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avoiding communication and withdrawing), Anxious / Ambivalent
Attachment ( which is characterized by fear that a partner will not reciprocate the same love that the individual gives), Fearful Avoidant (Disorganized) Attachment (which is characterized by a fear of relationships and attempts to avoid them even while craving love and intimacy), and Secure Attachment (which is the style that is characterized by strong, healthy relationships). These attachment styles can affect the behavior of one partner towards another and different attachment styles can clash. For instance, if one partner has an avoidant attachment and dates someone with a secure attachment style, the two partners may clash due to a lack of communication and several misunderstandings as these attachment styles come with expectations that are acted out in behavior that can eventually lead to a breakup.
1205:
amount of time as relationships that were started in person. Others, however, have not been as long-lived. The presence of social media and technology also plays a part in relationships that began and exist in person, as well. There has been much controversy about the stress that online dating places on relationships. The constant and wide range of accessibility provided by technology and internet access can lead to a plethora of issues that may result in break-ups. An example of this is that those already in a relationship can have multiple partners that are also dating using online platforms that have no knowledge of each other due to the unlimited access they have to meet people from all over the world. Once a partner discovers the
1222:. According to researchers Lahti and Kolehmainen, studies have shown that LGBTQ couples tend to feel pressured by society to maintain long, monogamous, and healthy relationships. They may struggle in silence and refuse to seek help or end a relationship when it may be in their best interest mentally and emotionally because of this pressure. Their studies also indicate that most counseling services, or other means of salvaging a relationship, have heteronormative assumptions. This makes it difficult for LGBTQ couples to find help for their relationships that caters to the issues they struggle with personally.
759:
relationship. This leads to circumscribing where the individuals begin to pull apart, set boundaries, and have their own independent lives. This may cause issues to arise. At this point, the relationship reaches stagnation where the couple stays together for other reasons rather than their will to do so. Examples include children. The next stage is avoidance in which the individuals try to stay away from each other as much as possible. They, then, reach termination, where the relationship is over and they go their separate ways.
1067:
ways in which people have exhibited growth following a stressful life event include improvements to the way a person views themselves, the way they connect with other people around them, or their overall approach to life. Research shows that breakups are highly representative of this type of stressful situation, as individuals experience them several times throughout their lives and have been known to self-report instances of growth because of the experience.
941:, and Habib Sadeghi and his wife explain the Conscious Uncoupling when she first made the news of her divorce public. A "conscious uncoupling is the ability to understand that every irritation and argument was a signal to look inside ourselves and identify a negative internal object that needed healing," Habib Sadeghi explained. "From this perspective, there are no bad guys, just two people, it's about people as individuals, not just the relationship".
672:
44:
1209:, this could result in a breakup. Online dating may also prohibit choices that could save a relationship. To further elaborate, many times in relationships, space is necessary to collect thoughts and feelings after an argument, however, the usage of social media allows access to one's partner at all times. This constant accessibility may result in disruption of both space and boundaries necessary for a healthy relationship.
1049:
behavior stems from an unhappiness with the circumstances following the dissolution of the relationship, as well as a misguided belief that the stalking behavior may result in the reforming of the relationship. There is no clear definition of stalking behavior that differentiate it from socially acceptable activities; they become more sinister when they are unwanted and form a persistent pattern.
950:
could include psychological distress symptoms, grief reactions, an overall decline in psychological well-being, and potential stalking behaviors. Individuals often work hard to keep their relationships intact because of how significantly distressing and problematic these negative effects can be, even in the face of potential complications in their relationship, for as long as they can bear it.
1226:
full custody of the child(ren). Many times, the court system favors the birth mother, however, in lesbian relationships, one mother could carry the egg of another, so it becomes challenging to determine who the child(ren) biologically belongs to. In gay male relationship dissolutions, this also causes confusion as the majority of gay male parents adopted their children. Due to the
1058:
Kansky and Joseph P. Allen conducted a study that followed 160 20 to 25-year-olds, or emerging adults, and observed their romantic and close friend relationships. There were a significant number of findings, but one finding was that the experience of a break-up did prove positive in the long run for several individuals, especially if they knew the reason(s) the relationship ended.
