1691:
1594:
1287:
1804:
1165:
1239:, jointed at the base, and again a little more than halfway along. These spike-like fins were probably used to lift the body clear off the bottom; its heavy armor would have made it sink quickly as soon as it lost forward momentum. It may also have used its pectoral fins to throw sediment (mud, sand or otherwise) over itself. In addition to the pectoral fins, it is originally considered to have two dorsal fins, but existence of a low, elongated anterior dorsal fin was denied in 1996, and now it is considered to have only a high rounded posterior dorsal fin. The
1913:
1567:
1431:
129:
3629:
1996:
112:
155:
1109:
1132:: a keyhole opening along the midline on the upper side for the eyes and nostrils and an opening for the mouth on the lower side near the anterior end of the head. A discovery regarding preserved structures that appear to be nasal capsules confirms the belief that the external nasal openings lay on the dorsal side of the head near the eyes. Additionally, the position of the mouth on the ventral side of the skull is consistent with the typical horizontal resting orientation of
3646:
1764:
1309:âwhich includes the organs involved in ingestion, digestion, and removal of wasteâ can be described as simple and straight, unlike that of humans. It begins at the anterior end of the organism with a small mouth cavity located over the posterior area of the upper jaw plates. Posteriorly from the mouth, the alimentary system extends into a wider and dorso-ventrally flattened region called the
1736:-bearing localities, though a full ontogenetic series is represented. The head and trunk armour lengths ranged between 20â300 millimetres (0.79â11.81 in) which translates, based on the proportions of two of the smallest individuals (in which tail impressions are preserved) into full body lengths varying between 52â780 millimetres (2.0â30.7 in). According to original description,
1152:. Using the sample, it is evident that the mental plate (a dermal bone that forms the upper part of the jaw) of antiarchs is homologous with the suborbital plate found in other placoderms. The lower jawbone consists of a differentiated blade and biting portions. Next to the mandibular joint are the prelateral and infraprelateral plates, which both are canal-bearing bones. The
1317:, which is also characterized as a dorso-ventrally flattened tube, extends from the mouth into the stomach and leads to a flattened ellipsoidal structure. This structure may be homologous to the anterior end of the intestine found in other fish. The flatness of these structures may have been exaggerated when the fossil specimens experienced
1278:: the first a pale greenish-gray medium-textured sandstone largely consisting of calcite; the second similar but finer sediment which preserves many of the organ forms; and the third distinct, fine-grained siltstone consisting of quartz, mica and other minerals but no calcite. These sediments helped preserve the following internal elements:
1984:, over 1,300 individuals are discovered by 1998. This species is differed from all other species by having a reduced anterior process of the submarginal, separated from the posterior process of the submarginal by a wide, open notch. The head and trunk armour lengths ranged between 77.6â190 millimetres (3.06â7.48 in).
1391:, D. Goujet suggests that although traces of some digestive organs may be apparent from the sedimentary structures, there is no evidence supporting the presence of lungs in the samples from the Escuminac formation of Canada upon which the original assertion was based. He notes that the worldwide distribution of
1274:. These internal structures were preserved when different types of sediments surrounding the exterior of the animal-filled the internal carapaces (only organs that communicate with the exterior could be preserved in this manner). Three different sediment types were identified within the different sections of
1206:
was attached to its heavily armored head. Its box-like body was enclosed in armor plates, providing protection from predators. Attached to the ventral surface of the trunk is a large, thin, circular plate marked by deep-lying lines and superficial ridges. This plate lies just below the opening to the
1076:
stages of placoderms had thinner bony plates within both the head and trunk-shield, which allowed for easy distinction between early placoderm ontogenetic stages within the fossil record and taxa that possessed fully developed bony plates but were small by characterization. Placoderm bony plates were
1156:
lacks a high orbital process and was attached only to the ventral part of the mental plate, proving that the ethmoidal region of the braincase (the region of the skull that separates the brain and nasal cavity) was in fact deeper than originally believed. In addition to the above-listed sample from
1638:
was first described in 1880 by J.F. Whiteaves, using a limited number of disfigured samples. The next to propose a reconstruction of the species was W. Patten, who published his findings in 1904 after a discovery of several specimens that were well preserved in 3-D. In 1948, E. Stensio released a
1527:
individuals. Several other features that
Stensio marked indicative of young individuals can also be seen exhibited in the Catskill sample. These features include "delicate dermal bones with ornament consisting of continuous anastomosing ridges rather than tubercles, a dorsal trunk shield narrower
1265:
Structures composed of soft tissue are typically not preserved in fossils because they break down easily and decompose much faster than hard tissues, meaning that the fossil record often lacks information regarding the internal anatomy of fossil species. Preservation of soft tissue structures can
1321:
through geologic time. The intestine begins narrowly on the anterior end, expands transversely, and then again narrows posteriorly towards the cylindrical rectum, which terminates just within the posterior end of the trunk carapace. While the alimentary system is primitive in nature and lacks an
1511:. The sample was collected from a series of rock slabs that consisted of partial or complete, articulated, external skeletons. More than two hundred individuals were found packed closely together with little to no overlap. From this sample, much information regarding characteristics of juvenile
1670:
is made of cellular dermal bone tissue and is characterized by distinct horizontal zonation or stratification. The model fish has an average total length of 43.67 centimetres (17.19 in) and an average dermal armor length of 15.53 centimetres (6.11 in), which accounts for 35.6% of the
1355:
Extending posteriorly from the trunk carapace are paired ventral sacs that extend to the anterior end of the spiral intestine. The sacs seem to originate at the pharynx as a single median tube, which then broadens posteriorly and eventually splits into two sacs that may be homologous to the
1188:
had a slender trunk that was likely covered in soft skin with no scales or markings. The orientation that appears to have been mostly stable for resting was the dorsal surface up, evidenced by the flat surface on the ventral side. The trunk's outline suggests that there may have been a
1849:. Its armor is especially thick and dense even when taking its size into account. Downs et al. (2016) suggest that this may have both protected the animal from large predators and served as ballast to prevent this large bottom-dweller from floating to the surface.
