Demersal fish - Knowledge

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the sea) are caught in mixed fisheries. In practice, this means that each time a vessel retrieves its fishing gear, its catch will consist of a mix of different species.” This has led to a situation whereby, even when the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea recommends a Total Allowable Catch of zero for a given demersal species in order to allow replenishment of population, the European Council nonetheless sets the Total Allowable Catch far above zero so long as the catch is by-catch, in order not to prevent trawlers fishing for other species. This means that those threatened species do not get the chance to replenish even when not directly targeted by trawlers.

36: 1613: 4718: 1734: 354: 303: 6156: 372: 1657: 288: 1330: 525: 1188:, or as "large particles" such as dead fish and whales sinking to the bottom. A third way energy can arrive is through fish, such as vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes that can enter into the demersal zone as they ascend or descend. The demersal fish and invertebrates consume organic matter that does arrive, break it down and recycle it. A consequence of these energy delivery mechanisms is that the abundance of demersal fish and invertebrates gradually decrease as the distance from continental shorelines increases. 386: 1628: 456: 902: 944: 276: 2125: 492: 1219: 921: 613: 4879: 1718: 982: 1233: 574: 5871: 5853: 4744: 4732: 1702: 6410: 883: 1247: 133: 1466: 760: 2139: 2111: 1038: 1133: 5883: 4350: 424: 1791: 22: 1180:

organic matter. There are three main ways this happens. Firstly, organic matter can move into the zone from the continental landmass, for example, through currents that carry the matter down rivers, then plume along the continental shelf and finally spill down the continental slope. Other matter enters as particulate matter raining down from the overhead water column in the form of

339: 254:. The flatfish then changes its habits, and camouflages itself by lying on the bottom of the ocean floor with both eyes facing upwards. The side to which one eye migrates depends on the species; with some species both eyes are ultimately on the left side, whereas with other species the eyes are on the right. 3671: 2007:

A major problem in conservation of demersal fish populations is that of by-catch, whereby fish are caught by accident when targeting other species. The European Commission has written that “A key issue is that many of the most important demersal stocks (i.e. those that live on or near the bottom of

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form a powerful sucking system that sucks their prey in from a distance. They also use their mouth to dig into sand to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills. Their gill muscles are so powerful that it is nearly impossible to pull them out of their cave if they feel

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Although deep water demersal fish species are not generally picky about what they eat, there is still some degree of specialisation. For example, different fish have different mouth sizes, which determines the size of the prey they can handle. Some feed mostly on benthopelagic organisms. Others fed

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The availability of plankton for food diminishes rapidly with depth. At 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), the biomass of plankton is typically about 1 per cent of that at the surface, and at 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) about 0.01 per cent. Given there is no sunlight, energy enters deep water zones as

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are often found around reefs. They have stout bodies and large mouths. They are not built for long-distance or fast swimming. They can be quite large, and lengths over a meter and weights up to 100 kg are not uncommon. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off it. They do not have many

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Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing a multiannual plan for fish stocks in the Western Waters and adjacent waters, and for fisheries exploiting those stocks, amending Regulation (EU) 2016/1139 establishing a multiannual plan for the Baltic Sea, and

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in the Pacific. The fish were 30 centimetres long (12 in), and were darting about, using vibration sensors on their nose to catch shrimps. The team also reported that the appearance of the fish, unlike that of most deep sea fish, was surprisingly "cute", and that they were surprised by how

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Bottom clingers "are mainly small fish with flattened heads, large pectoral fins, and structures (usually modified pelvic fins) that enable them to adhere to the bottom. Such structures are handy in swift streams, or intertidal areas with strong currents. The simplest arrangement is possessed by

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World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish such as sole and flounder were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial levels, largely due to overfishing. Most overfishing is due to the extensive activities of the fishing industry. Current research indicate that the

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as "outside safe biological limits." Moreover, they are growing less quickly now and are rarely older than six years, although they can reach forty. World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish such as sole and flounder were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial

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and end in long pointed rat-like tails. These fish are almost all bottom-dwelling (benthic) inhabitants of the deep sea, but exactly why this peculiar morphology is so popular among them is poorly understood. The fish live by scavenging and preying on benthic invertebrates. Examples are the

188:, which are laterally depressed but lie on their sides. Also, many exhibit what is termed an "inferior" mouth, which means that the mouth is pointed downwards; this is beneficial as their food is often below them in the substrate. Those bottom feeders with upward-pointing mouths, such as 404:, common and widely distributed, feed on benthopelagic zooplankton. Yet they are strictly benthic fish, since they stay in contact with the bottom. Their fins have long rays they use to "stand" on the bottom while they face the current and grab zooplankton as it passes by. 2710:

Russell, D.J., et al., "Biology, Management and Genetic Stock Structure of Mangrove Jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) in Australia," The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries and the Fisheries Research Development Corporation, FRDC Project Number 1999/122,

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The bodies of benthic fish are adapted for ongoing contact with the sea floor. Swimbladders are usually absent or reduced, and the bodies are usually flattened in one way or another. Following Moyle and Cech (2004) they can be divided into five overlapping body shapes:

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Bottom hiders "are similar in many ways to bottom clingers. but they lack the clinging devices and tend to have more elongate bodies and smaller heads. These forms usually live under rocks or in crevices or lie quietly on the bottom in still waters. The

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depths. This edge marks the boundary between coastal, relatively shallow, benthic habitats, and the deep benthic habitats. Coastal demersal fishes live on the bottom of inshore waters, such as bays and estuaries, and further out, on the floor of the

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are essentially deep-bodied fish which live with one side on the bottom. In these fish, the eye on the downward side migrates during development to the upward side, and the mouth often assumes a peculiar twist to enable bottom feeding. In contrast,

250:. The adult fish of many species have both eyes on one side of the head. When the fish hatches, one eye is located on each side of its head. But as the fish grows from the larval stage, one eye migrates to the other side of the body as a process of 1259:

Some feed on carrion. Cameras show that when a dead fish is placed on the bottom, vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers appear very quickly. If the fish is large, some scavengers burrow in and eat it from the inside out. Some fish, such as

1594:. They are found in inshore waters (bays and sounds) and offshore in waters up to a depth of 130 m (425'). They spend most of their time close to the sea floor and are often congregated around bottom formations such as rocks, 338: 1612: 1154:. Lateral lines detect low-frequency sounds, and some demersal fishes have muscles that drum such sounds to attract mates. Smell is also important, as indicated by the rapidity with which demersal fish find traps baited with 713:

Shallow water stingrays are benthic, and can lie on the bottom because of their negative buoyancy. Deep sea stingrays are benthopelagic, and like the squaloids have very large livers which give them neutral buoyancy.

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in 2006, "of the nine sole stocks, seven are overfished with the status of the remaining two unknown." Data is insufficient to assess the remaining stocks; however, landings for all stocks are at or near historical

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roots, fallen trees, rock walls, and any other snag areas where smaller prey reside for protection. When they mature, they migrate into open waters, sometimes hundreds of kilometres from the coast to spawn.

353: 173:, so they can float at depth without much effort, while strictly benthic fish are denser, with negative buoyancy so they can lie on the bottom without any effort. Most demersal fish are benthopelagic. 1176:

Like coastal demersal fish, deep sea demersal fish can be divided into benthic fish and benthopelagic fish, where the benthic fish are negatively buoyant and benthopelagic fish are neutrally buoyant.

1678:. They lie in wait, rather than chasing in open water. They are found in areas of hard or consolidated substrate, and use structural features such as ledges, rocks, and coral reefs (as well as 2822: 998:

are found worldwide in shallow waters. They have eyes on top of their heads and a large upward-facing mouth. They bury themselves in sand, and leap upwards to ambush benthopelagic fish and

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Hsieh, Chih-hao; Reiss, Christian S.; Hunter, John R.; Beddington, John R.; May, Robert M.; Sugihara, George (2006). "Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species".

1656: 706:. However, the energy demands of sharks are high, since they need to swim constantly and maintain a large amount of oil for buoyancy. These energy needs cannot be met in the extreme 4181: 1076:) can intercept deep sea currents, and cause productive upwellings which support benthic fish. Undersea mountain ranges can separate underwater regions into different ecosystems. 204:, at times covering themselves with sand or otherwise camouflaging themselves, or move actively over the bottom in search for food. Benthic fish which can bury themselves include 6746: 4673: 1072:). Deep sea benthic fishes are more likely to associate with canyons or rock outcroppings among the plains, where invertebrate communities are established. Undersea mountains ( 332:

swings its head in broad angles over the sea floor to pick up the electrical signatures of stingrays buried in the sand. It then uses its "hammer" to pin down the stingray.

