859:(in a dormant state) in a chamber 4 inches (10 cm) below the ground surface, 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter, .25 miles (0.4 km) from a river. It was further noted that flood levels had previously reached the area, and receded. It is not unusual for riverine species like bowfin to move into backwaters with flood currents, and become trapped when water levels recede. While aestivation is anecdotally documented by multiple researchers, laboratory experiments have suggested instead that bowfin are physiologically incapable of surviving more than three to five days of air exposure. However, no field manipulation has been performed. Regardless of the lack of evidence confirming the bowfin's ability to aestivate, it has been noted that bowfin can survive prolonged conditions of exposure to air because they have the ability to breathe air. Their gill filaments and
1276:, but also known to be opportunistic. Some common examples of prey include frogs, bass, other bowfin, dragonflies, sunfish, crawfish, etc. Bowfin are remarkably agile, can move quickly through the water, and they have a voracious appetite. Their undulating dorsal fin propels them silently through the water while stalking their prey. The attack is straightforward and swift with a movement that lasts approximately 0.075 seconds. There were also some studies regarding the capacity of the bowfin to survive without food. In 1916, a female bowfin was starved for twenty months. It was the longest period that any vertebrate had been without food, as far the writer was aware during the observation. Some independent studies focus on the bowfin's ability to use organic material as a source of food and studied the structure of the
1411:
rescue and transfer" efforts, or the importance of nongame fish to the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems. Introductions of bowfin to areas they were considered a non-indigenous species included various lakes, rivers and drainages in
Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Many of the introductions were intentional stockings; however, there is no way to positively determine distribution resulting from flood transfers, or other inadvertent migrations. Bowfin are typically piscivorous, but as an introduced species are capable of being voracious predators that pose a threat to native fish and their prey.
930:
1524:. They were once considered a nuisance fish by anglers and early biologists who believed the bowfin's predatory nature was harmful to sport fish populations. As a result, efforts were taken to reduce their numbers. Research has since proven otherwise, and that knowledge together with a better understanding of maintaining overall balance of ecosystems, regulations were introduced to help protect and maintain viable populations of bowfin. Bowfin are strong fighters, a prized trait in game fish. However, they do have a jaw full of sharp teeth which requires careful handling. The current tackle record is 21.5 lb (9.8 kg)
742:
609:
1513:
738:
the bowfin to withstand lateral bending that puts the column under compression without breaking. This, in turn, allows the bowfin to have more controlled and powerful movements, in comparison to fish that had only a notochord. The bowfin has a rounded heterocercal tail that resembles a homocercal tail. This type of tail gives the body a streamlined shape which allows the bowfin to improve its swimming ability by reducing drag. These types of tails are common in fish with gas bladders, because the bladder supplies the fish with natural buoyancy.
1453:
593:
114:
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seven to nine days required for yolk-sac absorption, they attach to vegetation by means of an adhesive organ on their snout, and remain protected by the parent male bowfin. Bowfin aggressively protect their spawn from the first day of incubation to a month or so after the eggs have hatched. When the fry are able to swim and forage on their own, they will form a school and leave the nest accompanied by the parent male bowfin who slowly circles them to prevent separation.
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69:
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nudges, and chasing behavior by the male until the female becomes receptive, at which time the pair lie side by side in the nest. She deposits her eggs while he shakes his fins in a vibratory movement, and releases his milt for fertilization to occur. A male often has eggs from more than one female in his nest, and a single female often spawns in several nests.
573:. The chondrocranium layer cannot be seen because it is located below the dermal bones. The bowfin skull is made up of 28 fused bones, which compose the dermatocranium. The roof of the mouth is made up of three bones, the ectopterygoid, the palantine, and the vomer. They have two sets of teeth, including one set of larger sharp teeth coming out of the
558:) that is commonly encircled by an orange-yellowish border, while the female's is black, if present at all. It is thought the purpose of the eyespot is to confuse predators, deflecting attacks away from the head of the fish to its tail, which affords the bowfin an opportunity to escape predation. The bowfin is so named for its long, undulating
1429:(61–66 °F). The males construct circular nests in fibrous root mats, clearing away leaves and stems. Depending on the density of surrounding vegetation there may be a tunnel-like entrance at one side. The diameter of the nests commonly range between 39–91 cm (15–36 in), at a water depth of 61–92 cm (24–36 in).
718:
more active lifestyle. The jaw of a bowfin has several adaptations. The maxilla and premaxilla are fused and the posterior chondrocranium articulates with the vertebra which allows the jaw freedom to rotate. The suspensorium includes several bones and articulates with the snout, brain case, and the mandible. When the jaw opens
485:. Their preferred habitat includes vegetated sloughs, lowland rivers and lakes, swamps, and backwater areas; they are also occasionally found in brackish water. They are stalking, ambush predators known to move into the shallows at night to prey on fish and aquatic invertebrates such as crawfish, mollusks, and aquatic insects.
848:
to water oxygen content and water temperature, as water temperatures play a role in oxygen content. In the lab, bowfin showed an increase in the breathing rate when the temperatures were raised above 10°C. Bowfin also showed an increase in breathing rate when exposed to lower oxygen levels in the water.
847:
regulation for respiration control. Experiments manipulating the oxygen content, carbon dioxide content, and pH of bowfin extradural fluid did not affect breathing rate, heart rate, or blood pressure pointing to a lack of central chemoreceptor regulation. Instead, bowfin respiratory patterns respond
737:
are the major support for the body, whereas in earlier fish the notochord was the main form of support. In bowfin neural spines and ribs also increase in prominence, an evolutionary aspect that helps provide additional support and stabilize unpaired fins. The evolution of the vertebral column allows
1419:
Bowfin prefer vegetated sloughs, lowland rivers and lakes, swamps, backwater areas, and are occasionally found in brackish water. They are well camouflaged, and not easy to spot in slow water with abundant vegetation. They often seek shelter under roots, and submerged logs. Oxygen-poor environments
1410:
Research from the late 1800s to the 1980s suggests a trend of intentional stockings of non-indigenous fish into ponds, lakes and rivers in the United States. At that time, little was known about environmental impacts, or long-term effects of new species establishment and spread as a result of "fish
842:
waters. The fish becomes inactive in waters below 10 °C (50 °F); at this temperature they breathe almost no air; however, with increasing temperature their air breathing increases. Their preferred temperature range is between 12–26 °C (54–79 °F), with 18 °C (64 °F) the
1432:
During spawning season, the fins and underside of male bowfin often change in color to a bright lime green. The courtship/spawning sequence lasts one to three hours, and can repeat up to five times. Courtship begins when a female approaches the nest. The ritual consists of intermittent nose bites,
545:
to brown in color, often with vertical bars and dark reticulations or another camouflaged pattern. The dorsal fin has horizontal bars, and the caudal fin has irregular vertical bars. The underside is white or cream, and the paired fins and anal fin are bright green. During larval stage, hatchlings
1440:
is usually related to size of the fish, so it is not unusual for the roe of a large gravid female to contain over 55,000 eggs. Bowfin eggs are adhesive, and will attach to aquatic vegetation, roots, gravel, and sand. After hatching, larval bowfin do not swim actively in search of food. During the
717:
The first fish lacked jaws and used negative pressure to suck their food in through their mouths. The jaw in the bowfin is a result of their evolutionary need to be able to catch and eat bigger and more nutritious prey. As a result of being able to gather more nutrients, Bowfin are able to live a
692:
on their caudal peduncle, a tan and olive coloration, a shorter anal fin, a more rounded head, pelvic fins at a greater distance from the pectoral fins than in the northern snakehead and the presence of the gular plate on the ventral side of the lower jaw. Another noticeable difference is that
588:
Another three bones make up the lower jaw: the dentary, the angular, and the surangular. The cranial surface of the skull is made up of the nasals, the antorbital, the lacrimal, the parietal, the intertemporal, the post parietal, the supratemporal, the extra scapular, the post temporal, and the
529:
The typical length of a bowfin is 50 cm (20 in); females typically grow to 65–70 cm (26–28 in), males to 50–65 cm (20–26 in). They can reach 109 cm (43 in) in length, and weigh 9.75 kg (21.5 lb). Young of the year typically grow to 13–23 cm
639:, and a bony gular plate. The bony gular plate is located underneath the head on the exterior of the lower jaw between the two sides of the lower jaw bone. Other distinguishing characteristics include long, sharp teeth, and two protruding tube-like nostrils. Unlike all of the most primitive
1428:
Bowfin spawn in the spring or early summer, typically between April and June, more commonly at night in abundantly vegetated, clear shallow water in weed beds over sand bars, and also under stumps, logs, and bushes. Optimum temperatures for nesting and spawning range between 16–19 °C
960:
are the second major occurrence in the evolution of ray-finned fish and today include the majority of modern bony fish. They are distinguished from their earlier ancestors by major changes to the jaws, shape of the skull, and tail. They are divided into three divisions:
1280:. They concluded that it did not benefit from the organic material in the water because the gill rakers were short with blunt processes and a short space between them. Even bacteria could enter and exit through the gill easily. Its structure alone indicated that the
662:
Lateral view of a bowfin skull: The dermal bones that are seen are composed of dermatocranium and cover the chondrocranium which is present but is located underneath the layer of dermatocranium. This specimen came from the
Pacific Lutheran University Natural History
513:
512:
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926:(teleost fishes). Sturgeons, paddlefish, bichirs and reed fish compose the thirty-eight species of chondrosteans, and are considered relict species. Included in the over 23,000 species of neopterygians are eight relict species comprising gars and the bowfin.