2896:
Gess, Robert W.; Whitfield, Alan K. (14 February 2020). "Estuarine fish and tetrapod evolution: insights from a Late
Devonian (Famennian) Gondwanan estuarine lake and a southern African Holocene equivalent". Biological Reviews. doi:10.1111/brv.12590.
1830:
has a maximum headshield length of 65 millimetres (2.6 in), a narrow and shallow trifid preorbital recess, has an anterior-median-dorsal (AMD) plate that is wider than it is long and a ventral thoracic shield that has convex lateral borders.
1338:
are of the primitive type, though their structure is still not well understood. Laterally, they are enclosed by an opercular fold and are found in the space beneath the lateral part of the head shield, extending medially underneath the
1879:), including posterior oblique cephalic sensory line grooves that meet relatively far anteriorly on the nuchal plate, relatively elongated orbital fenestra and a low anterior-median-dorsal crest. Characteristics that distinguish
2913:
GESS,R.W.(2011).High latitude
Gondwanan Famennian biodiversity patterns âEvidence from the South African Witpoort formation(Cape Supergroup,WittebergGroup).PhD thesis:University of the Witwatersrand, Johanneburg.
1157:
the Gogo
Formation, several other specimens have been found with mouthparts held in the natural position by a membrane that covers the oral region and attaches to the lateral and anterior margins of the head.
1193:
present surrounded by a membranous sheath, however, there is no direct evidence of this since the notochord is made up of soft tissue, which is not typically preserved in the fossil record. Similar to other
1219:
The dermal skeleton is organized in three layers: a superficial lamellar layer, a cancellous spongiosa, and a compact basal lamellar layer. Even in early ontogeny, these layers are apparent in specimen of
1096:, which includes all jawed vertebrates. It is unclear exactly when gnathostomes emerged, but the scant early fossil record indicates that it was sometime in the Early Palaeozoic era. The last species of
1679:
caudal fin (meaning the notochord extends into the upper lobe of the caudal tail) and a large dorsal fin which likely didn't play an important role in propulsion but instead acted more as a stabilizer.
1632:, including those found in the Catskill Formation mentioned above. This comparison allows researchers to determine if newly found samples represent juvenile individuals or new "Bothriolepis" species.
1902:) are unable to be consistently distinguished from one another. Conversely, Weems asserts that there are several traits that distinguish the species from one another, including several listed above.
1544:
Vertebrate paleontology is heavily dependent on the ability to differentiate between different species in a way that is consistent both within a particular genus and across all organisms. The genus
1643:
anatomy using an abundance of material, which eventually became the most widely accepted description of this species. Since
Stensio's publication, many others have provided reconstructed models of
1418:, small or microorganisms, algae, and other forms of organic matter in the swallowed sediments. Additionally, the positioning of the mouth on the ventral side of its head further suggests that
1883:
from other species include but are not limited to fused head sutures, fused elements in adult distal pectoral fin segments and long premedian plate relative to headshield length.
1845:
is from the
Nordstrand Point Formation of Ellesmere Island, Canada. B. rex's body length is estimated at 1.7 metres (5.6 ft) and is, therefore, the largest known species of
1422:
was likely a bottom-feeder. The regular presence of "carbonaceous material in the alimentary tract" is believed to indicate that most of its diet consisted of plant material.
2933:
2720:
LONG, J. A. ,ANDERSON, M. E. ,GESS, R. W.&HILLER, N.(1997).New placoderm fishes from the Late
Devonian of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 17,253â268.
1136:. It had a special feature on its skull, a separate partition of bone below the opening for the eyes and nostrils enclosing the nasal capsules called a preorbital recess.
1072:
Antiarchs, as well as other placoderms, are morphologically diverse and are characterized by bony plates that cover their head and the anterior part of the trunk. Early
1038:(organisms that obtain nutrients by consuming decomposing plant/animal material), averaging around 30 centimetres (12 in) in length. However, the largest species,
2804:
1266:
sometimes occur, however, if sediments fill the internal structures of an organism upon or after its death. Robert
Denison's paper titled "The Soft Anatomy of
3194:
1655:. is regarded to be the most accurate, while there is still much debate about various aspects of this species' external anatomy. Despite the uncertainty,
3602:
3174:
2590:"Loss in the making: absence of pelvic fins and presence of paedomorphic pelvic girdles in a Late Devonian antiarch placoderm (jawed stem-gnathostome)"
1552:; more than sixty species have been named in total, and it is likely that a sizeable proportion of them are valid due to the cosmopolitan nature of
3438:
3301:
3208:
1616:
is a taxon that often serves as a model organism for the order
Antiarchi because of its enormous sample of complete, intact specimens found at the
1326:
and many bony fish and similar to that found in some sharks. A single fold of tissue rolled upon its own axis forms this specialized spiral valve.
3504:
3294:
3278:
3187:
1690:
3609:
3595:
3567:
3553:
3539:
3532:
3497:
3452:
3315:
1515:
can be determined. A morphometric study performed by Jason Downs and co-authors highlights certain characteristics that indicate juvenility in
2800:"Los Peces DevĂłnicos del Macizo de Floresta (BoyacĂĄ, Colombia). Consideraciones taxonĂłmicas, bioestratigrĂĄficas, biogeogrĂĄficas y ambientales"
3588:
3574:
3560:
3546:
3525:
3445:
3431:
3424:
3363:
3287:
1980:
1938:
3518:
3511:
3483:
3356:
1414:, as with all other antiarchs, are thought to have fed by directly swallowing mouthfuls of mud and other soft sediments in order to digest
3308:
1593:
2645:
Goujet, D. (2011). ""Lungs" in placoderms, a persistent palaeobiological myth related to environmental preconceived interpretations".