967:. These included flashback and intrusive memories associated with their partner, often triggered by important dates associated with either the relationship or the breakup. These intrusive distress symptoms manifested in various ways for both the individual who initiated the breakup and their partner, such as being reminded of certain aspects of their behavior or their preferences.
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self-image, and ability to interact with others. These improvements have the potential to improve the quality of future romantic relationships with other people. This is due to the increased level of maturity displayed by the individual as well as, to a lesser extent, insight into certain things that they must avoid in a relationship to ensure better relationships in the future.
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these individuals were the one who initiated the breakup in the first place, but research has shown that there have been cases where individuals that have been victims of a breakup recognize that their past relationship was sub-optimal, which allows them to display the same emotions of relief, freedom, and happiness.
1066:
Individuals that are placed under stressful situations are often faced with an opportunity for growth and development as a result of this stress. Without this push to improve, individuals are often pushed towards complacency and refuse to make the necessary efforts to progress through life. Different
991:
A natural effect of the loss of a relationship that an individual had hoped to keep is grief, because the desire to keep relationships intact despite problems and complications is a natural human desire. This results in individuals undergoing a breakup displaying grief reactions that include symptoms
970:
Another set of psychological distress symptoms that were reported by individuals who had experienced a romantic relationship breakup fell under the category of avoidance behavior. Being without their partner causes their self-concept to shift as they struggle through emotional distress. This involves
1158:
can play a big role in why a breakup occurs in the first place. Attachment styles define the expectations an individual has when in a relationship based on the relationship they had with their caregivers during childhood. The four attachment styles are
Avoidant Attachment ( which is characterized by
732:
that the ability to be alone is an essentially healthy sign of emotional development and maturity. Once a child has obtained closeness and attachment by their early caregivers, they are able to develop autonomy and identity. If children have not introjected the good and protective qualities of their
1204:
The technologically advanced society that currently exists means that much of people's lives are online. People can date online via dating apps or using social media platforms such as
Instagram or Facebook. Many relationships have been able to manifest from mediated communication and last a similar
1084:
While this may not necessarily be a universal positive consequence that affects all people going through a breakup, there is significant evidence towards certain individuals experiencing feelings of relief, freedom, and happiness following the end of a relationship. There is a high likelihood that
999:
The extent of these grief reactions is not limited to the time frame immediately following the dissolution of the romantic relationship. Even some time after the breakup, people who are asked to recall depressing or negative events in their lives commonly make reference to traumatic events of this
949:
Depending on the individual, breakups can be stressful, unpleasant, and traumatic events. Both parties could feel a large number of negative effects as a result of the relationship's dissolution, and these events often gain the reputation for being some of the worst events in people's lives. These
906:
Vaughan considered that the process of breakup was asymmetrical for initiator and respondent: the former 'has begun mourning the loss of the relationship and has undertaken something tantamount to a rehearsal, mentally and, to varying degrees, experientially, of a life apart from the partner'. The
1225:
Other unique issues arise out of LGBTQ relationship dissolutions when children are involved. According to researchers
Goldberg and Allen, LGBTQ separations involving children can become legally confusing. In lesbian relationships, there are two mothers, so the question arises of who would receive
1048:
as one partner attempts to maintain contact with the other, however unwanted it may be. This type of behavior exists on a scale that stretches from an amicable breakup with no unwanted harassment behaviors all the way to stalking behaviors that are threatening and distressful to the partner. This
910:
As a result, for
Vaughan 'getting out of a relationship includes a redefinition of self at several levels: in the private thoughts of the individual, between partners, and in the larger social context in which the relationship exists'. She considered that 'uncoupling is complete when the partners
1093:
While individuals that have experienced a breakup are likely to experience a number of different positive and negative effects once the relationship has run its course, different people can expect these to manifest in varying degrees. This is because there are several mitigating factors that can
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Another positive outcome that has been observed to follow breakup has to do with the lessons that people may have learned from going through the painful experience. The stress-related growth that a person is forced to experience following a breakup causes improvements to their overall character,
1057:
Evidence shows that even in the direst of situations, there is a chance for positive emotions and growth. Breakups are no different, giving victims opportunities for stress-related growth, improving their performance in future relationships, and providing feelings of relief and freedom. Jessica