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Flounder ambush their prey, feeding at soft muddy area of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks, artificial and coral reefs. Their diet consists mainly of fish spawn,

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Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 11 January 2024. Friends of the Irish Environment CLG v Minister for Agriculture Food and the Marine and Others. Case C-330/22.

3431: 3274: 6140: 4176: 920: 3560: 856:, where the shelf drops into the deep ocean. Since the continental shelf is generally less than 200 metres deep, this means that coastal waters are generally 2052:

flounder population could be as low as 15 million due to heavy overfishing and industrial pollution along the Gulf of Mexico surrounding the coast of Texas.

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Deepwater benthopelagic fish are robust, muscular swimmers that actively cruise the bottom searching for prey. They often live around features, such as

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Deepwater benthopelagic fish are robust, muscular swimmers that actively cruise the bottom searching for prey. They often live around features, such as

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is also used to refer to organism that live on top of the ocean floor, as opposed to those that burrow into the seafloor substrate. However the terms

5921: 3638: 2318: 70:). They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks. In coastal waters, they are found on or near the 1283:

At great depths, food scarcity and extreme pressure limits the ability of fish to survive. The deepest point of the ocean is about 11,000 metres.

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that pass overhead. Some species have a worm-shaped lure growing out of the floor of the mouth, which they wiggle to attract prey. Stargazers are

943: 6756: 6382: 4206: 1204:(invertebrates that burrow into the seafloor substrate). Infauna feeders can have considerable sediment in their stomachs. Scavengers, such as 2268: 6429: 434:

Bottom rovers "have a rover-predator-like body, except that the head tends to be flattened, the back humped, and the pectoral fins enlarged.

3171: 3071: 702:. Sharks adapt well to fairly high pressures. They can often be found on slopes down to about 2000 metres, scavenging on food falls such as 3698: 3006:

Nielsen JG (1977) "The deepest living fish Abyssobrotula galatheae: a new genus and species of oviparous ophidioids (Pisces, Brotulidae)".

1060:, demersal fishes are common. They are more diverse than coastal demersal fish, since there is more habitat diversity. Further out are the 260: 6532: 6377: 5583: 4780: 4046: 1360:

Most demersal fish of commercial or recreational interest are coastal, confined to the upper 200 metres. Commercially important demersal

3479: 3336: 3791: 3308: 3028: 1768:. Because these fish were once abundant, and because their robust bodies are good to eat, these fish have been commercially harvested. 2755: 2539: 2407: 275: 5325: 3143: 2852: 2594: 901: 4021: 6504: 3605: 184:. Most demersal fish exhibit a flat ventral region so as to more easily rest their body on the substrate. The exception may be the 2618: 385: 6665: 4196: 3981: 2907: 347:

resting on bottom. Hagfish coat themselves and any dead fish they find with noxious slime making them inedible to other species.

2935: 2721: 1268:. Other specialization is based on depth distribution. Some of the more abundant upper continental slope fish species, such as 2337: 1717: 455: 3630: 3615: 3599: 2502: 1962: 3199: 1701: 6387: 5914: 4211: 3589: 2038:

Sole, along with the other major bottom-feeding fish in the North Sea such as cod, monkfish, and plaice, is listed by the

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in Europe has produced severely diminished populations, with declining catches in many regions. For example, the western

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are usually found between 150 and 200 metres, they are omnivorous and feed on invertebrates and fish, including young cod.

446:, with fleshy protusible lips located well below the snout that are used to suck plant and animal matter off the bottom." 6562: 6439: 5152: 4309: 4171: 3658: 3282: 1621:

are usually found between 90 and 250 metres (but have been found at 3000 m). They feed on small fishes and invertebrates.

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Dalton, Rex. 2006. "Save the big fish: Targeting of larger fish makes populations prone to collapse." Published online

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attacked and extend those muscles to lock themselves in. There is some research indicating that roving coral groupers (

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are not normally found below 3,000 metres. It may be that extreme pressures interfere with essential enzyme functions.

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range from absent to well developed. They vary in size, and larger species, greater than one metre, are not uncommon.

474:, which use their small, closely spaced pelvic fins, as antiskid devices. However, other families of fishes, such as 6761: 6494: 6489: 5182: 4201: 3392: 3109: 2675: 2494: 2884:"Feeding strategies of some demersal fishes of the continental slope and rise off the mid-Atlantic coast of the USA" 5970: 3836: 3691: 3564: 6691: 6547: 5907: 4836: 4773: 1113:

The bodies of deep water demersal fishes are muscular with well developed organs. In this way they are closer to

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repealing Regulations (EC) No 811/2004, (EC) No 2166/2005, (EC) No 388/2006, (EC) 509/2007 and (EC) 1300/2008.

6660: 6650: 6557: 6055: 1311:, was filmed by a UK-Japan team using remote operated landers at depths of 7.7 km (4.8 mi) in the 6731: 6640: 6135: 6090: 5887: 4921: 4683: 4668: 2386: 2361: 1304: 721:; they have a reduced body mass, and low metabolic rates, expending minimal energy as they lie and wait to 371: 6145: 3225:"Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea" 2691: 1296:, eel-like and blind, feeds on benthic invertebrates. A living example was trawled from the bottom of the 882: 792:, constituting about 28% of the total oceanic area. Other deep sea demersal fish can also be found around 4821: 4678: 3684: 2991: 2783: 717:

Benthopelagic fish can be divided into flabby or robust body types. Flabby benthopelagic fishes are like

3635: 3372: 3359: 2518: 6686: 6575: 5573: 5300: 5270: 5157: 4766: 3986: 2647: 2197: 524: 293: 177: 25: 1173:. Smell, touch and lateral line sensitivities seem to be the main sensory devices for locating these. 6884: 6840: 6835: 6812: 6721: 6552: 6527: 5846: 5839: 5806: 5548: 5220: 4901: 4294: 4188: 3125: 2595:"Energetic and life-history patterns of deep-sea benthic, benthopelagic and seamount-associated fish" 1955: 1427:

The following table shows the world capture production of some groups of demersal species in tonnes.

1064:. These flat, featureless regions occupy about 40 per cent of the ocean floor. They are covered with 2288: 732:, a predator with a huge head and a body that is 90 per cent water. This fish has the largest ears ( 6869: 6726: 6459: 6434: 6105: 6080: 5856: 5615: 4747: 4540: 4535: 3831: 2301: 2032: 200:

Benthic fish are denser than water, so they can rest on the sea floor. They either lie-and-wait as

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P. J. Cook, Chris Carleton (2000) "Continental Shelf Limits: The Scientific and Legal Interface",

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detects the electrical signatures of stingrays buried in the sand and pins them with its "hammer".

35: 6874: 6817: 6479: 6372: 6050: 6005: 5990: 5834: 5816: 5378: 5127: 4878: 4448: 4259: 4153: 3881: 3871: 2808: 1292: 1232: 508: 2269:"Factors affecting the post-release survival of cultured juvenile Pseudopleuronectes americanus" 1218: 6741: 6601: 6274: 5796: 5620: 5605: 5428: 5147: 5036: 4274: 4264: 3966: 3951: 2283: 1642: 573: 561: 361: 180:

is often necessary. With demersal fish the sand is usually pumped out of the mouth through the

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Some fishes do not fit into the above classification. For example, the family of nearly blind

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Myers, Ransom A. and Worm, Boris. "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities."

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Myers, Ransom A. and Worm, Boris. "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities."

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is sufficiently broadly distributed that it is not considered a threatened species; however,

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are ambush predators with a powerful sucking system that sucks their prey in from a distance

6879: 6484: 6464: 6424: 6394: 6341: 5821: 5117: 4428: 4390: 3721: 3518: 3096:"Chronicles of Marine Fishery Landings (1950-1994): Trend Analysis and Fisheries Potential" 1948: 1765: 1708: 1280:. But generally, the most abundant deep water demersal fish species feed on invertebrates. 1238: 748: 78:

or along the continental rise. They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as

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Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the

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Rattail-shaped fish "have bodies that begin with large pointy-snouted heads and large

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Coastal demersal fish are found on or near the seabed of coastal waters between the

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migrate in schools onto shallow sands to feed on mollusks, shrimps, crabs and worms.