761:. In this group of fish the fins function to maneuver, brake, and for slight positional adjustments. The pectoral girdle of the bowfin has six parts. The post temporal, supracleithrum, postcleithrum, cleithrum, scapulacoracoid, and the clavicle make up the
514:
1267:
Bowfin are stalking, ambush predators that customarily move into the shallows at night to prey on fish, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates such as crawfish, other crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic insects. Young bowfin feed mostly on small
683:
fish native to the rivers and estuaries of China, Russia, and Korea that have been introduced and become established in parts of North
America. However, unlike bowfin which are native to North America, the northern snakehead is considered an
708:
fish native to streams and lakes of North
America and Eurasia, is also commonly mistaken for bowfin. Burbots can be distinguished by their flat head and chin barbel, long anal fin, and pelvic fins situated beneath the pectoral fins.
1527:
Bowfin were once considered to have little commercial value because of its poor-tasting meat which has been referred to as "soft, bland-tasting and of poor texture". However, it is considered quite palatable if cleaned properly and
464:
were once widespread in both freshwater and marine environments across North and South
America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Now, their range is limited to much of the eastern United States and adjacent southern Canada, including the
511:
2674:
693:
bowfin scales do not continue uniformly from their body to their head. Bowfin heads are smooth and free of scales, whereas the northern snakehead has scales that uniformly continue from their body through to their head.
1540:, or in fishballs or fishcakes. Over the years, global efforts have imposed strict regulations on the international trade of caviar, particularly on the harvest of sturgeons from the Caspian Sea where the highly prized
1560:, bowfin are harvested in the wild, and cultured commercially in hatcheries for their meat and roe. The roe is processed into caviar, and sold as "Cajun caviar", or marketed under the trade name "Choupiquet Royale".
808:. When performing low-level physical activity, bowfin obtain more than half of their oxygen from breathing air. The fish have two distinct air-breathing mechanisms used to ventilate the gas bladder. Air breathing
546:
from about 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) total length are black and tadpole-like in appearance. At approximately 25 mm (0.98 in) total length they have been described as looking like miniature
1596:
in the tissues of larger, long-lived predatory fish. When compared to smaller, short-lived fish, bowfin tend to concentrate mercury at higher levels thereby making them less safe for human consumption.
679:) are commonly mistaken for bowfin because of similarities in appearance, most noticeably their elongated, cylindrical shape, and long dorsal fin that runs along their backs. Northern snakeheads are
3460:
Imogen A. Hurley; Rachel
Lockridge Mueller; Katherine A. Dunn; Eric J. Schmidt; Matt Friedman; Robert K. Ho; Victoria E. Prince; Ziheng Yang; Mark G. Thomas & Michael I. Coates (February 2007).
4046:"Potential Adverse Socio-Economic And Biological Impacts Of Aquatic Animal Pathogens Due To Hatchery-Based Enhancement Of Inland Open-Water Systems, And Possibilities For Their Minimisation"
1436:
Females vacate the nest after spawning, leaving the male behind to protect the eggs during the eight to ten days of incubation. A nest may contain 2,000 to 5,000 eggs, possibly more.
510:
596:
Dorsal view of a bowfin skull, showing the pharyngeal tooth patches which are connected to the internal portion of the hyomandibular bone. Acquired from
Pacific Lutheran University.
1319:
Fossil deposits indicate amiiforms included freshwater and marine species that were once widely distributed in North
America, South America, Eurasia and Africa. Today, bowfin (
1444:
Bowfin reach sexually maturity at two to three years of age. They can live up to 33 years in the wild, and 30 years in captivity. Bowfin may live decades at adult size.
2998:
914:
The extant ray-finned fish of the subclass
Actinopterygii include 42 orders, 431 families and over 23,000 species. They are currently classified into two infraclasses,
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act to close the lower jaw. This ability to open and close the jaw helps the bowfin to be an active predator that can catch bigger prey and digest them.
745:
The lower figure is a skeleton of the bowfin. The pelvic and pectoral girdles are both visible and the axial and cranial elements are also both present.
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1843:"Otoliths suggest lifespans more than 30 years for free-living Bowfin Amia calva – implications for fisheries management in the bowfishing era"
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originates. The bans imposed on
Caspian sturgeons have created lucrative markets for affordable substitutes in the United States including
1231:
event in their lineage. The presence of an intact ParaHox gene cluster suggests that bowfin ancestors separated from other fish before the
6313:
6283:
6223:
5915:
1767:
Brownstein, C.D.; Kim, D.; Orr, O.D.; Hogue, G.M.; Tracy, B.H.; Pugh, M.W.; Singer, R.; Myles-McBurney, C.; et al. (27 July 2022).
765:. The pectoral girdle is attached to the skull. The paired pectoral and pelvic fins of fish are homologous with the limbs of tetrapods.
6057:
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temperature of maximum activity. Air breathing is at a maximum in the range 18.4–29.6 °C (65.1–85.3 °F). Bowfin do not use
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connected from the foregut to the gas bladder. They can break the surface to gulp air, which allows them to survive conditions of
6519:
5697:
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4373:
4015:
3668:
Kanae Kikugawa; Kazutaka Katoh; Shigehiro Kuraku; Hiroshi Sakurai; Osamu Ishida; Naoyuki Iwabe; Takashi Miyata (March 11, 2004).
3584:"A Phylogenomic Perspective on the Radiation of Ray-Finned Fish Based upon Targeted Sequencing of Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs)"
2467:
1915:
1483:). These small crustaceans infest the skin and bases of fins, with consequences ranging from slowed growth to death. The mollusk
585:
bone, is made up of pharyngeal tooth patches, which are used for sorting out nutrients and grinding down larger pieces of food.
5338:
624:" because they retained some of the primitive characters common to their ancestors, including a modified (rounded externally)
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2020:
1960:
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Horn, M. H.; Riggs, C. (1973). "Effects of Temperature and Light on the Rate of Air Breathing of the Bowfin, Amia calva".
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are short with blunt processes and with a small space in between them. They are connected to the gill arch of the gills.
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are rigid in structure which helps prevent the lamellae from collapsing and aids gas exchange even during air exposure.
4231:
4176:
835:(low-oxygen) conditions. Bowfin air breath more frequently when they are in darkness, and correspondingly more active.
4515:"Characterization of insulins and proglucagon-derived peptides from a phylogenetically ancient fish, the paddlefish:
4211:
4152:
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3360:
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2425:
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1588:, there are posted signs with warnings about the consumption of fish caught in those areas. Concentration of mercury
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analyses, in an independent study of fossil and extant fish, and in an analysis of ultraconserved genomic elements.
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6633:
2507:
2620:
6704:
6573:
5420:
4562:"Structure and biological activity of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide from a primitive bony fish, the bowfin:
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lays eggs in the bowfin gills, that are then externally fertilized by sperm passing in the water flow. The small
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2055:
550:. They grow quickly, and typically leave the nest within 4 to 6 weeks after hatching. Young males have a black
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appeared. Bowfin are thus possibly a better model to study vertebrate genome organization than common teleost
887:, a group that includes many extinct species in several families. Halecomorphs were generally accepted as the
6651:
4409:
1677:
4683:
4646:
3237:
1331:, and their range is restricted to freshwater environments in North America, including much of the eastern
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In some areas of the United States where aquatic environments have tested positive for elevated levels of
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that would be lethal to most other species. The bowfin is long-lived, with age up to 33 years reported.
420:
5331:
723:
6625:
2997:. Water Quality Assessment Division. Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality. 2005. p. 18.