1008:
In addition to these specific negative effects, individuals who are suffering through a breakup report a general decline in their psychological well-being. The general negative emotion that they feel often triggers other behaviors and habits that are either detrimental to their mental health or
982:
Overall, these psychological distress symptoms come together to result in a significantly lower level of self-esteem among individuals who have just undergone the dissolution of a romantic relationship. Additionally, individuals undergo a significant redefinition of their self-concept, as they
974:
The combination of this desire to engage in avoidance behaviors and the intrusive memories that may naturally come up cause individuals to feel significant emotional swings and outbursts in the form of irritation, anger, and startle responses. Individuals were noted as being far more paranoid,
758:
The coming together phase is meant to be long-term, beginning in the initiation phase and becoming deeper with time and intimacy. In the coming apart phase, differentiating begins. This is when the individuals began noticing differences that may seem unnegotiable or place pressure on the
1184:
Distancing – avoiding the problem has been observed to translate to negative coping outcomes and a worsening of the consequences reported by the victim, while a willingness to confront the matter and engage in problem-solving has shown overall mitigative effects to breakup
1141:
Certainty of the reasons for the breakup – being unsure about the initiator's reasons for breaking up caused higher levels of anxiety and other stress symptoms in the victim, while achieving closure was an important step for most individuals seeking to move on from a
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Initiator of the dissolution of the relationship – while both the initiator and the victim were shown to experience consequences following the breakup, the former displayed less of these symptoms and in some cases experienced positive effects because the relationship
971:
an active attempt at denying or ignoring the circumstances of the current situation, or those that led to the dissolution of the relationship. In relation to this, individuals also noted feeling numb and uninterested with the world around them because of the breakup.
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Proportion of positive and negative relationship memories – individuals that had a high number of positive relationship memories were less negatively affected by the breakup when compared to those that would constantly dredge up negative memories of their
983:
attempt to understand who they are without their ex-partner. This compounds upon the psychological distress symptoms that they feel from the loss of the relationship and is the most significant negative effect that people undergoing a breakup experience.
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Self-complexity – people that exhibit a complex self-image, which references an ability to perceive oneself as more than just who they are in their romantic relationship, are less likely to be debilitated by the consequences of a
1125:
Ease of finding an alternative partner – being able to find a new partner immediately following a breakup allowed the individual to better weather the negative emotions and problems associated with the dissolution of a romantic
1824:
Chung, M.C.; Farmer, S.; Grant, K.; Newton, R.; Payne, S.; Perry, M.; Saunders, J.; Smith, C.; Stone, N. (2002). "Self-esteem, personality and post-traumatic stress symptoms following the dissolution of a dating relationship".
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either minimize or amplify the extent to which one feels the consequences of a breakup. The list of potential factors that have been shown to moderate the effects that an individual might feel are categorized and listed below:
1192:
Perceived social support – individuals that felt like people in their social group were on their side and would support them during this stressful time reported being less affected by the breakup and loss of a romantic
1217:
While public opinion has become more accepting of different forms of relationships, including those that are not heterosexual, LGBTQ couples often face adversity when it comes to maintaining their relationships due to
1000:
nature. This negative effect can be attributed to the severity of the grief reaction that people who suffer through a breakup display, making a significant mark in their lives that they are unlikely to forget.
899:
proposed an "uncoupling theory", where there exists a "turning point" in the dynamics of relationship breakup – 'a precise moment when they "knew the relationship was over," when "everything went dead inside
1188:
Benefit-finding – the willingness to objectively assess the relationship, as well as an ability to find benefits that resulted from its ending allowed victims to display less stress symptoms during the
725:(1992) has argued that the dissolution of dating and cohabiting relationships can be as painful as or more painful than divorce because these nonmarital relationships are less socially recognized.
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Hardiness – individuals that displayed above average levels of hardiness were unfazed by the dissolution of their romantic relationship and were less likely to be bothered by its consequences
1129:
Willingness to begin a new relationship – an openness to the formation of a new relationship was shown to translate to a lower level of victimization and negative consequences after a breakup
996:. This tendency to express grief and depression is so prevalent that researchers point to it being a significant contributor to the first onset of major depressive disorder in young adults.
1947:
Eastwick, P.W.; Finkel, E.J.; Krishnamurti, T.; Lowenstein, G. (2008). "Mispredicting distress following romantic breakup: Revealing the time course of the affective forecasting error".
