
682:
670:
643:
635:
590:
552:) caused by
543:
528:
499:
496:thrombolysis
465:
453:ST elevation
444:
432:
378:
335:
323:heart muscle
303:heart attack
302:
298:
294:
292:
248:thrombolysis
193:Risk factors
38:
18:
11240:Hemorrhagic
10908:Romano–Ward
10875:Parasystole
10774:Ventricular
10726:Ventricular
10665:Tachycardia
10582:Heart block
10564:Bradycardia
10390:Endocardium
10353:Restrictive
10314:Myocarditis
10255:Pericardium
10041:MedlinePlus
9938:MedlinePlus
9779:Circulation
9507:(1): 91–3.
9104:Circulation
8915:Circulation
8874:Circulation
8120:Circulation
8079:(1): 41–8.
7561:Circulation
7481:11 December
7263:10871/19152
6351:Circulation
5388:: 352–358.
5215:1874/340787
4142:Morrow 2016
4111:(1): 83–9.
4016:Morrow 2016
3929:Morrow 2016
3870:Circulation
3805:Dwight 2016
3727:Circulation
3686:Circulation
3418:24 February
3233:Circulation
3145:24 February
3018:24 February
2985:24 February
2926:23 February
2741:immigration
2655:hemodynamic
2609:heart block
2450:clopidogrel
2394:clopidogrel
2347:clopidogrel
2296:vasodilator
2160:heart block
2125:Medications
2111:cholesterol
2109:and low in
1804:rubidium-82
1792:tetrofosmin
1769:radioactive
1748:(including
1687:, or a new
1439:heart block
1407:endocardium
1396:Na/K ATPase
1284:macrophages
1272:cholesterol
1189:vaccination
1185:antibiotics
901:(including
890:, and high
872:alcohol use
852:cholesterol
534:Terminology
516:angioplasty
52:Other names
11313:Acute pain
11287:Categories
11224:Infarction
11178:infarction
10806:Flutter /
10769:Junctional
10704:Junctional
10697:Multifocal
10670:paroxysmal
10586:Sinoatrial
10555:arrhythmia
10550:Conduction
10306:Myocardium
9966:Patient UK
9914:DiseasesDB
9383:2021-04-09
9309:2023-11-16
9008:(1): 705.
7774:: 114–21.
7602:The Lancet
7563:(Review).
7471:TheNNT.com
6898:. London:
6141:(Review).
4904:2015-03-05
4891:health.gov
3489:NHLBI, NIH
3445:(1): 202.
2889:References
2862:common law
2806:immigrants
2784:prevalence
2678:creatinine
2355:ticagrelor
2251:Management
2210:eplerenone
2156:carvedilol
2152:metoprolol
2067:Medication
1960:Prevention
1862:chest pain
1788:MIBI scans
1760:ultrasound
1677:ST segment
1663:ST segment
1619:biomarkers
1541:See also:
1509:ST segment
1494:biomarkers
1415:transmural
1369:infarction
1292:foam cells
1264:blood clot
1161:including
1159:infections
1109:Shift work
1089:See also:
1035:MNF1ASM283
935:Trans fats
911:job stress
810:and after
736:heart rate
645:Chest pain
578:biomarkers
574:blood test
570:cell death
566:infarction
550:myocardium
546:infarction
350:cold sweat
319:infarction
317:, causing
255:Medication
135:cold sweat
111:Chest pain
95:Cardiology
11246:Location
11193:Location
11174:Ischaemia
11065:Pulmonary
10848:Pacemaker
10519:pulmonary
10500:tricuspid
10336:Alcoholic
10001:UA/NSTEMI
9957:emerg/327
9949:eMedicine
9838:232141652
9597:April 22,
8391:(Suppl 1)
8036:: j3237.
7813:: g6269.
7622:0140-6736
7168:: 68–75.
6472:923181481
5258:: j1909.
5176:205040478
5103:: e4800.
4846:: h3978.
4322:"Dyspnea"
4055:923181481
3998:923181481
2792:mortality
2788:morbidity
2769:education
2565:Prognosis
2477:reteplase
2401:Angiogram
2387:tirofiban
2351:prasugrel
2316:mortality
2245:mortality
2233:First aid
2196:ezetimibe
2105:, low in
2002:olive oil
1981:Lifestyle
1930:heartburn
1894:pneumonia
1784:sestamibi
1740:testing.