1077:
generally made up of three layers, including a compact basal lamellar bony layer, a middle spongy bony layer and a superficial layer;
1042:, had an estimated bodylength of 170 centimetres (67 in). Although expansive with over 60 species found worldwide, comparatively
1148:
in the
Canning Basin of Western Australia has provided evidence regarding the morphological features of the visceral jaw elements of
1647:
with modified aspects of the anatomy, including Vezina's modified single dorsal fin and more recently, reconstructions by Arsenault
1224:. The compact layers develop first. The superficial layer is speculated to have denticles that may have been made of cellular bone.
3713:
1728:
is interpreted as representing a back barrier coastal lagoonal setting with both marine and fluvial influences. Gess observed that
1065:
period of the Paleozoic Era and could be found distributed on every paleocontinent by the Devonian period. The earliest members of
2922:
YOUNG, G.(1984). Reconstruction of the jaws and braincase in the Devonian placoderm fish Bothriolepis. Palaeontology 27, 635â661.
1818:, was originally described by J. Leidy in 1856. As mentioned above, there is much debate regarding the distinguishability between
3832:
1932:). Preserves 114 fish individuals, which died when their freshwater pond dried up. Most of the individuals in the slab are the
1716:
Antarctic circle. Remains have exclusively been recovered from a single carbonaceous shale near the top of the Late Devonian,
1368:. It has been hypothesized that these lungs, coupled with the jointed arms and rigid, supportive skeleton, would have allowed
2081:
1586:
1399:
is uncertain. Further investigation of the fossils is likely necessary to reach a conclusion about the presence of lungs in
1380:
likely breathed similarly to present-day lungfish, i.e., by placing the mouth above the water's surface and swallowing air.
1372:
to travel on land. Additionally, as Robert Denison states because there is no evidence of a connection between the external
3812:
3802:
2200:"Fossilized ontogenies: the contribution of placoderm ontogeny to our understanding of the evolution of early gnathostomes"
1528:
than long and with a continuous and pronounced dorsal median ridge, and a pre-median plate that is wider than it is long".
1826:, however based on evidence presented by Weems (2004), there are several distinguishable traits specific to each species.
2978:
2755:
2152:
1459:
as well, because its range appeared to have corresponded with the Devonian continental coastlines. Large groupings of
3792:
1383:
Despite the original interpretation presented by Denison in 1941, not all paleontologists agree that placoderms like
1628:. Because of the vast sample size, this species is often used to compare growth data of newly acquired specimens of
1347:
is considered to be placed more dorsally, is anteriorly more crowded, and in general is relatively short and broad.
1322:
expanded stomach region, it is specialized by an independently acquired complex spiral valve, comparable to that in
3787:
3628:
2250:
1116:
2165:
1286:
3827:
2677:"The Upper Devonian fish Bothriolepis (Placodermi: Antiarchi) from near Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia"
1389:"Lungs" in Placoderms, a Persistent Palaeobiological Myth Related to Environmental Preconceived Interpretations
3797:
3777:
1803:
3822:
1725:
1472:
3782:
154:
3817:
3807:
2569:
1500:
1164:
2999:
3772:
2490:"Histology of "placoderm" dermal skeletons: implications for the nature of the ancestral gnathostome"
2030:
Downs, J.P.; Criswell, K.E.; Daeschler, E.B. (October 2011). "Mass mortality of juvenile antiarchs (
1447:
strata (from 387 to 360 million years ago). Because the fossils are found in freshwater sediments,
1294:
2971:
2367:
2342:
2204:
2034:
sp.) from the Catskill Formation (Upper Devonian, Famennian Stage), Tioga County, Pennsylvania".
3744:
3704:
3666:
3054:
1395:
is restricted to strictly marine environments, and thus believes that the presence of lungs in
2100:
Young, G.C. (2010). "Placoderms (Armored Fish): Dominant Vertebrates of the Devonian Period".
1894:
can actually be distinguished from one another. Thomson and Thomas state that five species of
1161:
has a jaw in which the two halves are separate and in the adult are functionally independent.
3739:
3731:
2832:"End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates"
2494:
2445:
2361:
Young, G.C. (1984). "Reconstruction of the jaws and braincase in the Devonian placoderm Fish
2843:
2764:
2443:(Placodermi, Antiarchi) and evolution of the skeleton at the origin of jawed vertebrates".
2267:
2213:
2109:
1864:
1523:âboth of which are characteristics also recognized by Erik Stensio in 1948 in the smallest
1484:
1243:
was elongated, ending in a narrow band, but is unfortunately rarely preserved in fossils.
8:
3081:
2001:
1967:
1917:
1793:
is fragmented, it is impossible to compare the two species with any degree of certainty.
1617:
1574:
1476:
1468:
2847:
2768:
2271:
2217:
2121:
2113:
1566:
1548:
is no exception to this principle. Listed below are a few of the notable species within
3767:
3649:
3490:
2964:
2874:
2831:
2780:
2622:
2589:
2516:
2489:
2470:
2418:
2301:
2231:
2169:
2125:
2051:
1496:
1430:
149:
3726:
3342:
2935:
Geochronology and provenance of the Late Devonian Canowindra fish bed, Lachlan Orogen
2898:
2879:
2861:
2698:
2693:
2676:
2627:
2609:
2521:
2462:
2293:
2077:
2055:
1952:
1912:
1602:
1302:
1046:
is not unusually more diverse than most modern bottom dwelling species around today.
2784:
2474:
2235:
2173:
2129:
1781:
First described by Eastman in 1904, this species was found localized in present-day
1651:
from specimens with little taphonomic distortion. Presently, the model of Arsenault
3474:
3408:
3242:
3226:
2939:
2869:
2851:
2772:
2688:
2654:
2617:
2601:
2511:
2503:
2454:
2410:
2305:
2283:
2275:
2258:
2251:"The braincase and jaws of a Devonian 'acanthodian' and modern gnathostome origins"
2221:
2161:
2117:
2043:
1720:, Witpoort Formation (Witteberg Group) exposed in a road cutting south of Makhanda/
1520:
1249:
1100:
died out, together with the rest of Placodermi, at the end of the Devonian period.
