519:
362:
27:
116:
461:
500:
480:
2018:
141:
295:
To these can be added the ca. 270 E-bracteates (Gaimster 1998), which belong to the Vendel Period and thus are slightly later than the other types. They were produced only on
Gotland, and while the earlier bracteates (apart from a few English pieces) all were made from gold, many E-bracteates were
127:
Gold bracteates commonly denote a certain type of jewelry, made mainly in the 5th to 7th century AD, represented by numerous gold specimens. Bead-rimmed and fitted with a loop, most were intended to be worn suspended by a string around the neck, supposedly as an
518:
373:
from thin silver sheet, with a diameter of 22 to 45 mm. The coin image appears in a high relief, while the back remains hollow. The large area left much room for artistic representations. Usual were three denominations, a
311:
have worked since the 1960s to create a complete corpus of the early
Germanic bracteates from the migration period, complete with large scale photographs and drawings. This has been published in three volumes in German named
460:
479:
407:). For example, receiving three new coins for four old coins. The withheld 4th coin was called strike money and was often the only tax revenue of the coin mint-master. This system worked like a
877:
163:
influenced to varying extents by Roman coinage while others feature entirely new motifs. The motifs are commonly those of
Germanic mythology and some are believed to be
411:: People wouldn't hoard their coins, because they lost their value. So, this money was used more as a medium of exchange than for storing value. This increased the
889:
91:
city-states. The term is also used for thin discs, especially in gold, to be sewn onto clothing in the ancient world, as found for example in the ancient
Persian
338:) are different from the migration period bracteates. They were the predominant regional coinage type minted in German-speaking areas (with the exception of
865:
859:
499:
361:
276:
More than 1,000 Migration Period bracteates of type A-, B-, C-, D-, and F are known in total (Heizmann & Axboe 2011). Of these, 135 (ca. 11%) bear
418:
This disruption disturbed the business interests of all those who were involved in the then money economy, namely the merchants who dominated in the
197:. For this reason the bracteates are a target of iconographic studies by scholars interested in Germanic religion. Several bracteates also feature
217:
The typology for bracteates divides them into several letter-named categories, a system introduced in an 1855 treatise by the Danish numismatist
758:
Hauck, K. (1970). "Goldbrakteaten aus
Sievern. Spätantike Amulett-Bilder der "Dania Saxonica" und die Sachsen-"Origo" bei Widukind von Corvey".
835:
871:
883:
300:
928:
358:
and lasted well into the 14th century. From a currency point of view, bracteates were a typical "regional penny" currency of the time.
451:
1975:
431:
The last bracteates were "traveller bracteates", embossed medallions worn as a pendant, that served as a type of presence mark for
247:
C-bracteates (best represented, by ~426 specimens): showing a male's head above a quadruped, often interpreted as the
Germanic god
1993:
244:
B-bracteates (~91 specimens): one to three human figures in standing, sitting or kneeling positions, often accompanied by animals
780:
717:
562:
132:. The gold for the bracteates came from coins paid as peace money by the Roman Empire to their Northern Germanic neighbors.
403:
The bracteates were usually called back regularly, about once or twice a year, and had to be exchanged for new coins (
1074:
748:
682:
668:
654:
640:
626:
612:
598:
1036:
1998:
1206:
467:
201:
inscriptions (a total of 133 inscriptions on bracteates are known, amounting to more than a third of the entire
1988:
1256:
1061:
921:
218:
1137:
804:
Starkey, K. (1999). "Imagining an early Odin. Gold bracteates as visual evidence?, Scandinavian studies".
