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programs are in place in all cotton-growing states to prevent the reintroduction of the pest. These monitoring programs rely on pheromone-baited traps for detection. The boll weevil eradication program, although slow and costly, has paid off for cotton growers in reduced pesticide costs. This program and the
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buds and flowers. Thought to be native to
Central Mexico, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became
609:
made reference to a wide range of animals including on the track, Boll Weevil. Music critic
Michael Sun wrote, "By the time track five, ‘Boll Weevil’, rolls around, there's been enough cameos from birds, spiders, monkeys, fish, frogs, pigs, and beetles to fill a zoo, all referenced without agenda or
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study found that the boll weevil spread between 1892 and 1922 had a beneficial impact on educational outcomes, as children were less likely to work on cultivating cotton. A 2020 NBER paper found that the boll weevil spread contributed to fewer lynchings, less
Confederate monument construction, less
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The program has been successful in eradicating boll weevils from all cotton-growing states with the exception of Texas, and most of this state is free of boll weevils. Problems along the southern border with Mexico have delayed eradication in the extreme southern portions of this state. Follow-up
463:
Although it was possible to control the boll weevil, the necessary insecticide was costly. The goal of many cotton entomologists was to eventually eradicate the pest from U.S. cotton. In 1978, a large-scale test was begun in eastern North
Carolina and in adjacent Southampton County, Virginia, to
331:
in 1909. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the U.S., traveling 40 to 160 miles per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North
America. Since the boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost U.S. cotton producers about $ 13 billion, and in recent
532:
disproportionately because most were directly financially dependent on cotton as a cash crop. Because they were more likely to labor as tenant farmers or sharecroppers on cotton plantations in the
Southern United States - the epicenter of the Boll Weevil infestation, black farmers, suffered
552:. A 2009 study found "that as the weevil traversed the American South , it seriously disrupted local economies, significantly reduced the value of land (at this time still the most important asset in the American South), and triggered substantial intraregional population movements." A 2020
403:
While many control methods have been investigated since the boll weevil entered the United States, insecticides have always remained the main control methods. In the 1980s, entomologists at Texas A&M University pointed to the spread of another invasive pest, the
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determine the feasibility of eradication. Based on the success of this test, area-wide programs were begun in the 1980s to eradicate the insect from whole regions. These are based on cooperative effort by all growers together with the assistance of the
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275:. The pupal stage lasts another 5 to 7 days. The lifecycle from egg to adult spans about three weeks during the summer. Under optimal conditions, 8 to 10 generations per season may occur.
471:
Research methods were developed. The ability to distinguish between individuals which had eaten certain substances and those which had not was needed, to determine effectiveness of the
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During early years of the weevil's presence, growers sought relatively warm soils and early-ripening cultivars. Following World War II, the development of new pesticides such as
388:
enabled U.S. farmers again to grow cotton as an economic crop. DDT was initially extremely effective, but U.S. weevil populations developed resistance by the mid-1950s.
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leaves wounds on the exterior of the flower bud. The eggs hatch in 3 to 5 days within the cotton squares (larger buds before flowering), feed for 8 to 10 days, and then
480:
267:
The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of the cotton plants. The female can lay up to 200 eggs over a 10- to 12-day period. The
606:
681:"Evolution of the Host Plant Associations of the Anthonomus grandis Species Group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Phylogenetic Tests of Various Hypotheses"
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264:. They emerge and enter cotton fields from early spring through midsummer, with peak emergence in late spring, and feed on immature cotton bolls.
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852:"Boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boh. oviposition is decreased in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. lines lower in anther monosaccharides and gossypol"
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and is listed on several "silliest" or "weirdest" mascots of all time. It was also the mascot of a short-lived minor league baseball team, the
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Dickerson, Willard A., et al., Ed. Boll Weevil
Eradication in the United States Through 1999. The Cotton Foundation, Memphis, Tn 2001. 627 pp.
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in 1919, perceiving that their economy had been overly dependent on cotton, and that mixed farming and manufacturing were better alternatives.
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The boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in the
Southern US, including the expansion of
805:"Killing power of the red imported fire ant [Hym.: Formicidae]: a key predator of the boll weevil [Col.: Curculionidae]"
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By 1922 it was taking 8% of the cotton in the country annually. This failure of the south's primary crop became a major impetus for the
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were subsequently used, but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with DDT, and control strategies changed.
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1250:"History of Enterprise". City of Enterprise, Alabama. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
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view of adult; 2) side view of adult; 3) egg; 4) side view of larva; 5) ventral view of pupa; 6) adult, with wings spread
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541:
948:
Hagler, James R.; Jackson, Charles G. (2001). "Methods for
Marking Insects: Current Techniques and Future Prospects".
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Other limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought. The weevil's natural predators include
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Other avenues of control that have been explored include weevil-resistant strains of cotton, the parasitoid wasp
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in 1983. An estimated 90% of the cotton farms in Brazil are now infested. During the 1990s, the weevil spread to
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The boll weevil contributed to
Southern farmers' economic woes during the 1920s, a situation exacerbated by the
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to persist from larval feeding to adulthood, and for females to their eggs, although the resulting first
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286:, crop residues, and snow may enable the beetle to survive when air temperatures drop to these levels.
55:
446:"Beat the boll weevil..." (U.S. Food Administration, Educational div., Advertising section, 1918–1919)
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indicates they cannot survive more than an hour at −15 °C (5 °F). The insulation offered by
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1175:"Long-Run Impacts of Agricultural Shocks on Educational Attainment: Evidence from the Boll Weevil"
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1310:"The Presidents of the United States of America — The Presidents of the United States of America"
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Lange, Fabian, Alan L. Olmstead, and Paul W. Rhode, "The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932",
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Boll weevils begin to die at temperatures at or below −5 °C (23 °F). Research at the
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of the time, although not the only one. Thereby it was one of the factors in the birth of the
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150:
1216:"When Coercive Economies Fail: The Political Economy of the US South After the Boll Weevil"
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of the 1950s are among the biggest and most successful insect control programs in history.
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was thought to present a barrier to the insect's further spread, until it was detected in
8:
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736:"Integrated Pest Management Of The Cotton Boll Weevil In Argentina, Brazil, And Paraguay"
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913:"boll weevil facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about boll weevil"
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897:. Biological Control: a guide to Natural Enemies in North America. Archived from
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On The Shoulders Of Giants : My Journey Through the Harlem Renaissance
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370:(ICAC) has proposed a control program similar to that used in the U.S.
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1328:"10 Weirdest College Mascots - RISD mascot, university mascot - Oddee"
537:, resulted in the abandonment and loss of cropland for black farmers.
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disproportionately. Additionally, Government intervention such as the
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in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions.
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A 1984 paper on the effect of a parasitic wasp on the boll weevil
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Baker, Richard B.; Blanchette, John; Eriksson, Katherine (2020).
598:. It reached #2 on the Billboard chart in 1961 in a recording by
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187:
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Feigenbaum, James J; Mazumder, Soumyajit; Smith, Cory B (2020).
815:(4). BioControl: Volume 28, Number 4 / December, 1983: 339–344.
408:, as a factor in the weevils' population decline in some areas.
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in well-drained areas in or near cotton fields, and farms after
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Lange, Fabian; Olmstead, Alan L.; Rhode, Paul W. (2009-09-01).
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468:(APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
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10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0051:EOTHPA]2.0.CO;2
590:" is a traditional blues song covered by artists including
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293:, other insects, spiders, birds, and a parasitoid wasp,
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KKK activity, and higher non-white voter registration.
226:, a grayish color, and is usually less than 6 mm (
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Fillman, D. A. & Sterling, W. L. (December 1983).
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1262:"The Life and Times of Boll Weevil | Folklife Today"
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631:, which were alternatively called the "Cotton Bugs".
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888:
850:Hedin, Paul A.; McCarty, Jack C. (October 1995).
718:"History of the Boll Weevil in the United States"
475:used. Lindig et al. 1980 studied several dietary
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1416:U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin
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685:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
607:The Presidents of the United States of America
434:cotton is not protected from the boll weevil.
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613:The Bollweevils are a Chicago based punk band
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610:coded meaning — just fun, plain and simple."
487:was too faintly pink to be distinguishable.
1406:Arkansas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation
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1128:"The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932"
856:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
466:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
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999:Mosquito Ecology - Field Sampling Methods
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1384:Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation
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525:materials on the boll weevil's impact.
368:International Cotton Advisory Committee
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623:The boll weevil is the mascot for the
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772:Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach
769:Timothy D. Schowalter (31 May 2011).
714:Economic impacts of the boll weevil:
678:
575:
1259:
895:(Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)"
625:University of Arkansas at Monticello
332:times about $ 300 million per year.
299:. The weevils sometimes emerge from
1420:University of North Texas Libraries
930:Bt susceptibility of insect species
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535:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
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605:In their self-titled debut album,
303:before cotton buds are available.
14:
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1346:"Top 10 Weirdest College Mascots"
1065:"Today in History - December 11"
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655:Black Belt in the American South
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1179:The Journal of Economic History
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775:. Academic Press. p. 482.
548:- including the culture of the
380:Boll Weevil Eradication Program
315:Cotton boll with weevil larvae.
212:Boll Weevil Eradication Program
1260:Hall, Stephanie (2013-12-11).
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716:Mississippi State University.
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968:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.511
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646:, the rhubarb curculio weevil
592:Huddie “Lead Belly” Ledbetter
521:Project contains a number of
239:
679:Jones, Robert (2000-01-21).
458:Eradication map (USDA, 2006)
342:The boll weevil appeared in
222:The adult insect has a long
201:. The boll weevil feeds on
21:Boll weevil (disambiguation)
7:
1373:, 69 (Sept. 2009), 685–718.
1371:Journal of Economic History
951:Annual Review of Entomology
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554:Journal of Economic History
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997:Silver, John, ed. (2008).
564:cropping. The citizens of
502:The boll weevil plaque in
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1653:Beetles described in 1843
1643:Agricultural pest insects
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1412:"The boll-weevil problem"
1192:10.1017/S0022050719000779
1144:10.1017/S0022050709001090
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210:as well. Since 1978, the
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51:Scientific classification
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1418:, (1928). Hosted by the
1222:. Working Paper Series.
1220:Social Science Research
889:Juan A. Morales-Ramos.
319:The insect crossed the
45:Adult on a cotton boll
1431:Boll Weevil in Georgia
1389:Boll weevil life cycle
1350:www.campusexplorer.com
1003:Dordrecht, Netherlands
935:April 9, 2008, at the
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479:as markers. They find
429:Genetically engineered
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280:University of Missouri
253:
1426:Alabama Tourism Board
1009:. pp. xxi+1477.
594:, Buster “Bus” Ezel,
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406:red imported fire ant
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236: in) in length.
1316:. 21 September 2018.
1095:Simon & Schuster
1083:Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem
917:www.encyclopedia.com
650:Female sperm storage
570:Boll Weevil Monument
481:Calco Oil Red N-1700
19:For other uses, see
1422:Digital Collections
1394:Boll weevil biology
868:10.1021/jf00058a035
629:Temple Boll Weevils
566:Enterprise, Alabama
516:Library of Congress
504:Enterprise, Alabama
1668:Insects in culture
1492:Anthonomus grandis
1462:Anthonomus grandis
1436:2011-06-06 at the
1399:2008-08-30 at the
1097:. pp. 1–288.
1039:"Delta Farm Press"
893:Catolaccus grandis
821:10.1007/BF02372186
576:In popular culture
546:Harlem Renaissance
507:
473:active ingredients
427:iridescent virus.
420:Beauveria bassiana
414:Catolaccus grandis
325:Brownsville, Texas
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296:Catolaccus grandis
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206:a serious pest in
183:Anthonomus grandis
160:Anthonomus grandis
1663:Insects of Mexico
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1454:Taxon identifiers
1410:Hunter and Coad,
1104:978-1-4165-3488-4
1087:Obstfeld, Raymond
1016:978-1-4020-6666-5
862:(10): 2735–2739.
782:978-0-12-381351-0
493:screwworm program
352:Amazon Rainforest
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691:(1): 51–58.
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31:Boll weevil
25:
1563:iNaturalist
1486:Wikispecies
1049:2 September
962:: 511–543.
809:Entomophaga
588:Boll Weevil
550:Cotton Club
398:pyrethroids
307:Infestation
284:leaf litter
269:oviposition
218:Description
178:boll weevil
1637:Categories
1295:2021-03-10
1271:2021-03-10
788:8 November
752:2007-02-20
661:References
423:, and the
378:See also:
321:Rio Grande
258:overwinter
240:Life cycle
129:Anthonomus
108:Coleoptera
88:Arthropoda
1332:oddee.com
1290:Billboard
1238:219441177
1201:0022-0507
1160:154646873
1152:1471-6372
1025:233972575
976:0066-4170
876:0021-8561
829:0013-8959
394:malathion
364:Argentina
344:Venezuela
291:fire ants
136:Species:
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
1581:11145102
1524:BugGuide
1500:BioLib:
1471:Wikidata
1434:Archived
1397:Archived
1113:76168045
1089:(2007).
1007:Springer
984:11112178
933:Archived
837:38550501
636:See also
360:Paraguay
348:Colombia
301:diapause
262:diapause
114:Family:
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
1542:5013559
1477:Q217336
1069:loc.gov
374:Control
329:Alabama
231:⁄
194:in the
188:species
186:) is a
167:Boheman
124:Genus:
104:Order:
98:Insecta
94:Class:
1607:617370
1568:199328
1529:230612
1516:169925
1503:297360
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734:ICAC.
618:Sports
562:peanut
510:Impact
485:instar
396:, and
366:. The
356:Brazil
273:pupate
250:Dorsal
203:cotton
196:family
192:beetle
169:, 1843
1576:IRMNG
1234:S2CID
1156:S2CID
958:(1).
833:S2CID
746:(PDF)
739:(PDF)
666:Notes
581:Music
425:Chilo
323:near
224:snout
1620:7044
1615:NCBI
1602:ITIS
1594:5735
1550:GISD
1537:GBIF
1511:BOLD
1197:ISSN
1148:ISSN
1109:OCLC
1099:ISBN
1051:2016
1021:OCLC
1011:ISBN
980:PMID
972:ISSN
872:ISSN
825:ISSN
790:2011
777:ISBN
514:The
477:dyes
362:and
176:The
1589:ISC
1555:549
1224:doi
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386:DDT
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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