6792: 6596: 6591: 6299: 6219: 6015: 6000: 5995: 5280: 5225: 5187: 5142: 5100: 5024: 4811: 4688: 4380: 4284: 4236: 4148: 4041: 3739: 3546: 3526: 3246: 3236: 2293: 1591: 1114: 995: 986: 688: 625: 329: 309: 189: 170: 2853:"Deep-water fishes: evolution and adaptation in the earth's largest living spaces" 1602:. Black sea bass are sought after recreational and commercial fish, and have been 6797: 6655: 6444: 6234: 6189: 6174: 6075: 5497: 5477: 5305: 5292: 5275: 5230: 5112: 5051: 4975: 4970: 4906: 4893: 4863: 4658: 4625: 4486: 4438: 4314: 4289: 4098: 4051: 3976: 3821: 3806: 3655: 3642: 3480:"Save the big fish: Targeting of larger fish makes populations prone to collapse" 3241: 2170: 2067: 2024: 1679: 1618: 1277: 1136: 934: 722: 699: 621: 528: 423: 392: 344: 227: 223: 201: 736:) and the smallest brain in relation to its body size of all known vertebrates. 6787: 6716: 6630: 6279: 6259: 6239: 6214: 6164: 6095: 6085: 6045: 5985: 5948: 5773: 5746: 5638: 5630: 5563: 5533: 5472: 5454: 5408: 5398: 5002: 4955: 4522: 4476: 4471: 4443: 4410: 4279: 4138: 4066: 4056: 3906: 3851: 3769: 3764: 3759: 2116: 2059: 1800: 1740: 1648: 1599: 1587: 1575: 1103: 1007: 1003: 927: 771:

marks the boundary where the shelf gives way to, and then gradually drops into

637: 617: 6336: 2804: 2224: 6863: 6807: 6802: 6706: 6469: 6367: 6337: 6224: 6209: 6070: 5875: 5778: 5512: 5482: 5438: 5433: 5388: 5383: 5363: 5235: 5014: 4933: 4736: 4630: 4595: 4491: 4466: 3996: 3961: 3936: 3786: 3749: 3332: 3304: 3195: 3167: 3139: 3067: 3024: 2931: 2903: 2779: 2751: 2687: 2614: 2535: 2403: 2333: 2182: 2164: 2124: 2083: 2055: 1761: 1724: 1595: 1269: 1224: 1205: 1061: 962: 889: 785: 744: 629: 377: 365:), a species of spiderfish, uses its fin extensions to "stand" on the bottom. 251: 109: 83: 67: 3223:

Bshary, Redouan; Hohner, Andrea; Ait-el-Djoudi, Karim; Fricke, Hans (2006).

1900: 1862: 124:(one to four per cent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 per cent. 6289: 6204: 6184: 6130: 6040: 6010: 5768: 5592: 5507: 5467: 5368: 5310: 5250: 5177: 5172: 5162: 5078: 5068: 4997: 4980: 4887: 4848: 4841: 4722: 4501: 4481: 4385: 4123: 4006: 3926: 3886: 3876: 3846: 3538: 3260: 2191: 2152: 1819: 1809: 1633: 1312: 1162: 1151: 1140: 1050: 999: 839: 707: 695: 641: 612: 585: 553: 549: 541: 439: 427: 163: 154: 117: 113: 79: 3450:

The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat

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The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat

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Mauchline J and Gordon JDM (1986) "Foraging strategies of deep-sea fish"]

1139:, an elongate deep water demersal fish with large eyes and well-developed 6542: 6454: 6304: 6284: 6269: 6254: 6249: 6199: 5980: 5899: 5751: 5739: 5665: 5423: 5418: 5393: 5373: 5315: 5210: 5105: 5083: 5073: 5046: 4916: 4868: 4635: 4610: 4605: 4575: 4358: 4334: 4299: 4108: 4011: 3931: 3891: 3744: 2972:: a new genus and species of oviparous ophidioids (Pisces, Brotulidae)". 2020: 2014: 1992: 1936: 1910: 1867: 1857: 1843: 1603: 1520: 1405: 1373: 1181: 1126: 1026: 981: 953: 949: 908: 664: 653: 435: 235: 3530: 6766: 6474: 6264: 6244: 5801: 5600: 5568: 5502: 5492: 5413: 5403: 5088: 5056: 5041: 4987: 4960: 4943: 4615: 4550: 4339: 4319: 4103: 4076: 3861: 3774: 2883: 2431: 1824: 1814: 1252: 1122: 1083: 966: 893: 857: 703: 648:

Benthopelagic fish inhabit the water just above the bottom, feeding on

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refers to demersal fish which live at depths greater than 200 metres.

6736: 6701: 6314: 6294: 5558: 5543: 5528: 5358: 5019: 4965: 4950: 4928: 4911: 4858: 4640: 4545: 4329: 4093: 4086: 4061: 3971: 3676: 2266: 2028: 1976: 1877: 1834: 1692: 1512: 1361: 1308: 1155: 970: 865: 861: 849: 843: 479: 205: 181: 132: 1465: 1264:, also appear and start feeding on the scavenging invertebrates and 759: 6586: 6120: 6110: 6060: 5761: 5702: 5648: 5643: 5462: 5330: 4992: 4938: 4853: 4590: 4400: 3946: 3941: 3866: 3648: 3345: 3317: 3208: 3180: 3152: 3080: 3037: 2944: 2916: 2788: 2764: 2696: 2627: 2548: 2416: 2346: 2176: 2071: 2063: 2031:

sole fisheries face potential collapse according to data in the UK

1988: 1931: 1915: 1872: 1757: 1421: 1417: 1369: 1365: 1273: 1265: 1193: 1107: 1099: 1073: 1022: 974: 793: 740: 726: 684: 672: 598: 545: 536: 443: 266: 231: 219: 213: 209: 185: 137: 121: 87: 29: 2167: – Aquatic animal that feeds on the bottom of a body of water 1132: 780:. Deep water demersal fish live beyond this edge, mostly down the 6782: 6751: 6681: 6581: 6115: 5930: 5734: 5729: 5707: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5215: 5167: 5061: 4831: 4826: 4600: 4560: 4530: 4508: 4128: 3916: 3816: 3561:"Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - All Seafood List" 2519:

Procellariidae and Pseudotriakidae: Finback & False Catsharks

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like wrecks and sunken barges) as their habitat. Their mouth and

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Flatfish "have the most extreme morphologies of the bottom fish.

471: 247: 4349: 3719: 2155: – Ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water 1037: 5653: 4585: 3911: 3222: 1984: 1790: 1409: 1381: 1377: 1150:

or shaped like eels. This may be because long bodies have long

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benthic fishes which lie flat on the ocean floor. Examples are

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Fairchild, E.A. and Howell, W.H, E. A.; Howell, W. H. (2004).

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Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 2 March 2009

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Fish that live and feed on or near the bottom of seas or lakes

5756: 5685: 5095: 2652:, a Deep-Sea Teleost Fish with a Minute Brain and Large Ears" 2436:

with a revised classification of benthic myctophiform fishes"

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Deep sea demersal fish are usually long and narrow. Many are

869: 95: 59: 45: 2161: – Community of organisms that live in the benthic zone 2062:-minded consumers should avoid the following demersal fish: 1196:(invertebrates on top of the seafloor surface, also called 675:, have considerable biomass. Other species include deep sea 5658: 5245: 4798: 4789: 4081: 2490: 1683: 1480: 1393: 560:

on these fish, the main water intakes for respiration (the

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of North American streams are in the category, as are many

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Demersal fish can be divided into two main types: strictly

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from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.

1760:, which have strong currents. Commercial examples are the 1010:. They have been called "the meanest things in creation." 743:, which have strong currents. Commercial examples are the 552:, and mostly move about by flapping their extremely large 281:

Some flatfish can camouflage themselves on the ocean floor

5697: 5265: 4143: 4133: 3121: 3099: 2173: – Fishing method by towing a net along the seafloor 1980: 1476: 1389: 1147: 1087: 1014: 873: 803:

is sometimes used instead of "deep water demersal fish".

676: 620:, shown here at a depth of 1,200 meters, has an enormous 141: 5943: 4758: 2187:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1747:), a deep water demersal fish, is subjected to a large 1300:

in 1970 from a depth of 8,370 metres (27,453 ft).