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latter then has to play catch-up: 'to make their own transition out of the relationship, partners must redefine initiator and relationship negatively, legitimating the dissolution'.
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Self-esteem levels – high levels of self-esteem allow people to be less stressed during the dissolution of a relationship and alleviate the most severe negative consequences
903:' – followed by a transition period in which one partner unconsciously knows the relationship is going to end, but holds on to it for an extended period, even for years.
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Level of investment in maintaining the relationship – high levels of relationship investment translate to a much larger loss caused by the dissolution of the
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have defined themselves and are defined by others as separate and independent of each other – when being partners is no longer a major source of identity'.
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Admission of love for ex-partner – relationships that report to be filled with love may exacerbate the consequences that victims feel following a breakup
715:
aspect, however, there are also non-romantic and platonic breakups, and this type of relationship dissolution is usually caused by failure to maintain a
2203:
1508:
2048:
Tashiro, T.Y.; Frazier, P. (2003). ""I'll never be in a relationship like that again": Personal growth following romantic relationship breakups".
2008:
Mearns, J. (1991). "Coping with a breakup: negative mood regulation expectancies and depression following the end of a romantic relationship".
1978:(2012). "Attachment, breakup strategies, and associated outcomes: The effects of security enhancement on the selection of breakup strategies".
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There is a lack of research on LGBTQ relationship dissolutions as these relationships are fairly recent to acceptance and legality in history.
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658:
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models have been proposed to explain the process of a relationship breakup, many suggesting that relationship dissolution occurs in stages.
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Satisfaction levels of both parties – relationships that report both parties feeling satisfied are more likely to suffer during breakups
711:. When a couple engaged to be married breaks up, it is typically called a "broken engagement". People commonly think of breakups in a
2507:
1899:
Slotter, E.B.; Gardner, W.L.; Finkel, E.J. (2010). "Who am I without you? The influence of romantic breakup on the self-concept".
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752:
699:. The act is commonly termed "dumping " in slang when it is initiated by one partner. The term is less likely to be applied to a
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Roberts, K.A. (2002). "Stalking following the breakup of romantic relationships: Characteristics of stalking former partners".
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1680:
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Individuals who had just recently experienced the dissolution of a romantic relationship reported several symptoms of acute
2500:
1546:
Lee, L. (1984). "Sequences in
Separation: A Framework for Investigating Endings of the Personal (Romantic) Relationship".
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2204:"Distress severity following a romantic breakup is associated with positive relationship memories among emerging adults"
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2117:"Making Sense and Moving On: The Potential for Individual and Interpersonal Growth Following Emerging Adult Breakups"
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651:
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Cacioppo, John T.; Cacioppo, Stephanie; Gonzaga, Gian C.; Ogburn, Elizabeth L.; VanderWeele, Tyler J. (2013-06-03).
1624:. Knapp, Mark L., Daly, John A. (John Augustine), 1952- (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. 2002.
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Sex – several studies observed that females on average exhibited larger negative symptoms during the breakup process
2810:
2452:"Same-Sex Relationship Dissolution and LGB Stepfamily Formation: Perspectives of Young Adults with LGB Parents"
1629:
3107:
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Hill, Charles T.; Rubin Zick; Peplau Letita Anne (1976). "Breakups Before
Marriage: The End of 103 Affairs".
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Termination: proposed resolution fails to rectify issues and no further solutions are accepted or applied
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Duration of relationship – longer relationships are more likely to be more painful after the breakup
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926:" in 2009. Thomas began teaching this new approach to divorce to students throughout the world.
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858:, in which four negative nonverbal behaviors lead to the breakdown of a marriage/relationship:
751:, a foundational scholar on the subject of interpersonal relationships, created a model called
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Smith, H.S.; Cohen, L.H. (1993). "Self-complexity and reactions to a relationship breakup".
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1863:"Benefit finding and psychological adjustment following a non-marital relationship breakup"
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2340:"Interpersonal Relationships and Personal Space: Research Review and Theoretical Model"
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society that currently exists, LGBTQ couples often deal with challenges post-break-up.
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755:. He describes two separate phases of relationships, coming together and coming apart.
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2273:"Marital satisfaction and break-ups differ across on-line and off-line meeting venues"
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suspicious, and jealous, often tied towards a desire to know information about their
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Hill, Rubin and Peplau identify five factors that predict breakup before marriage:
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have reported magnified consequence levels when going through the breakup process
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Resolution and transformation: both partners apply outcome of their negotiation
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L. Lee proposes that there are five stages ultimately leading up to a breakup.
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401:
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2492:
1991:
1374:"dump | meaning of dump in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English | LDOCE"
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A behavior that has been noticed following some breakups is the prevalence of
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Yıldırım, F.B.; Demir, A. (2015). "Breakup adjustment in young adulthood".
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Mental health – individuals that display lower levels of mental health and
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Exposure: both partners mutually become aware of problems in relationship
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Dissatisfaction: one or both partners grow dissatisfied with relationship
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Negotiation: both partners attempt to negotiate solutions to problems
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922:, a licensed marriage and family therapist, originated the term "
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del
Palacio-González, A.; Clark, D.A.; O'Sullivan, L.F. (2017).
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Steve Duck outlines a six-stage cycle of relationship breakup:
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1792:"What Gwyneth Paltrow's 'Conscious Uncoupling' really means"
1398:"DUMP (verb) definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary"
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152:
1422:"Dump definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
846:
2403:"LGBTIQ+ break-up assemblages: At the end of the rainbow"
1349:"BREAK-UP | Meaning & Definition for UK English"
1031:
negative emotions and feelings (such as guilt, anger, or
1823:
1009:
signify poor mental health conditions. These include:
1003:
1671:
Uncoupling – Turning Points in
Intimate Relationships
2401:
Lahti, Annukka; Kolehmainen, Marjo (December 2020).
1898:
1446:"DUMP | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
1860:
933:, who used the phrase to describe her divorce with
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1212:
958:
733:parents, they will fear separation and break-ups.
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2450:Goldberg, Abbie E.; Allen, Katherine R. (2013).
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1861:Samios, C.; Henson, D.F.; Simpson, H.J. (2014).
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2277:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
32:"Break up" redirects here. For other uses, see
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1973:
820:Factors that predict a breakup before marriage
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2449:
2174:
1734:
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2010:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1790:Elle.com, Natalie Matthews (26 March 2014).
1548:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
728:Kamiar-K. Rueckert argues with the works of
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2115:Kansky, Jessica; Allen, Joseph P. (2018).
1901:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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2246:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
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1949:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
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805:Discussion of reasons for discontentment
703:, where a breakup is typically called a
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2338:Sundstrom, Eric; Altman, Irwin (1976).
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1752:
1666:
1660:
1622:Handbook of interpersonal communication
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914:
856:Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution
847:Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution
829:Unequal involvement in the relationship
29:Termination of an intimate relationship
14:
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2007:
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2177:Journal of Counseling and Development
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1122:Romantic situation following breakup
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841:Difference in physical attractiveness
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1181:Implementation of coping strategies
1147:Characteristics of the participants
992:like sleeplessness, depression, and
929:The term received popularization by
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753:Knapp's relational development model
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1004:Decline in psychological well-being
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24:
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1998:
1980:Journal of Research in Personality
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1608:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1976.tb02485.x
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1022:admissions to psychiatric services
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675:A photo resembling a breakup of a
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1867:Journal of Relationships Research
835:Different educational aspirations
799:Dissatisfaction with relationship
2189:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00179.x
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854:and Levenson (1994) outline the
814:Recreating sense of social value
42:
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1774:"What is conscious uncoupling?"
1772:Louis Degenhardt (2016-04-26),
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959:Psychological distress symptoms
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1080:Feelings of relief and freedom
937:. Paltrow had her doctors Dr.
13:
1:
1753:Sadeghi, Habib (2014-05-14).
1513:www.theviennapsychoanalyst.at
1314:
1134:Circumstances of the breakup
1071:Improved future relationships
2082:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1582:The Basics of Communications
1351:. Lexico.com. Archived from
7:
2524:Interpersonal relationships
1675:. Oxford University Press.