225:
3374:
1974:, where is known from high numbers of placoderm specimens gathered at one place.
1925:
1480:
1007:
128:
3689:
3581:
2658:
1958:
1607:
1464:
1153:
1145:
1023:
983:
970:
2563:
Bechard, I.; Arsenault, F.; Cloutier, R.; Kerr, J. (2014). "The Devonian fish
111:
3761:
3390:
3383:
3039:
2865:
2702:
2613:
2542:
1947:
1713:
1709:
1323:
1108:
1093:
1015:
1011:
245:
69:
30:
2856:
1785:. There is a possibility that this species is similar, if not identical, to
3459:
3263:
3201:
2902:
2883:
2631:
2605:
2525:
2466:
2297:
2288:
1815:
1752:. The similarities between the two have been used to suggest derivation of
1676:
1504:
1340:
1236:
1089:
2074:
The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
3698:
3397:
3331:
3256:
3215:
2943:
2047:
1721:
1240:
1035:
44:
2279:
3718:
3249:
3163:
3017:
2507:
2458:
2422:
2226:
2199:
1971:
1921:
1900:
B. nitida, B. minor, B. virginiensis, B. darbiensis and B. coloradensis
1763:
1749:
1452:
1026:, including near shore marine and freshwater settings. Most species of
89:
54:
3145:
3123:
3093:
3066:
3023:
2987:
1956:, the largest fish in the slab. Two small and inconspicuous juvenile
1933:
1929:
1757:
1717:
1365:
1318:
1314:
1190:
1085:
1058:
1003:
212:
199:
166:
94:
38:
3660:
2799:
2414:
1659:
is still classically considered one of the most well-known species.
1343:. Compared to the gills of normally-shaped fish, the gill region of
3683:
3011:
2146:
Thomson, K.S.; Thomas, B. (August 2001). "On the status of species
1782:
1745:
1663:
1456:
1444:
1415:
1361:
1199:
1195:
1081:
can be classified as a placoderm since it possesses these layers.
1073:
1062:
1000:
186:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
1310:
1031:
99:
74:
1712:, being described from deposits originally laid down within the
3005:
2776:
1625:
1621:
1582:
1578:
1253:
had pelvic fins, which implies secondary loss of pelvic fin in
1208:
176:
2036:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1886:
Currently, there is much debate regarding whether the species
1022:
resided in an array of paleo-environments spread across every
3235:
2588:
Charest, France; Johanson, Zerina; Cloutier, Richard (2018).
2439:
Downs, J.P.; Donoghue, P.C.J. (2009). "Skeletal histology of
1373:
996:
2956:
2562:
1978:
is one of the most common fish in Canowindra site alongside
1859:
Originally described by Weems et al. in 1981, this species,
2166:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0679:otsoso]2.0.co;2
1357:
1732:
was less abundant at the Waterloo Farm site than at most
1519:, including a moderately large head and moderately large
1061:. The earliest antiarch placoderms first appeared in the
1507:, is the site of a large sample of small individuals of
2587:
2029:
1463:
specimens have been found in Asia, Europe, Australia (
2537:
2535:
2336:
Denison, R.H. (September 1941). "The soft anatomy of
1991:
1387:
actually possessed lungs. For example, in his paper
1176:(2014), showing single dorsal fin and no pelvic fins
1084:
Placoderms were extinct by the end of the Devonian.
2797:
2749:, a valid species of placoderm fish separable from
2567:revisited with three-dimensional digital imagery".
2545:. Age of Fishes Museum, New South Wales, Australia.
1789:, however because the material available regarding
990:
977:
2532:
2197:
1434:Paleogeography during the Middle Devonian (380 Ma)
1455:rivers and lakes, but was probably able to enter
1313:, from which both the gills and lungs arise. The
16:Diverse genus of placoderm fishes of the Devonian
3759:
2830:Sallan, Lauren Cole; Coates, Michael I. (2010).
2798:Janvier, Philippe; Villarroel A, Carlos (1998).
995:'scale') was a widespread, abundant and diverse
2836:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2397:Patten, W. (July 1904). "New facts concerning
1499:(Upper Devonian, Famennian Stage), located in
1451:is presumed to have spent most of its life in
2972:
2438:
2145:
2102:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1841:Originally described by Downs et al. (2016),
1740:was considered to be most closely similar to
1671:estimated total length. Like many antiarchs,
1475:) Pennsylvania (Catskill Formation), Quebec (
1057:is a genus placed within the placoderm order
3038:
2829:
1852:
1774:
2198:Johanson, Zerina; Trinajstic, Kate (2014).
2150:(Placodermi, Antiarchi) in North America".
2095:
2093:
1128:There are two openings through the head of
2979:
2965:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2434:
2432:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2071:
1559:
1490:
127:
110:
2873:
2855:
2692:
2621:
2515:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2287:
2225:
2141:
2139:
2076:. London: Marshall Editions. p. 33.
1247:lacked pelvic fins. Early antiarchs like
3143:
2931:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2674:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2090:
1966:This species is described in 1998, from
1911:
1802:
1762:
1689:
1683:
1592:
1565:
1429:
1285:
1163:
1107:
1030:were characterized as relatively small,
2938:(thesis thesis). Macquarie University.
2791:
2549:
2429:
2335:
2248:
2180:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1916:Fossil fish slab, cast. Late Devonian,
1905:
1487:, Colombia), and all around the world.
3760:
2644:
2638:
2396:
2312:
2242:
2136:
2067:
2065:
1871:can also be found in other species of
1796:
1694:Small (armor length 6 cm) specimen of
1350:
3665:
3664:
2998:
2960:
2744:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2670:
2668:
2487:
2481:
2379:
2360:
2099:
1587:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
1443:fossils are found in Middle and Late
2354:
2010:
1281:
2932:Gennatas, Lou-Andrea (2022-03-28).
2122:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152507
2062:
1834:
1814:This species, found in present-day
1536:are also described from this site.