1639:myoglobin
1623:Troponins
1526:angiogram
1457:Diagnosis
1400:apoptosis
1339:(PCI) or
1225:Mechanism
1169:influenza
1150:(but not
746:from the
697:dizziness
331:heartburn
284:Frequency
275:Prognosis
240:Treatment
127:dizziness
90:Specialty
11272:Gangrene
11186:Ischemia
10931:Asystole
10831:Familial
10525:stenosis
10506:stenosis
10487:stenosis
10468:stenosis
10463:prolapse
10185:Sequelae
10088:Ischemia
10027:Archived
10015:Archived
10004:Archived
9960:ped/2520
9954:med/1567
9830:33677098
9801:26490017
9591:Archived
9570:Archived
9547:Archived
9531:11410572
9482:31476920
9433:20388895
9359:32459344
9304:17227980
9265:25418513
9216:18621776
9175:26585783
9134:26369354
9085:11413176
9034:25011538
8983:27117207
8975:18083949
8937:25520374
8896:22215894
8825:16698331
8789:17032691
8740:10268606
8732:12441900
8700:Medicine
8681:20779415
8673:28238152
8635:34741536
8586:25806176
8578:20168196
8535:28988654
8500:29799995
8358:29599378
8322:29355510
8281:28844200
8240:27991651
8191:25208209
8142:26472989
8101:21955018
8093:23165072
8058:46847680
8050:28729460
8015:20802248
7966:28778541
7930:24902975
7889:24972265
7837:25954988
7788:27264228
7753:23759756
7745:27714584
7702:Archived
7679:20530163
7630:27502078
7583:26472854
7542:26891235
7502:PLOS ONE
7475:Archived
7452:31845756
7403:24927909
7362:25467565
7313:19821384
7282:25503364
7190:30838065
7182:23851166
7147:28350632
7139:23610452
7098:24074752
7047:19482214
6998:23440795
6949:21249647
6904:Archived
6881:17366251
6873:24217421
6837:24993125
6775:27686519
6696:16199332
6623:Archived
6580:20542817
6545:Archived
6516:32860058
6409:24731654
6373:25249585
6325:29127948
6276:28418520
6237:30165617
6159:24188218
6088:Archived
6062:21169398
6013:16009313
5973:26705388
5932:20065951
5847:33523662
5839:27502078
5733:28158518
5684:17934354
5641:21069462
5606:21145688
5565:24485156
5534:23016720
5499:23030426
5461:51705159
5453:30029319
5410:52282745
5402:30223374
5366:22337682
5331:27025928
5282:28487435
5233:26310586
5168:18971502
5127:22835925
5078:43626425
5070:19500492
5035:16860887
5000:22129254
4954:22041278
4870:26268692
4821:24723079
4780:32827219
4728:27925226
4720:22473079
4685:22818936
4636:22981903
4582:16697342
4541:22555213
4458:12567614
4450:14963648
4415:19004841
4369:Archived
4330:Archived
4307:12122387
4272:16027643
4237:22000678
4200:July 20,
4176:18071161
4125:17208083
4090:27475013
3892:22923432
3780:Archived
3757:24573351
3708:23247304
3646:18707987
3594:21873419
3499:10 April
3493:Archived
3471:18279535
3412:Archived
3390:21497307
3342:22000678
3307:27733282
3255:20956226
3205:22922416
3139:Archived
3109:Archived
3072:25453985
3012:Archived
2979:Archived
2815:literacy
2811:language
2667:systolic
2413:Primary
2381:such as
2379:receptor
2363:Heparins
2345:such as
2304:morphine
2142:warfarin
2027:Vitamins
2000:such as
1942:allergic
1924:causing
1882:ischemia
1806:. These
1796:PET scan
1780:thallium
1776:CT-scans
1738:Troponin
1643:Copeptin
1468:Criteria
1377:collagen
1373:necrosis
1200:CT scans
1091:Overwork
941:Genetics
689:fainting
685:sweating
582:troponin
554:ischemia
457:troponin
393:diabetes
206:diabetes
184:Usually
123:vomiting
106:Symptoms
82:thrombus
10331:Dilated
10273:Chronic
10081:(heart)
9908:D009203
9610:Sources
9522:1729795
9473:6755831
9424:3020978
9350:7254448
9256:4558355
9125:5097251
9076:1731938
9025:4227052
8780:1661748
8626:8571912
8543:4277993