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bones to grasp and control the prey. The other set of teeth, located posteriorly and connected to the
6638:
2948:"The contribution of air breathing to aerobic scope and exercise performance in the banded knifefish
860:
754:
2946:
McKenzie, David J.; Steffensen, John F.; Taylor, Edwin W. & Abe, Augusto S. (19 December 2011).
2945:
2094:
488:
Like gars, bowfin are bimodal breathers—they have the capacity to breathe both water and air. Their
6709:
1980:
1652:
1228:
6560:
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1841:
Lackmann, Alec R.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Clark, Mark E. (2022-08-23).
813:
741:
501:
113:
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3413:"The oldest ionoscopiform from China sheds new light on the early evolution of halecomorph fish"
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6547:
6511:
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air breaths are inhalation alone, which is believed to regulate gas bladder volume, to control
800:, to "breath" in two ways: they can extract oxygen from the water when breathing through their
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opercular. The entirety of the skull is attached to the girdle through another set of bones.
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4106:
4079:
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3913:
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3041:
2538:
2277:"The Morphology of the Petrosal Bone and of the Sphenoidal Region of the Skull of Amia Calva"
2224:
2186:
2151:
2010:
1950:
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and relatives, including their relationship among basal extant teleosts, and organization of
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consisting of 145 to 250 rays that runs from the middle of the back to the base of the tail.
221:
20:
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as it passes up the food chain from organisms on lower trophic levels to apex predators. It
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and environmentally harmful there. Some contrasting differences in bowfin include a black
496:
that serves to maintain buoyancy, and also allows them to breathe air by means of a small
8:
6679:
5589:
4961:
2727:"Bowfin vs Snakehead 101: How to tell the difference between these two fish | Wild Hydro"
1708:
1549:
832:
608:
58:
24:
3763:
3599:
3519:"Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution"
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2917:. Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology. Vol. 6. pp. 279–345.
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2805:. Fish / Biol 311 (class notes). Biology of Fish. Seattle, WA: University of Washington
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1921:. Wisconsin State Department of Natural Resources. University of Wisconsin. p. 254
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is consistent with the action of exhale / inhale exchange, stimulated by either air or
672:
246:
108:
6342:
4468:"Structure and receptor-binding activity of insulin from a holostean fish, the bowfin:
4380:
3696:
3669:
3376:
Arratia, Gloria (2001). "The Sister-Group of Teleostei: Consensus And Disagreements".
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3647:"SUBCLASS ACTINOPTERYGII: RELICT SPECIES OF RAY-FINNED FISH & ORIGIN OF TELEOSTS"
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2016:
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2648:"Northern Snakehead Fish, Invasive Species, May Not Be As Bad As Originally Thought"
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Fuller, P.L; Benson, A.J.; Nunez, G.; Fusaro, A.; Neilson, M. (31 December 2019) .
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852:
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429:
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3069:"An Examination of Central Chemosensitivity in an Air-Breathing Fish (Amia Calva)"
2537:
Gene Helfman; Bruce B. Collette; Douglas E. Facey; Brian W. Bowen (3 April 2009).
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5819:
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3670:"Basal jawed vertebrate phylogeny inferred from multiple nuclear DNA-coded genes"
3608:
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1573:
1545:
993:
900:
762:
555:
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831:. Bimodal respiration helps bowfin survive and maintain their metabolic rate in
592:
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5543:
5405:
5377:
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5037:
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1340:
1304:
1240:
805:
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750:
621:
570:
566:
497:
482:
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452:, commonly found throughout much of the eastern United States, and in southern
416:
412:
404:
155:
3160:
2371:"The Homologies of the Occipital and First Spinal Nerves of Amia and Teleosts"
1785:
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3355:. Vol. 1: Petromyzontidae to Catostomidae. JHU Press. pp. 288–289.
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1976:
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793:
617:
542:
541:
The body of the bowfin is elongated and cylindrical, with the sides and back
445:
78:
73:
3772:
1255:
804:, but can also break the water's surface to breathe or gulp air through the
5997:
5990:
5983:
5847:
5738:
5704:
5690:
5511:
5489:
5459:
5347:
5263:
5218:
5203:
5183:
5168:
5098:
5042:
5032:
5007:
5002:
4903:
4737:
4235:
4180:
3791:
3705:
3627:
3554:
3503:
3477:
3446:
3428:
3294:
3215:
3067:
HEDRICK, M. S.; BURLESON, M. L.; JONES, D. R.; MILSOM, W. K. (1991-01-01).
2977:
2564:
1892:
1814:
1795:
1497:
1391:
1367:
1366:
from Quebec to northern Minnesota, the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, including
1212:
985:
908:
904:
888:
884:
778:
636:
625:
582:
492:
exchange gases in the water allowing them to breathe, but they also have a
408:
168:
4599:
4552:
4505:
4450:
4432:
4125:
3686:
3316:
Gene Helfman; Bruce B. Collette; Douglas E. Facey; Brian W. Bowen (2009).
3084:
2913:(1990). "Control and Co-Ordination of Gas Exchange in Bimodal Breathers".
2858:
6555:
6493:
6400:
6193:
6136:
5804:
5796:
5553:
5432:
5383:
5288:
5248:
5213:
5128:
5123:
5075:
4984:
4847:
4839:
4795:
4776:
4766:
4441:
2849:
2828:
2054:(Thesis). Thibodaux, Louisiana: Nicholls State University. Archived from
1476:
1460:
1375:
1352:
1273:
1269:
957:
934:
923:
915:
896:
856:
758:
632:
600:
493:
474:
198:
3485:
3410:
3068:
2044:
Reproductive Biology, Life History and Population Structure of a Bowfin
6485:
6472:
6150:
6044:
6031:
5956:
5935:
5711:
5647:
5268:
5080:
4979:
4974:
4895:
4852:
4818:
4725:
3898:
3286:
3127:
2968:
2947:
2402:
2355:
2308:
1589:
1464:
1277:
1260:
1220:
1000:
989:
981:
974:
942:
919:
872:
785:
680:
628:
578:
559:
547:
461:
415:, around 250 million years ago. The bowfin is often considered a "
178:
4581:
4534:
4487:
3804:
3193:. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. p. 240.
1866:
530:(5.1–9.1 in) by October. Females tend to grow larger than males.
6498:
6082:
6064:
5855:
5633:
5070:
5047:
4747:
4410:"Central Projects of the lateral line and eight nerves in the bowfin,
4141:
Thomas, Chad; Bonner, Timothy; Whiteside, Timothy H. (18 June 2007).
4077:
4050:
Primary aquatic animal health care in rural, small-scale, aquaculture
2324:"The Early Stages in the Development of the Hypophysis of Amia Calva"
1557:
1490:
1485:
1437:
1328:
1244:
1227:
fish, which have a fragmented ParaHox cluster, probably because of a
1008:
1004:
946:
892:
604:
Drawing of a bowfin skull showing the bony plates protecting the head
489:
449:
125:
6362:
3890:
3748:"Breakup of a homeobox cluster after genome duplication in teleosts"
3236:(Report). University of Florida. pp. 117, 8–pdf. Archived from
3119:
2386:
2339:
2292:
1292:
907:
Holostei. Monophyletic Holostei were also recovered by at least two
6467:
6385:
6253:
6233:
6203:
6166:
6120:
5605:
5389:
5371:
5163:
5153:
4994:
4805:
4719:
4234:. New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from
4179:. New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from
3213:
1985:
1713:
1581:
1553:
1501:
1472:
1323:) are the only remaining species in the order Amiiformes; they are
828:
797:
773:
722:
lift the chondrocranium, which is attached to the upper jaw, while
705:
574:
438:
237:
145:
4513:
Nguyen, T. M.; Mommsen, T. P.; Mims, S. M.; Conlon, J. M. (1994).
3348:
1840:
903:, a different result was produced with fossil taxa which showed a
433:, the eyespot bowfin. The closest living relatives of bowfins are
6646:
6263:
6184:
6173:
6098:
5942:
4933:
4829:
4043:
1577:
1521:
1344:
1308:
1236:
1224:
1209:
652:
453:
188:
3911:
1948:
1315:, westward around Great Lakes in southern Ontario into Minnesota
375:) is a bony fish, native to North America. Common names include
6459:
5365:
5316:
4755:
4713:
1585:
1569:
1358:
Historically, their distribution in North America included the
1348:
1312:
1216:
1205:
817:
697:
457:
135:
44:
3229:
Wolfgang J. Plunk; Peter B. Bayley; Richard E. Sparks (1989).
712:
6620:
5662:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
3746:
Mulley, John F.; Chiu, Chi-hua; Holland, Peter W. H. (2006).