1402:www.macmillandictionary.com
1236:
1025:increased criminal behavior
763:Stages leading to a breakup
10:
3124:
2758:Queerplatonic relationship
2258:10.1521/jscp.1993.12.4.367
2121:Emerging Adulthood (Print)
2022:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.327
1961:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.001
1240:
838:Difference in intelligence
31:
3052:
2989:
2933:
2848:
2788:
2713:
2658:
2610:
2537:
2530:
1992:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.008
1426:www.collinsdictionary.com
1220:societal-based homophobia
1028:increased risk of suicide
1019:worsening physical health
920:Katherine Woodward Thomas
736:
2420:10.1177/1440783320964545
2223:10.1177/2167696817704117
2133:10.1177/2167696817711766
1913:10.1177/0146167209352250
1596:Journal of Social Issues
1560:10.1177/0265407584011004
1450:dictionary.cambridge.org
1299:Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
1243:Outline of relationships
2298:10.1073/pnas.1222447110
2062:10.1111/1475-6811.00039
1667:Vaughan, Diane (1986).
1584:(2011) p. 151 Table 6.2
2050:Personal Relationships
1755:"Conscious Uncoupling"
1652:: CS1 maint: others (
965:psychological distress
811:Tidying up of memories
680:
2673:Friends with benefits
2572:Same-sex relationship
1509:"Essay on Separation"
1474:Social Sci LibreTexts
1112:romantic relationship
1098:Relationship quality
1062:Stress-related growth
1013:increased alcohol use
895:In 1976, sociologist
674:
467:Emotions and feelings
3108:Relationship breakup
3029:Relationship anarchy
2567:Domestic partnership
2407:Journal of Sociology
1495:Perspectives on Loss
1269:Five stages of grief
924:conscious uncoupling
915:Conscious uncoupling
685:relationship breakup
2836:Romantic friendship
2356:1976HumEc...4...47S
2289:2013PNAS..11010135C
2283:(25): 10135–10140.
1580:Steve Duck et al.,
1507:Kamiar-K. RĂĽckert.
1470:"11.2: Friendships"
1378:www.ldoceonline.com
1355:on January 29, 2021
695:is the ending of a
621:Narcissistic parent
2981:Unconditional love
2830:Maîtresse-en-titre
2813:à la façon du pays
2468:10.1111/fare.12024
2364:10.1007/BF01531456
2211:Emerging Adulthood
1880:10.1017/jrr.2014.6
1759:Be Hive of Healing
1289:Marital separation
1089:Mitigating factors
1040:Stalking behaviors
790:Cycle of a breakup
681:
439:marital separation
3085:
3084:
3072:Domestic violence
2844:
2843:
2620:Open relationship
2562:Significant other
2094:10.1520/JFS15514J
1827:Stress and Health
1697:Book, My Status.
1687:p. 81 and p. 218n
1682:978-0-679-73002-6
1264:Emotional baggage
1156:Attachment styles
994:suicidal thoughts
891:Uncoupling theory
802:Social withdrawal
669:
668:
626:Power and control
350:
349:
346:
345:
218:Significant other
198:Mixed-orientation
58:
16:(Redirected from
3115:
2535:
2534:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2456:Family Relations
2447:
2441:
2440:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2300:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2088:(5): 1070–1077.
2077:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2034:
2033:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1944:
1933:
1932:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1858:
1843:
1842:
1821:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1701:. Archived from
1699:"BreakUp Status"
1694:
1688:
1686:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1515:. Archived from
1504:
1498:
1493:John H. Harvey,
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:. Dictionary.com
1324:
1284:Legal separation
1053:Positive effects
954:Negative effects
902:
730:Donald Winnicott
661:
654:
647:
212:
211:
69:
68:
52:
46:
39:
38:
21:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3067:Dating violence
3048:
3039:Sexual activity
2985:
2929:
2840:
2784:
2709:
2688:One-night stand
2654:
2606:
2526:
2521:
2491:
2448:
2444:
2399:
2395:
2336:
2332:
2269:
2265:
2242:
2238:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2173:
2166:
2113:
2109:
2078:
2069:
2046:
2037:
2006:
1999:
1974:Collins, T.J.;
1972:
1968:
1945:
1936:
1897:
1888:
1859:
1846:
1839:10.1002/smi.929
1822:
1803:
1788:
1784:
1770:
1766:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1731:Vaughan, p. 154
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1665:
1661:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:Unrequited love
1245:
1239:
1228:heteronormative
1215:
1202:
1200:Online breakups
1167:substance abuse
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1042:
1006:
989:
987:Grief reactions
961:
956:
947:
931:Gwyneth Paltrow
917:
900:
893:
888:
849:
844:
822:
817:
792:
787:
765:
739:
665:
636:
635:
596:
586:
585:
571:Sexual activity
534:
526:
525:
469:
459:
458:
425:
417:
416:
360:
352:
351:
342:
318:
304:Mutual monogamy
185:
164:
66:
51:
47:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2824:Royal favorite
2821:
2819:Royal mistress
2816:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2683:Sexual partner
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2462:(4): 529–544.
2442:
2413:(4): 608–628.
2393:
2330:
2263:
2252:(4): 367–384.
2236:
2217:(4): 259–267.
2194:
2164:
2127:(3): 172–190.
2107:
2067:
2056:(1): 113–128.
2035:
1997:
1986:(2): 210–222.
1966:
1955:(3): 800–807.
1934:
1907:(2): 147–160.
1886:
1844:
1801:
1782:
1764:
1745:
1733:
1724:
1722:Vaughan, p. 60
1715:
1689:
1681:
1659:
1630:
1613:
1586:
1573:
1538:
1536:Harvey, p. 106
1529:
1499:
1486:
1461:
1437:
1413:
1389:
1365:
1340:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1241:Main article:
1238:
1235:
1214:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1005:
1002:
988:
985:
960:
957:
955:
952:
946:
943:
916:
913:
892:
889:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
860:
848:
845:
843:
842:
839:
836:
833:
832:Age difference
830:
826:
821:
818:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
796:
791:
788:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
738:
735:
701:married couple
667:
666:
664:
663:
656:
649:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
597:
592:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
557:
556:
551:
546:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
513:
512:
511:
506:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
432:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
388:
387:
385:Bachelor's Day
377:
372:
367:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
347:
344:
343:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
319:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
282:
281:
271:
270:
269:
268:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
208:
207:
203:
202:
201:
200:
195:
194:
193:
191:Group marriage
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
165:
163:
162:
157:
156:
155:
150:
139:
136:
135:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
109:
108:
103:
93:
88:
80:
79:
67:
64:
63:
60:
59:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3120:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3044:Transgression
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Singles event
2918:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:Consequential
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Platonic love
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Casual dating
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Open marriage
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:Human Ecology
2341:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:(2): 327–34.
2015:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1743:Vaughan, p. 6
1740:
1738:
1728:
1719:
1705:on 2018-12-09
1704:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1519:on 2018-06-24
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1497:(1998) p. 106
1496:
1490:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Human bonding
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1210:
1208:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1047:
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897:Diane Vaughan
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869:Defensiveness
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49:Relationships
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3014:Gold digging
2882:
2828:
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2721:Acquaintance
2714:Non-romantic
2705:Sugar dating
2635:Polyfidelity
2612:Non-monogamy
2557:Cohabitation
2459:
2455:
2445:
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2350:(1): 47–67.
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2183:(1): 38–44.
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2013:
2009:
1983:
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1969:
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1948:
1904:
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1833:(2): 83–90.
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1826:
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1785:
1778:The Guardian
1777:
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1707:. Retrieved
1703:the original
1692:
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1576:
1554:(1): 49–73.
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1532:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1512:
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1494:
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1478:. Retrieved
1476:. 2021-04-26
1473:
1464:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:the original
1343:
1332:. Retrieved
1322:
1279:John Gottman
1249:Broken heart
1232:
1224:
1216:
1203:
1193:relationship
1185:consequences
1126:relationship
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1083:
1074:
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990:
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945:Consequences
935:Chris Martin
928:
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909:
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894:
879:Stonewalling
850:
823:
808:Going public
793:
766:
757:
747:
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727:
723:Susie Orbach
721:
697:relationship
692:
688:
684:
682:
679:relationship
677:heterosexual
429:
314:Polyfidelity
299:Non-monogamy
243:Life partner
233:Cohabitation
26:
3077:Elder abuse
3062:Child abuse
2997:Bride price
2915:Meet market
2897:Separation
2645:Concubinage
1976:Gillath, O.
1602:: 147–168.
1294:Resignation
1016:weight loss
939:Sherry Sami
539:Bride price
397:Meet market
328:Concubinage
113:Grandparent
3103:Family law
3092:Categories
3034:Repression
3024:Infidelity
2951:Compersion
2946:Attachment
2789:Historical
2780:Sycophancy
2731:Friendship
2678:Enjo kĹŤsai
2660:Casual sex
2552:Girlfriend
1873:(6): 1–8.
1709:2018-12-08
1631:0761921605
1523:2018-06-24
1480:2022-04-25
1455:2020-07-22
1431:2020-07-22
1407:2020-07-22
1383:2020-07-22
1359:2022-08-24
1334:2012-05-28
1315:References
1304:Torch song
1207:infidelity
1117:ex-partner
977:ex-partner
884:Suspicious
717:friendship
705:separation
581:Repression
566:Infidelity
479:Attachment
380:Engagement
359:Activities
253:Friendship
228:Girlfriend
206:Partner(s)
3019:Hypergamy
2990:Practices
2966:Limerence
2888:Annulment
2861:Courtship
2811:Marriage
2695:Courtesan
2630:Polyamory
2602:Widowhood
2547:Boyfriend
2476:0197-6664
2437:228965733
2429:1440-7833
2388:143092589
2372:0300-7839
2307:0027-8424
2231:151955266
2141:2167-6968
1648:cite book
1568:145774694
1328:"Breakup"
1033:rejection
864:Criticism
561:Hypergamy
533:Practices
521:Sexuality
494:Limerence
454:Widowhood
444:Annulment
370:Courtship
333:Courtesan
309:Polyamory
261:cross-sex
223:Boyfriend
174:Polyandry
2961:Jealousy
2956:Intimacy
2941:Affinity
2934:Emotions
2801:Seraglio
2796:Cicisbeo
2768:Familiar
2763:Stranger
2746:Siblings
2650:Mistress
2640:Polygamy
2597:Soulmate
2582:Marriage
2577:Monogamy
2539:Romantic
2484:43695354
2325:23733955
2159:30034952
2102:12353550
1929:12216736
1921:20008964
1640:49942207
1254:Defriend
1237:See also
1046:stalking
874:Contempt
741:Several
713:romantic
693:break-up
631:Stalking
611:Domestic
504:Platonic
489:Jealousy
484:Intimacy
474:Affinity
338:Mistress
323:Cicisbeo
294:Monogamy
275:Intimate
257:romantic
238:Same-sex
179:Polygyny
169:Polygamy
133:marriage
77:adoptive
34:Break Up
18:Break-up
3098:Divorce
2976:Passion
2925:Wedding
2906:Marital
2893:Divorce
2883:Breakup
2871:Romance
2856:Bonding
2806:Plaçage
2736:Kinship
2587:Husband
2380:4602344
2352:Bibcode
2316:3690854
2285:Bibcode
2150:6051550
2030:2016673
1259:Divorce
1189:breakup
1173:breakup
1142:breakup
852:Gottman
709:divorce
689:breakup
616:Elderly
554:service
516:Passion
449:Divorce
430:Breakup
424:Endings
412:Wedding
402:Romance
365:Bonding
255: (
148:Husband
118:Sibling
86:Kinship
73:Genetic
55:Outline
2876:Mating
2866:Dating
2849:Events
2741:Family
2700:Gigolo
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737:Models
606:Dating
392:Mating
375:Dating
289:Casual
279:sexual
143:Spouse
123:Cousin
106:mother
101:father
96:Parent
91:Family
3054:Abuse
3007:Dowry
3002:Dower
2901:Legal
2726:Enemy
2531:Types
2480:JSTOR
2433:S2CID
2384:S2CID
2376:JSTOR
2227:S2CID
2207:(PDF)
1925:S2CID
1564:S2CID
1138:ended
691:, or
601:Child
594:Abuse
549:dowry
544:dower
435:Legal
65:Types
2971:Love
2592:Wife
2472:ISSN
2425:ISSN
2368:ISSN
2321:PMID
2303:ISSN
2155:PMID
2137:ISSN
2098:PMID
2026:PMID
1917:PMID
1677:ISBN
1654:link
1636:OCLC
1626:ISBN
499:Love
277:and
265:zone
153:Wife
2464:doi
2415:doi
2360:doi
2311:PMC
2293:doi
2281:110
2254:doi
2219:doi
2185:doi
2145:PMC
2129:doi
2090:doi
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2018:doi
1988:doi
1957:doi
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