8491:6145720
8395:28 July
8366:4472549
8231:6463792
8182:6823254
7974:4489347
7880:6769062
7828:4208629
7670:2900327
7533:4758660
7510:Bibcode
7443:6915833
7353:4386690
7273:7087435
7089:4781046
7038:2715005
6989:6481400
6940:4160097
6766:5256393
6316:5710293
6053:3064294
5923:2813241
5692:8734056
5649:8714058
5433:Bibcode
5322:4940126
5273:5423546
5224:6494192
5118:3406223
4945:3246046
4861:4532752
4771:8092457
4676:3645500
4627:3486012
4194:CDC.gov
3748:4181601
3637:1931354
3462:2374627
3298:5055577
3063:4336825
2866:disease
2773:poverty
2489:strokes
2446:aspirin
2331:Aspirin
2137:Aspirin
2078:Aspirin
2072:Statins
2055:,
2035:sterols
2031:stanols
2019:legumes
1794:; or a
1712:Imaging
1685:Q waves
1681:T waves
1530:autopsy
1517:Q waves
1095:Karoshi
1051:ADAMTS7
1007:MTHFDSL
995:PHACTR1
868:obesity
840:smoking
804:elderly
800:autopsy
790:Absence
711:of the
693:fatigue
662:sternum
650:abdomen
524:statins
508:heparin
492:stented
476:opioids
468:Aspirin
425:cocaine
401:obesity
389:smoking
313:of the
268:heparin
260:Aspirin
214:obesity
202:smoking
11260:Spleen
11235:Anemic
11231:Types
11011:J wave
10764:Atrial
10692:Atrial
10481:aortic
10457:mitral
10449:Valves
10395:valves
10247:Layers
10116:(SCAD)
9989:Curlie
9943:000195
9836:
9828:
9799:
9753:
9732:
9711:
9690:
9669:
9648:
9627:
9529:
9519:
9480:
9470:
9431:
9421:
9357:
9347:
9302:
9263:
9253:
9214:
9173:
9132:
9122:
9083:
9073:
9032:
9022:
8981:
8973:
8935:
8894:
8851:
8823:
8787:
8777:
8738:
8730:
8679:
8671:
8633:
8623:
8584:
8576:
8541:
8533:
8498:
8488:
8447:
8420:
8364:
8356:
8320:
8279:
8238:
8228:
8189:
8179:
8140:
8099:
8091:
8056:
8048:
8013:
7972:
7964:
7946:Lancet
7928:
7887:
7877:
7835:
7825:
7786:
7751:
7743:
7708:24 May
7677:
7667:
7628:
7620:
7581:
7540:
7530:
7450:
7440:
7401:
7360:
7350:
7332:Lancet
7311:
7280:
7270:
7188:
7180:
7145:
7137:
7096:
7086:
7045:
7035:
7017:Lancet
6996:
6986:
6947:
6937:
6879:
6871:
6835:
6773:
6763:
6724:6 June
6694:
6657:
6629:27 May
6578:
6551:24 May
6514:
6470:
6460:
6435:
6407:
6371:
6323:
6313:
6274:
6235:
6182:
6157:
6120:
6094:24 May
6060:
6050:
6011:
5971:
5930:
5920:
5879:
5845:
5837:
5819:Lancet
5731:
5690:
5682:
5647:
5639:
5604:
5563:
5532:
5497:
5459:
5451:
5408:
5400:
5364:
5329:
5319:
5280:
5270:
5231:
5221:
5174:
5166:
5125:
5115:
5076:
5068:
5033:
4998:
4952:
4942:
4868:
4858:
4819:
4778:
4768:
4726:
4718:
4683:
4673:
4655:Lancet
4634:
4624:
4606:Lancet
4580:
4539:
4479:
4456:
4448:
4413:
4361:
4336:24 May
4305:
4270:
4235:
4174:
4123:
4088:
4053:
4043:
3996:
3986:
3890:
3755:
3745:
3706:
3644:
3634:
3616:Lancet
3592:
3549:
3469:
3459:
3388:
3340:
3305:
3295:
3277:Lancet
3253:
3203:
3101:
3070:
3060:
2870:injury
2696:. The
2613:Stroke
2483:, and
2300:opioid
2192:Statin
1946:asthma
1920:, and
1878:angina
1798:using
1778:using
1702:atrial
1683:, new
1582:stents
1528:or at
1384:oxygen
1260:artery
1177:, and
1146:, and
1097:, and
1071:SLC5A3
1043:HHIPC1
1039:COL4A1
1015:CDKN2A
1011:ZC3HC1
886:, low
870:, and
822:, and
766:, and
709:output
504:NSTEMI
451:), if
356:, and
342:nausea
181:Causes
119:nausea
74:plaque
11255:Brain
11250:Heart
11202:Heart
11197:Brain
11098:Other
11082:Right
11060:Right
10674:sinus
10623:Right
10373:Viral
10268:Acute
10222:weeks
10193:hours
10105:(CAD)
10012:STEMI
9834:S2CID
9501:Heart
8979:S2CID
8955:Heart
8736:S2CID
8677:S2CID
8582:S2CID
8539:S2CID
8362:S2CID
8338:Heart
8097:S2CID
8075:. 1.