1270:" explores the forms and organs of
13:
2756:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2709:
2665:
2153:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1214:
1103:
14:
3844:
1675:also had narrow pectoral fins, a
1479:), Virginia (Chemung), Colorado,
1334:It is inferred that the gills of
1049:
3645:
3644:
3627:
2694:10.3853/j.0067-1975.50.1998.1289
2681:Records of the Australian Museum
2543:"Age of Fishes Museum - Fossils"
1994:
1724:in South Africa. This site, the
1227:
1069:appear by the Middle Devonian.
153:
42:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2890:
2823:
2675:Johanson, Zerina (1998-11-25).
2581:
1708:species known from the highest
1425:
1260:
1117:Field Museum of Natural History
905:Lyarskaja & Luksevics, 1998
1863:, is from the "Chemung", near
1235:had a long pair of spine-like
1:
3833:Fossil taxa described in 1840
2986:
1987:
1436:By Stampfli & Borel, 2000
7:
3813:Placoderms of South America
3803:Placoderms of North America
2745:Weems, R.E. (March 2004). "
991:
978:
10:
3849:
2659:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.03.008
2570:Palaeontologia Electronica
1867:. Several traits found in
1539:
1406:
3673:
3640:
3625:
3473:
3407:
3373:
3351:
3340:
3329:
3277:
3225:
3182:
3173:
3158:
3154:
3139:
3120:
3092:
3074:
3065:
3047:
3034:
2994:
1861:Bothriolepis virginiensis
1854:Bothriolepis virginiensis
1776:Bothriolepis coloradensis
1726:Waterloo Farm lagerstÀtte
1473:Waterloo Farm lagerstÀtte
987:
974:
841:Long & Werdelin, 1985
258:
253:
150:Scientific classification
148:
135:
126:
118:
109:
23:
3793:Placoderms of Antarctica
2747:Bothriolepis viginiensis
2072:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
1898:from the United States (
1329:
1180:
889:Young & Gorter, 1981
3788:Placoderms of Australia
2857:10.1073/pnas.0914000107
2565:Bothriolepis canadensis
2441:Bothriolepis canadensis
2343:Journal of Paleontology
1950:individual is present,
1668:Bothriolepis canadensis
1614:Bothriolepis canadensis
1571:Bothriolepis canadensis
1561:Bothriolepis canadensis
1491:Catskill Formation site
1291:Bothriolepis canadensis
1222:Bothriolepis canadensis
1123:
753:Young & Moody, 2002
138:Bothriolepis canadensis
120:Bothriolepis canadensis
2647:Comptes Rendus Palevol
2606:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0199
1963:
1811:
1771:
1698:
1639:detailed depiction of
1610:
1590:
1437:
1298:
1177:
1144:A new sample from the
1139:
1120:
1006:that lived during the
3828:Late Devonian animals
3740:Paleobiology Database
2495:Journal of Morphology
2446:Journal of Morphology
1915:
1806:
1766:
1754:Bothriolepis africana
1742:Bothriolepis barretti
1738:Bothriolepis africana
1702:Bothriolepis africana
1693:
1685:Bothriolepis africana
1596:
1569:
1433:
1295:Musée des Confluences
1289:
1167:
1111:
3798:Placoderms of Europe
3778:Placoderms of Africa
2944:10.25949/19432913.v1
2249:Brazeau, M. (2009).
2048:10.1635/053.161.0111
1944:Bothriolepis yeungae
1907:Bothriolepis yeungae
1865:Winchester, Virginia
1319:tectonic deformation
1168:Life restoration of
697:Pan & Wang, 1980
575:B. laverocklochensis
136:Life restoration of
3823:Fossils of Colombia
2848:2010PNAS..10710131S
2842:(22): 10131â10135.
2805:GeologĂa Colombiana
2769:2004JVPal..24..245W
2751:Bothriolepis nitida
2403:Biological Bulletin
2280:10.1038/nature07436
2272:2009Natur.457..305B
2218:2014Palgy..57..505J
2114:2010AREPS..38..523Y
2002:Paleontology portal
1968:Mandagery Sandstone
1962:are also preserved.
1939:Remigolepis walkeri
1918:Mandagery Sandstone
1798:Bothriolepis nitida
1618:Escuminac Formation
1575:Escuminac Formation
1477:Escuminac Formation
1469:Mandagery Sandstone
1351:Paired ventral sacs
1092:group of the clade
694:B. niushoushanensis
416:B. dorakarasugensis
3783:Placoderms of Asia
3195:Heteroyunnanolepis
2508:10.1002/jmor.20119
2488:Giles, S. (2013).
2459:10.1002/jmor.10765
2227:10.1111/pala.12093
1964:
1812:
1772:
1770:fossil from Russia
1699:
1611:
1591:
1497:Catskill Formation
1438:
1299:
1178:
1121:
897:Weems et al., 1981
833:Malinovskaja, 1988
777:Downs et al., 2016
681:Malinovskaja, 1988
554:Malinovskaja, 1988
456:B. gippslandiensis
419:Moloshnikov, 2009
327:Malinovskaja, 1992
303:Malinovskaja, 1988
3818:Devonian Colombia
3808:Fossils of Canada
3755:
3754:
3727:Open Tree of Life
3667:Taxon identifiers
3658:
3657:
3636:
3635:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3469:
3468:
3343:Bothriolepidoidei
3325:
3324:
3273:
3272:
3175:Yunnanolepidoidei
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
2453:(11): 1364â1380.
2266:(7227): 305â308.
