445:: the ancient practice of using forked sticks, swinging rods, and pendulums to look for underground water and other materials. These people believe that many types of materials can be located using a variety of dowsing methods. Dowsers claim that the dowsing device will respond to any buried anomalies, and years of practice are needed to use the device with discrimination (the ability to cause the device to respond to only those materials being sought). Modern dowsers have been developing various new methods to add discrimination to their devices. These new methods include molecular frequency discrimination (MFD) and harmonic induction discrimination (HID). MFD has taken the form of everything from placing a xerox copy of a Polaroid photograph of the desired material into the handle of the device, to using dowsing rods in conjunction with frequency generation electronics (function generators).
216:(GC) is often coupled to the detection methods discussed above in order to separate molecules before detection. This not only improves the performance of the detector but also adds another dimension of data, as the time it takes for a molecule to pass through the GC may be used as an indicator of its identity. Unfortunately, GC normally requires bottled gas, which presents logistical issues since bottles would have to be replenished. GC columns operated in the field are prone to degradation from atmospheric gases and oxidation, as well as bleeding of the
28:
1241:
210:(MS), where molecules are ionized and then moved in an electric field in a vacuum, except that IMS operates at atmospheric pressure. The time that it takes for an ion, in IMS, to move a specified distance in an electric field is indicative of that ion's size-to-charge ratio: ions with a larger cross-section will collide with more gas at atmospheric pressure and will, therefore, be slower.
375:
in sensitives superior to those of canines. The detection in this method is performed by passing a liquid or vapor containing the target explosive over the surface of a chip containing tens to hundreds of silicon nanowire sensing elements. Molecules of the explosive material interact with the surface
127:
These dogs are trained by specially trained handlers to identify the scents of several common explosive materials and notify their handler when they detect one of these scents. The dogs indicate a 'hit' by taking an action they are trained to provide — generally a passive response, such as sitting
889:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 1998. Containing the Threat from Illegal Bombings: An Integrated National Strategy for Marking, Tagging, Rendering Inert, and Licensing Explosives and Their Precursors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
420:
publication, "Guide for the
Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems for Law Enforcement Applications (NIJ Guide 100-99)," about the ongoing trend of "bogus" explosives detection equipment being sold to unsuspecting consumers. The report mentions by name the
79:
test kits for explosive detection is one of the most simple methods for officers, and widely used method for the detection of explosives. Colorimetric detection of explosives involves applying a chemical reagent to an unknown material or sample and observing a
104:
which are not nitro based explosives. Since explosives usually contain nitrogen, detection often is based around spotting nitrogenous compounds. As a result, traditional colorimetric tests have a disadvantage: some explosive compounds (such as
322:
use low-energy neutrons to determine the ratios of nitrogen, chlorine, and hydrogen in the chemical species in question and are an effective means of identifying most conventional explosives. Unfortunately, the much smaller thermal
327:
of carbon and oxygen limit the ability of this technique to identify their abundances in the unknown species, and it is partly for this reason that terror organizations have favored nitrogen absent explosives such as
271:
measurements on multiple areas of the suspect material. This has an advantage over olfactory methods in that a sample does not need to be prepared. A patent exists for a portable explosive detector using this method.
84:. Common color reactions are known and indicate to the user if there is an explosive material present and in many cases the group of explosives from which the material is derived. The major groups of explosives are
469:, where they have been reported to have failed to detect bombs that have killed hundreds of people and injured thousands more. Additional names of fake dowsing rod style detectors include ADE101, ADE650,
447:
None of these attempts to create devices that can detect specific materials such as explosives (or any materials for that matter) have been proven successful in controlled double-blind scientific tests.
656:
Ong, Ta-Hsuan; Mendum, Ted; Geurtsen, Geoff; Kelley, Jude; Ostrinskaya, Alla; Kunz, Roderick (2017-06-09). "Use of Mass
Spectrometric Vapor Analysis To Improve Canine Explosive Detection Efficiency".
