2043:
unjust or taboo. According to Natali
Exposito, "in a study of the Ngwa Igbo Clan in Nigeria identified five principal reasons for men to maintain more than one wife: because having more than one wife allows the Ngwa husband to (1) have the many children that he desires; (2) heighten his prestige and boost his ego among his peers; (3) enhance his status within the community; (4) ensure a sufficient availability of labor to perform the necessary farm work and the processing of commercial oil-palm produce; and (5) satisfy his sexual urges." Out of all of the reasons stated none are beneficial to the wives, but instead only beneficial to the husbands. In Egypt, feminists have fought for polygamy to be abolished, but it is viewed as a basic human right so the fight has been unsuccessful. In countries where polygyny is practiced less frequently, women have more equality in the marriage and are better able to communicate their opinions about family planning.
2138:
creating more children to increase the man's odds of getting into heaven. Again, the men control the finances and the women are commodities, carrying out the sexual goals of the men. There can be no gender equality in this scenario, which is incapable of being squared with any viable theory of women's rights." First wives in polygynous marriages are often in a difficult situation, when the law or religious code does not require their consent or input for new wives to be admitted in the marriage, so the first wife is forced to accept any new women brought into the family by the husband and to get along with them. Polygyny is criticized because of its asymmetrical, unequal marital arrangement, where the husband has sexual/romantic relations with several women, but the wives can only have such a relation with one man, their husband, which often leads to rigid gender roles in the marriage.
1795:
the wealth which he can command". In
Boserup's 1970 discussion of earlier analyses of polygynous systems, for example that of Little's work of the 1930s, that through the hard work, economic, and agricultural assistance of a man's several wives, a husband could afford to pay the bride price of a new wife and further his access to more land, meanwhile increasing his progeny. According to Boserup, writing in 1970, tribal rules of land tenure were still in force over much of the continent of Africa. In this system, members of a tribe which commands a certain territory had a native right to take land under cultivation for food production, and in many cases, also for the cultivation of cash crops. Under this tenure system, an additional wife is an economic asset that helps the family to expand its production.
2809:
substantial. For polygamous unions in the UK to be viewed as valid, the people must live in a country where a person is allowed to have more than one spouse and get married in a nation that permits it. There is evidence of unregistered polygamous marriages in the UK, performed through religious ceremonies, that are not recognized under UK law. In May 2016, a cross-bench member of the
British House of Lords Baroness Cox introduced the Arbitration and Mediation Services (Equality) Bill. This Bill would ensure that individuals in polygamous marriages and religiously recognized marriages not considered legal in the UK are informed that they could be without legal protection if they were caught by authorities.
1826:
polygyny as a factor of traditional life. For example, many sub-Saharan
African societies view polygyny as essential to expand their progeny and kinship, a practice of high cultural importance. In this case, it would be hard to determine whether the origin was that of high libido, as polygyny would be practiced regardless. Other explanations postulate that polygyny is a tool used to ward off inclinations towards infidelity. In a chapter comparing Sub-Saharan African polygyny, Boserup (1970) comments that in regions where polygyny is practiced, but for demographic and economic reasons must to be delayed for males until older ages, higher incidences of adultery and prostitution are expected to be present.
2861:
2183:. Local rulers of villages usually had the most wives as a sign of power and status. Conquerors of villages would often marry the daughters of the former leaders as a symbol of conquest. The practice of resource polygyny continued with the spread and expansion of Islam in Africa and Southeast Asia. Children born into these households were considered free. Children born to free or slave concubines were free, but had lesser status than those born to wives. Living arrangements varied between areas. In Africa, each wife usually had their own house, as well as property and animals. In many other parts of the world, wives lived together in seclusion, under one household. A
2063:
marriages because of what they have witnessed in the lives of other women who are currently in such relationships. The observed experiences of some of the women in polygynous unions tend to be characterized by frequent jealousy, conflicts, competition, tensions, and psychological stresses. Some of the husbands fail to share love and other resources equally; and envy and hatred, and sometimes violent physical confrontations become the order of the day among co-wives and their children. This discourages women from entering a polygynous marriage. Research shows that competition and conflict can intensify to unbearable level for co-wives causing women to commit
2222:" arrangement was reported to have been observed, in which some wives who are unable to bear children, find fulfillment in the children and family provided by a husband taking additional wives. Some of the men indicated that they were pressured by their parents to marry another wife, who could contribute additional income to the family. Some of the young polygynous men indicated that they were trapped in polygyny because of the large number of single women who needed and were willing to take them as husbands although they were already married. Most of those second and third wives were older women who had not yet married.