2083:978-1-84028-152-1
1953:Canowindra grossi
1603:Scaumenacia cyrta
1573:. Late Devonian,
1303:alimentary system
1282:Alimentary system
1172:based on BĂ©chard
1018:. Historically,
962:
961:
954:
946:
938:
930:
922:
914:
906:
898:
890:
882:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
834:
826:
818:
817:Moloshnikov, 2003
810:
802:
794:
786:
785:Moloshnikov, 2010
778:
770:
762:
754:
746:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
698:
690:
682:
674:
666:
658:
650:
642:
634:
633:Moloshnikov, 2010
626:
619:
611:
603:
595:
587:
579:
571:
567:B. kwangtungensis
563:
555:
547:
539:
532:
524:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
392:
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
279:Long et al., 1997
272:
249:
3840:
3773:Placoderm genera
3748:
3747:
3735:
3734:
3722:
3721:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3662:
3661:
3648:
3647:
3631:
3475:Asterolepidoidei
3409:Bothriolepididae
3349:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3243:Parayunnanolepis
3227:Yunnanolepididae
3180:
3179:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3072:
3071:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3028:
2996:
2995:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2905:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2859:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2742:
2721:
2718:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2653:(5â6): 323â329.
2642:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2394:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2333:
2310:
2309:
2291:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2195:
2178:
2177:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2042:(161): 191â203.
2027:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1843:Bothriolepis rex
1836:Bothriolepis rex
1606:, a prehistoric
1521:orbital fenestra
1301:In general, the
1250:Parayunnanolepis
994:
989:
981:
976:
952:
944:
936:
928:
920:
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
790:B. shaokuanensis
784:
776:
768:
760:
752:
744:
736:
728:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
680:
672:
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
625:
617:
609:
601:
593:
585:
577:
569:
561:
553:
545:
538:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
464:B. grenfellensis
458:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
398:
390:
388:B. cullodenensis
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
244:
237:
226:Bothriolepididae
224:
211:
198:
158:
157:
131:
114:
104:
41:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3730:
3725:
3717:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3632:
3615:
3465:
3403:
3375:Microbrachiidae
3369:
3334:
3321:
3269:
3221:
3169:
3148:
3127:
3108:
3088:
3061:
3030:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2895:
2891:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2796:
2792:
2743:
2724:
2719:
2710:
2673:
2666:
2643:
2639:
2600:(6): 20180199.
2594:Biology Letters
2586:
2582:
2561:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2486:
2482:
2437:
2430:
2415:10.2307/1535537
2395:
2380:
2359:
2355:
2334:
2313:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2196:
2181:
2144:
2137:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2070:
2063:
2028:
2011:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1926:New South Wales
1910:
1888:B. virginiensis
1881:B. virginiensis
1869:B. virginiensis
1857:
1839:
1824:B. virginiensis
1801:
1791:B. coloradensis
1779:
1688:
1600:preserved with
1564:
1542:
1493:
1481:Cuche Formation
1435:
1428:
1409:
1353:
1332:
1284:
1263:
1230:
1217:
1215:Dermal skeleton
1183:
1142:
1126:
1106:
1104:General anatomy
1052:
982:, 'trench' and
958:
957:
953:Obrucheva, 1983
894:B. virginiensis
862:B. trautscholdi
745:Lyarskaja, 1974
615:B. macrocephala
591:B. lochangensis
515:Luksevics, 1986
491:Luksevics, 2001
472:B. groenlandica
427:Lyarskaja, 1986
396:B. dairbhrensis
372:B. coloradensis
367:Lyarskaja, 1974
351:Whiteaves, 1880
300:B. amankonyrica
243:
235:
222:
209:
196:
152:
105:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3736:
3723:
3710:
3695:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3582:Pterichthyodes
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3439:Houershanaspis
3435:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3346:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3302:Liujiangolepis
3298:
3291:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3209:Vanchienolepis
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2889:
2822:
2790:
2763:(1): 245â250.
2722:
2708:
2687:(3): 315â348.
2664:
2637:
2580:
2548:
2531:
2502:(6): 627â644.
2480:
2428:
2409:(2): 113â124.
2378:
2353:
2311:
2241:
2212:(3): 505â516.
2179:
2160:(4): 679â686.
2135:
2089:
2082:
2061:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1989:
1986:
1959:Groenlandaspis
1948:sarcopterygian
1909:
1904:
1875:, (especially
1856:
1851:
1838:
1833:
1800:
1795:
1778:
1773:
1744:from the late
1687:
1682:
1608:sarcopterygian
1563:
1558:
1541:
1538:
1492:
1489:
1465:Gogo Formation
1427:
1424:
1408:
1405:
1352:
1349:
1331:
1328:
1283:
1280:
1262:
1259:
1229:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1182:
1179:
1154:palatoquadrate
1146:Gogo Formation
1141:
1138:
1125:
1122:
1115:fossil in the
1105:
1102:
1051:
1050:Classification
1048:
1024:paleocontinent
1014:period of the
960:
959:
956:
955:
947:
942:B. yunnanensis
939:
937:Johanson, 1998
931:
923:
915:
907:
902:B. volongensis
899:
891:
883:
881:Obruchev, 1939
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
838:B. tatongensis
835:
827:
819:
811:
803:
801:Obruchev, 1941
795:
787:
782:B. sanzarensis
779:
771:
763:
758:B. portalensis
755:
747:
742:B. pavariensis
739:
731:
723:
715:
710:B. obrutschewi
707:
705:Traquair, 1888
699:
691:
683:
675:
667:
665:Newberry, 1889
659:
657:Horrmann, 1911
651:
643:
635:
630:B. markovskii
627:
620:
612:
607:B. macphersoni
604:
596:
588:
586:Traquair, 1893
583:B. leptocheira
580:
572:
564:
556:
548:
540:
533:
528:B. jazwicensis
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
469:
467:Johanson, 1996
461:
453:
451:Traquair, 1888
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
393:
385:
383:Traquair, 1895
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
311:Woodward, 1921
305:
297:
292:B. alvesiensis
289:
281:
273:
271:Eichwald, 1840
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
233:
229:
228:
220:
216:
215:
207:
203:
202:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
146:
145:
140:after BĂ©chard
133:
132:
124:
123:
116:
115:
107:
106:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3845:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3630:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3505:Colombialepis
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3391:Microbrachius
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:Hohsienolepis
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3295:Grenfellaspis
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3279:Sinolepididae
3276:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:Chuchinolepis
3185:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3055:Gnathostomata
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Gnathostomata
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2375:(3): 635â661.