731:
178:
to monitor the bee for the strategic reaction. Trained bees serve for 2 days, after which they are returned to their hive. This proven system is not yet commercially available. Biotechnology firm
252:
was used frequently in the 1990s, but is less common than the ubiquitous IMS. Several attempts are being made to miniaturize, ruggedize and make MS affordable for field applications; such as an
237:
202:
Several types of machines have been developed to detect trace signatures for various explosive materials. The most common technology for this application, as seen in US airports, is
241:
132:
291:
can detect explosives by looking at the density of the items.. These systems that are furnished with dedicated software, containing an explosives threat library and
865:
754:
701:
946:
1152:
1205:
1093:
139:
404:
is a common taggant as dogs are sensitive to it. In the UK, the relevant legislation is the
Marking of Plastic Explosives for Detection Regulations 1996.
1181:
430:
303:
910:
1019:
389:
739:
295:
coding to assist operators with their dedicated threat resolution protocols. X-ray detection is also used to detect related components such as
1097:
348:), but these modifications require equipment that is prohibitively more complex and expensive, preventing their widespread implementation.
220:. Columns must be very fast, as well, since many of the applications demand that the complete analysis be completed in less than a minute.
336:. Modifications to the experimental protocol can allow for easier identification of carbon and oxygen-based species, (e.g. the use of
1215:
1073:
709:
801:
549:
1245:
1127:
611:
Grandjean, Dominique; Moquet, Nathalie; Pawlowiez, Sandrine; Tourtebatte, Anne-Karen; Jean, Boris; Bacqué, Hélenè (2000),
413:
765:
1128:"Guide for the Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems for Law Enforcement Applications: NIJ Guide 100-99"
32:
1011:
956:
626:
587:
153:
1042:
1166:
1223:
1162:
658:
233:
1191:
417:
17:
1261:
217:
429:
with a freely pivoting radio antenna rod with no functioning internal components. On August 8–9, 2005 the
449:
In fact, all testing of these inventions has shown these devices to perform no better than random chance…
333:
319:
1123:
318:
decay signatures to determine the chemical composition of the sample. The earliest developed forms of
507:
288:
229:
203:
191:
785:
392:
is an international agreement requiring manufacturers of explosives to do this. An example is with
149:
970:
Engel, Yoni; Elnathan, R.; Pevzner, A.; Davidi, G.; Flaxer, E.; Patolsky, F. (10 September 2010).
360:
1106:
314:
Specially designed machines bombard the suspect explosives with neutrons and read the resulting
1210:
85:
376:
of the nanowires and induce a measurable change in the electrical properties of the nanowire.
951:
324:
256:
polymer that fluoresces blue under UV but is colorless when it reacts with nitrogen groups.
124:. While very effective, their usefulness becomes degraded as a dog becomes tired or bored.
876:
337:
165:
8:
580:
502:
1157:
927:
541:
433:
via the United States
Counter-Terrorism Technology Task Force conducted testing on the
299:, but this can be foiled if such devices are hidden inside other electronic equipment.
213:
47:
138:
The explosive detection canine was first used in
Algeria in 1959 under the command of
1092:
993:
905:
846:
838:
797:
683:
675:
632:
622:
593:
583:
555:
545:
487:
344:
to produce detectable gamma rays, as opposed to simple absorption occurring with the
249:
207:
197:
146:
1134:
1079:
931:
818:
1219:
1122:
983:
919:
834:
830:
789:
667:
537:
470:
356:
329:
106:
906:"A review of conventional explosives detection using active neutron interrogation"
1099:
Test Report: The
Detection Capability of the Sniffex handheld Explosives Detector
671:
345:
315:
175:
96:
explosives, as well as inorganic nitrate-based explosives. Other groups include
441:…There is a rather large community of people around the world that believes in
422:
120:
can be used to detect explosives using their noses which are very sensitive to
81:
59:
27:
923:
636:
453:
A number of fake dowsing rod-style detection devices have been widely used in
1255:
1206:"The Worldwide Fake Bomb Detector Scam – Compendium of Arms Trade Corruption"
1047:
870:
842:
759:
735:
679:
559:
284:
268:
117:
89:
275:
Mass spectrometry is seen as the most relevant new spectrometry technique.
1052:
997:
988:
971:
850:
781:
Opportunities to
Improve Airport Passenger Screening with Mass Spectrometry
687:
612:
341:
245:
76:
1024:
597:
527:
306:
substances (X-ray opacifiers) to commercial explosives is also an option.
1182:"From Beirut to Baghdad, 'useless' bomb detectors guard against disaster"
1148:
618:
492:
426:
292:
260:
179:
779:
819:"A review of X-ray explosives detection techniques for checked baggage"
574:
482:
93:
43:
351:
891:
497:
388:
can be added when explosives are made to make detection easier. The
296:
171:
972:"Supersensitive Detection of Explosives by Silicon Nanowire Arrays"
793:
705:
610:
533:
458:
264:
101:
97:
437:
and concluded that "the SNIFFEX handheld detector does not work".
156:(SESI-MS), could support canine training for explosive detection.
135:
in
Washington, D.C. in 1970, by then trainer Charles R. Kirchner.
1186:
462:
442:
434:
385:
253:
51:
1240:
393:
121:
109:) do not contain nitrogen and are therefore harder to detect.
70:
466:
401:
397:
244:(AFP) use molecular recognition to "turn off" or quench the
1075:
The
Marking of Plastic Explosives for Detection Regulations
454:
368:
55:
969:
732:"Glowing spray lets CSI operatives 'dust' for explosives"
372:
364:
655:
182:
claims that bees are more effective than sniffer dogs.
363:
have been demonstrated to detect explosives including
1094:
Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division
131:
The explosive detection canine was originated at the
1124:
US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs
431:
Naval Explosive Ordance Disposal Technical Division
352:
Silicon nanowires for trace detection of explosives
46:process to determine whether a container contains
903:
1253:
911:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
1020:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives
1180:Evans, Dominic; Hameed, Saif (July 26, 2016).
614:Practical Guide for Sporting and Working Dogs
525:
185:
1141:
866:"Analysis: Explosive detection technologies"
816:
1179:
1153:"The Legacy of Fake Bomb Detectors in Iraq"
71:Colorimetrics & automated colorimetrics
50:. Explosive detection is commonly used at
904:Whetstone, Z. D.; Kearfott, K. J. (2014).
473:, XK9, SNIFFEX, HEDD1, AL-6D, H3TEC, PK9.
407:
987:
526:Marshall, Maurice; Oxley, Jimmie (2009).
1216:The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
26:
1147:
976:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
947:"An Ultrasensitive Explosives Detector"
752:
35:officer with an explosive-detection dog
14:
1254:
863:
729:
572:
309:
24:
944:
542:10.1016/B978-0-12-374533-0.X0001-3
238:differential mobility spectrometry
65:
33:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
25:
1273:
1233:
817:Wells, K.; Bradley, D.A. (2012).
379:
278:
259:One technique compares reflected
206:(IMS). This method is similar to
154:secondary electrospray ionization
1239:
176:advanced video computer software
1198:
1173:
1163:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1116:
1086:
1078:, 1996, No. 890, archived from
1066:
1035:
1004:
963:
938:
897:
883:
864:Knight, Will (10 August 2006).
857:
529:Aspects of explosives detection
242:Amplifying fluorescent polymers
223:
835:10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.01.011
823:Applied Radiation and Isotopes
810:
772:
755:"Portable explosives detector"
753:Mullins, Justin (2008-05-28).
746:
723:
702:"Hot picks: UK tech start-ups"
694:
649:
604:
566:
519:
400:added as a detection taggant.
234:ion trap mobility spectrometry
170:This approach couples trained
133:Metropolitan Police Department
13:
1:
513:
418:National Institute of Justice
159:
1222:. 5 May 2017. Archived from
1161:. Vol. 41, no. 1.
730:Barras, Colin (2008-06-03).
708:. 2007-09-05. Archived from
672:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00451
145:Recent studies suggest that
7:
1165:. p. 7. Archived from
532:(1st ed.). Amsterdam:
476:
320:Neutron Activation Analysis
10:
1278:
195:
189:
186:Mechanical scent detection
163:
924:10.1007/s10967-014-3260-5
508:Explosives trace detector
396:, which now is made with
289:computed axial tomography
230:ion mobility spectrometer
204:ion mobility spectrometry
192:Explosives trace detector
150:vapor analysis techniques
786:National Academies Press
414:US Department of Justice
390:Montreal Convention 1991
361:field effect transistors
573:Newlon, Clarke (1974).
408:Bogus detection devices
332:in the construction of
112:
1211:World Peace Foundation
1023:, 1991, archived from
989:10.1002/anie.201000847
451:
325:Neutron cross sections
228:Technologies based on
118:Specially trained dogs
36:
952:MIT Technology Review
879:on 20 September 2022.
768:on 11 September 2008.
742:on 20 September 2022.
576:Police Dogs in Action
439:
42:is a non-destructive
30:
1248:at Wikimedia Commons
1169:on 25 February 2022.
1082:on 19 September 2014
659:Analytical Chemistry
581:Dodd, Mead & Co.
338:inelastic scattering
166:Hymenoptera training
1262:Explosive detection
1246:Explosive detection
1194:on 7 November 2021.
503:Gambian Pouched Rat
283:Specially designed
140:General Constantine
40:Explosive detection
1158:Skeptical Inquirer
1126:(September 1999).
1096:(September 2005),
959:on 11 August 2012.
310:Neutron activation
214:Gas chromatography
147:mass spectrometric
128:down and waiting.
48:explosive material
37:
1244:Media related to
1137:on 20 March 2022.
1112:on 14 August 2022
892:doi:10.17226/5966
803:978-0-309-09240-1
666:(12): 6482–6490.
551:978-0-08-092314-7
488:Counter-terrorism
386:detection taggant
250:Chemiluminescence
208:mass spectrometry
198:Machine olfaction
16:(Redirected from
1269:
1243:
1228:
1227:
1220:Tufts University
1202:
1196:
1195:
1190:. Archived from
1177:
1171:
1170:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1133:. Archived from
1132:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1105:, archived from
1104:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1051:. Archived from
1039:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1016:
1008:
1002:
1001:
991:
967:
961:
960:
955:. Archived from
942:
936:
935:
901:
895:
887:
881:
880:
875:. Archived from
861:
855:
854:
829:(8): 1729–1746.
814:
808:
806:
776:
770:
769:
764:. Archived from
750:
744:
743:
738:. Archived from
727:
721:
720:
718:
717:
698:
692:
691:
653:
647:
645:
644:
643:
608:
602:
601:
570:
564:
563:
523:
357:Silicon nanowire
346:thermal neutrons
218:stationary phase
107:acetone peroxide
21:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1252:
1251:
1236:
1231:
1226:on 28 May 2022.
1204:
1203:
1199:
1178:
1174:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1102:
1091:
1087:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1030:on 16 July 2011
1027:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
982:(38): 6830–35.
968:
964:
945:Prachi, Patel.
943:
939:
902:
898:
888:
884:
862:
858:
815:
811:
804:
778:
777:
773:
751:
747:
728:
724:
715:
713:
700:
699:
695:
654:
650:
641:
639:
629:
609:
605:
590:
571:
567:
552:
524:
520:
516:
479:
410:
382:
354:
316:gamma radiation
312:
281:
248:of a polymer.
226:
200:
194:
188:
168:
162:
115:
73:
68:
66:Detection tools
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1250:
1249:
1235:
1234:External links
1232:
1230:
1229:
1197:
1172:
1140:
1115:
1085:
1065:
1034:
1003:
962:
937:
896:
882:
856:
809:
802:
794:10.17226/10996
771:
745:
722:
693:
648:
627:
603:
588:
565:
550:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
478:
475:
461:, notably the
425:, an apparent
423:Quadro Tracker
409:
406:
381:
380:Detection aids
378:
359:configured as
353:
350:
311:
308:
285:X-ray machines
280:
279:X-ray machines
277:
232:(IMS) include
225:
222:
190:Main article:
187:
184:
161:
158:
114:
111:
82:color reaction
72:
69:
67:
64:
60:border control
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1274:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1055:on 2009-08-05
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1007:
999:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
958:
954:
953:
948:
941:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:(3): 629–39.
917:
913:
912:
907:
900:
893:
886:
878:
874:
872:
871:New Scientist
867:
860:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
805:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
775:
767:
763:
761:
760:New Scientist
756:
749:
741:
737:
736:New Scientist
733:
726:
712:on 2012-07-13
711:
707:
703:
697:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
652:
638:
634:
630:
628:2-914193-02-5
624:
621:, p. 4,
620:
616:
615:
607:
599:
595:
591:
589:9780396069126
585:
582:
578:
577:
569:
561:
557:
553:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
522:
518:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
450:
448:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
415:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
377:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
349:
347:
343:
342:fast neutrons
339:
335:
331:
326:
321:
317:
307:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
276:
273:
270:
269:visible light
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
221:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
199:
193:
183:
181:
177:
173:
167:
157:
155:
151:
148:
143:
141:
136:
134:
129:
125:
123:
119:
110:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:nitrate ester
87:
86:nitroaromatic
83:
78:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
34:
29:
19:
18:Bomb detector
1224:the original
1209:
1200:
1192:the original
1185:
1175:
1167:the original
1156:
1149:Radford, Ben
1143:
1135:the original
1118:
1107:the original
1098:
1088:
1080:the original
1074:
1068:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:the original
1046:
1037:
1025:the original
1018:
1006:
979:
975:
965:
957:the original
950:
940:
915:
909:
899:
885:
877:the original
873:news service
869:
859:
826:
822:
812:
780:
774:
766:the original
758:
748:
740:the original
725:
714:. Retrieved
710:the original
696:
663:
657:
651:
640:, retrieved
613:
606:
579:. New York:
575:
568:
528:
521:
452:
446:
440:
416:warned in a
411:
383:
355:
313:
301:
282:
274:
258:
246:fluorescence
236:(ITMS), and
227:
224:Spectrometry
212:
201:
169:
144:
137:
130:
126:
116:
77:colorimetric
74:
39:
38:
619:Royal Canin
493:Scent hound
427:dowsing rod
293:false-color
261:ultraviolet
180:Inscentinel
75:The use of
1059:2009-05-22
716:2008-03-06
642:2022-09-20
637:1052842687
514:References
483:Bloodhound
297:detonators
196:See also:
172:honey bees
164:See also:
160:Honey bees
152:, such as
44:inspection
843:0969-8043
680:0003-2700
560:316212529
498:Terrorism
102:peroxides
98:chlorates
94:nitramine
1256:Category
1151:(2017).
1048:Explosia
1043:"Semtex"
998:20715224
932:93318773
851:22608981
788:, 2004,
706:BBC News
688:28598144
534:Elsevier
477:See also
459:Thailand
265:infrared
240:(DMS).
58:and for
52:airports
1187:Reuters
471:Alpha 6
463:ADE 651
443:dowsing
435:SNIFFEX
302:Adding
254:aerosol
996:
930:
849:
841:
800:
686:
678:
635:
625:
598:881180
596:
586:
558:
548:
394:Semtex
304:marker
287:using
122:scents
92:, and
1131:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
1103:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
1015:(PDF)
928:S2CID
762:Blogs
467:GT200
402:DMDNB
398:DMDNB
340:from
174:with
56:ports
1012:"XX"
994:PMID
847:PMID
839:ISSN
798:ISBN
684:PMID
676:ISSN
633:OCLC
623:ISBN
594:OCLC
584:ISBN
556:OCLC
546:ISBN
465:and
457:and
455:Iraq
412:The
371:and
369:PETN
334:IEDs
330:TATP
267:and
113:Dogs
100:and
1218:at
984:doi
920:doi
916:301
831:doi
790:doi
668:doi
538:doi
373:RDX
365:TNT
31:An
1258::
1214:.
1208:.
1184:.
1155:.
1045:.
1017:,
992:.
980:49
978:.
974:.
949:.
926:.
914:.
908:.
868:.
845:.
837:.
827:70
825:.
821:.
796:,
784:,
757:.
734:.
704:.
682:.
674:.
664:89
662:.
631:,
617:,
592:.
554:.
544:.
536:.
384:A
367:,
263:,
142:.
88:,
62:.
54:,
1062:.
1032:.
1000:.
986::
934:.
922::
894:.
853:.
833::
807:.
792::
719:.
690:.
670::
646:.
600:.
562:.
540::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