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As with other bottom feeders, a mechanism to deal with

116:, which live and feed away from the bottom in the open 2484: 1432: 624:

which lets it hover off the continental slope at near-

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Venom Runs Thick in Fish Families, Researchers Learn

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The deepest-living fish known, the strictly benthic

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are common, and other well-established families are

74:, and in deep waters, they are found on or near the 2722:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species" 3645:Fishery Research Services. Retrieved 22 July 2009. 2225:Carl . "Coastal fish - Fish of the open sea floor" 2200: – Several species of demersal fish with fins 1041:Cross-section of an ocean basin. Note significant 784:and along the continental rises which drop to the 1434:Capture production by groups of species in tonnes 698:, achieve neutral buoyancy with the use of large 438:with large mouths at the end of the snout, small 6861: 3267: 2194: – Fish in the pelagic zone of ocean waters 1184:, or as sinking overhead plant material such as 6757:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 6383:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2968:Nielsen, J.G. (1977). "The deepest living fish 1212:, also eat infauna as a secondary food source. 3127:Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics Summary Tables 763:Profile illustrating the shelf, slope and rise 5915: 4774: 3982:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 3692: 2967: 1956: 3553: 2845: 2317:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1013:Other examples of coastal demersal fish are 6533:List of commercially important fish species 6378:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 4047:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 2992:"Deep-sea creatures: The bathypelagic zone" 2878: 2876: 2838: 2836: 2379: 1161:The main diet of deep sea demersal fish is 5929: 5922: 5908: 4781: 4767: 3699: 3685: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2058:have placed on their list of seafood that 1963: 1949: 1590:, and are most abundant off the waters of 158:fish which can rest on the sea floor, and 5326:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 3250: 3240: 2802: 2580: 2578: 2287: 1121:. In other ways, they are more variable. 725:prey. An example of a flabby fish is the 442:with small mouths beneath the snout, and 58:, live and feed on or near the bottom of 6505:Regional fishery management organisation 2995:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2952: 2873: 2864: 2833: 2607: 2434:Bathypterois (Pisces, Chlorophthalmidae) 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 1464: 1131: 1036: 980: 758: 694:Benthopelagic sharks, like the deep sea 656:. Most demersal fish are benthopelagic. 611: 269:have both eyes on one side of their head 131: 34: 20: 3623:Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology. 3563:. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from 3331: 3303: 3194: 3166: 3138: 3132: 3066: 3023: 2984: 2961: 2930: 2902: 2805:"Southern Stargazer in Utila, Honduras" 2778: 2750: 2686: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2613: 2534: 2460: 2448: 2402: 2332: 2246: 2210: 710:conditions that occur at great depths. 564:) are located on the top of the head." 120:. Demersal fish fillets contain little 6862: 3706: 3477: 3432:"Sustainable seafood: Consumer guides" 2575: 2362:"Sandy Plains: Great Hammerhead Shark" 1975:Major demersal fishery species in the 1771: 1316:active the fish were at these depths. 6335: 5942: 5903: 4762: 4235: 4234: 3718: 3680: 2664: 2230: 2185: – Fauna found in deep-sea areas 1999:as "outside safe biological limits." 1319: 937:, blends into sandy or muddy bottoms. 607: 6388:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 3607:Deep-sea demersal fish and fisheries 2635: 2387:Sandy Plains: Great Hammerhead Shark 2070:, cod (Atlantic, imported Pacific), 1323: 1068:but largely devoid of benthic life ( 1049:Deep water demersal fish occupy the 6563:Future of Marine Animal Populations 6440:Fishery Resources Monitoring System 6430:Monitoring control and surveillance 5882: 5153:Electroreception and electrogenesis 4310:Oceanic physical-biological process 4172:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 3659:Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2523:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research 2391:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research 2323:July 17, 2004. Accessed 2009-06-08. 1779:This article is part of a series on 1727:is also a robust benthopelagic fish 556:. Not only is the mouth completely 13: 3604:Merrett NR and Haedrich RL (1997) 3275:"New Zealand hoki - MSC Fisheries" 3094:Grainger RJK and Garcia SM (1996) 2680: 2655:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2646:Fine ML, Horn MH and Cox B (1987) 1789: 572: 523: 490: 454: 422: 14: 6896: 6762:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 6495:National Marine Fisheries Service 6490:European Fisheries Control Agency 3665: 3052:'Deepest ever' living fish filmed 2882:Sedberry GR and Musick JA (1978) 2525:. Retrieved on February 14, 2009. 2495:Food and Agriculture Organization 2179: – Lowest layer in the ocean 6408: 6154: 5971:Population dynamics of fisheries 5881: 5870: 5869: 5852: 5851: 4877: 4743: 4742: 4730: 4716: 4348: 4020: 3837:Colored dissolved organic matter 3102:: Fisheries technical paper 359. 2432:"The systematics and biology of 2298:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00529.x 2137: 2123: 2109: 1732: 1716: 1700: 1655: 1641: 1626: 1611: 1328: 1245: 1231: 1217: 1053:beyond the continental margins. 942: 919: 900: 881: 384: 370: 352: 337: 301: 286: 274: 259: 6692:Aquaculture Stewardship Council 6548:Environmental impact of fishing 4837:Environmental impact of fishing 4182:Latin America and the Caribbean 3502: 3471: 3455: 3442: 3424: 3413: 3397: 3377: 3366: 3353: 3325: 3297: 3216: 3188: 3160: 3115: 3060: 3045: 3017: 3000: 2924: 2896: 2815: 2796: 2772: 2744: 2714: 2704: 2587: 2556: 2528: 2511: 2485:Compagno, Leonard J.V. (1984). 2478: 864:and demersal fish that inhabit 195: 192:, tend to seize swimming prey. 86:, but they can be found around 6666:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6026:Otolith microchemical analysis 4664:Ecological values of mangroves 4207:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 3621:Moyle, PB and Cech, JJ (2004) 2424: 2396: 2354: 2326: 2260: 1711:is a robust benthopelagic fish 1598:, wrecks, jetties, piers, and 952:use a jet of water to uncover 112:. They can be contrasted with 1: 6661:European Environmental Agency 6651:Grey nurse shark conservation 6558:Destructive fishing practices 6056:Pop-up satellite archival tag 3649:Deep water demersal fisheries 3582: 2078:(Atlantic), sole (Atlantic), 1125:are usually absent, eyes and 1032: 860:. The term includes demersal 6641:Marine conservation activism 6091:Climate change and fisheries 4922:intramembranous ossification 4684:Marine conservation activism 4669:Fisheries and climate change 3594:Taylor & Francis Group. 3242:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431 3174:Hippoglossoides platessoides 3074:Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis 2997:. Updated 21 September 2007. 2958:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 595 2870:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 594 2842:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 587 2257:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 588 1469:Demersal fish output in 2005 965:, a sought after eating and 911:species crush the shells of 482:have evolved suction cups." 162:fish which can float in the 7: 4679:Human impact on marine life 4556:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 3792:Aquatic population dynamics 3625:5th Ed, Benjamin Cummings. 3588:Bone Q and Moore RH (2008) 3452:. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 2803:pixelkatt (25 March 2007). 2475:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 14 2457:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 13 2102: 1691:) sometimes cooperate with 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 754: 628:. It feeds on cephalopods, 616:The sluggish bathydemersal 414:Body types of benthic fish 294:Bluespotted ribbontail rays 10: 6901: 6687:Marine Stewardship Council 6480:EU Common Fisheries Policy 5301:Fin and flipper locomotion 5271:Sequential hermaphroditism 5158:Jamming avoidance response 4875: 2282:(Supplementary A): 69–87. 1307:, a species of deep water 837: 833: 166:just above the sea floor. 26:Bluespotted ribbontail ray 6841:Glossary of fishery terms 6836:Index of fishing articles 6826: 6775: 6674: 6618: 6553:Fishing down the food web 6528:Maximum sustainable yield 6515: 6417: 6406: 6360: 6356: 6331: 6163: 6152: 6086:Match/mismatch hypothesis 5959: 5955: 5938: 5865: 5789: 5722: 5629: 5591: 5582: 5521: 5452: 5339: 5291: 5201: 5126: 4886: 4796: 4710: 4649: 4521: 4457: 4419: 4366: 4357: 4346: 4295:Marine primary production 4247: 4243: 4230: 4189:List of marine ecoregions 4164: 4029: 4018: 3732: 3728: 3714: 3661:. Retrieved 22 July 2009. 2792:. September 2009 version. 2768:. September 2009 version. 2700:. September 2009 version. 2393:. Retrieved: 6 June 2022. 2043:levels. According to the 1689:Plectropomus pessuliferus 1463: 1439: 1337:This section needs to be 413: 6727:Save Our Seas Foundation 6460:Individual fishing quota 6435:Vessel monitoring system 6081:Hydrographic containment 4788: 4541:Coastal biogeomorphology 4536:Marine coastal ecosystem 3468:, 280–283 (15 May 2003). 3410:, 280-283 (15 May 2003). 3363:(Explanatory Memorandum) 3339:Dissostichus eleginoides 3335:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3307:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3198:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3170:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3142:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3070:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 3027:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2934:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2906:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2782:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2754:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2690:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2617:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2538:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2406:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2336:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2204: 2033:Biodiversity Action Plan 1751:industry in New Zealand. 667:. The dominant species, 169:Benthopelagic fish have 127: 6373:Exclusive economic zone 6051:GIS and aquatic science 6006:Standard weight in fish 5817:Glossary of ichthyology 5379:Diel vertical migration 4449:Paradox of the plankton 4260:Diel vertical migration 4154:Freshwater swamp forest 3872:GIS and aquatic science 3720:General components and 3448:Clover, Charles. 2004. 3387:. Ebury Press, London. 3383:Clover, Charles. 2004. 3311:Hoplostethus atlanticus 3031:Abyssobrotula galatheae 2970:Abyssobrotula galatheae 2856:Journal of Fish Biology 2692:"Family Batrachoididae" 2598:Journal of Fish Biology 2439:Ichthyological Research 2366:www.elasmo-research.org 2276:Journal of Fish Biology 1578:inhabit US coasts from 1303:In 2008, a shoal of 17 1293:Abyssobrotula galatheae 1200:), or alternatively on 659:Deep sea benthopelagic 459:Two freshwater gobies, 6602:Turtle excluder device 6275:Shoaling and schooling 5183:Surface wave detection 5148:Hydrodynamic reception 4822:Diseases and parasites 4275:Large marine ecosystem 3967:Shoaling and schooling 3654:7 October 2009 at the 3349:. August 2009 version. 3321:. August 2009 version. 3212:. August 2009 version. 3184:. August 2009 version. 3156:. August 2009 version. 3041:. August 2009 version. 2948:. August 2009 version. 2920:. August 2009 version. 2784:"Family Uranoscopidae" 2758:Uranoscopus sulphureus 2631:. August 2009 version. 2552:. August 2009 version. 2542:Pseudotriakis microdon 2420:. August 2009 version. 2410:Bathypterois grallator 2350:. August 2009 version. 1794: 1548:Other demersal fishes 1470: 1143: 1046: 992: 990:Uranoscopus sulphureus 764: 645: 580: 531: 502: 465: 436:North American catfish 430: 393:fringe-lipped flathead 362:Bathypterois grallator 149: 90:and islands. The word 48: 32: 6626:Marine protected area 6500:Regional fishery body 6126:Census of Marine Life 6021:Catch per unit effort 5321:Undulatory locomotion 5138:Ampullae of Lorenzini 4694:Marine protected area 4621:Salt pannes and pools 4396:Marine larval ecology 4371:Census of Marine Life 4255:Deep scattering layer 4212:San Francisco Estuary 4177:Africa and Madagascar 4002:Underwater camouflage 3782:Aquatic biomonitoring 3722:freshwater ecosystems 3146:Centropristis striata 3084:. March 2009 version. 2564:Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1793: 1468: 1388:. Also important are 1135: 1043:vertical exaggeration 1040: 984: 762: 615: 576: 527: 494: 462:Rhinogobius duospilus 458: 426: 395:is found in estuaries 135: 41:Rhinogobius flumineus 38: 24: 6465:Minimum landing size 6425:Fisheries management 6400:Magnuson–Stevens Act 6395:Fisheries Convention 6146:Fisheries scientists 5549:Genetically modified 4429:Marine bacteriophage 4391:Marine invertebrates 3672:Groundfish retention 3478:Dalton, Rex (2006). 2385:Hammerschlag, Rick. 2003:The by-catch problem 1995:, are listed by the 1766:Patagonian toothfish 1709:Patagonian toothfish 1239:Muddy arrowtooth eel 852:and the edge of the 749:Patagonian toothfish 569:Rattail-shaped fish 44:swim on the beds of 6742:Defying Ocean's End 6646:Salmon conservation 6636:Marine conservation 6576:The End of the Line 6569:The Sunken Billions 6538:Sustainable seafood 6523:Sustainable fishery 6136:Fisheries databases 6066:Age class structure 6036:Fisheries acoustics 5354:Aquatic respiration 5241:Life history theory 4305:Ocean fertilization 4114:Trophic state index 4072:Lake stratification 3802:Aquatic respiration 3641:7 July 2006 at the 3531:10.1038/nature05232 3523:2006Natur.443..859H 2851:Haedrich RL (1996) 2045:World Wildlife Fund 1772:Conservation status 1749:sustainable fishing 1285:Bathypelagic fishes 1119:bathypelagic fishes 719:bathypelagic fishes 595:viviparous brotulas 500:Ammocrypta bifascia 496:Florida sand darter 6831:Outline of fishing 6450:Fisheries observer 6101:Aquatic ecosystems 5193:Weberian apparatus 4571:Intertidal wetland 4566:Intertidal ecology 4434:Marine prokaryotes 4376:Deep-sea community 4270:Iron fertilization 4193:Specific examples 4119:Upland and lowland 4037:Freshwater biology 3902:Microbial food web 3812:Aquatic toxicology 3755:Aquatic adaptation 3708:Aquatic ecosystems 3636:Demersal fisheries 3610:Chapman and Hall. 2827:The New York Times 2650:Acanthonus armatus 2621:Acanthonus armatus 2307:on 18 August 2007. 2145:Marine Life portal 2131:Environment portal 1795: 1471: 1320:Demersal fisheries 1298:Puerto Rico Trench 1144: 1115:mesopelagic fishes 1047: 993: 801:bathydemersal fish 790:continental margin 782:continental slopes 765: 730:Acanthonus armatus 683:), deep sea eels, 646: 608:Benthopelagic fish 581: 578:Viviparous brotula 532: 503: 466: 431: 150: 140:and benthopelagic 108:Demersal fish are 49: 33: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6813:Threatened sharks 6712:Ocean Conservancy 6697:Friend of the Sea 6327: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6235:Lobster fisheries 6180:Diversity of fish 5976:Shifting baseline 5945:Fisheries science 5897: 5896: 5807:Fish common names 5718: 5717: 5349:Aquatic predation 5173:Capacity for pain 4902:Age determination 4756: 4755: 4737:Oceans portal 4706: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4581:Hydrothermal vent 4517: 4516: 4406:Seashore wildlife 4237:Marine ecosystems 4226: 4225: 4222: 4221: 3992:Thermal pollution 3957:Ramsar Convention 3897:Microbial ecology 3857:Fisheries science 3797:Aquatic predation 3631:978-0-13-100847-2 3616:978-0-412-39410-2 3600:978-0-415-37562-7 3591:Biology of Fishes 3057:, 7 October 2008. 2593:Koslow JA (1996) 2584:Bone 2008, p. 43. 2504:978-92-5-101384-7 2243:Bone 2008, p. 42. 2066:(imported wild), 2012:The Common Sole, 1973: 1972: 1573: 1572: 1358: 1357: 1276:, mainly feed on 1058:continental slope 854:continental shelf 778:continental shelf 769:continental shelf 700:oil-filled livers 605: 604: 325:and small fish. 148:senior, 1626–1679 82:depths or on the 76:continental slope 72:continental shelf 6892: 6885:Fishing industry 6793:Marine pollution 6597:Cetacean bycatch 6592:Incidental catch 6412: 6358: 6357: 6333: 6332: 6300:Humboldt current 6158: 6076:Trophic cascades 6016:Data storage tag 6001:Fish measurement 5996:Stock assessment 5957: 5956: 5940: 5939: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5885: 5884: 5873: 5872: 5855: 5854: 5589: 5588: 4881: 4812:Ethnoichthyology 4783: 4776: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4746: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4725: 4723:Lakes portal 4721: 4720: 4719: 4689:Marine pollution 4381:Deep-water coral 4364: 4363: 4352: 4285:Marine chemistry 4245: 4244: 4232: 4231: 4149:Freshwater marsh 4042:Freshwater biome 4024: 3740:Acoustic ecology 3730: 3729: 3716: 3715: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3517:(7113): 859–62. 