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327:. The researchers tested DNA samples from four men descended from Charles Swearingen, Marmaduke's brother, and six who are descended from Blue Jacket's son George Blue-Jacket. The DNA from the two families did not match, and so the study concluded that, "Barring any questions of the paternity of the Chief's single son who lived to produce male heirs, the 'Blue Jacket with-Caucasian-roots' is not based on reality."
261:, was the crowning achievement of Blue Jacket's military career and the most severe defeat ever inflicted upon the United States by Native Americans. Traditional accounts of the battle tend to give most of the credit for the victory to Little Turtle. John Sugden argues that Little Turtle's prominence is primarily because of Little Turtle's self-promotion in later years.
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238:(allied with the British), always attempting to maintain Shawnee land rights. With the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War, the Shawnee lost valuable assistance in defending the Ohio Country. The struggle continued as white settlement in Ohio escalated, and Blue Jacket was a prominent leader of the resistance. He was present during the 1790
315:
Beginning with historian Helen
Hornbeck Tanner in 1978, a number of historians have argued that Blue Jacket and Van Swearingen were not likely to be the same person. The historical record indicates that Blue Jacket was much older than Marmaduke Van Swearingen and was already an established chief by
299:
In 1877, decades after Blue Jacket's death, a story was published which claimed that Blue Jacket had actually been a white man named
Marmaduke Van Swearingen who had been captured and adopted by Shawnees in the 1770s, around the time of the American Revolutionary War. This story was popularized in
322:
of the descendants of Blue Jacket and Van
Swearingen has given additional support to the argument that Blue Jacket was not Van Swearingen. After an initial test in 2000, results of a DNA test using updated equipment and techniques was published in the September 2006 edition of
316:
the time Van
Swearingen was supposedly captured. Furthermore, no one who personally knew Blue Jacket left any records referring to him as a white man. According to Blue Jacket biographer John Sugden, Blue Jacket was undoubtedly a Shawnee by birth.
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Little is known of Blue Jacket's early life. He first appears in written historical records in 1773, when he was already a grown man and a war chief. In that year, a
British missionary visited the Shawnee villages on the
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Blue Jacket's triumph was short-lived. The
Americans were alarmed by St. Clair's disaster and raised a new professional army, commanded by General
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fought several battles with the nascent United States, he was an important predecessor of the famous
Shawnee leader
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Catalano, Joshua. “Blue Jacket, Anthony Wayne, and the
Psychological and Symbolic War for Ohio, 1790–1795.”
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291:, who would take up the banner and make the final attempts to reclaim Shawnee lands in the Ohio Country.
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On
November 3, 1791, the army of a confederation of Indian tribes, led by Blue Jacket and Miami Chief
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Johnson, Louise F. "Testing
Popular Lore: Marmaduke Swearingen a.k.a. Chief Blue Jacket".
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268:. On August 20, 1794, Blue Jacket's confederate army clashed with Wayne at the
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Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. "The Glaize in 1792: A Composite Indian Community."
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and recorded the location of Blue Jacket's Town on Deer Creek (present-day
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on August 3, 1795, ceding much of present-day Ohio to the United States.
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
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in the late 1960s. An outdoor drama based on the Van Swearingen story,
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276:. Blue Jacket's army was defeated, and he was compelled to sign the
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and may have been one of the leaders who organized the defense.
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people, known for his militant defense of Shawnee lands in the
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312:, beginning in 1981. Performances of the play ended in 2007.
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367:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 113–115.
257:. The engagement, known as the Battle of the Wabash or
181:(c. 1743 – 1810), was a war chief of the
492:C. Rowland, R. Van Trees, M. Taylor, and D. Krane.
494:Was the Shawnee war chief Blue Jacket a Caucasian?
503:The Ohio Journal of Science. 2006;106(4):126–129.
225:
1281:
640:History of Native Americans in the United States
551:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
520:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
590:
1300:Native Americans of the Northwest Indian War
553:, summer 2001. Review of Sugden's biography.
1305:Native Americans in the American Revolution
974:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
597:
583:
433:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1310:Native American people of the Indian Wars
1107:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
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249:, defeated an American expedition led by
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1122:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum
569:National Genealogical Society Quarterly
562:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
1282:
547:"Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees"
450:
636:Native Americans in the United States
578:
283:In 1805, Blue Jacket also signed the
518:Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees
402:The Shawnees and the war for America
394:
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306:Blue Jacket, White Shawnee War Chief
1261:Native American place names in Ohio
474:25, no. 1 (Winter 1978), pp. 15–39.
13:
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995:Prehistoric communities or sites
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113:Defense of Shawnee lands in the
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441:
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226:Struggle for the Old Northwest
1:
571:82 (September 1994): 165–178.
510:
300:historical novels written by
208:
16:17/18th-century Shawnee chief
1092:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)
1007:Archaeological sites in Ohio
272:, just south of present-day
230:Blue Jacket participated in
7:
1320:19th-century Shawnee people
1315:18th-century Shawnee people
1112:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum
814:Two Mile Square Reservation
809:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation
399:Calloway, Colin G. (2007).
330:
325:The Ohio Journal of Science
21:Bluejacket (disambiguation)
10:
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1087:Flint Ridge State Memorial
819:Upper Sandusky Reservation
363:Hogeland, William (2017).
236:American Revolutionary War
138:American Revolutionary War
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189:. Perhaps the preeminent
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1208:Battle of Fallen Timbers
1184:Treaty of Camp Charlotte
1097:Fort Hill State Memorial
799:Blanchard's Fork Reserve
612:Native Americans in Ohio
542:126, no. 1 (2019): 5–34.
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270:Battle of Fallen Timbers
158:Battle of Fallen Timbers
1266:Indian removals in Ohio
1127:SunWatch Indian Village
1117:New Indian Ridge Museum
1066:Thunderbird (mythology)
827:Indian removals in Ohio
285:Treaty of Fort Industry
1202:Siege of Fort Recovery
804:Moravian Indian Grants
1178:Yellow Creek massacre
295:Van Swearingen legend
199:pantribal confederacy
1244:Treaty of St. Mary's
1238:Treaty of Fort Meigs
1232:Treaty of Brownstown
1220:Treaty of Grouseland
1214:Treaty of Greenville
1190:Northwest Indian War
1160:Raid on Pickawillany
1132:Zane Shawnee Caverns
1061:Petroglyphs in Ohio
1017:Petroglyphs in Ohio
962:Glacial Kame culture
943:Prehistoric cultures
907:Historic communities
781:Algonquian languages
344:Biography portal
278:Treaty of Greenville
195:Northwest Indian War
143:Northwest Indian War
19:For other uses, see
979:Monongahela culture
929:Muskingum (village)
791:Former reservations
763:Western Confederacy
628:Northwest Territory
556:Horsman, Reginald.
308:, was performed in
255:Northwest Territory
104:Charles Blue Jacket
1196:St. Clair's defeat
1172:Lord Dunmore's War
1071:Underwater panther
987:(Late Prehistoric)
985:Whittlesey culture
958:(Late Prehistoric)
919:Lenape settlements
620:Prehistory of Ohio
499:2011-03-23 at the
259:St. Clair's defeat
253:, governor of the
232:Lord Dunmore's War
153:St. Clair's defeat
133:Lord Dunmore's War
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1273:
1226:Treaty of Detroit
970:(Middle Woodland)
924:Lower Shawneetown
412:978-0-670-03862-6
220:Ross County, Ohio
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81:Ross County, Ohio
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952:(Early Woodland)
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247:Little Turtle
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1290:1740s births
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1254:Other topics
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956:Fort Ancient
934:Pickawillany
873:Kakowatcheky
867:Joseph Brant
842:
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656:Chalahgawtha
632:Ohio Country
568:
561:
550:
540:Ohio History
539:
517:
488:
483:Sugden, p. 3
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472:Ethnohistory
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461:Sugden, p. 2
447:Sugden, p. 1
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405:. New York.
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274:Toledo, Ohio
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216:Scioto River
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187:Ohio Country
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126:Battles/wars
115:Ohio Country
54:Succeeded by
1295:1810 deaths
1192:(1785–1795)
1150:(1609-1701)
1148:Beaver Wars
1052:(sculpture)
897:Tenskwatawa
843:Blue Jacket
732:Anishinaabe
722:Anishinaabe
672:Erie people
320:DNA testing
310:Xenia, Ohio
175:Blue Jacket
30:Blue Jacket
1284:Categories
1030:Ohio River
1022:Tower Site
744:Piankeshaw
682:Honniasont
511:References
383:2016052193
209:Early life
1050:Birdstone
964:(Archaic)
899:(Shawnee)
893:(Shawnee)
887:(Wyandot)
885:Roundhead
875:(Shawnee)
857:(Shawnee)
855:Cornstalk
845:(Shawnee)
773:Languages
740:(Shawnee)
714:speaking)
708:Mosopelea
704:speaking)
702:Iroquoian
689:(Wyandot)
658:(Shawnee)
429:cite book
421:123119554
110:Known for
96:Relations
1027:See also
968:Hopewell
891:Tecumseh
869:(Mohawk)
861:Egushawa
851:(Lenape)
824:See also
760:See also
676:Iroquois
662:Delaware
497:Archived
331:See also
289:Tecumseh
234:and the
203:Tecumseh
100:Red Pole
59:Tecumseh
1080:Museums
1043:Culture
881:(Miami)
863:(Odawa)
755:Wyandot
750:Shawnee
746:(Miami)
183:Shawnee
91:c. 1810
77:c. 1738
46:Shawnee
1246:(1818)
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1234:(1808)
1228:(1807)
1222:(1805)
1216:(1795)
1210:(1794)
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1186:(1774)
1180:(1774)
1174:(1774)
1168:(1763)
1162:(1752)
1141:Events
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712:Siouan
666:Lenape
524:
419:
409:
381:
371:
48:leader
950:Adena
728:Odawa
698:Mingo
693:Miami
687:Huron
350:Notes
177:, or
522:ISBN
435:link
417:OCLC
407:ISBN
379:LCCN
369:ISBN
88:Died
74:Born
222:).
1286::
1032:–
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23:.
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