419:(CPM), with an exchange of letters showing that the latter misunderstood the repressions to be greenlit by the former. The CPY struggled in these earlier years to assert itself over the affairs of the CPM, which was subject to considerable factionalism at the time. To make matters worse, the CPY's former representative in Macedonia with considerable understanding of the regional situation,
495:
Additionally, some 100,000 people were imprisoned in the post-1944 period for violations of the law for the "protection of
Macedonian national honor," and some 1,260 Bulgarian sympathizers were allegedly killed. (Troebst, 1997: 248-50, 255-57; 1994: 116-22; Poulton, 2000: 118-19). For more see:
356:
identity. The number of dead "traitors" and "collaborators" due to organized killings of
Bulgarians during Bloody Christmas and afterwards is unclear, but some sources put the number of victims at 1,200. The idea was to weaken the Bulgarian intelligentsia in Macedonia, to eradicate the Bulgarian
302:
from 7 to 9 January 1945. Thousands of others who retained their pro-Bulgarian sympathies or views, suffered severe repression as a result. However many people accused of pro-Bulgarian orientation, (in most cases they were pro-Independence and anti-Yugoslav), were also arrested, sentenced on
388:
provided victims for the campaign. In several cities in Vardar
Macedonia which were set up people's courts, issuing death sentences over citizens charged of "great-Bulgarian chauvinism". In
221:
365:, which legalized the persecution of people who openly expressed Bulgarian self-identification. Special courts were also set up to protect Macedonia's national honour.
840:
528:
The most poignant example of
Communist Party of Macedonia excess was Bloody Christmas: a series of pro-Bulgarian Macedonian purges that started in January 1945.
189:
920:
870:
214:
850:
451:
362:
111:
48:
314:, briefly annexed to Bulgaria during the war, were persecuted using charges of "great-Bulgarian chauvinism". This chapter of Macedonian history was a
184:
895:
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or went missing. As a result of the purge, up to 100,000 people were deported, displaced, imprisoned, persecuted or sent to concentration camps in
207:
174:
169:
179:
194:
752:
860:
58:
318:
subject for conversation until the late 1980s, and, as a result, decades of official silence created a reaction in the form of numerous
915:
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and other villages, more
Bulgarians were executed. Most of the bodies were disposed of in Lake Prespa. Nearly all inhabited places in
352:, accusations surfaced that new authorities were involved in retribution against people who did not support the formation of the new
885:
875:
762:
890:
530:
For more see: James
Horncastle, The Macedonian Slavs in the Greek Civil War, 1944–1949, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019,
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53:
835:
609:
Thinking About
Yugoslavia: Scholarly Debates About the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo
136:
498:
Collective Memory, National
Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question
396:
in the same period, seven
Bulgarians were sentenced to death. Ten Bulgarians were sentenced to death in
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28:
845:
291:
121:
392:. in 1945 alone, 18 trials were held with 226 defendants, 22 of whom were sentenced to death. In
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708:. Sofia: (in Bulgarian) St. Kliment Ohridski University Publishing House. Chapters 25 and 26
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Essence of
Political Manipulation: Emotion, Institutions, and Greek Foreign Policy
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Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996
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816:
693:. (in Bulgarian) Sofia:St. Kliment Ohridski University Publishing House. pp.80-82
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self-identification of parts of the population, and to speed-up the process of
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Macedonianism and Macedonia's Resistance Against It Kosta Tsarnushanov
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The Macedonian Question and the Bulgarian-Yugoslav Relations 1944-1949
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The New National Liberation Struggle in Vardar Macedonia 1944-1991
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According to Bulgarian sources, between 1945 and 1947 over 4,700
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739:
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Macedonia and Macedonian Affairs
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During the terror of January 1945, on the road between
822:. Estimates, calculations, and sources by R.J. Rummel.
796:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p.227.
754:
The Macedonian Slavs in the Greek Civil War, 1944–1949
611:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p.281.
415:(CPY) expressed discontent with these actions of the
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Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honour
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for the protection of the Macedonian national honour
290:) was a campaign in which several hundred people of
794:State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples
649:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992
549:Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia
337:sentiments of parts of the local population, the
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294:descent were killed as collaborationists by the
841:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
721:. Sofia: Galik Publishing House. pp.179-201.
670:Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans
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921:Yugoslav Partisan war crimes in World War II
871:Political repression in Communist Yugoslavia
783:. Sofia:Macedonian Scientific Institute. p.3
851:1945 in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia
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500:. Westport: Connecticut: Praeger. p.104.
896:Aftermath of World War II in Yugoslavia
361:. At the end of 1944, a law was passed
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303:fabricated charges and imprisoned.
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751:Horncastle, James (3 June 2019).
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627:Zahariadis, Mickolaos (2005)
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298:communist authorities in the
757:. Rowman & Littlefield.
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571:. C. Hurst & Co. p.118.
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719:Macedonian Bloody Christmas
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891:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
817:Statistics of Yugoslavia's
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647:Djokić, Dejan (2003).
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376:, and on the hills of
44:Bleiburg repatriations
856:Macedonian Bulgarians
591:. Peter Lang. p.84/
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567:Poulton, Hugh (2000)
472:Gotse Delchev Brigade
462:Macedonian Bulgarians
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673:. I.B. Tauris. p.40
631:. Peter Lang. p.85.
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49:Expulsion of Germans
483:Informational notes
21:Part of a series on
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268:Bulgarian
262:) or the
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296:Yugoslav
185:Knićanin
160:Sterntal
127:Pečovnik
112:Hrastnik
702:(1992)
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404:. In
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82:Foibe
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