2047:
2003:
1016:
895:
1169:
1164:
2057:
2021:
1201:
1108:
1101:
1079:
914:
1241:
1226:
1041:
1026:
674:
660:
646:
632:
618:
604:
590:
1356:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1051:
1031:
988:
1758:
1191:
1186:
1113:
1008:
439:
19:
This article is about the jewelry item. For the botanical term indicating - having bracts, see
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946:
264:
F-bracteates (~17 specimens): as a subgroup of the D-bracteates, showing an imaginary animal
1147:
1118:
1021:
408:
288:(giving a listing of the Elder Futhark combined with a potential magical inscription) and
115:
26:
8:
2042:
1983:
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901:
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inscriptions which are often very short; the most notable inscriptions are found on the
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1218:
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978:
954:
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120:
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334:
2052:
1142:
993:
968:
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636:
622:
608:
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558:
471:
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351:
164:
156:
104:
72:
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937:
419:
68:
189:– and aspects of the figure that would later appear in 13th century depictions as
1174:
1152:
1096:
1066:
950:
710:
Die
Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit: Herstellungsprobleme und Chronologie
578:
267:
M-'bracteates' (~17 specimens): two-sided imitations of Roman imperial medallions
226:
178:
79:
in Sweden). Bracteate coins are also known from the medieval kingdoms around the
64:
31:
1848:
1632:
1296:
983:
734:(in Danish) (25). Copenhagen: Det Kgl. Nordiske Oldskriftselskab: 9–11, 93–123.
447:
424:
198:
100:
741:
Vendel Period
Bracteates on Gotland : on the Significance of Germanic Art
308:
241:
specimens): showing the face of a human, modelled after antique imperial coins
2036:
1607:
1570:
1530:
1396:
1125:
1084:
277:
202:
159:
with characteristic hair that is plaited back and depictions of figures from
92:
80:
1709:
1301:
1291:
1274:
1091:
817:
768:
727:
705:
691:
579:
347:
304:
281:
254:
D-bracteates (~359 specimens): showing one or more highly stylized animals
1783:
1741:
1664:
1577:
1445:
1435:
1346:
1130:
525:
194:
149:
145:
36:
238:
1960:
1748:
1731:
1679:
1669:
1654:
1622:
1612:
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1440:
1316:
1311:
1279:
998:
343:
185:– that some scholars interpret as a representation of the Germanic god
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1627:
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1540:
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Die
Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit. Ikonographischer Katalog
486:
355:
339:
314:
Die
Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit. Ikonographischer Katalog
88:
806:
The Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study
773:
Die Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit: Auswertung und Neufunde
16:
Struck metal pendant medallion, or a coin made in imitation of these
1928:
1913:
1893:
1878:
1858:
1833:
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1264:
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906:
878:
Pfennig or bracteate, 0.89 g, silver, from Halberstadt, around 1200
432:
316:. A catalogue supplement is included in Heizmann & Axboe 2011.
258:
206:
174:
84:
586:(in German). MĂĽnstersche Mittelalterschriften 24, MĂĽnchen, 7 vols.
365:
Reverse of a Medieval European Bracteate (coin) made out of silver
1945:
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1863:
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1828:
1768:
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1391:
1376:
1326:
847:
Die Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit – Thema und Variation
510:
182:
60:
466:
Medieval silver bracteates (hollow pennies), with depictions of
140:
1965:
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1843:
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1736:
1721:
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1361:
1331:
524:
Hoard of 600 Magdeburg bracteates from the early 13th century (
443:
396:
129:
96:
766:
1838:
1823:
1798:
1788:
1773:
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1592:
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1336:
1179:
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186:
56:
49:
20:
868:—Canterbury Archaeological Trust (archived 24 November 2005)
223:
Om Guldbracteaterne og Bracteaternes tidligste Brug som Mynt
110:
55:, a thin piece of metal) is a flat, thin, single-sided gold
1908:
1555:
190:
167:
422:. The city leagues then introduced from 1413 a so-called
284:(offering traveling protection to the one who wears it),
582:; Düwel, K.; Hauck, K. & von Padberg, L. (1985–89).
292:(featuring an inscription in scaldic verse) bracteates.
225:
and finally defined formally by the Swedish numismatist
860:
Era of the Great Migrations, 375 BC – 550 AD, Bracteate
793:
Schrift auf den Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit
144:
B-bracteate of the B7 or "FĂĽrstenberg" type, found in
390:) with coarse image and hollow coins worth half a
369:Medieval silver bracteates are one-sided, stamped
155:Many of the bracteates feature ruler portraits of
902:List of Danish bracteates with runic inscriptions
890:Hoards from the Roman Iron Age – Early Viking Age
257:E-bracteates (~280 specimens): showing an animal
2034:
123:, a typical C-bracteate with a figure on a horse
738:
922:
726:
704:
690:
505:Medieval silver bracteate, hollow one-penny (
694:(1982). "The Scandinavian gold bracteates".
953:origin primarily identified as speakers of
803:
549:
547:
545:
543:
319:
929:
915:
834:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
789:
757:
111:Gold bracteates from the Migration Period
743:. Almqvist & Wiksell International.
540:
485:Medieval silver bracteate minted by the
435:and were in use until the 17th century.
360:
139:
114:
25:
1994:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
454:were produced during the 18th century.
2035:
910:
816:
205:corpus). Numerous Bracteates feature
170:giving protection or for divination.
936:
822:Religion und Mythologie der Germanen
350:region) beginning at around 1130 in
555:Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past
148:(IK 389), interpreted as depicting
13:
571:
493:; the earliest minted from c. 1200
173:Often depicted is a figure with a
14:
2069:
853:
760:MĂĽnstersche Mittelalter-Schriften
553:Poul Kjærum, Rikke Agnete Olsen.
2017:
2016:
775:(in German). Walter de Gruyter.
712:(in German). Walter de Gruyter.
517:
498:
478:
459:
328:, also called "hollow pennies":
1999:Christianization of Scandinavia
468:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
1989:Christianization of the Franks
1062:Continental Germanic mythology
732:Nordiske Fortidsminder Serie B
382:) with elaborate image, a one-
1:
799:(in German). Diss. Göttingen.
533:
324:Silver bracteates (in German
415:and stimulated the economy.
296:made from silver or bronze.
7:
2004:Christianization of Iceland
886:(archived 13 February 2007)
849:(Berlin: de Gruyter, 2007).
730:(2007). "Brakteatstudier".
219:Christian JĂĽrgensen Thomsen
212:
10:
2074:
892:(archived 30 October 2005)
880:(archived 3 December 2008)
18:
2012:
1974:
1255:
1217:
1007:
961:
944:
762:(in German) (1). MĂĽnchen.
271:
135:
67:predominantly during the
1242:North Germanic languages
1227:Germanic parent language
767:Heizmann, Wilhelm &
739:Gaimster, Märit (1998).
320:High medieval bracteates
261:under a circular feature
34:bearing the inscription
1247:West Germanic languages
1237:East Germanic languages
1232:Proto-Germanic language
1052:Proto-Germanic folklore
989:Romano-Germanic culture
896:"Evidence of the Jutes"
884:Gold Bracteates – Fake?
862:(archived 26 June 2006)
824:(in German). Darmstadt.
303:, Danish archaeologist
40:and a figure on a horse
440:cantons of Switzerland
366:
307:and German runologist
152:
124:
41:
1057:Anglo-Saxon mythology
947:Ethnolinguistic group
874:(archived 4 May 2006)
364:
299:The German historian
229:in his 1869 treatise
143:
118:
63:that was produced in
29:
1984:Gothic Christianity
428:("eternal penny").
420:German city leagues
209:as a common motif.
2048:Early Germanic art
1367:Germani cisrhenani
1075:Funerary practices
979:Pre-Roman Iron Age
955:Germanic languages
845:Pesch, Alexandra:
790:Nowak, S. (2003).
697:Acta Archaeologica
367:
161:Germanic mythology
153:
125:
121:Vadstena bracteate
99:coins produced in
42:
2030:
2029:
1202:Gothic and Vandal
994:Germanic Iron Age
969:Nordic Bronze Age
951:Northern European
872:Hunnic bracteates
782:978-3-11-022411-5
719:978-3-11-018145-6
563:978-87-7468-274-5
509:), 15th century,
472:Frankfurt am Main
442:, bracteate-like
413:velocity of money
405:Renovatio Monetae
105:Early Middle Ages
95:, and also later
73:Germanic Iron Age
2065:
2058:Migration Period
2020:
2019:
1976:Christianization
1566:Ripuarian Franks
938:Germanic peoples
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470:, 12th century,
463:
335:SchĂĽsselpfennige
181:and sometimes a
69:Migration Period
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1067:Norse mythology
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1009:Early culture
1006:
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837:
831:
823:
819:
818:Simek, Rudolf
815:
811:
807:
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795:
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788:
784:
778:
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769:Axboe, Morten
765:
761:
756:
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750:91-22-01790-9
746:
742:
737:
733:
729:
728:Axboe, Morten
725:
721:
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711:
707:
706:Axboe, Morten
703:
699:
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692:Axboe, Morten
689:
684:
683:3-7705-2402-0
680:
676:
673:
670:
669:3-7705-2401-2
666:
662:
659:
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655:3-7705-2302-4
652:
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641:3-7705-2301-6
638:
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631:
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624:
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610:
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596:
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580:Axboe, Morten
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279:
278:Elder Futhark
266:
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203:Elder Futhark
200:
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133:
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90:
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81:Bay of Bengal
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
39:
38:
33:
28:
22:
1302:Anglo-Saxons
1292:Adrabaecampi
1275:Bucinobantes
1017:Architecture
846:
821:
809:
805:
792:
772:
759:
740:
731:
709:
695:
583:
554:
506:
437:
430:
423:
417:
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402:
395:
391:
387:
383:
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370:
368:
348:Middle Rhine
333:
330:Hohlpfennige
329:
325:
323:
313:
305:Morten Axboe
298:
294:
282:Seeland-II-C
275:
230:
222:
216:
193:such as the
172:
154:
126:
52:
45:
43:
35:
1742:Nahanarvali
1665:Hilleviones
1578:Frisiavones
1446:Cananefates
1436:Burgundians
1347:Banochaemae
1197:Anglo-Saxon
1148:Anglo-Saxon
1114:Anglo-Saxon
1097:Anglo-Saxon
1080:Anglo-Saxon
526:Bode Museum
507:Hohlpfennig
388:Hohlpfennig
309:Klaus DĂĽwel
195:Poetic Edda
150:Frija-Frigg
146:Welschingen
103:during the
2043:Bracteates
2037:Categories
1961:Vinoviloth
1749:Marcomanni
1732:Helveconae
1710:HeaĂ°obards
1680:Istvaeones
1670:Ingaevones
1655:Hermunduri
1623:Ostrogoths
1613:Greuthungi
1491:Chattuarii
1317:Angrivarii
1312:Ampsivarii
1280:Lentienses
1109:Literature
999:Viking Age
534:References
344:Westphalia
301:Karl Hauck
83:, such as
77:Vendel era
48:(from the
30:Bracteate
1956:Vidivarii
1951:Victohali
1941:Vangiones
1874:Thuringii
1779:Nuithones
1675:Irminones
1638:Visigoths
1628:Thervingi
1588:Gambrivii
1541:Dulgubnii
1536:Dauciones
1486:Chasuarii
1426:Brondings
1352:Bastarnae
1342:Baiuvarii
1322:Armalausi
1285:Raetovari
1219:Languages
1187:Symbology
1047:Folklore
1042:Festivals
830:cite book
487:Burgraves
409:demurrage
356:Thuringia
340:Rhineland
207:swastikas
46:bracteate
2053:Exonumia
2022:Category
1929:Hasdingi
1914:Usipetes
1894:Tubantes
1879:Toxandri
1859:Tencteri
1834:Suarines
1819:Sicambri
1814:Semnones
1794:Reudigni
1764:Mattiaci
1754:Marsacii
1705:Lombards
1695:Lacringi
1690:Juthungi
1521:Corconti
1506:Cherusci
1481:Charudes
1461:Chaedini
1431:Bructeri
1416:Bateinoi
1387:Eburones
1382:Condrusi
1377:Caeroesi
1372:Atuatuci
1307:Ambrones
1270:Brisgavi
1265:Alemanni
1143:Paganism
1032:Clothing
1027:Calendar
974:Germania
820:(2003).
771:(2011).
708:(2004).
677:(1989),
675:Band 3:2
663:(1989),
661:Band 3:1
649:(1989),
647:Band 2:2
635:(1986),
633:Band 2:1
621:(1985),
619:Band 1:3
607:(1985),
605:Band 1:2
593:(1985),
591:Band 1:1
557:(1990),
438:In some
433:pilgrims
380:Blaffert
371:pfennigs
346:and the
326:Brakteat
286:Vadstena
259:triskele
213:Typology
85:Harikela
59:worn as
1946:Varisci
1934:Silingi
1924:Vandals
1899:Tulingi
1889:Triboci
1884:Treveri
1864:Teutons
1854:Taifals
1829:Sitones
1769:Nemetes
1727:Helisii
1700:Lemovii
1618:Gutones
1551:Firaesi
1546:Favonae
1526:Cugerni
1516:Cobandi
1471:Chamavi
1466:Chaemae
1456:Casuari
1451:Caritni
1421:Betasii
1392:Paemani
1327:Auiones
1192:Warfare
1170:Scripts
1138:Numbers
962:History
511:Hamburg
452:angster
392:pfennig
384:pfennig
376:pfennig
71:of the
61:jewelry
53:bractea
32:DR BR42
1966:Warini
1919:Vagoth
1904:Tungri
1869:Thelir
1849:Swedes
1844:Sunici
1809:Saxons
1804:Rugini
1737:Manimi
1722:Diduni
1660:Heruli
1598:Gepids
1583:Frisii
1561:Franks
1511:Cimbri
1501:Chauci
1496:Chatti
1409:Nervii
1404:Morini
1362:Belgae
1357:Batavi
1332:Avarpi
1297:Angles
1257:Groups
1207:Viking
1153:Gothic
1131:Gothic
1037:Family
779:
747:
716:
681:
667:
653:
639:
625:
611:
597:
561:
450:, and
448:heller
444:rappen
397:Scherf
352:Saxony
290:Tjurkö
272:Corpus
221:named
136:Motifs
130:amulet
97:silver
1839:Suebi
1824:Sciri
1799:Rugii
1789:Quadi
1774:Njars
1759:Marsi
1717:Lugii
1685:Jutes
1650:Harii
1645:Gutes
1603:Goths
1593:Geats
1531:Danes
1476:Chali
1397:Segni
1337:Baemi
1180:Runes
1165:Rings
1158:Norse
1126:Names
1119:Norse
1102:Norse
1085:Norse
898:, BBC
797:(PDF)
700:(52).
491:Dohna
249:Woden
187:Wodan
183:spear
179:birds
175:horse
168:icons
57:medal
50:Latin
21:Bract
1909:Ubii
1556:Fosi
1441:Buri
836:link
777:ISBN
745:ISBN
714:ISBN
679:ISBN
665:ISBN
651:ISBN
637:ISBN
623:ISBN
609:ISBN
595:ISBN
559:ISBN
374:two-
354:and
191:Odin
119:The
87:and
1784:Osi
1092:Law
1022:Art
949:of
489:of
400:).
332:or
239:~92
89:Mon
37:Alu
2039::
832:}}
828:{{
808:.
542:^
446:,
342:,
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177:,
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44:A
1069:)
930:e
923:t
916:v
838:)
810:4
785:.
753:.
722:.
685:.
671:.
657:.
643:.
629:.
615:.
601:.
528:)
394:(
386:(
378:(
251:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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