2374:
2370:
2369:
2368:Palaeontology
2364:
2357:
2350:(5): 553â561.
2349:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2289:10044/1/17971
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2205:Palaeontology
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:from an East
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:Late Devonian
1711:
1710:paleolatitude
1707:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:B. canadensis
1669:
1665:
1662:The external
1660:
1658:
1657:B. canadensis
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:B. canadensis
1642:
1641:B. canadensis
1637:
1636:B. canadensis
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:B. canadensis
1595:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:B. canadensis
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1324:elasmobranchs
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:pectoral fins
1234:
1228:Fins and tail
1225:
1223:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1175:
1171:
1170:B. canadensis
1166:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1114:
1113:B. canadensis
1110:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:Gnathostomata
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:, freshwater
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Paleozoic Era
1013:
1012:Late Devonian
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
985:
980:
972:
968:
967:
951:
948:
943:
940:
935:
932:
927:
924:
919:
916:
911:
908:
903:
900:
895:
892:
887:
884:
879:
876:
871:
868:
863:
860:
855:
852:
847:
844:
839:
836:
831:
828:
823:
822:B. stevensoni
820:
815:
812:
807:
804:
799:
796:
791:
788:
783:
780:
775:
772:
767:
764:
759:
756:
751:
748:
743:
740:
737:Agassiz, 1845
735:
732:
729:Lahusen, 1880
727:
724:
721:Andrews, 1982
719:
716:
711:
708:
703:
700:
695:
692:
687:
684:
679:
676:
673:Stensio, 1948
671:
668:
663:
660:
655:
652:
647:
644:
639:
636:
631:
628:
624:
623:B. maeandrina
621:
618:Egerton, 1862
616:
613:
608:
605:
602:Leriche, 1931
600:
597:
592:
589:
584:
581:
576:
573:
568:
565:
560:
557:
552:
549:
544:
541:
537:
536:B. jeremijevi
534:
529:
526:
523:Stensio, 1948
521:
518:
513:
510:
507:Agassiz, 1844
505:
504:B. hydrophila
502:
497:
494:
489:
486:
481:
478:
473:
470:
465:
462:
457:
454:
449:
446:
441:
438:
435:Agassiz, 1844
433:
430:
425:
422:
417:
414:
411:Denison, 1951
409:
408:B. darbiensis
406:
402:
397:
394:
389:
386:
381:
378:
375:Eastman, 1904
373:
370:
365:
362:
357:
354:
349:
348:B. canadensis
346:
341:
338:
333:
330:
325:
322:
317:
314:
309:
308:B. antarctica
306:
301:
298:
295:Stensio, 1948
293:
290:
285:
282:
277:
274:
269:
265:
262:
261:
257:
252:
247:
242:
241:
234:
231:
230:
227:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
205:
204:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
37:387â360
32:
31:Late Devonian
26:
22:
19:
3705:Bothriolepis
3675:Bothriolepis
3674:
3610:Wurungulepis
3608:
3601:
3596:Sherbonaspis
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3568:Ningxialepis
3566:
3559:
3554:Luquanolepis
3552:
3545:
3540:Kirgisolepis
3538:
3533:Jiangxilepis
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3498:Byssacanthus
3496:
3489:
3482:
3460:Wufengshania
3458:
3453:Vietnamaspis
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3418:Bothriolepis
3417:
3416:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3362:
3355:
3316:Xichonolepis
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3264:Yunnanolepis
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3214:
3207:
3202:Shimenolepis
3200:
3193:
3186:
3162:
3122:
2953:
2934:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2892:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2814:. Retrieved
2809:
2803:
2793:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2684:
2680:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2499:
2493:
2483:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2406:
2402:
2399:Bothriolepis
2398:
2372:
2366:
2363:Bothriolepis
2362:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2338:Bothriolepis
2337:
2263:
2257:
2244:
2209:
2203:
2157:
2151:
2148:Bothriolepis
2147:
2105:
2101:
2073:
2039:
2035:
2032:Bothriolepis
2031:
1979:
1976:Bothriolepis
1975:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1906:
1899:
1896:Bothriolepis
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1873:Bothriolepis
1872:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1847:Bothriolepis
1846:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:Pennsylvania
1813:
1807:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1760:environment.
1753:
1741:
1737:
1734:Bothriolepis
1733:
1730:Bothriolepis
1729:
1706:Bothriolepis
1705:
1701:
1700:
1696:B. africana.
1695:
1684:
1677:heterocercal
1672:
1667:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1630:Bothriolepis
1629:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1570:
1560:
1554:Bothriolepis
1553:
1550:Bothriolepis
1549:
1546:Bothriolepis
1545:
1543:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1517:Bothriolepis
1516:
1513:Bothriolepis
1512:
1509:Bothriolepis
1508:
1505:Pennsylvania
1501:Tioga County
1494:
1461:Bothriolepis
1460:
1449:Bothriolepis
1448:
1441:Bothriolepis
1440:
1439:
1426:Distribution
1420:Bothriolepis
1419:
1412:Bothriolepis
1411:
1410:
1401:Bothriolepis
1400:
1397:Bothriolepis
1396:
1393:Bothriolepis
1392:
1388:
1385:Bothriolepis
1384:
1382:
1378:Bothriolepis
1377:
1370:Bothriolepis
1369:
1354:
1345:Bothriolepis
1344:
1341:neurocranium
1336:Bothriolepis
1335:
1333:
1307:Bothriolepis
1306:
1300:
1290:
1276:Bothriolepis
1275:
1272:Bothriolepis
1271:
1268:Bothriolepis
1267:
1264:
1261:Soft anatomy
1255:Bothriolepis
1254:
1248:
1245:Bothriolepis
1244:
1233:Bothriolepis
1232:
1231:
1221:
1218:
1204:Bothriolepis
1203:
1186:Bothriolepis
1185:
1184:
1173:
1169:
1159:Bothriolepis
1158:
1150:Bothriolepis
1149:
1143:
1134:Bothriolepis
1133:
1130:Bothriolepis
1129:
1127:
1112:
1098:Bothriolepis
1097:
1090:paraphyletic
1083:
1079:Bothriolepis
1078:
1071:
1067:Bothriolepis
1066:
1055:Bothriolepis
1054:
1053:
1044:Bothriolepis
1043:
1039:
1036:detritivores
1028:Bothriolepis
1027:
1020:Bothriolepis
1019:
966:Bothriolepis
965:
964:
963:
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
909:
901:
893:
886:B. verrucosa
885:
877:
869:
865:Jaekel, 1927
861:
857:Bryant, 1924
854:B. traquairi
853:
845:
837:
830:B. tastenica
829:
821:
814:B. sosnensis
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
773:
765:
757:
749:
741:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
693:
685:
678:B. nikitinae
677:
669:
661:
654:B. meandrina
653:
645:
637:
629:
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
582:
574:
566:
558:
550:
542:
535:
527:
519:
511:
503:
496:B. hicklingi
495:
487:
479:
475:Heintz, 1930
471:
463:
455:
447:
440:B. fergusoni
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
400:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
359:Pander, 1846
356:B. cellulosa
355:
347:
340:B. bindareii
339:
331:
324:B. babichevi
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
263:
240:Bothriolepis
239:
238:
141:
137:
119:
25:Bothriolepis
24:
18:
3699:Wikispecies
3589:Remigolepis
3575:Pambulaspis
3561:Nawagiaspis
3547:Lepadolepis
3526:Hunanolepis
3491:Asterolepis
3446:Monarolepis
3432:Grossilepis
3425:Briagalepis
3398:Wudinolepis
3364:Tenizolepis
3332:Euantiarcha
3288:Dayaoshania
3257:Vukhuclepis
3216:Zhanjilepis
3016:Subphylum:
2108:: 523â550.
1981:Remigolepis
1936:placoderms
1808:B. tungseni
1722:Grahamstown
1471:), Africa (
1376:and mouth,
1360:of certain
1241:caudal tail
1074:ontogenetic
950:B. zadonica
929:Miles, 1968
913:Young, 1988
878:B. turanica
873:Chang, 1965
870:B. tungseni
849:Miles, 1968
825:Miles, 1968
806:B. sinensis
769:Gross, 1934
761:Young, 1988
734:B. paradoxa
713:Gross, 1934
689:Leidy, 1856
670:B. nielseni
649:Gross, 1933
641:Young, 1988
610:Young, 1988
578:Miles, 1968
562:Young, 1988
546:Young, 1988
543:B. karawaka
531:Szrek, 2004
499:Miles, 1968
483:Miles, 1968
459:Hills, 1929
448:B. gigantea
380:B. cristata
335:Young, 1988
332:B. barretti
319:Young, 1988
287:Young, 1988
276:B. africana
3762:Categories
3603:Stegolepis
3519:Grossaspis
3512:Gerdalepis
3484:Asperaspis
3357:Dianolepis
3250:Phymolepis
3164:Minicrania
3103:see belowâ
3082:Placodermi
3067:Placodermi
3024:Placodermi
3018:Vertebrata
2816:2017-03-31
2777:10.1671/20
1988:References
1972:Canowindra
1922:Canowindra
1810:from China
1768:B. panderi
1750:Antarctica
1585:). At the
1457:salt water
1453:freshwater
1293:fossil at
1202:shield of
1086:Placodermi
1004:placoderms
934:B. yeungae
926:B. wilsoni
921:Long, 1983
918:B. warreni
846:B. taylori
798:B. sibrica
750:B. perija
726:B. panderi
638:B. mawsoni
599:B. lohesti
551:B. kassini
520:B. jarviki
488:B. heckeri
443:Long, 1983
391:Long, 1983
364:B. ciecere
343:Long, 1983
316:B. askinae
200:Placodermi
3768:Antiarchi
3309:Sinolepis
3146:Antiarchi
3124:Antiarchi
3094:Antiarchi
3004:Kingdom:
2988:Antiarchi
2866:0027-8424
2703:0067-1975
2614:1744-9561
2056:129501544
1930:Australia
1892:B. nitida
1877:B. nitida
1828:B. nitida
1820:B. nitida
1787:B. nitida
1758:Gondwanan
1718:Famennian
1530:B. nitida
1366:tetrapods
1315:esophagus
1196:antiarchs
1191:notochord
1119:, Chicago
1059:Antiarchi
945:Liu, 1962
809:Chi, 1940
793:Liu, 1963
718:B. ornata
686:B. nitida
646:B. maxima
594:Pan, 1964
570:Pan, 1964
432:B. favosa
424:B. evaldi
268:B. ornata
213:Antiarchi
173:Kingdom:
167:Eukaryota
3690:Q2264010
3684:Wikidata
3650:Category
3012:Chordata
3010:Phylum:
3006:Animalia
2903:32059074
2884:20479258
2785:85572685
2632:29899132
2526:23378262
2475:31585571
2467:19533688
2298:19148098
2236:85673117
2174:86104844
2130:86268051
1934:antiarch
1783:Colorado
1746:Givetian
1664:skeleton
1534:B. minor
1445:Devonian
1416:detritus
1362:dipnoans
1200:thoracic
1063:Silurian
1001:antiarch
910:B. vuwae
766:B. prima
702:B. obesa
662:B. minor
559:B. kohni
284:B. alexi
264:Holotype
254:Species
246:Eichwald
219:Family:
187:Chordata
183:Phylum:
177:Animalia
163:Domain:
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1311:pharynx
1032:benthic
979:bĂłthros
512:B. jani
480:B. hayi
399:Dupret
232:Genus:
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193:Class:
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2419:JSTOR
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2254:(PDF)
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2126:S2CID
2052:S2CID
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1649:et al
1374:naris
1358:lungs
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988:λΔÏÎŻÏ
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