1806:. Polygynous countries usually have a higher fertility rate, fewer savings reserves, and a lower GDP. A 2014 study estimates that fertility would decrease by 40 percent, savings would increase by 70 percent and GDP would increase by 170 percent if polygyny were banned. Monogamous societies present a surge in economic productivity because monogamous men are able to save and invest their resources due to having fewer children. Polygynous societies have a higher concentration of men investing into methods of mating with women, whereas monogamous men invest more into their families and other related institutions.
2133:
polygynist practices often leave women at a disadvantage if they make the decision to remove themselves from the polygynist lifestyle. To leave the marriage, women must repay their bride price. Though this is simple in thought, this is not simple in execution. To prevent their wives from leaving, husbands will often keep the bride price at high levels, which is often at an unpayable level for women. In most cases, women do not have access to their children if they decide to leave polygyny, nor are they allowed to take them, due to cultural ideas of ownership in relation to progeny.
2333:
Australia ruled on March 6, 2016 that it is illegal to have polygamous marriages. However, foreign marriages that have potential to be polygamous when it was started will be legally recognized in
Australia. The court defined a potentially polygamous marriage as if the marriage is not yet polygamous, but if the country where the marriage marginally taken place permits polygamous marriages of either partner to the original marriage at a later date. Indigenous populations of Australia have been noted to engage in polygamous relationships.
140:
3332:, his first wife, for 25 years, until she died. After her death, he married multiple women, mostly widows, for social and political reasons. He had a total of nine wives, but not all at the same time, depending on the sources in his lifetime. The Qur'an does not give preference in marrying more than one wife. One reason cited for polygyny is that it allows a man to give financial protection to multiple women, who might otherwise not have any support (e.g. widows). However, the wife can set a condition, in the
1090:
usually done by men and older boys (along with hunting, fishing and the raising of livestock). Wives, on the other hand, are responsible for other aspects of cultivating, food processing and providing meals and for performing domestic duties for the family. Boserup notes that though the work completed by women calculates for a larger percentage of the tasks that form the basis of sub-Saharan life, women often do not receive the majority portion of the benefits that accompany economic and agricultural success.
3221:
3478:(also known as the European wool carder bee) exhibit this behavior. Males claim patches of floral plants, ward off conspecific males and other resource competitors, and mate with the multiple females who forage in their territories. Males of many species attract females to their territory by either gathering in a lek or going out in search of dispersed females. In polygyny relationships in animals, the female is the one who provides most of the parental care for the offspring.
298:, polygyny is common and deeply rooted in the culture, with 11 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa living in such marriages (25 percent of the Muslim population and 3 percent of the Christian population, as of 2019). Polygyny is especially widespread in West Africa, with the countries estimated to have the highest polygyny prevalence in the world as of 2019 being Burkina Faso (36%), Mali (34%) and Gambia (30%). Outside of Africa, the highest prevalence is in
38:
10053:
2288:. Polygynous marriages of individuals over the age of 15 accounts for approximately 30,000 (0.1%) people in 2001. Both Islamic law and cultural family laws create a system in which Muslim men are encouraged to take up to four wives. Several factors for this include infertility or long-term illness of the first wife, excessive wealth on the part of the husband enabling him to support widowed or divorced mothers, and the economic benefits of large families.
2545:
was away. Concubines had a lower status than full wives, generally not being seen in public with their husband and not having rights to decisions in the house. Children from concubines were considered inferior to those of the wife and did not receive equal wealth/legacy from their father. However they were considered legitimate, therefore had many more rights to inheritance of status and wealth than illegitimate children conceived outside a marriage.
3166:"The Goods and Requirements of Conjugal Love" states "The unity of marriage, distinctly recognized by our Lord, is made clear in the equal personal dignity which must be accorded to husband and wife in mutual and unreserved affection. Polygamy is contrary to conjugal love which is undivided and exclusive." There are small numbers of Roman Catholic theologians that claim polygyny can be an authentic form of marriage in certain regions such as Africa.
1098:
1726:
has less help in cultivation and is likely to have little or no help for felling trees. According to
Boserup's historical data, women living in such a structure also welcome one or more co-wives to share with them the burden of daily labor. However, the second wife will usually do the most tiresome work, almost as if she were a servant to the first wife, and will be inferior to the first wife in status. A 1930s study of the
1846:. Rich and powerful Viking men tended to have many wives and concubines, and these polygynous relationships might have led to a shortage of eligible women for the average Viking male. Due to this, the average Viking man could have been forced to perform riskier actions to gain wealth and power to be able to find suitable women. Viking men would often buy or capture women and make them into their wives or concubines. The
416:
2218:
dare to use force to take their livestock or other goods from them. Interviews with some of the contemporary Logoli men and women who recently made polygynous marriages yielded data which suggest that marrying another wife is usually approached with considerable thought and deliberation by the man. It may or may not involve or require the consent of the other wives and prospective wife's parents. A type of "
3173:, there has often been a tension between the Western Christian insistence on monogamy and the traditional practice of polygamy. In some instances in recent times there have been moves for accommodation; in other instances, churches have resisted such moves strongly. African Independent Churches have sometimes referred to those parts of the Old Testament that describe polygamy in defending the practice.
3144:, who, for many years, had been living "constantly in a state of adultery and fornication", a dispensation to take a second wife. The double marriage was to be done in secret, however, to avoid public scandal. Some fifteen years earlier, in a letter to the Saxon Chancellor Gregor Brück, Luther stated that he could not "forbid a person to marry several wives, for it does not contradict Scripture." (
3446:(or other countries where the practice was not prohibited by their tradition and was not illegal) are not subject to this Israeli law. But Mizrahi Jews are not permitted to enter into new polygamous marriages in Israel. However polygamy may still occur in non-European Jewish communities that exist in countries where it is not forbidden, such as Jewish communities in Yemen and the Arab world.
2347:
2800:
require couples to register a religious marriage in the registry of civil marriages (whilst in the neighbouring Bosnia, failing to do so can result in a fine), individuals seeking to practice polygamy are not restricted to do so. One of the best known examples was the chief Mufti of the
Islamic Community in Serbia, Dr. Muamer Zukorlic, who was simultaneously married to three women.
2080:
sometimes used to avoid fighting by establishing unequivocally each wife's rights and obligations. Although there are several harmful aspects of this practice related to women, there are some reported personal and economic advantages for women such as sharing household and child rearing responsibilities. Also, wives share companionship and support with co-wives.
1996:, and massive prestige to the families of suicide terrorists. Citing Atran and other anthropological research showing that 99 percent of Palestinian suicide terrorists are male, that 86 percent are unmarried, and that 81 percent have at least six siblings (larger than the average Palestinian family size), cognitive scientist
1899:, more than one-third of women are married to a man who has more than one wife, and a study of 240,000 children in 29 African countries has also shown that, after controlling for other factors, children in polygynous families were more likely to die young. A 2019 study of 800 rural African ethnic groups published in the
2903:
In the 21st century, several sources have claimed as many as 60,000 fundamentalist Latter-day Saints in the United States, with fewer than half of them living in polygamous households. Others have suggested that there may be as few as 20,000 Mormon fundamentalists with only 8,000 to 15,000 practicing
2799:
Serbian Law, which in turn is based on the French Civil Code, permits individuals to only be married monogamously. However, the jurisdiction of the civil law exclusively oversees the marriages conducted in civilian ceremonies, and not those conducted in the religious ones. Given that the law does not
2096:
The ecological association between polygyny and HIV prevalence is shown to be negative at the sub-national level. HIV prevalence tends to be lower in countries where the practice of polygyny is common, and within countries it is lower in areas with higher levels of polygyny. Proposed explanations for
2079:
Various methods have been used to reduce the amount of jealousy and conflict among wives. These include sororal polygyny, in which the co-wives are sisters; and hut polygyny, in which each wife has her own residence and the husband visits them in rotation. A clear status hierarchy among wives is also
1890:
Research shows that polygyny is widely practiced where societies are destabilized, more violent, more likely to invade neighbors and more likely to fail. This has been attributed to the inequality factor of polygyny, where if the richest and most powerful 10 percent of males have four wives each, the
1794:
A report by the secretariat of the UN Economic
Commission for Africa (ECA) quotes: "one of the strongest appeals of polygyny to men in Africa is precisely its economic aspect, for a man with several wives commands more land, can produce more food for his household and can achieve a high status due to
1761:
Goody's observation regarding
African male farming systems is discussed and supported by anthropologists Douglas R. White and Michael L. Burton in their article, "Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare", where the authors note: "Goody (1973) argues against the female contributions
1730:
in the West
African state of Sierra Leone concluded that a plurality of wives is an agricultural asset, since a large number of women makes it unnecessary to employ wage laborers. Polygyny is considered an economic advantage in many rural areas. In some cases, the economic role of the additional wife
3273:
If you fear you might fail to give orphan women their ˹due˺ rights ˹if you were to marry them˺, then marry other women of your choice—two, three, or four. But if you are afraid you will fail to maintain justice, then ˹content yourselves with˺ one or those ˹bondwomen˺ in your possession. This way you
3165:
On the other hand, the Roman Catholic Church criticizes polygyny in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Under paragraph 2387 of "Other offenses against the dignity of marriage" of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, it states "is not in accord with the moral law". Additionally, paragraph 1645 of
2539:
Polygyny where wives are of equal status had always been illegal in China, and had been considered a crime in some dynasties. In family laws from Tang to Qing Dynasties, the status of a wife, concubines and maid-mistresses could not be altered. However, concubinage was supported by law until the end
2482:
The original wife (or legal wife) was referred to as the 正室 zhèngshì /정실 (main room) both in China, Japan and Korea. 大婆 dàpó ("big woman/big wife") is the slang term. Both terms indicate the orthodox nature and hierarchy. The official wife was called "big mother" (大媽 dàmā), mother or aunt. The child
2137:
sees polygyny as a form of oppression of women; she wrote: "In polygamy, also not a victimless crime, the practice is built on the subjugation of women to the men's needs and demands. Moreover, for many of the religious polygamists, the women are nothing but the means to a particular doctrinal end –
1725:
An elderly cultivator, with several wives and likely several young male children, benefits from having a much larger workforce within his household. By the combined efforts of his young sons and young wives, he may gradually expand his cultivation and become more prosperous. A man with a single wife
3309:
Also ˹forbidden are˺ married women—except ˹female˺ captives in your possession. This is God's commandment to you. Lawful to you are all beyond these—as long as you seek them with your wealth in a legal marriage, not in fornication. Give those you have consummated marriage with their due dowries. It
3022:
states that "a man who is not satisfied with one woman and seeks out other women is on the path to decline". Other fragments in the Buddhist scripture seem to treat polygamy unfavorably, leading some authors to conclude that Buddhism generally does not approve of it or alternatively regards it as a
2654:
Polygyny is legal in Yemen, a majority Muslim nation, which follows Islamic tradition where polygyny is acceptable up to four wives only if the husband treats all wives justly. Seven percent of married women in Yemen are a part of polygamous relationship. Reports conducted in the country have shown
2544:
of the imperial China (1911). In the past, Emperors could and often did have hundreds to thousands of concubines. Rich officials and merchants of the elite also took concubines in addition to legal wives. The first wife was the head or mother wife; other wives were under her headship if the husband
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Despite the historical and cultural history of polygyny among Muslim South Africans, polygynous unions are officially illegal on the national level in South Africa. After 1994, various laws such as the freedom of religion in the South African Constitution, the ratification of the UN's Convention on
2264:
Efforts to abolish the practice and de facto recognition of polygyny have been widely apparent throughout the recent years in Malawi; led mainly by anti-AIDS organizations and feminist groups. An effort led in 2008 to outlaw polygyny in the country was fiercely opposed by Islamic religious leaders,
2260:
While polygynous marriages are not legally recognized under the civil marriage laws of Malawi, customary law affords a generous amount of benefits to polygynous unions, ranging from inheritance rights to child custody. It has been estimated that nearly one in five women in Malawi live in polygynous
2217:
sub ethnic groups. Taking additional wives was regarded as one of the fundamental indicators of a successfully established man. Large families enhanced the prestige of Logoli men. Logoli men with large families were also capable of obtaining justice, as they would be feared by people, who would not
2083:
Studies of the Ngwa group in eastern Nigeria shows that on average, women in polygynous unions are 22–26 percent less fertile than women in monogamous unions. Data shows that the greater the intensity of polygyny, the lower the fertility of successive wives: 15 percent deficit for first wives; a 37
2062:
virus has informed women's decisions about entering polygynous marriages. Some view polygyny as a means to prevent men from taking random sexual partners and potentially introducing STIs into relationships. Interviews conducted with some of the Logoli tribe in Kenya suggested they feared polygynous
1853:
Polygyny in West Africa, the region of the world where the practice is most common, exists in a societal context where historical factors, such as the slave trade, and the local religion, Islam, interact creating a culture where polygyny is widespread. The slave trade's impact on the male-to-female
1778:
Most research into the determinants of polygyny has focused on macro-level factors. Widespread polygyny is linked to the kinship groups that share descent from a common ancestor. Polygyny also served as "a dynamic principle of family survival, growth, security, continuity, and prestige", especially
1765:
West Africa, showing higher female agricultural contributions in East Africa and higher polygyny rates in West Africa, especially in the West African savanna, where one finds especially high male agricultural contributions. Goody says, "The reasons behind polygyny are sexual and reproductive rather
3157:
hosted a regional conference in Africa, in which the acceptance of polygynists and their wives into full membership by the Lutheran Church in Liberia was defended as being permissible. The Lutheran Church in Liberia, while permitting men to retain their wives from marriages prior to being received
2178:
In Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia in the Premodern Era, circa 600 BCE – 1600 CE, both monogamy and polygyny occurred. Polygyny occurred even in areas of where monogamy was prevalent. Wealth played a key role in the development of family life during these times. Wealth meant the
2100:
For example, studies in Malawi have shown that for men and women in polygynous marriages, the rate of HIV is between 10–15 percent. About 14 percent of Malawi's population is infected with HIV, which causes AIDS, according to official figures. There are approximately 78,000 AIDS-related deaths and
2092:
Studies show there are two mechanisms that could lead to higher prevalence rates of HIV in men and women who are in polygynous unions: partners in polygynous unions have more extra-marital relationships and thus increase each other's exposure to HIV; women who are recruited into a polygynous union
2067:
due to psychological distress. Findings show that the wife order can affect life satisfaction. According to Bove and Valeggia, women who are senior wives often misuse their position to obtain healthcare benefits in countries where only one wife can become a recipient. The conflict between co-wives
370:
have shown that there have been more mothers than fathers in the genetic record of the human species, meaning that the proportion of females that have reproduced in each generation has generally been greater than the proportion of men that reproduced. The authors of one 2014 study attributed these
3406:
and over 40 important figures had more than one wife, such as Esau, Elkanah, and Solomon. Moses had two or three wives; Zipporah, the daughter of Hobab and the "Cushite" woman, even though some Bible interpreters dispute this. However, Deuteronomy 17:17 does state that the king shall not have too
2141:
A criticism against polygyny is that in almost all cultures and religious communities that practice it, polygyny is the only form of polygamy that is allowed; and, as such, this violates modern principles of equality between men and women, especially as in many such places females having multiple
1769:
An analysis by James Fenske (2012) found that child mortality and ecologically-related economic shocks had a stronger association with rates of polygamy in Sub-Saharan Africa rather than female agricultural contributions (which are typically relatively small in the West African savanna and Sahel,
3452:
have no rules against polygyny, though the practice itself in modern times is rare, and is not found at all among Karaites living in countries where polygamy is against the law. The husband, however, is only allowed to take other wives if he has the means and ability to treat them equally to the
2283:
are legal. