218:
30:
230:
245:
367:
1217:
62:
481:
1093:
500:
535:, for all other tattoos of both sexes. Women were tattooed on the arms only, which they did to enhance their beauty or to signify their readiness for marriage. The arms were the most visible parts of the body during traditional dances. It is believed that men would not court women who are not tattooed. Tattoos indicated that the man was a warrior who had
302:) based on affiliations, history together against intruders, and community rituals for agriculture and matters which affect the entire province, like natural disasters. Kinship groups have two main functions: controlling property and regulating marriage. However, they are also important for the mutual cooperation of the group's members.
621:
tells that
Lumawig instilled five great lessons to the Bontoc people, namely: (1) a man must not steal; (2) one should not gossip; (3) men and women must not commit adultery; (4) one must be temperate in eating and in drinking alcoholic drinks; and (5) all people must live simple and industrious lives.
640:
Lumawig: also referred as the supreme deity and the second son of
Kabunian; an epic hero who taught the Bontoc their five core values for an egalitarian society The Bontoc hero Lumawig instituted their ator, a political institution identified with a ceremonial place adorned with headhunting skulls.
381:
or bronze gong. There was no singing or talking during the dance drama, but the women took part, usually outside the circumference. It was a serious but pleasurable event for all concerned, including the children. Present-day
Bontocs are a peaceful agricultural people who have, by choice, retained
620:
The indigenous religion of the Bontoc has been preserved for centuries. The Bontoc believe in a unique pantheon of deities, of which the supreme god is the cultural hero, Lumawig, son of
Kabunian. There are many sacred sites associated with Lumawig and a variety of Bontoc deities. Oral tradition
252:
The Bontoc social structure used to be centered around village wards containing about 14 to 50 homes. Traditionally, young men and women lived in dormitories and ate meals with their families. This gradually changed with the advent of
Christianity. Bontocs have three different indigenous housing
570:
and millet as alternative for rice. The Bontoc also catch and gather fish, snails and crabs for consumption or for sale. In the earlier days, Bontoc men usually brought tobacco and matches when hunting for wild deer and wild pigs. In the forests, they also gather
374:
In the past, the Bontoc engaged in none of the usual pastimes or games of chance practiced in other areas of the country but did perform a circular rhythmic dance acting out certain aspects of the hunt, always accompanied by the
667:
Ob-Obanan: a deity whose white hair is inhabited by insects, ants, centipedes, and all the vermins that bother mankind; punished a man for his rudeness by giving him a basket filled with all the insects and reptiles in the
382:
most of their traditional culture despite frequent contacts with other groups. Music is also important to Bontoc life, and is usually played during ceremonies. Songs and chants are accompanied by nose flutes (
674:
Ked-Yem: the god of blacksmiths who cut off the heads of the two sons of Chacha’ because they were destroying his work; was later challenged by Chacha’, which eventually led into a pechen pact to stop the
690:
Fucan: younger of the two girls met by
Lumawig in Lanao; married to Lumawig; later adopted the name Cayapon; died after dancing in a taboo way, which led to death being the norm among mortals
323:(poor). The rich sponsor feasts, and assist those in distress, as a demonstration of their wealth. The poor usually work as sharecroppers or as laborers for the rich. The Bontoc people had a
1125:
205:
provides sand, gravel, and white clay, while the forests of Barlig and
Sadanga within the area have rattan, bamboo and pine trees. They are the second largest group in the
1248:
932:
1118:
217:
29:
1241:
605:), to marry a Bontoc girl. Lumawig taught the Bontoc their arts and skills, including irrigation of their land. The Bontoc also believe in the
1111:
562:
is considered as the main produce of the
Bontocs but during the dry periods from February to March when rain is scarce, they usually consume
1939:
1934:
1234:
693:
Two Sons of
Cayapon: the two children of Lumawig and Fucan; helped the people of Caneo, who afterwards killed by the two brothers
630:
289:, cogon grass roofs. Bontoc houses also have numerous utensils, tools, and weapons: like cooking tools; agricultural tools like
1863:
934:
In Situ
Chemical Analysis of Tattooing Inks and Pigments: Modern Organic and Traditional Pigments in Ancient Mummified Remains
201:) can be found in the mountain areas. Gold, in particular, has been traditionally extracted from the Bontoc municipality. The
1899:
1802:
1278:
851:
1894:
1014:
584:
109:
637:
Intutungcho (Kabunian): the supreme deity living above; also referred to as Kabunian; father of Lumawig and two other sons
1889:
229:
1848:
641:
Lumawig also gave the Bontoc their irrigation skills, Taboos, rituals, and ceremonies after he descended from the sky (
880:
727:
779:
611:, spirits of the dead, who are omnipresent and must be constantly consoled. Anyone can invoke the anito, but a seer (
645:) and married a Bontoc girl. Each ator has a council of elders, called ingtugtukon, who are experts in custom laws (
1257:
1147:
589:
The pre-Christian Bontoc belief system centers on a hierarchy of spirits, the highest being a supreme deity called
333:
whose members had specialised leadership roles, married only within the same caste, and wore specialised clothing.
72:
661:
Kabigat: the goddess of the moon who cut of the head of Chal-chal's son; her action is the origin of headhunting
658:
Chal-chal: the god of the sun whose son's head was cut off by Kabigat; aided the god Lumawig in finding a spouse
545:(tattooist) would first draw the pattern on the skin with ink of soot and water, and then prick the skin with a
244:
173:
from neighboring ethnolinguistic groups. They formerly practiced head-hunting and had distinctive body tattoos.
1828:
1775:
1097:
1797:
664:
Son of Chal-chal: his head was cut off by Kabigat; revived by Chal-chal, who bear no ill will against Kabigat
551:, and lastly, scatter soot into the open skin and manually work the pigment into the skin with their hands.
1792:
964:
983:
1858:
1833:
796:
1884:
1843:
1838:
1733:
1700:
1152:
1216:
222:
202:
182:
410:). Wealthy families make use of jewelry, which are commonly made of gold, glass beads, agate beads (
1853:
238:
1103:
370:
A Bontoc woman with a snake skeleton in her hair. Skeletons serve as a charm against lightning.
271:). Different structures are mostly associated with agricultural needs, such as rice granaries (
1465:
134:
169:, the term "Bontoc" is used by linguists and anthropologists to distinguish speakers of the
8:
539:
during battle. One method of tattooing used was the ‘puncture/cut and smear’ method. The
1349:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1503:
1359:
1344:
995:
808:
1488:
1460:
1412:
1354:
775:
206:
138:
366:
1904:
1818:
1586:
1455:
1422:
1226:
1206:
1196:
356:
352:
93:
89:
1518:
911:
Cultural Center of the Philippines: Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition
1929:
1823:
1672:
1556:
1445:
1397:
1392:
1303:
1166:
348:
342:
170:
158:
85:
1879:
1649:
1639:
1581:
1508:
1450:
1417:
1402:
1387:
1369:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1201:
906:
839:. Manila: Bureau of Public Printing – via University of Michigan Library.
678:
Two Sons of Chacha’: beheaded by Ked-Yem, because they were destroying his work
166:
162:
834:
1923:
1743:
1571:
1566:
1548:
1498:
1493:
1407:
1364:
1339:
1324:
1181:
1176:
1134:
707:
121:
1654:
1609:
1591:
1576:
1523:
1427:
1191:
1186:
105:
575:, edible fruits, beeswax and honey, and wild edible or ornamental plants.
1690:
1475:
536:
146:
67:
999:
812:
1695:
1513:
1483:
480:
290:
1614:
728:"Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"
181:
The Bontoc live in a mountainous territory, particularly close to the
1268:
194:
154:
296:
The Bontoc take pride in their kinship ties and oneness as a group (
225:
house, 1903. Bale house of Igorot people with its skeletal displays.
1761:
1753:
1738:
1437:
1379:
1308:
462:
384:
1705:
1682:
1664:
1644:
1624:
1133:
950:
Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera
772:
Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera
454:
150:
305:
There are generally three social classes in Bontoc society, the
1634:
1334:
1092:
572:
563:
514:
471:, and represents an ancestor figure, and active participant in
198:
190:
248:
Man with a spear at Bontoc in the Philippines, circa pre-1935
1629:
1619:
1601:
1295:
1273:
607:
509:
494:
484:
A traditional Bontoc ritual during a wake with a death chair.
324:
142:
1015:"Origin Myths Among the Mountain Peoples of the Philippines"
567:
559:
389:
186:
881:"Return of the Headhunters: The Philippine Tattoo Revival"
852:"Blind Weaver's Masterpiece a Tribute to Ifugao Heritage"
499:
947:
696:
Batanga: father of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao
617:) intercedes when someone is sick through evil spirits.
807:(2, Special Issue in Memory of Frank Lynch): 137–159.
1256:
137:
can be found in the central and eastern portions of
937:(Master's thesis). University of Western Australia.
293:, trowels, and plows, bamboo or rattan fish traps.
774:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 1–27.
905:Guillermo, Alice G.; Mapa-Arriola, Maria Sharon.
904:
797:"Class Structure in the Unhispanized Philippines"
765:
1921:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
253:structures: the residence place of the family (
874:
872:
507:Among the Bontoc people, tattoos are known as
440:Bontoc people use weapons such as battleaxes (
1242:
1119:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
965:"The Bontoc Legend of Lumawig – Culture Hero"
742:
58:
828:
826:
824:
822:
770:Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "1 The Bontoks".
612:
600:
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272:
266:
260:
254:
1075:Talubin Folklore, Bontoc, Mountain Province
869:
1249:
1235:
1126:
1112:
1032:
529:, the tattooed arms of men and women; and
28:
1072:
819:
788:
769:
981:
523:, the tattooed chest of the head taker;
498:
479:
365:
243:
228:
216:
185:and its tributaries. Mineral resources (
631:List of Philippine mythological figures
1922:
878:
849:
578:
283:). Traditionally, all structures have
212:
1230:
1107:
1057:
1012:
962:
832:
794:
513:. The Bontoc describe three types of
1135:Indigenous Peoples of the Cordillera
941:
930:
585:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
416:), or shells, to show their status.
53:Regions with significant populations
1474:
982:Bacwaden, Joy Christine O. (1997).
963:Clark, Jordan (29 September 2017).
13:
952:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
898:
265:), and the dormitories for males (
14:
1951:
1085:
948:Cordillera Schools Group (2005).
879:Krutak, Lars (23 November 2012).
730:. Philippine Statistics Authority
1940:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
1935:Cordillera Administrative Region
1258:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
1215:
1148:Cordillera Administrative Region
1091:
1077:. Baguio City: Lyceum of Baguio.
1060:The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot
683:
259:), the dormitories for females (
73:Cordillera Administrative Region
60:
1066:
1006:
975:
956:
16:Ethnic group of the Philippines
924:
850:Gascon, Melvin (27 May 2015).
843:
720:
649:). Decisions are by consensus.
624:
1:
1022:Philippine Journal of Science
833:Jenks, Albert Ernest (1905).
795:Scott, William Henry (1979).
713:
671:Chacha’: the god of warriors
465:of the Bontoc is called the
449:falfeg, fangkao, sinalawitan
176:
7:
701:
336:
149:. Although some Bontocs of
10:
1956:
1062:. Manila: MCS Enterprises.
1058:Cawed, Carmencita (1972).
984:"The Lumawig Bontoc Myths"
628:
599:, descended from the sky (
582:
554:
492:
488:
361:
340:
1872:
1811:
1785:
1774:
1752:
1714:
1681:
1663:
1600:
1547:
1540:
1436:
1378:
1294:
1287:
1264:
1213:
1162:
1142:
1073:Almendral, E. C. (1972).
503:A Bontoc man with tattoos
120:
115:
104:
99:
84:
79:
57:
52:
44:
39:
27:
1013:Beyer, H. Otley (1913).
931:Poon, Kelvin W. (2008).
317:(middle-class), and the
110:indigenous folk religion
613:
601:
591:
547:
541:
531:
525:
519:
473:
467:
448:
442:
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427:
421:
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406:
400:
398:), bamboo mouth organ (
394:
377:
329:
319:
313:
307:
298:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
239:Milwaukee Public Museum
157:identify themselves as
504:
485:
446:), knives and spears (
431:). Women wear skirts (
371:
249:
241:
226:
34:A Bontoc man (c. 1903)
655:Third Son of Kabunian
652:First Son of Kabunian
502:
483:
369:
247:
232:
220:
135:ethnolinguistic group
116:Related ethnic groups
1100:at Wikimedia Commons
425:) and a rattan cap (
419:Men wear g-strings (
579:Indigenous religion
404:), and Jew's harp (
235:Bontoc Women's Work
213:Social organization
141:, on the island of
24:
1279:Indigenous peoples
1153:Cordillera Central
988:Philippine Studies
969:The Aswang Project
801:Philippine Studies
505:
486:
443:}pin-nang/pinangas
372:
250:
242:
227:
22:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1770:
1769:
1762:Suludnon/Tumandok
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1224:
1223:
1096:Media related to
836:The Bontoc Igorot
347:The Bontoc speak
207:Mountain Province
139:Mountain Province
127:
126:
1947:
1783:
1782:
1545:
1544:
1472:
1471:
1292:
1291:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1030:
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1003:
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534:
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452:), and shields (
451:
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409:
403:
397:
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332:
322:
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314:wad-ay ngachanna
310:
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276:
270:
264:
258:
70:
66:
64:
63:
40:Total population
32:
25:
21:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1868:
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1777:
1766:
1748:
1710:
1677:
1659:
1596:
1528:
1470:
1432:
1374:
1283:
1260:
1255:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1192:Itneg/Tingguian
1158:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1033:
1017:
1011:
1007:
980:
976:
961:
957:
946:
942:
929:
925:
915:
913:
903:
899:
889:
887:
877:
870:
860:
858:
848:
844:
831:
820:
793:
789:
782:
768:
743:
733:
731:
726:
725:
721:
716:
704:
699:
686:
681:
633:
627:
587:
581:
557:
497:
491:
364:
345:
343:Bontoc language
339:
277:) and pigpens (
237:diorama at the
215:
179:
171:Bontoc language
61:
59:
35:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1778:or expatriates
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
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1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1150:
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885:LarsKrutak.com
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1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1218:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1099:
1098:Bontoc people
1094:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
970:
966:
959:
951:
944:
936:
935:
927:
912:
908:
901:
886:
882:
875:
873:
857:
853:
846:
838:
837:
829:
827:
825:
823:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
783:
781:971-10-1109-3
777:
773:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
729:
723:
719:
709:
708:Igorot people
706:
705:
695:
692:
689:
688:
684:Other figures
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
644:
639:
636:
635:
632:
622:
618:
615:
610:
609:
603:
598:
595:, whose son,
593:
586:
576:
574:
569:
565:
561:
552:
549:
543:
538:
533:
527:
521:
516:
512:
511:
501:
496:
482:
478:
475:
469:
464:
459:
457:
456:
450:
444:
438:
435:
429:
423:
417:
414:
408:
402:
396:
391:
387:
386:
379:
368:
359:
358:
354:
350:
344:
334:
331:
326:
321:
315:
309:
303:
300:
294:
292:
287:
281:
275:
269:
263:
257:
246:
240:
236:
231:
224:
219:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
119:
114:
111:
107:
103:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
74:
69:
56:
51:
48:(2020 census)
47:
43:
38:
31:
26:
1561:
1466:Zamboangueño
1171:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1028:(2): 85–117.
1025:
1021:
1008:
991:
987:
977:
968:
958:
949:
943:
933:
926:
914:. Retrieved
910:
907:"Tattoo Art"
900:
888:. Retrieved
884:
859:. Retrieved
856:Inquirer.net
855:
845:
835:
804:
800:
790:
771:
732:. Retrieved
722:
646:
642:
619:
606:
596:
588:
558:
508:
506:
460:
453:
439:
418:
383:
373:
346:
311:(rich), the
308:kakachangyan
304:
295:
251:
234:
180:
133:(or Bontok)
130:
128:
106:Christianity
45:
19:Ethnic group
1776:Immigrants
1504:Maguindanao
1360:Romblomanon
1345:Kapampangan
994:(1): 3–49.
625:Bontoc gods
592:Intutungcho
537:taken heads
461:The ritual
327:called the
203:Chico River
183:Chico River
147:Philippines
68:Philippines
1924:Categories
1829:Indonesian
1489:Banguingui
1461:Surigaonon
1413:Hiligaynon
1355:Pangasinan
861:28 October
714:References
583:See also:
299:sinpangili
1844:Malaysian
1798:Brazilian
1724:Agutaynen
1587:Kankanaey
1456:Sangirese
1423:Porohanon
1350:Masbateño
1311:(Ilongot)
1269:Filipinos
1207:Kankanaey
1197:Kalanguya
916:10 August
548:chakayyum
542:bumafatek
477:rituals.
330:kadangyan
256:katyufong
195:limestone
177:Geography
159:Balangaos
155:Paracelis
80:Languages
1849:Nepalese
1834:Japanese
1793:American
1786:Americas
1754:Suludnon
1739:Tagbanua
1729:Palawano
1716:Palaweño
1673:Ratagnon
1620:Higaonon
1615:Bukidnon
1592:Tinguian
1557:Balangao
1541:Highland
1446:Butuanon
1438:Mindanao
1398:Capiznon
1393:Boholano
1309:Bugkalot
1304:Bicolano
1167:Balangao
1137:(Igorot)
1000:42634212
890:7 August
813:42632474
702:See also
675:fighting
614:insup-ok
463:pasiking
407:ab-a-fiw
401:affiliao
385:kalaleng
337:Language
274:akhamang
268:ato/ator
167:Kalingas
163:Gaddangs
100:Religion
1905:Spanish
1900:Russian
1880:English
1859:Iranian
1819:Chinese
1803:Mexican
1706:Mamanwa
1683:Negrito
1665:Mangyan
1650:Teduray
1645:Tasaday
1640:Subanon
1630:Mandaya
1625:Mamanwa
1582:Kalinga
1509:Maranao
1451:Kalagan
1418:Karay-a
1403:Cebuano
1388:Aklanon
1380:Visayas
1370:Tagalog
1330:Ilocano
1320:Gaddang
1315:Cuyunon
1288:Lowland
1202:Kalinga
734:July 4,
597:Lumawig
555:Cuisine
520:chaklag
515:tattoos
489:Tattoos
455:kalasag
428:suklong
362:Culture
357:Tagalog
353:Ilocano
151:Natonin
145:in the
94:Tagalog
90:Ilocano
1930:Igorot
1895:Polish
1885:German
1873:Europe
1864:Jewish
1839:Korean
1824:Indian
1744:Molbog
1635:Manobo
1572:Ifugao
1567:Ibaloi
1562:Bontoc
1549:Igorot
1519:Tausug
1499:Iranun
1494:Kaagan
1408:Eskaya
1365:Sambal
1340:Ivatan
1335:Itawes
1325:Ibanag
1182:Ifugao
1177:Ibaloi
1172:Bontoc
998:
811:
778:
643:chayya
602:chayya
573:rattan
564:camote
517:: The
474:begnas
413:appong
395:gangsa
378:gangsa
349:Bontoc
286:inatep
280:khongo
223:Bontoc
199:gypsum
191:copper
131:Bontoc
86:Bontoc
65:
46:72,084
23:Bontoc
1890:Greek
1734:Batak
1701:Batak
1655:Tboli
1610:Blaan
1602:Lumad
1577:Isneg
1524:Yakan
1514:Samal
1484:Bajau
1428:Waray
1296:Luzon
1274:Pinoy
1187:Isnag
1018:(PDF)
996:JSTOR
809:JSTOR
668:world
608:anito
532:fatĕk
526:pongo
510:fatek
495:Batok
468:takba
434:tapis
422:wanes
390:gongs
325:caste
291:bolos
143:Luzon
1854:Arab
1812:Asia
1691:Aeta
1476:Moro
918:2021
892:2021
863:2015
776:ISBN
736:2023
647:adat
568:corn
560:Rice
355:and
320:lawa
262:olog
233:The
187:gold
153:and
129:The
1696:Ati
458:).
437:).
388:),
165:or
1926::
1034:^
1026:8D
1024:.
1020:.
992:45
990:.
986:.
967:.
909:.
883:.
871:^
854:.
821:^
805:27
803:.
799:.
744:^
566:,
351:,
209:.
197:,
193:,
189:,
161:,
108:,
92:,
88:,
1250:e
1243:t
1236:v
1127:e
1120:t
1113:v
1002:.
971:.
920:.
894:.
865:.
815:.
784:.
738:.
392:(
75:)
71:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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