8054:S2CID
7970:S2CID
7749:S2CID
7186:S2CID
7143:S2CID
6877:S2CID
6745:Heart
5843:S2CID
5688:S2CID
5645:S2CID
5457:S2CID
5406:S2CID
5172:S2CID
5074:S2CID
4898:(PDF)
4887:(PDF)
4724:S2CID
4454:S2CID
3786:1 May
3112:(PDF)
3095:(PDF)
2717:India
2672:, or
2648:clots
2617:clots
2503:Other
2436:, or
2333:, an
2298:, or
2280:GRACE
2216:Other
2017:, or
2015:seeds
1874:aorta
1866:lungs
1790:) or
1773:SPECT
1758:, an
1635:CK-MB
1590:(PCI)
1537:Types
1331:, or
1152:ozone
1085:Other
1079:KCNE2
1075:MRPS6
1047:SMAD3
1031:APOA5
1027:PDGF0
1003:TCF21
987:WDR12
979:SORT1
975:PCSK9
966:locus
828:donor
760:brain
679:Other
494:, or
449:STEMI
364:, an
315:heart
11265:Limb
11176:and
11077:Left
11055:Left
10672:and
10628:Left
10210:days
10010:and
9919:8664
9903:MeSH
9892:9-CM
9826:PMID
9797:PMID
9751:ISBN
9730:ISBN
9709:ISBN
9688:ISBN
9667:ISBN
9646:ISBN
9625:ISBN
9599:2007
9527:PMID
9478:PMID
9429:PMID
9403:JAMA
9355:PMID
9300:PMID
9284:JAMA
9261:PMID
9212:PMID
9171:PMID
9130:PMID
9081:PMID
9030:PMID
8971:PMID
8933:PMID
8892:PMID
8849:ISBN
8821:PMID
8785:PMID
8728:PMID
8669:PMID
8631:PMID
8609:2021
8574:PMID
8531:PMID
8496:PMID
8445:ISBN
8418:ISBN
8397:2020
8354:PMID
8318:PMID
8277:PMID
8236:PMID
8214:2016
8187:PMID
8165:2014
8138:PMID
8089:PMID
8046:PMID
8011:PMID
7962:PMID
7926:PMID
7885:PMID
7833:PMID
7784:PMID
7741:PMID
7710:2017
7675:PMID
7649:CMAJ
7626:PMID
7618:ISSN
7579:PMID
7538:PMID
7483:2015
7448:PMID
7399:PMID
7358:PMID
7309:PMID
7278:PMID
7246:2021
7178:PMID
7135:PMID
7094:PMID
7043:PMID
6994:PMID
6945:PMID
6869:PMID
6833:PMID
6771:PMID
6726:2017
6692:PMID
6655:ISBN
6631:2017
6576:PMID
6553:2017
6512:PMID
6468:OCLC
6458:ISBN
6433:ISBN
6405:PMID
6369:PMID
6321:PMID
6295:JAMA
6272:PMID
6233:PMID
6180:ISBN
6155:PMID
6118:ISBN
6096:2017
6058:PMID
6009:PMID
5969:PMID
5928:PMID
5877:ISBN
5835:PMID
5729:PMID
5680:PMID
5637:PMID
5602:PMID
5561:PMID
5530:PMID
5495:PMID
5449:PMID
5398:PMID
5362:PMID
5346:JAMA
5327:PMID
5278:PMID
5229:PMID
5199:2015
5164:PMID
5123:PMID
5066:PMID
5031:PMID
4996:PMID
4950:PMID
4866:PMID
4817:PMID
4776:PMID
4754:2020
4716:PMID
4681:PMID
4632:PMID
4578:PMID
4537:PMID
4477:ISBN
4446:PMID
4411:PMID
4359:ISBN
4338:2017
4303:PMID
4268:PMID
4233:PMID
4202:2021
4172:PMID
4121:PMID
4086:PMID
4051:OCLC
4041:ISBN
3994:OCLC
3984:ISBN
3888:PMID
3788:2017
3776:HCUP
3753:PMID
3704:PMID
3642:PMID
3590:PMID
3547:ISBN
3501:2017
3467:PMID
3420:2015
3386:PMID
3338:PMID
3303:PMID
3251:PMID
3201:PMID
3147:2015
3099:ISBN
3068:PMID
3020:2015
2987:2015
2928:2015
2837:risk
2813:and
2790:and
2765:race
2607:and
2603:and
2353:and
2294:, a
2286:Pain
2278:and
2276:TIMI
2103:diet
2011:nuts
2004:and
1952:and
1736:and
1600:CABG
1484:and
1482:left
1380:scar
1294:. A
1067:LDLR
1063:SNF8
1059:SMG6
1055:RAS1
991:MRAS
983:MIA3
917:Diet
854:and
778:and
776:coma
762:and
640:Pain
576:for
522:and
348:, a
171:coma
9987:at
9897:410
9888:ICD
9882:I22
9878:I21
9869:ICD
9818:doi
9787:doi
9783:133
9517:PMC
9509:doi
9468:PMC
9460:doi
9419:PMC
9411:doi
9407:303
9377:KFF
9345:PMC
9337:doi
9292:doi
9288:297
9251:PMC
9243:doi
9202:doi
9161:doi
9120:PMC
9112:doi
9108:132
9071:PMC
9061:doi
9020:PMC
9010:doi
8963:doi
8923:doi
8919:131
8882:doi
8878:125
8813:doi
8775:PMC
8767:doi
8763:333
8759:BMJ
8718:hdl
8708:doi
8661:doi
8621:PMC
8613:doi
8566:doi
8523:doi
8486:PMC
8478:doi
8474:178
8346:doi
8342:104
8308:doi
8304:131
8267:doi
8263:377
8226:PMC
8218:doi
8177:PMC
8169:doi
8128:doi
8124:132
8081:doi
8038:doi
8034:358
8030:BMJ
8001:doi
7954:doi
7950:390
7916:doi
7912:114
7875:PMC
7867:doi
7823:PMC
7815:doi
7811:349
7807:BMJ
7776:doi
7772:176
7733:doi
7665:PMC
7657:doi
7653:182
7610:doi
7606:389
7569:doi
7565:132
7528:PMC
7518:doi
7438:PMC
7430:doi
7389:doi
7385:127
7348:PMC
7340:doi
7336:385
7301:doi
7268:PMC
7258:hdl
7250:doi
7170:doi
7166:142
7125:doi
7084:PMC
7076:doi
7033:PMC
7025:doi
7021:373
6984:PMC
6976:doi
6935:PMC
6927:doi
6861:doi
6857:159
6825:doi
6761:PMC
6753:doi
6749:102
6684:doi
6502:doi
6397:doi
6393:113
6359:doi
6355:130
6311:PMC
6303:doi
6299:318
6264:doi
6260:166
6223:hdl
6213:doi
6147:doi
6048:PMC
6040:doi
6036:300
6001:doi
5959:doi
5918:PMC
5910:doi
5827:doi
5823:389
5719:doi
5672:doi
5629:doi
5592:doi
5553:doi
5522:doi
5487:doi
5441:doi
5429:241
5390:doi
5386:271
5354:doi
5350:307
5317:PMC
5309:doi
5268:PMC
5260:doi
5256:357
5252:BMJ
5219:PMC
5211:hdl
5203:doi
5154:doi
5150:359
5113:PMC
5105:doi
5101:345
5097:BMJ
5058:doi
5023:doi
5019:117
4986:doi
4982:365
4940:PMC
4932:doi
4856:PMC
4848:doi
4844:351
4840:BMJ
4809:doi
4805:160
4766:PMC
4758:doi
4708:doi
4671:PMC
4663:doi
4659:380
4622:PMC
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