2829:"Control of gill ventilation and air-breathing in the bowfin
1520:
As a sport fish, bowfin are not considered desirable to many
1399:
880:
801:
733:
in bowfin is ossified and in comparison to earlier fish, the
4698:
4286:"Choupique may be a trash fish for some, treasure to others"
565:
The skull of the bowfin is made of two layers of skull, the
4277:
3390:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0767:TSGOTC]2.0.CO;2
2418:
Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution
899:
clades was produced in morphology-based analyses of extant
839:
4379:. North Carolina Division of Public Health. Archived from
4064:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3066:
2746:
2465:
1420:
can be tolerated because of their ability to breathe air.
4862:
4104:
3411:
Guang-Hui Xu; Li-Jun Zhao; Michael I. Coates (May 2014).
2749:"Snakehead, Bowfin, or Burbot — Know the difference"
1729:
970:
895:
but not without question. While a halecostome pattern of
658:
434:
4366:
3739:
3218:. Florida State Museum Biological Sciences. p. 183.
2826:
2036:
2034:
2032:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1769:"Hidden species diversity in a living fossil vertebrate"
969: – the relict gars which include extant species of
537:
Diagram showing fins and eyespot of a bowfin, USF&WS
4512:
3824:
3466:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2588:
3905:
3320:
The Diversity of Fish: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology
2679:
Alerts and Notifications, event calendar press release
2540:
The Diversity of Fish: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1299:
distribution in the eastern U.S., as well as from the
4560:
Conlon, J. M.; Youson, J. H.; Mommsen, T. P. (1993).
4465:
4261:. International Game Fish Association. Archived from
4195:
4140:
3536:
10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e
2784:
Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution
2029:
1933:
1766:
16:
Bony fish related to gars in the infraclass Holosteii
6309:
6299:
6289:
6279:
6269:
6259:
6249:
6239:
6229:
6219:
6209:
6199:
6147:
6132:
6041:
5722:
5586:
5571:
5560:
5549:
5539:
5528:
4335:
4329:
4168:
3862:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2099:
Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History
1007:
from which modern fish arose, including most of the
4559:
4283:
4232:"The Bowfin, New York's Disrespected Living Fossil"
4177:"The Bowfin: New York's disrespected living fossil"
4008:
3752:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
3231:
The Flood Pulse Concept in River-Floodplain Systems
2567:. New York Department of Environmental Conservation
2530:
2040:
1993:
1700:
1686:
NatureServe Explorer An online encyclopedia of life
1563:
643:, the scales of bowfin differ in that they are not
4466:Conlon, J.M.; Youson, J.H.; Whittaker, J. (1991).
4308:
3983:
3349:Melvin L. Warren Jr.; Brooks M. Burr (July 2014).
2797:
2506:
796:to their digestrive tract. This allows them, like
6700:Freshwater fish of the Southeastern United States
3149:Glass, Mogens L.; Wood, Stephen C., eds. (2009).
2770:
2707:. Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters. 2024
2645:
2480:
2092:
1949:Kenneth Stewart; Douglas Watkinson (3 May 2004).
1493:larvae then hatch and develop in the gill tubes.
411:, a group of fish that first appeared during the
407:, being one of only two surviving species of the
6666:
4098:
4078:Miller, Rudolph John; Robison, Henry W. (2004).
4052:. Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service
3462:"A New Time-Scale for Ray-Finned Fish Evolution"
3039:
2621:"Bowfin and Snakeheads: Distinguishing Features"
2468:"The Skeletal System of the Bowfin (Amia calva)"
437:, with the two groups being united in the clade
419:" because they have retained some morphological
3375:
3260:
2909:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2119:
1284:do not use microorganisms as a source of food.
753:which means that the pectoral girdle is partly
4147:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 23.
3261:McKenzie, D. J.; Randall, D. J. (1990). "Does
3214:Loftus, William F.; Kushlan, James A. (1987).
2601:. Gainesville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey
2461:
2459:
1653:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T201942A2730796.en
5404:
5332:
4684:
4609:"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"
4314:
3712:
3575:
3510:
2872:Jackson, D.C.; Farmer, C.G. (March 5, 1998).
2871:
2008:
1672:
1670:
667:
4344:
4105:Joshua Laerm; B. J. Freeman (January 2008).
4084:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 58.
3986:Deep Alberta: Fossil Facts and Dinosaur Digs
3977:
3975:
3973:
3958:. Gainesville, Florida: US Geological Survey
3848:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 80.
3842:Arndt, Rudolf G.; Foltz, Jeffrey W. (2009).
3805:Indiana Department of Fish & Wildlfife.
3567:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
3254:
2705:Ontario's Invading Species Awareness Program
2584:
2582:
2448:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2226:Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Freshwater Fish
2222:
2205:
1762:
1760:
855:reported in 1950 that he unearthed a bowfin
651:scales closer in similarity to more derived
5509:
4111:. University of Georgia Press. p. 37.
3956:USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database
3945:
3912:Hart, Paul J.B.; Reynolds, John D. (2002).
3718:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2874:"Air-breathing during activity in the fish
2827:Hedrick, M.S.; Jones, D.R. (January 1999).
2456:
2158:. University of Chicago Press. p. 52.
2015:. Academy of Natural Sciences. p. 40.
1706:
1627:
1287:
875:and debates continue over the evolution of
713:Bowfin body-shape evolution and development
5339:
5325:
4691:
4677:
4174:
3981:
3841:
3222:
3046:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 94.
2984:
2865:
2639:
2466:Jared Handley & Jesse Fielder (2004).
2149:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1667:
999:Division 3. Division Teleostei – the
883:. Bowfin are the last remaining member of
866:
89:
67:
43:
4589:
4542:
4495:
4440:
4407:
4338:"Bowfin: North America's Freshwater Thug"
4336:Scharpf, Christopher (30 December 2013).
4229:
4044:J. Richard Arthur; Rohana P. Subasinghe.
4016:"Early Limnological and Fishery Research"
3970:
3868:
3812:. Indiana Department of Natural Resources
3781:
3771:
3725:. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 144.
3695:
3685:
3617:
3607:
3581:
3544:
3534:
3516:
3493:
3436:
3152:Cardio-Respiratory Control in Vertebrates
3148:
3105:
2967:
2848:
2681:. Indiana Department of Natural Resources
2579:
2256:. Indiana Department of Natural Resources
1882:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1757:
1651:
952:
4606:
3016:
2756:Wisconsin Anglers Want To Know brochures
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
1511:
1467:. The same parasite also attacks bowfin.
1451:
1291:
1254:
988:), the only extant species in the order
928:
772:
740:
657:
647:, rather they are large, single-layered
607:
599:
591:
532:
506:
423:. It is one of two species in the genus
421:characteristics of their early ancestors
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3649:. University of Edinburgh. January 2007
3641:
3639:
3637:
3309:
2903:
2790:
2781:
2627:. Texas Parks & Wildlife Department
2499:
2321:
1975:
1955:. Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 51.
1899:
6667:
4225:
4223:
3915:Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries
3342:
2992:"Canon Envirothon Water Quality Study"
2822:
2820:
2786:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
2758:. Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources
2599:Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database
2474:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
1623:
1621:
1335:and adjacent southern Canada from the
6367:
6366:
5358:
5320:
4672:
4284:Bourgeois, David A. (April 5, 2009).
4201:
4025:. University of Wisconsin. p. 29
4023:Wisconsin Fish and Fishery Management
3798:
3453:
3216:"Freshwater fish of southern Florida"
3183:
2740:
2666:
2613:
2557:
2543:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 37.
2368:
2274:
2229:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 64.
2143:
2113:
2073:
1223:. This is in contrast, however, with
6652:7895E785-6F85-42EA-B316-1FF0E262A954
6626:FA4BDF92-0F59-0EE5-1F48-3D19C67379D2
4421:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
4250:
3932:
3634:
2243:
2048:Population in Southeastern Louisiana
1836:
1834:
1832:
1414:
1355:in southern Ontario into Minnesota.
477:, and various rivers exiting in the
6675:IUCN Red List least concern species
4220:
4037:
3661:
3404:
3369:
3004:from the original on April 13, 2013
2939:
2889:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2817:
2672:
2416:V., Kardong, Kenneth (2012-01-01).
2172:
2101:. Florida Museum of Natural History
1639:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1618:
1250:
1199:
13:
4613:Bulletins of American Paleontology
4401:
3378:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3190:Copeia, 1950, An estivating bowfin
2646:Deborah Zabarenko (May 30, 2013).
2508:"Actinopterygians: What Are They?"
2415:
2362:
2315:
2268:
14:
6721:
4635:
4354:. Environmental Protection Agency
4206:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
3990:. University of Alberta. p.
3845:Freshwater Fish of South Carolina
2223:Schultz, Ken (15 December 2010).
2150:Berra, Tim (September 15, 2008).
2041:Davis, Johnathan G. (Fall 2003).
2009:Stauffer, Jay (1 December 2007).
1969:
1829:
1552:, bowfin, and various species of
1020:The following is a species list
616:Bowfin are often referred to as "
6690:Freshwater fish of North America
6347:
6341:
6335:
5346:
4408:McCormick, Catherine A. (1981).
4256:
3871:"Twenty months of starvation in
3352:Freshwater Fish of North America
3267:Fish Physiology and Biochemistry
2747:Bureau of Fisheries Management.
1744:Deeplyfish – fishes of the world
1564:Accumulation of toxic substances
838:Bowfin blood can adapt to warm,
112:
3207:
3177:
3142:
3099:
3073:Journal of Experimental Biology
3060:
2956:Journal of Experimental Biology
2719:
2693:
2675:"Bowfin mistaken as snakeheads"
2409:
4657:Bowfin info by Brent Courchene
3982:John Acorn (7 February 2007).
3946:Fuller, Pam (31 March 2020) .
3869:Smallwood, W.M. (1916-01-01).
3517:Broughton, Richard E. (2013).
3043:The Inland Fish of Mississippi
2962:(8): 1323–1330, Introduction.
2485:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1707:Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017).
1507:
519:Bowfin activity in an aquarium
1:
4352:"Fish Consumption Advisories"
4315:Saulny, Susan (9 June 2012).
3719:Thom Holmes (June 28, 2008).
2516:Biology of Fish-Fish/Biol 311
2369:Allis, Edward Phelps (1898).
2275:Allis, Edward Phelps (1897).
1612:
1423:
788:, meaning they have a small "
768:
612:Inset, drawing of gular plate
524:
4374:"What fish are safe to eat?"
4204:Freshwater Fish Distribution
4108:Fish of the Okefenokee Swamp
3609:10.1371/journal.pone.0065923
3582:Faircloth, Brant C. (2013).
2782:Kardong, Kenneth V. (2015).
2156:Freshwater Fish Distribution
984: – the relict bowfin, (
7:
3324:. Wiley-Blackwell. p.
2923:10.1007/978-3-642-75380-0_9
2129:Wildlife Diversity Notebook
1952:Freshwater Fish of Manitoba
1600:
1447:
1405:
1011:we are familiar with today.
973:that first appeared in the
460:. Fossil deposits indicate
10:
6726:
4317:"A roe, by any other name"
2518:. University of Washington
2481:Nelson, Joseph S. (2006).
2470:. Murray State University.
1272:, while adults are mostly
1075:Yabumoto & Grande 2013
1015:
749:The bowfin is a member of
668:Fish similar in appearance
18:
6375:
6333:
6183:
6146:
6128:
6119:
6081:
6052:
6040:
6029:
5966:
5925:
5733:
5721:
5585:
5524:
5520:
5505:
5486:
5458:
5440:
5431:
5413:
5400:
5354:
5089:
5056:
5016:
4993:
4960:
4942:
4894:
4871:
4838:
4827:
4804:
4793:
4775:
4764:
4746:
4708:
4652:FishBase info for Amiidae
3161:10.1007/978-3-540-93985-6
3040:Ross, Stephen T. (2001).
2565:"Northern Snakehead Fish"
1786:10.1101/2022.07.25.500718
1390:drainage in southeastern
554:on the base of the tail (
252:
245:
227:
220:
109:Scientific classification
107:
87:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
4144:Freshwater Fish of Texas
2193:. University of Michigan
2120:Jeff Hansbarger (2006).
1979:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1378:, Ontario, south to the
1288:Distribution and habitat
1229:whole genome duplication
631:, a highly vascularized
6695:Fish of the Great Lakes
4607:Sepkoski, Jack (2002).
3773:10.1073/pnas.0600341103
3539:(inactive 2024-07-14).
2915:Vertebrate Gas Exchange
2328:The Biological Bulletin
2322:Prather, J. M. (1900).
2093:University of Florida.
1989:. January 2009 version.
1916:"Bowfin Family-Amiidae"
1847:Journal of Fish Biology
992:which date back to the
867:Evolution and phylogeny
777:Dissection of a bowfin
6705:Fish described in 1766
4202:Berra, Tim M. (2001).
3478:10.1098/rspb.2006.3749
3429:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0204
2251:"Bowfin (Almia calva)"
1796:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0395
1517:
1468:
1316:
1264:
953:Infraclass Neopterygii
949:
792:" that connects their
781:
746:
664:
613:
605:
597:
538:
521:
403:. It is regarded as a
6685:Fish of North America
6608:Paleobiology Database
4647:Bowfin Anglers' Group
4619:: 560. Archived from
4433:10.1002/cne.901970102
3918:. Wiley. p. 27.
3807:"Bowfin (Amia calva)"
3687:10.1186/1741-7007-2-3
3085:10.1242/jeb.155.1.165
2673:DNR (June 27, 2012).
2652:Huffington Post Green
2012:Fish of West Virginia
1646:: e.T201942A2730796.
1532:, or prepared fried,
1516:Freshly caught bowfin
1515:
1455:
1343:drainage of southern
1307:drainage of southern
1295:
1258:
932:
845:central chemoreceptor
776:
744:
661:
611:
603:
595:
536:
517:
21:Balao-class submarine
4386:on 20 September 2013
3722:The First Vertebrate
2876:Lepisosteus oculatus
2850:10.1242/jeb.202.1.87
2701:"Northern Snakehead"
2191:Animal Diversity Web
1825:. Art. No. 20220395.
1717:. nversion (02/2017)
1628:NatureServe (2013).
1504:have been reported.
1486:Megalonaias gigantea
1351:westward around the
1233:last common ancestor
635:lung, vestiges of a
4962:Protacanthopterygii
4952:Lepidogalaxiiformes
4265:on October 12, 2018
3879:Biological Bulletin
3764:2006PNAS..10310369M
3758:(27): 10369–10372.
3600:2013PLoSO...865923F
3279:1990FPBio...8..147M
2375:Zoological Bulletin
2281:Zoological Bulletin
2152:"Families and Maps"
2131:. West Virginia DNR
1859:2022JFBio.101.1301L
1208:contains an intact
933:Three divisions of
673:Northern snakeheads
59:Conservation status
52:Bowfin in aquarium
5179:Cyprinodontiformes
5104:Trachichthyiformes
5058:Paracanthopterygii
4909:Alepocephaliformes
4703:orders by subclass
4662:2011-09-27 at the
4322:The New York Times
3287:10.1007/BF00004442
2969:10.1242/jeb.064543
2950:Gymnotus carapo L.
2061:on August 18, 2016
1688:. 7.1. NatureServe
1518:
1469:
1384:Gulf Coastal Plain
1337:St. Lawrence River
1317:
1301:St. Lawrence River
1265:
1219:and to most other
1153:Amia whiteavesiana
1099:Amia macrospondyla
1036:Amia dictyocephala
980:Division 2. Order
965:Division 1. Order
950:
782:
747:
665:
614:
606:
598:
539:
522:
6662:
6661:
6595:Open Tree of Life
6369:Taxon identifiers
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6115:
6114:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
5761:Archaeosemionotus
5501:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5274:Tetraodontiformes
5229:Chaetodontiformes
5164:Pleuronectiformes
5119:Batrachoidiformes
4881:Osteoglossiformes
4873:Osteoglossomorpha
4582:10.1042/bj2950857
4535:10.1042/bj3000339
4517:Polyodon spathula
4488:10.1042/bj2760261
4482:(Pt 1): 261–264.
4296:on March 14, 2016
4238:on April 27, 2021
4118:978-0-8203-3135-5
4091:978-0-8061-3610-3
4001:978-0-88864-481-7
3925:978-0-632-05412-1
3855:978-1-57003-680-4
3472:(1609): 489–498.