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3490:on 27 March 2017 3486:. Archived from 3475: 3469: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3401: 3395: 3381: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3285:on 6 August 2009 3281:. Archived from 3271: 3265: 3264: 3254: 3244: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3136: 3130: 3119: 3113: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3064: 3058: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3021: 3015: 3004: 2998: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2910:Urophycis tenuis 2900: 2894: 2880: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2831: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2728:. Archived from 2718: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2684: 2678: 2668: 2662: 2644: 2633: 2632: 2611: 2605: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2573: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2532: 2526: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2458: 2455: 2446: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2400: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2316: 2308: 2306: 2300:. Archived from 2291: 2273: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2244: 2241: 2228: 2221: 2188: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2112: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1776: 1775: 1736: 1720: 1704: 1680:artificial reefs 1659: 1645: 1630: 1615: 1586:and the eastern 1430: 1429: 1364:species include 1353: 1350: 1344: 1332: 1331: 1324: 1249: 1235: 1221: 1165:of the deep sea 1006:and can deliver 946: 923: 904: 885: 767:The edge of the 626:neutral buoyancy 622:oil-filled liver 597:(pictured), and 451:Bottom clingers 440:armoured catfish 411: 410: 388: 374: 359:The tripodfish ( 356: 341: 330:great hammerhead 310:great hammerhead 305: 290: 278: 263: 202:ambush predators 171:neutral buoyancy 54:, also known as 6900: 6899: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6870:Aquatic ecology 6860: 6859: 6858: 6845: 6822: 6818:Threatened rays 6798:Mercury in fish 6771: 6670: 6656:Shark sanctuary 6614: 6511: 6445:Catch reporting 6413: 6404: 6352: 6319: 6225:Krill fisheries 6190:Coral reef fish 6175:Ocean fisheries 6166: 6159: 6150: 5991:Condition index 5962: 5951: 5934: 5928: 5898: 5893: 5861: 5785: 5714: 5625: 5578: 5517: 5448: 5341: 5335: 5287: 5231:Ichthyoplankton 5197: 5129: 5122: 5118:Digital Library 5113:Teleost leptins 5052:Shark cartilage 4976:pharyngeal slit 4971:pharyngeal arch 4907:Anguilliformity 4892: 4890: 4882: 4873: 4792: 4787: 4757: 4752: 4729: 4728: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4698: 4659:Coral bleaching 4645: 4626:Seagrass meadow 4523:Marine habitats 4513: 4487:Coral reef fish 4453: 4439:Marine protists 4415: 4353: 4344: 4315:Ocean turbidity 4290:Marine food web 4239: 4218: 4160: 4099:River ecosystem 4052:Freshwater fish 4025: 4016: 3822:Bioluminescence 3807:Aquatic science 3724: 3710: 3705: 3668: 3656:Wayback Machine 3643:Wayback Machine 3585: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3476: 3472: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3367: 3358: 3354: 3330: 3326: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3221: 3217: 3193: 3189: 3165: 3161: 3137: 3133: 3120: 3116: 3093: 3089: 3065: 3061: 3050: 3046: 3022: 3018: 3008:Galathea Report 3005: 3001: 2989: 2985: 2974:Galathea Report 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2938:Phycis chesteri 2929: 2925: 2901: 2897: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2830:22 August 2006. 2820: 2816: 2801: 2797: 2777: 2773: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2685: 2681: 2669: 2665: 2645: 2636: 2612: 2608: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2561: 2557: 2533: 2529: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2429: 2425: 2401: 2397: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2331: 2327: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2289:10.1.1.532.3120 2271: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2247: 2242: 2231: 2222: 2211: 2207: 2186: 2171:Bottom trawling 2143: 2138: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2068:Chilean seabass 2025:English Channel 1969: 1801:Large predatory 1784:Commercial fish 1774: 1752: 1737: 1728: 1721: 1712: 1705: 1666: 1660: 1651: 1646: 1637: 1631: 1622: 1619:American plaice 1616: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1305:hadal snailfish 1278:epipelagic fish 1274:longfinned hake 1255: 1250: 1241: 1236: 1227: 1222: 1137:Giant grenadier 1051:benthic regions 1035: 1008:electric shocks 957: 947: 938: 935:ambush predator 924: 915: 905: 896: 886: 846: 836: 757: 696:squaloid sharks 610: 529:American plaice 396: 389: 380: 375: 366: 357: 348: 345:Pacific hagfish 342: 313: 306: 297: 291: 282: 279: 270: 264: 198: 130: 94:comes from the 28:resting on the 17: 12: 11: 5: 6898: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6875:Marine biology 6872: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6788:Fish slaughter 6785: 6779: 6777: 6776:Related issues 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6717:Ocean Outcomes 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6631:Marine reserve 6628: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6516:Sustainability 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6354: 6353: 6346:sustainability 6329: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6280:Marine habitat 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6240:Shrimp fishery 6237: 6232: 6230:Kelp fisheries 6227: 6222: 6217: 6215:Crab fisheries 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6096:Marine biology 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6046:Coded wire tag 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5986:Fish mortality 5983: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5953: 5952: 5949:wild fisheries 5936: 5935: 5933:science topics 5927: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5879: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5849: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5635: 5633: 5631:Wild fisheries 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5554:Hallucinogenic 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5429:Schooling fish 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5389:Filter feeders 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5364:Bottom feeders 5361: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5134: 5132: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5010:Leydig's organ 5007: 5006: 5005: 5003:pharyngeal jaw 5000: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4956:branchial arch 4948: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4726: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4477:Saltwater fish 4474: 4472:Marine reptile 4469: 4463: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4444:Marine viruses 4441: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4421:Microorganisms 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4411:Wild fisheries 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4325:Thorson's rule 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4280:Marine biology 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4139:Brackish marsh 4136: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4067:Lake ecosystem 4064: 4059: 4057:Hyporheic zone 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3907:Microbial loop 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3852:Eutrophication 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3832:Cascade effect 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3760:Aquatic animal 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3725: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3667: 3666:External links 3664: 3663: 3662: 3646: 3633: 3619: 3602: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3567:on 6 July 2010 3552: 3501: 3470: 3454: 3441: 3423: 3412: 3396: 3376: 3365: 3352: 3333:Froese, Rainer 3324: 3305:Froese, Rainer 3296: 3266: 3215: 3196:Froese, Rainer 3187: 3168:Froese, Rainer 3159: 3140:Froese, Rainer 3131: 3114: 3087: 3068:Froese, Rainer 3059: 3044: 3025:Froese, Rainer 3016: 2999: 2983: 2960: 2951: 2932:Froese, Rainer 2923: 2904:Froese, Rainer 2895: 2887:Marine Biology 2872: 2863: 2844: 2832: 2821:Grady, Denise 2814: 2795: 2780:Froese, Rainer 2771: 2752:Froese, Rainer 2743: 2713: 2703: 2688:Froese, Rainer 2679: 2663: 2661:(1259)257-265. 2634: 2615:Froese, Rainer 2606: 2586: 2574: 2555: 2536:Froese, Rainer 2527: 2510: 2503: 2477: 2459: 2447: 2423: 2404:Froese, Rainer 2395: 2378: 2353: 2340:Taeniura lymma 2334:Froese, Rainer 2325: 2259: 2245: 2229: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2149: 2148: 2134: 2120: 2117:Ecology portal 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2098:(Asia farmed). 2060:sustainability 2053: 2049: 2036: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1953: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1773: 1770: 1754: 1753: 1741:blue grenadier 1738: 1731: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1649:Black sea bass 1647: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1617: 1610: 1600:bridge pilings 1596:man-made reefs 1588:Gulf of Mexico 1576:Black sea bass 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1473: 1472: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1356: 1355: 1336: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1216: 1206:snubnosed eels 1062:abyssal plains 1034: 1031: 963:mangrove jacks 959: 958: 956:buried in sand 948: 941: 939: 925: 918: 916: 906: 899: 897: 887: 880: 835: 832: 830:are not used. 788:. This is the 786:abyssal plains 756: 753: 638:snake mackerel 630:cutthroat eels 618:false catshark 609: 606: 603: 602: 582: 570: 566: 565: 550:dorsoventrally 548:are flattened 533: 521: 517: 516: 504: 488: 487:Bottom hiders 484: 483: 467: 452: 448: 447: 432: 420: 419:Bottom rovers 416: 415: 398: 397: 390: 383: 381: 376: 369: 367: 358: 351: 349: 343: 336: 315: 314: 307: 300: 298: 292: 285: 283: 280: 273: 271: 265: 258: 197: 194: 146:Jan van Kessel 129: 126: 110:bottom feeders 101:, which means 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6897: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6808:Shark finning 6806: 6804: 6803:Shark culling 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6732:Sea Around Us 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6707:Seafood Watch 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6608:Shrimp-Turtle 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6470:Pulse fishing 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6368:Fisheries law 6366: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6338:Fisheries law 6334: 6330: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6220:Eel fisheries 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6210:Cod fisheries 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Demersal fish 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6162: 6157: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6071:Trophic level 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5890: 5889: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5858: 5857:more lists... 5850: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5812:Fish families 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5797:Aquarium life 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5779:fleshy-finned 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5747:Cartilaginous 5745: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5384:Electric fish 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5015:Mauthner cell 5013: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4934:Chromatophore 4932: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4749: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4631:Sponge ground 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Marine biomes 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4497:Demersal fish 4495: 4493: 4492:Deep-sea fish 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4467:Marine mammal 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3997:Trophic level 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3962:Sediment trap 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3937:Phytoplankton 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3787:Aquatic plant 3785: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3750:Anoxic waters 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3393:0-09-189780-7 3390: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3110:92-5-103899-6 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2867: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2732:on 8 May 2005 2731: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2707: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2676:0-19-511782-4 2673: 2667: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2581: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2524: 2520: 2517:Martin, R.A. 2514: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2320: 2314: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2263: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2183:Deep sea fish 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165:Bottom feeder 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2107: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084:orange roughy 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056:Seafood Watch 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1762:orange roughy 1759: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1725:orange roughy 1719: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1547: 1546: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1352: 1349:November 2017 1340: 1335: 1326: 1325: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270:cutthroat eel 1267: 1263: 1254: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1225:Snubnosed eel 1220: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:invertebrates 1159: 1157: 1153: 1152:lateral lines 1149: 1142: 1141:lateral lines 1138: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1044: 1039: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000:invertebrates 997: 991: 988: 983: 979: 976: 972: 968: 964: 955: 951: 945: 940: 936: 933: 929: 926:The venomous 922: 917: 914: 910: 903: 898: 895: 891: 890:mangrove jack 884: 879: 878: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 845: 841: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 805:Bathydemersal 802: 797: 796:and islands. 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 770: 761: 752: 750: 746: 745:orange roughy 742: 737: 735: 731: 728: 724: 720: 715: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 643: 642:lanternsharks 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 600: 596: 592: 587: 586:pectoral fins 583: 579: 575: 571: 568: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554:pectoral fins 551: 547: 543: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 519: 518: 514: 510: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 464: 463: 457: 453: 450: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 418: 417: 412: 409: 405: 403: 394: 387: 382: 379: 378:Gargoyle fish 373: 368: 364: 363: 355: 350: 346: 340: 335: 334: 333: 331: 326: 324: 320: 311: 304: 299: 295: 289: 284: 277: 272: 268: 262: 257: 256: 255: 253: 252:metamorphosis 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 174: 172: 167: 165: 161: 160:benthopelagic 157: 156: 147: 144:on a shore – 143: 139: 134: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 84:abyssal plain 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:demersal zone 65: 61: 57: 53: 52:Demersal fish 47: 43: 42: 37: 31: 27: 23: 19: 6619:Conservation 6607: 6574: 6567: 6350:conservation 6305:Algal blooms 6290:Water column 6205:Pelagic fish 6194: 6185:Coastal fish 6131:OSTM/Jason-2 6106:Bioeconomics 6041:Acoustic tag 6011:Fish counter 5886: 5874: 5774:spiny-finned 5723:Major groups 5692: 5487: 5444:Intelligence 5424:Scale eaters 5369:Cleaner fish 5251:Mouthbrooder 5203:Reproduction 5178:Schreckstoff 5163:Lateral line 5079:Swim bladder 5069:Spiral valve 4998:hyomandibula 4981:pseudobranch 4864:Hypoxia in - 4651:Conservation 4502:Pelagic fish 4496: 4482:Coastal fish 4386:Marine fungi 4124:Water garden 4007:Water column 3952:Productivity 3927:Pelagic zone 3887:Macrobenthos 3877:Hydrobiology 3847:Ecohydrology 3622: 3606: 3590: 3569:. Retrieved 3565:the original 3555: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3492:. Retrieved 3488:the original 3484:BioEd Online 3483: 3473: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3449: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3415: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3384: 3379: 3368: 3355: 3344: 3338: 3327: 3316: 3310: 3299: 3287:. Retrieved 3283:the original 3278: 3269: 3235:(12): e431. 3232: 3229:PLOS Biology 3228: 3218: 3207: 3202:Gadus morhua 3201: 3190: 3179: 3173: 3162: 3151: 3145: 3134: 3126: 3117: 3098: 3090: 3079: 3073: 3062: 3054: 3047: 3036: 3030: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2994: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2954: 2943: 2937: 2926: 2915: 2909: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2866: 2858: 2855: 2847: 2825: 2817: 2798: 2787: 2774: 2763: 2757: 2746: 2734:. Retrieved 2730:the original 2725: 2716: 2706: 2695: 2682: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2626: 2620: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2530: 2522: 2513: 2486: 2480: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430:Sulak KJ () 2426: 2415: 2409: 2398: 2390: 2381: 2369:. Retrieved 2365: 2356: 2345: 2339: 2328: 2313:cite journal 2302:the original 2279: 2275: 2262: 2192:Pelagic fish 2153:Benthic zone 2082:, monkfish, 2074:(Atlantic), 2013: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1974: 1886: 1755: 1744: 1695:in hunting. 1693:giant morays 1688: 1669: 1634:Atlantic cod 1574: 1433: 1426: 1359: 1346: 1338: 1313:Japan Trench 1302: 1291: 1289: 1282: 1258: 1197: 1190: 1178: 1175: 1160: 1145: 1127:swimbladders 1112: 1078: 1055: 1048: 1012: 994: 989: 960: 954:sand dollars 847: 840:Coastal fish 828:bathybenthic 827: 823: 819: 816:mesodemersal 815: 811: 809: 804: 800: 798: 766: 738: 729: 716: 712: 708:oligotrophic 693: 665:swimbladders 658: 647: 499: 460: 428:Blue catfish 406: 402:spiderfishes 399: 360: 327: 316: 218: 199: 196:Benthic fish 175: 168: 164:water column 159: 153: 151: 118:water column 114:pelagic fish 107: 102: 98: 91: 55: 51: 50: 39: 18: 6880:Ichthyology 6543:Overfishing 6455:Catch share 6285:Marine snow 6270:Sardine run 6255:Fish screen 6250:Fish ladder 6200:Forage fish 5888:WikiProject 5847:Prehistoric 5831:Threatened 5522:Other types 5419:Sardine run 5394:Forage fish 5374:Corallivory 5226:Development 5211:Bubble nest 5084:physoclisti 5074:Suckermouth 5047:Root effect 4869:Ichthyology 4636:Sponge reef 4611:Rocky shore 4606:Oyster reef 4576:Kelp forest 4459:Vertebrates 4359:Marine life 4335:Viral shunt 4300:Marine snow 4202:Maharashtra 4109:Stream pool 4012:Zooplankton 3932:Photic zone 3892:Meiobenthos 3745:Algal bloom 3279:www.msc.org 2861:(sA):40-53. 2736:1 September 2726:www.fao.org 2604:(sA) 54-74. 2569:: 227-238. 2445:(4)443-446. 2092:red snapper 2086:, demersal 2021:overfishing 2015:Solea solea 1182:marine snow 1123:Photophores 969:, dwell in 950:Triggerfish 909:puffer fish 894:crustaceans 824:mesobenthic 820:epidemersal 704:dead whales 654:zooplankton 480:clingfishes 323:polychaetes 319:crustaceans 6864:Categories 6767:Greenpeace 6475:Slot limit 6418:Management 6342:management 6310:Dead zones 6265:Salmon run 6245:Eel ladder 6141:Institutes 5981:Fish stock 5503:Groundfish 5498:Freshwater 5493:Euryhaline 5478:Coral reef 5414:Salmon run 5404:Paedophagy 5306:Amphibious 5293:Locomotion 5101:pharyngeal 5089:physostome 5042:Photophore 4988:Glossohyal 4961:gill raker 4944:dorsal fin 4894:physiology 4616:Salt marsh 4551:Coral reef 4340:Whale fall 4320:Photophore 4197:Everglades 4165:Ecoregions 4104:Stream bed 4077:Macrophyte 4030:Freshwater 3862:Food chain 3775:Water bird 3583:References 2371:19 January 2223:Walrond C 1604:overfished 1569:2,986,081 1566:3,163,050 1563:3,059,707 1560:3,062,222 1557:3,008,283 1554:3,033,384 1551:2,955,849 1528:1,009,253 1507:8,964,873 1504:9,398,780 1501:9,385,328 1498:8,474,044 1495:9,304,922 1492:8,695,910 1489:9,431,141 1368:, such as 1262:grenadiers 1253:White hake 1198:epibenthos 1192:mostly on 1108:lumpfishes 1033:Deep water 996:Stargazers 967:sport fish 858:epipelagic 838:See also: 812:epibenthic 689:notacanths 634:grenadiers 591:grenadiers 228:ray-finned 190:stargazers 56:groundfish 6737:WorldFish 6702:SeaChoice 6315:Fish kill 6295:Upwelling 6260:Migration 6167:fisheries 5961:Fisheries 5752:chimaeras 5639:Predatory 5616:Salmonids 5574:Whitefish 5564:Poisonous 5539:Diversity 5473:Coldwater 5409:Predatory 5399:Migratory 5359:Bait ball 5342:behaviour 5261:Pregnancy 5256:Polyandry 5030:papillare 5025:Operculum 5020:Meristics 4966:gill slit 4929:Cleithrum 4859:Fish kill 4849:Fear of - 4842:- as food 4832:Fisheries 4817:Evolution 4807:Diversity 4641:Tide pool 4546:Cold seep 4330:Upwelling 4094:Rheotaxis 4087:Fish pond 4062:Limnology 3987:Substrate 3972:Siltation 3842:Dead zone 3436:panda.org 3289:31 August 2893::357-375. 2284:CiteSeerX 2198:Whitefish 2029:Irish Sea 1977:North Sea 1758:seamounts 1513:Flounders 1422:chimaeras 1362:food fish 1309:snailfish 1266:amphipods 1156:bait fish 1104:batfishes 1100:greeneyes 1096:hagfishes 1074:seamounts 987:stargazer 971:estuaries 866:estuaries 862:reef fish 850:shoreline 844:Reef fish 810:The term 799:The term 794:seamounts 741:seamounts 685:halosaurs 673:cusk eels 663:all have 599:chimaeras 562:spiracles 537:Flounders 520:Flatfish 444:sturgeons 214:stingrays 206:dragonets 182:gill slit 178:substrate 99:demergere 88:seamounts 6747:HERMIONE 6675:Advocacy 6587:Discards 6121:FishBase 6111:EconMult 6061:EcoSCOPE 5876:Category 5827:Smallest 5740:lampreys 5703:flatfish 5693:Demersal 5649:mackerel 5644:billfish 5584:Commerce 5513:Tropical 5488:Demersal 5483:Deep-sea 5439:Venomous 5331:RoboTuna 5281:triggers 5276:Spawning 5236:Juvenile 5221:Egg case 4854:FishBase 4748:Category 4674:HERMIONE 4591:Mangrove 4401:Seagrass 3947:Pleuston 3942:Plankton 3922:Particle 3867:Food web 3652:Archived 3639:Archived 3571:17 April 3539:17051218 3494:26 March 3346:FishBase 3318:FishBase 3261:17147471 3209:FishBase 3181:FishBase 3153:FishBase 3081:FishBase 3055:BBC News 3038:FishBase 3014:: 41–48. 2980:: 41–48. 2945:FishBase 2917:FishBase 2809:Archived 2789:FishBase 2765:FishBase 2697:FishBase 2628:FishBase 2571:Download 2549:FishBase 2417:FishBase 2347:FishBase 2177:Deep sea 2103:See also 2072:flounder 2064:sturgeon 1989:monkfish 1979:such as 1906:flatfish 1887:Demersal 1863:menhaden 1820:mackerel 1810:billfish 1592:New York 1543:900,012 1540:862,162 1537:917,326 1534:915,177 1531:948,427 1525:956,926 1517:halibuts 1485:haddocks 1370:flounder 1366:flatfish 1194:epifauna 1186:eelgrass 1092:eelpouts 1084:brotulas 1080:Rattails 1066:sediment 1023:monkfish 1004:venomous 975:mangrove 928:toadfish 913:molluscs 755:Habitats 734:otoliths 727:cusk-eel 669:rattails 661:teleosts 513:blennies 472:sculpins 267:Flounder 232:flounder 220:Flatfish 210:flatfish 186:flatfish 138:flatfish 136:Benthic 122:fish oil 92:demersal 30:seafloor 6783:CalCOFI 6752:PROFISH 6682:FishAct 6582:Bycatch 6116:Ecopath 6031:Biomass 5963:science 5931:Fishery 5822:Largest 5735:hagfish 5730:Jawless 5708:pollock 5681:sardine 5676:herring 5671:anchovy 5621:Tilapia 5611:Octopus 5606:Catfish 5593:Farming 5508:Pelagic 5468:Coastal 5455:habitat 5311:Walking 5216:Clasper 5168:Otolith 5130:systems 5128:Sensory 5062:ganoine 5037:Papilla 4888:Anatomy 4827:Fishing 4601:Mudflat 4561:Estuary 4531:Bay mud 4509:Seabird 4265:f-ratio 4248:General 4129:Wetland 3917:Neuston 3882:Hypoxia 3827:Biomass 3817:Benthos 3733:General 3547:4398663 3519:Bibcode 3252:1750927 3124:(2006) 2990:Ryan P 2159:Benthos 2096:tilapia 2080:grouper 2076:halibut 1937:tilapia 1911:pollock 1868:sardine 1858:herring 1853:anchovy 1676:pharynx 1671:Grouper 1663:Grouper 1584:Florida 1410:congers 1402:haddock 1398:redfish 1386:halibut 1339:updated 1210:hagfish 1202:infauna 1171:carrion 1167:benthos 1070:benthos 1056:On the 973:around 932:benthic 834:Coastal 773:abyssal 650:benthos 558:ventral 509:darters 478:, and 248:halibut 222:are an 155:benthic 103:to sink 80:abyssal 6722:Oceana 6485:EU MLS 5840:sharks 5757:sharks 5686:sprats 5666:Forage 5654:salmon 5534:Coarse 5316:Flying 5188:Vision 5143:Barbel 5057:Scales 4917:dermal 4797:About 4586:Lagoon 3912:Nekton 3770:Mammal 3765:Insect 3629: 3614: 3598: 3545: 3537: 3511:Nature 3463:Nature 3405:Nature 3391: 3259: 3249: 3108: 3104:Rome. 2674: 2501: 2286: 2048:lows." 1985:plaice 1844:Forage 1825:salmon 1815:bonito 1582:to NE 1440:Group 1414:sharks 1384:, and 1382:plaice 1378:turbot 1019:plaice 961:Young 870:inlets 723:ambush 681:morids 640:, and 542:skates 476:gobies 246:, and 244:plaice 240:turbot 46:rivers 5802:Blind 5790:Lists 5569:Rough 5434:Sleep 5340:Other 5106:shark 5096:Teeth 3977:Spawn 3543:S2CID 2711:2003. 2305:(PDF) 2272:(PDF) 2205:Notes 2088:shark 1924:Mixed 1878:sprat 1830:shark 1684:gills 1580:Maine 1521:soles 1481:hakes 1461:2005 1458:2004 1455:2003 1452:2002 1449:2001 1446:2000 1443:1999 1117:than 907:Many 892:eats 224:order 128:Types 96:Latin 66:(the 64:lakes 6610:case 6348:and 6165:Wild 5947:and 5835:rays 5769:Bony 5762:rays 5659:tuna 5601:Carp 5559:Oily 5544:Game 5529:Bait 5463:Cave 5246:Milt 4951:Gill 4939:Fins 4912:Bone 4799:fish 4790:Fish 4082:Pond 3627:ISBN 3612:ISBN 3596:ISBN 3573:2008 3535:PMID 3496:2017 3389:ISBN 3291:2009 3257:PMID 3106:ISBN 2738:2009 2672:ISBN 2499:ISBN 2491:Rome 2373:2022 2319:link 2094:and 2040:ICES 2027:and 1997:ICES 1993:sole 1991:and 1932:carp 1873:shad 1835:tuna 1764:and 1745:hoki 1739:The 1723:The 1707:The 1477:Cods 1420:and 1418:rays 1406:bass 1394:hake 1374:sole 1272:and 1208:and 1169:and 1148:eels 1106:and 1088:eels 1082:and 1027:sole 1025:and 985:The 930:, a 888:The 874:bays 872:and 842:and 826:and 747:and 687:and 677:cods 671:and 652:and 546:rays 544:and 391:The 328:The 308:The 236:sole 212:and 60:seas 6361:Law 5698:cod 5453:By 5266:Roe 4993:Jaw 4891:and 4144:Fen 4134:Bog 3527:doi 3515:443 3466:423 3408:423 3247:PMC 3237:doi 3122:FAO 3100:FAO 2659:230 2294:doi 1981:cod 1916:ray 1901:eel 1896:cod 1390:cod 1015:cod 601:." 515:." 226:of 216:. 142:cod 62:or 6866:: 6344:, 6340:, 3541:. 3533:. 3525:. 3513:. 3482:. 3434:. 3343:. 3315:. 3277:. 3255:. 3245:. 3231:. 3227:. 3206:. 3178:. 3150:. 3078:. 3035:. 3012:14 3010:, 2978:14 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