3170:978-3-540-93984-9
3053:978-1-57806-246-1
2932:978-3-642-75382-4
2729:. 3 November 2021
2550:978-1-4443-1190-7
2492:978-0-471-25031-9
2483:Fish of the World
2236:978-1-118-03987-8
2022:978-1-4223-1783-9
1962:978-0-88755-374-5
1867:10.1111/jfb.15201
1475:of bowfin is the
1415:Preferred habitat
1388:Susquehanna River
1364:Mississippi River
1215:, similar to the
1193:
1182:
1174:
1165:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
515:
471:Mississippi River
363:
362:
356:
348:
340:
332:
331:Valenciennes 1847
324:
323:Valenciennes 1847
316:
315:Valenciennes 1847
308:
307:Valenciennes 1847
300:
299:Valenciennes 1847
292:
291:Valenciennes 1847
284:
283:Valenciennes 1847
276:
275:Valenciennes 1847
268:
264:Amia occidentalis
258:
102:
82:
6717:
6655:
6654:
6642:
6641:
6629:
6628:
6616:
6615:
6603:
6602:
6590:
6589:
6577:
6576:
6564:
6563:
6551:
6550:
6541:
6540:
6528:
6527:
6515:
6514:
6502:
6501:
6489:
6488:
6476:
6475:
6463:
6462:
6450:
6449:
6437:
6436:
6424:
6423:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6364:
6363:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6311:
6301:
6291:
6281:
6271:
6261:
6251:
6241:
6231:
6221:
6211:
6201:
6149:
6134:
6126:
6125:
6050:
6049:
6043:
6038:
6037:
5731:
5730:
5724:
5590:Parasemionotidae
5588:
5573:
5562:
5551:
5541:
5530:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5507:
5506:
5438:
5437:
5411:
5410:
5402:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5356:
5355:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5284:Centrarchiformes
5259:Priacanthiformes
5254:Scatophagiformes
5209:Uranoscopiformes
5154:Istiophoriformes
5144:Synbranchiformes
5109:Holocentriformes
5076:Stylephoriformes
5028:Ateleopodiformes
4914:Gonorynchiformes
4858:Notacanthiformes
4836:
4835:
4832:
4814:Lepisosteiformes
4802:
4801:
4798:
4785:Acipenseriformes
4773:
4772:
4769:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4603:
4593:
4556:
4546:
4509:
4499:
4462:
4444:
4418:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4292:. Archived from
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4227:
4218:
4217:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4183:on 27 April 2021
4175:Jackson, Randy.
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4138:
4123:
4122:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4081:Fish of Oklahoma
4075:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4020:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3989:
3979:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3943:
3930:
3929:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3839:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3775:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3643:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3611:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3548:
3538:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3323:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3037:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2886:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2513:
2510:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2439:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2220:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2170:
2169:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2090:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2053:
2038:
2027:
2026:
2006:
1991:
1990:
1981:"Family Amiidae"
1973:
1967:
1966:
1946:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1912:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1853:(5): 1301–1311.
1838:
1827:
1826:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1625:
1607:Snakehead (fish)
1251:Feeding behavior
1200:Genome evolution
1194:(Eyetail bowfin)
1191:
1188:Amia ocellicauda
1180:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1126:Amia newberriana
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1090:Amia lewesiensis
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
967:Lepisosteiformes
939:Lepisosteiformes
901:actinopterygians
731:vertebral column
724:adductor muscles
686:invasive species
641:actinopterygians
516:
479:Eastern Seaboard
430:Amia ocellicauda
354:
346:
338:
330:
328:Amia subcoerulea
322:
320:Amia lintiginosa
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
256:
233:
117:
116:
96:
93:
92:
76:
71:
70:
47:
35:
34:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6710:Freshwater fish
6665:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6650:
6645:
6637:
6632:
6624:
6619:
6611:
6606:
6598:
6593:
6585:
6580:
6572:
6567:
6559:
6554:
6546:
6544:
6536:
6531:
6523:
6518:
6510:
6505:
6497:
6492:
6484:
6479:
6471:
6466:
6458:
6453:
6445:
6440:
6432:
6427:
6419:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6371:
6361:
6352:
6319:
6179:
6142:
6111:
6077:
6034:
6017:
5968:Ophiopsiellidae
5962:
5921:
5820:Heterolepidotus
5726:Ionoscopiformes
5717:
5613:Candelarialepis
5581:
5514:
5493:
5474:
5454:
5427:
5396:
5361:
5360:
5350:
5345:
5315:
5298:
5294:Scorpaeniformes
5234:Acanthuriformes
5194:Gobiesociformes
5134:Syngnathiformes
5091:Acanthopterygii
5085:
5052:
5048:Polymixiiformes
5012:
4989:
4970:Argentiniformes
4956:
4938:
4890:
4867:
4828:
4823:
4794:
4789:
4765:
4760:
4756:Polypteriformes
4742:
4704:
4697:
4664:Wayback Machine
4638:
4626:
4624:
4416:
4404:
4402:Further reading
4399:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4334:
4330:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4230:Randy Jackson.
4228:
4221:
4214:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4139:
4126:
4119:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4076:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3980:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3952:Linnaeus, 1766"
3944:
3933:
3926:
3910:
3906:
3891:10.2307/1536322
3867:
3863:
3856:
3840:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3717:
3713:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3635:
3580:
3576:
3560:
3559:
3515:
3511:
3458:
3454:
3423:(5): 20140204.
3417:Biology Letters
3409:
3405:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3314:
3310:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3147:
3143:
3120:10.2307/1443063
3104:
3100:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3038:
3017:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2911:Boutilier, R.G.
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2870:
2866:
2825:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2780:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2595:(Cantor, 1842)"
2587:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2479:
2475:
2464:
2457:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2420:. McGraw-Hill.
2414:
2410:
2387:10.2307/1535454
2367:
2363:
2340:10.2307/1535750
2320:
2316:
2293:10.2307/1535409
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2221:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2166:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2007:
1994:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1900:
1839:
1830:
1773:Biology Letters
1765:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1566:
1546:beluga sturgeon
1510:
1500:and with fatal
1450:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1382:; Atlantic and
1360:drainage basins
1290:
1253:
1241:model organisms
1202:
1197:
1162:Amia pattersoni
1144:Amia uintaensis
1135:Amia selwyniana
1018:
994:Triassic period
955:
869:
821:
771:
763:pectoral girdle
720:epaxial muscles
715:
670:
556:caudal peduncle
527:
520:
507:
502:aquatic hypoxia
467:drainage basins
359:
355:(Linnaeus 1766)
336:Amia thompsonii
304:Amia reticulata
260:
259:
241:
235:
229:
216:
111:
103:
94:
90:
83:
72:
68:
61:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6723:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6643:
6630:
6617:
6604:
6591:
6578:
6565:
6552:
6542:
6529:
6516:
6503:
6490:
6477:
6464:
6451:
6438:
6425:
6412:
6397:
6381:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6307:
6297:
6287:
6277:
6267:
6257:
6247:
6237:
6227:
6217:
6207:
6197:
6189:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6155:
6153:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6087:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6053:
6047:
6035:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5972:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5953:
5950:Quetzalichthys
5946:
5939:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5904:
5897:
5889:
5886:Schernfeldfuro
5882:
5879:Sanctusichthys
5875:
5867:
5863:Panxianichthys
5859:
5852:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5734:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5670:Parasemionotus
5666:
5659:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5594:
5592:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5576:Prosantichthys
5569:
5558:
5547:
5544:Cipactlichthys
5537:
5525:
5515:
5510:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5421:Actinopterygii
5414:
5408:
5406:Actinopterygii
5398:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5378:Actinopterygii
5374:
5368:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5279:Pempheriformes
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5174:Atheriniformes
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Anabantiformes
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5066:Percopsiformes
5062:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5038:Myctophiformes
5035:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5019:incertae sedis
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4886:Hiodontiformes
4883:
4877:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4863:Anguilliformes
4860:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4833:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4701:Actinopterygii
4696:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4637:
4636:External links
4634:
4633:
4632:
4604:
4576:(3): 857–861.
4557:
4529:(2): 339–345.
4510:
4463:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4365:
4343:
4328:
4307:
4276:
4249:
4219:
4212:
4194:
4167:
4153:
4124:
4117:
4097:
4090:
4063:
4036:
4007:
4000:
3969:
3931:
3924:
3904:
3885:(6): 453–464.
3861:
3854:
3823:
3797:
3738:
3731:
3711:
3660:
3633:
3574:
3509:
3452:
3403:
3384:(4): 767–773.
3368:
3361:
3341:
3334:
3328:, Chapter 13.
3308:
3253:
3221:
3206:
3199:
3176:
3169:
3141:
3114:(4): 653–657.
3098:
3079:(1): 165–174.
3059:
3052:
3015:
2983:
2938:
2931:
2902:
2891:(201): 943–948
2864:
2816:
2789:
2769:
2739:
2718:
2692:
2665:
2638:
2612:
2578:
2556:
2549:
2529:
2498:
2491:
2473:
2455:
2426:
2408:
2361:
2334:(2): 57–80–1.
2314:
2267:
2242:
2235:
2204:
2171:
2164:
2142:
2112:
2072:
2028:
2021:
1992:
1977:Froese, Rainer
1968:
1961:
1932:
1898:
1828:
1756:
1728:
1699:
1666:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1594:bioaccumulates
1565:
1562:
1538:courtbouillion
1509:
1506:
1449:
1446:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1396:Colorado River
1380:Gulf of Mexico
1372:Lake Nipissing
1341:Lake Champlain
1305:Lake Champlain
1289:
1286:
1252:
1249:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
997:
986:halecomorphids
978:
954:
951:
868:
865:
851:Herpetologist
823:gas exchange;
819:
816:, to regulate
806:pneumatic duct
790:pneumatic duct
770:
767:
751:actinopterygii
714:
711:
669:
666:
622:primitive fish
618:living fossils
571:chondrocranium
567:dermatocranium
526:
523:
518:
498:pneumatic duct
483:Gulf of Mexico
417:primitive fish
413:Early Triassic
361:
360:
358:
357:
352:Amiatus calvus
349:
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
272:Amia marmorata
269:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
243:
242:
236:
225:
224:
218:
217:
210:
208:
204:
203:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
159:
158:
156:Actinopterygii
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
105:
104:
88:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6722:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6413:
6408:
6402:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6350:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6304:Solnhofenamia
6298:
6296:
6295:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6214:Calamopleurus
6208:
6206:
6205:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6108:
6107:
6106:Catutoichthys
6103:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6028:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6005:Placidichthys
6002:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5977:Congophiopsis
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5901:Subortichthys
5898:
5895:
5894:
5893:Sinoeugnathus
5890:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5871:Robustichthys
5868:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5834:Italophiopsis
5831:
5829:
5828:
5827:Holzmadenfuro
5824:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5776:Brachyichthys
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:Asialepidotus
5765:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:Allolepidotus
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5677:Piveteaunotus
5674:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5565:Promecosomina
5559:
5556:
5555:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:Angolaichthys
5527:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5492:
5491:
5485:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:Lutjaniformes
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Ephippiformes
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5199:Blenniiformes
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5159:Carangiformes
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5139:Scombriformes
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5114:Ophidiiformes
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:Salmoniformes
4978:
4976:
4975:Galaxiiformes
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4944:Lepidogalaxii
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Gymnotiformes
4927:
4925:
4924:Characiformes
4922:
4920:
4919:Cypriniformes
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4732:Gnathostomata
4729:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4702:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4623:on 2009-02-20
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4442:2027.42/50011
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4406:
4405:
4382:
4375:
4369:
4353:
4347:
4340:. USF&WS.
4339:
4332:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4311:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4224:
4215:
4213:0-12-093156-7
4209:
4205:
4198:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4156:
4154:9781585445707
4150:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4024:
4017:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3732:9780816059584
3728:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3653:September 29,
3648:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3594:(6): e65923.
3593:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:PLOS Currents
3520:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3362:9781421412016
3358:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3335:9781405124942
3331:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:(2): 147–58.
3272:
3268:
3265:aestivate?".
3264:
3257:
3243:on 2010-06-21
3239:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3200:9780521739672
3196:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2800:
2799:"Swimbladder"
2793:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2728:
2722:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2566:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2517:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2427:9780073524238
2423:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2197:September 25,
2192:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2165:9780226044439
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2135:September 25,
2130:
2123:
2116:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
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1860:
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1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
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1833:
1824:
1820:
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1770:
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1738:
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1716:
1715:
1710:
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1687:
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1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:United States
1330:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:Linnaeus 1766
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1081:Amia gracilis
1078:
1073:
1069:
1066:(Jordan 1927)
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:Amia depressa
1024:
1023:
1021:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
962:
959:
958:Neopterygians
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
864:
862:
858:
854:
849:
846:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
814:water hypoxia
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:swim bladders
791:
787:
780:
775:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
743:
739:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
710:
707:
703:
699:
694:
691:
687:
682:
678:
674:
660:
656:
654:
650:
646:
645:ganoid scales
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
619:
610:
602:
594:
590:
587:
584:
583:hyomandibular
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
535:
531:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
353:
350:
345:
344:Amia piquotii
342:
337:
334:
329:
326:
321:
318:
313:
310:
305:
302:
297:
294:
289:
286:
281:
278:
273:
270:
265:
262:
261:
251:
248:
244:
239:
234:
232:
226:
223:
222:Binomial name
219:
215:
214:
213:A. calva
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
115:
110:
106:
100:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
33:
29:
27:
22:
6376:
6340:
6312:
6302:
6294:Pseudamiatus
6292:
6282:
6272:
6262:
6252:
6242:
6232:
6222:
6212:
6202:
6192:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6135:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6010:
6003:
5998:Petalopteryx
5996:
5991:Ophiopsiella
5989:
5984:Macrepistius
5982:
5975:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:Ionoscopidae
5914:
5906:
5899:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5869:
5861:
5854:
5848:Oligopleurus
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5812:Gymnoichthys
5810:
5803:
5795:
5788:
5783:Cerinichthys
5781:
5774:
5766:
5759:
5754:Altmuehlfuro
5752:
5744:
5737:
5710:
5705:Thomasinotus
5703:
5696:
5691:Stensionotus
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5574:
5563:
5552:
5542:
5531:
5512:Halecomorphi
5490:Halecomorphi
5488:
5460:Halecomorphi
5388:Infraclass:
5348:Halecomorphi
5269:Lophiiformes
5264:Caproiformes
5244:Lobotiformes
5219:Moroniformes
5204:Gerreiformes
5189:Mugiliformes
5184:Beloniformes
5169:Cichliformes
5099:Beryciformes
5043:Lampriformes
5033:Aulopiformes
5017:
5008:Stomiiformes
5003:Osmeriformes
4934:Siluriformes
4904:Clupeiformes
4853:Albuliformes
4738:Osteichthyes
4730:Infraphylum
4625:. Retrieved
4621:the original
4616:
4612:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4424:
4420:
4411:
4388:. Retrieved
4381:the original
4368:
4356:. Retrieved
4346:
4331:
4320:
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4294:the original
4289:
4279:
4267:. Retrieved
4263:the original
4252:
4240:. Retrieved
4236:the original
4203:
4197:
4185:. Retrieved
4181:the original
4170:
4158:. Retrieved
4143:
4107:
4100:
4080:
4054:. Retrieved
4049:
4039:
4027:. Retrieved
4022:
4010:
3985:
3960:. Retrieved
3955:
3949:
3914:
3907:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3864:
3844:
3814:. Retrieved
3800:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3721:
3714:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3651:. Retrieved
3591:
3587:
3577:
3563:cite journal
3526:
3522:
3512:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3351:
3344:
3319:
3311:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3245:. Retrieved
3238:the original
3224:
3209:
3189:
3179:
3151:
3144:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3042:
3006:. Retrieved
2986:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2914:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2888:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2843:(1): 87–94.
2840:
2837:J. Exp. Biol
2836:
2830:
2807:. Retrieved
2792:
2783:
2760:. Retrieved
2755:
2742:
2731:. Retrieved
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2704:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2678:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2651:
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2598:
2593:Channa argus
2592:
2569:. Retrieved
2559:
2539:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2515:
2501:
2482:
2476:
2417:
2411:
2381:(2): 83–97.
2378:
2374:
2364:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2245:
2225:
2195:. Retrieved
2190:
2187:"Amia calva"
2155:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2128:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2098:
2063:. Retrieved
2056:the original
2047:
2043:
2011:
1984:
1971:
1951:
1923:. Retrieved
1850:
1846:
1776:
1772:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1712:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1685:
1679:
1657:. Retrieved
1643:
1637:
1631:
1590:biomagnifies
1567:
1526:
1519:
1498:liver cancer
1496:Bowfin with
1495:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1456:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1392:Pennsylvania
1368:Georgian Bay
1357:
1320:
1318:
1296:
1281:
1266:
1213:gene cluster
1203:
1186:
1177:
1170:Amia scutata
1169:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1093:Mantell 1822
1089:
1080:
1071:
1063:Amia fragosa
1062:
1053:
1045:Amia elegans
1044:
1035:
1026:
1019:
956:
913:
909:nuclear gene
905:monophyletic
897:neopterygian
889:sister group
885:Halecomorphi
876:
870:
850:
837:
825:type II
824:
809:
783:
779:swim bladder
755:endochondral
748:
728:
716:
701:
695:
677:Channa argus
676:
671:
637:spiral valve
626:heterocercal
615:
586:
579:premaxillary
564:
540:
528:
487:
444:Bowfins are
443:
428:
424:
409:Halecomorphi
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
370:
366:
364:
351:
347:Duméril 1870
343:
339:Duméril 1870
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
296:Amia cinerea
295:
288:Amia viridis
287:
279:
271:
263:
230:
228:
212:
211:
199:
169:Halecomorphi
162:
32:
25:
6556:NatureServe
6494:iNaturalist
6401:Wikispecies
6160:Ikechaoamia
6137:Tomognathus
6092:Amblysemius
6072:Strobilodus
5797:Eoeugnathus
5627:Icarealcyon
5620:Devillersia
5448:Neopterygii
5433:Neopterygii
5384:Neopterygii
5289:Perciformes
5249:Spariformes
5214:Labriformes
5129:Gobiiformes
5124:Kurtiformes
4985:Esociformes
4848:Elopiformes
4840:Elopomorpha
4796:Neopterygii
4777:Chondrostei
4767:Actinopteri
4736:Superclass
4564:Amia calva.
4427:(1): 1–15.
4290:Daily Comet
3674:BMC Biology
3185:Neill, W.T.
2287:(1): 1–26.
1659:11 November
1508:Utilization
1477:anchor worm
1461:anchor worm
1353:Great Lakes
1327:freshwater
1274:piscivorous
1270:crustaceans
1261:gill rakers
1221:vertebrates
1204:The bowfin
1117:Amia morini
1054:Amia exilis
937:comprising
935:Neopterygii
924:Neopterygii
916:Chondrostei
857:aestivating
853:W. T. Neill
810:type I
786:physostomes
784:Bowfin are
759:dermal bone
757:but mostly
681:piscivorous
663:collection.
633:gas bladder
494:gas bladder
475:Great Lakes
448:freshwater
427:along with
397:swamp trout
312:Amia canina
280:Amia ornata
99:NatureServe
6680:Amiiformes
6669:Categories
6407:Amia calva
6377:Amia calva
6274:Nipponamia
6244:Hispanamia
6151:Sinamiidae
6045:Caturoidea
6032:Amiiformes
6012:Teoichthys
5957:Spathiurus
5936:Ionoscopus
5841:Ohmdenfuro
5790:Elongofuro
5712:Watsonulus
5684:Qingshania
5655:Lombardina
5648:Lehmanotus
5599:Albertonia
5469:see below↓
5382:Subclass:
5081:Gadiformes
4896:Otocephala
4819:Amiiformes
4726:Vertebrata
4724:Subphylum
4627:2011-05-17
4570:Biochem. J
4523:Biochem. J
4476:Biochem. J
4470:Amia Calva
4412:Amia Calva
3950:Amia calva
3873:Amia calva
3263:Amia calva
3247:2014-06-09
2880:Amia calva
2831:Amia calva
2733:2021-11-10
2046:Amia calva
1692:3 December
1680:Amia calva
1632:Amia calva
1613:References
1572:, such as
1550:paddlefish
1536:, used in
1465:Murray cod
1424:Life cycle
1329:piscivores
1321:Amia calva
1297:Amia calva
1278:gill raker
1178:Amia calva
1147:Leidy 1873
1129:Marsh 1871
1120:Priem 1911
1111:Leidy 1873
1108:Amia media
1084:Leidy 1873
1072:Amia godai
1057:Lambe 1908
1048:Leidy 1873
1030:Marsh 1871
1001:stem group
990:Amiiformes
982:Amiiformes
975:Cretaceous
943:Amiiformes
920:holosteans
873:hypotheses
871:Competing
769:Physiology
629:caudal fin
575:mandibular
560:dorsal fin
548:placoderms
525:Morphology
462:Amiiformes
450:piscivores
372:Amia calva
267:DeKay 1842
231:Amia calva
179:Amiiformes
6314:Vidalamia
6284:Pachyamia
6224:Cratoamia
6083:Caturidae
6065:Liodesmus
5916:Zandtfuro
5856:Ophiopsis
5634:Jacobulus
5364:Kingdom:
5071:Zeiformes
4830:Teleostei
4748:Cladistia
4056:August 9,
3093:0022-0949
2658:August 4,
2654:. Reuters
2631:August 4,
2522:August 8,
2444:cite book
2436:732361696
2395:0898-1051
2348:0006-3185
2301:0898-1051
1875:0022-1112
1823:251162051
1737:"Amiidae"
1709:"Amiidae"
1558:Louisiana
1544:from the
1534:blackened
1491:glochidia
1471:A common
1438:Fecundity
1386:from the
1245:zebrafish
1192:Todd 1837
1173:Cope 1875
1156:Cope 1891
1102:Cope 1891
1039:Cope 1875
1009:bony fish
1005:Teleostei
947:Teleostei
893:Teleostei
706:predatory
702:Lota lota
401:choupique
207:Species:
132:Kingdom:
126:Eukaryota
6561:2.104567
6512:10841152
6468:FishBase
6386:Wikidata
6254:Maliamia
6234:Cyclurus
6204:Amiopsis
6167:Siamamia
6121:Amioidea
6058:Eurypoma
5641:Jurongia
5606:Broughia
5390:Holostei
5372:Chordata
5370:Phylum:
5366:Animalia
4995:Stomiati
4806:Holostei
4720:Chordata
4714:Animalia
4712:Kingdom
4660:Archived
4259:"Bowfin"
4029:9 August
3962:24 March
3816:June 13,
3792:16801555
3706:15070407
3680:(1): 3.
3628:23824177
3588:PLOS ONE
3555:23788273
3504:17476768
3486:25223804
3447:24872460
3398:85895344
3303:20401237
3295:24221948
3187:(1950).
3136:86886787
3008:June 13,
2999:Archived
2978:22442370
2809:2 August
2762:June 14,
2711:24 March
2685:June 14,
2625:Brochure
2605:24 March
2571:July 22,
2260:June 13,
2122:"Bowfin"
2105:June 11,
2095:"Bowfin"
1986:FishBase
1893:36053840
1815:36448369
1714:FishBase
1601:See also
1582:chromium
1554:sturgeon
1502:leukemia
1473:parasite
1448:Diseases
1406:Stocking
1325:demersal
1243:such as
1237:teleosts
1183:(Bowfin)
1138:Ami 1891
861:lamellae
829:buoyancy
798:lungfish
653:teleosts
569:and the
446:demersal
439:Holostei
381:mud pike
247:Synonyms
238:Linnaeus
185:Family:
146:Chordata
142:Phylum:
136:Animalia
122:Domain:
95:Unranked
79:IUCN 3.1
19:For the
6647:ZooBank
6486:5207891
6392:Q491934
6264:Melvius
6185:Amiidae
6174:Sinamia
6099:Caturus
5943:Oshunia
5908:Xingyia
5376:Class:
4718:Phylum
4699:Extant
4600:8240302
4591:1134640
4553:8002937
4544:1138167
4506:2039477
4497:1151174
4459:8836961
4451:6164698
4300:June 8,
4269:June 4,
4242:June 4,
4187:11 June
3899:1536322
3783:1502464
3760:Bibcode
3619:3688804
3596:Bibcode
3546:3682800
3495:1766393
3438:4046378
3275:Bibcode
3128:1443063
2859:9841898
2403:1535454
2356:1535750
2309:1535409
2065:June 7,
1884:9826520
1855:Bibcode
1806:9709656
1781:bioRxiv
1578:arsenic
1574:mercury
1522:anglers
1481:Lernaea
1463:, on a
1457:Lernaea
1394:to the
1362:of the
1345:Ontario
1309:Ontario
1235:of all
1225:teleost
1210:ParaHox
1016:Species
833:hypoxic
690:eyespot
649:cycloid
552:eyespot
469:of the
454:Ontario
393:grinnel
389:grindle
385:dogfish
377:mudfish
257:Species
195:Genus:
189:Amiidae
175:Order:
152:Class:
97: (
77: (
38:Bowfin
6639:157877
6613:149596
6600:329623
6587:bowfin
6538:201942
6525:161104
6460:223782
4642:MN DNR
4598:
4588:
4551:
4541:
4504:
4494:
4457:
4449:
4390:1 July
4358:6 June
4257:IGFA.
4210:
4160:1 July
4151:
4115:
4088:
3998:
3922:
3897:
3852:
3790:
3780:
3729:
3704:
3697:387836
3694:
3626:
3616:
3553:
3543:
3502:
3492:
3484:
3445:
3435:
3396:
3359:
3332:
3301:
3293:
3197:
3167:
3134:
3126:
3108:Copeia
3091:
3050:
2976:
2929:
2895:8 June
2857:
2547:
2489:
2434:
2424:
2401:
2393:
2354:
2346:
2307:
2299:
2233:
2162:
2019:
1959:
1925:8 June
1891:
1881:
1873:
1821:
1813:
1803:
1783:
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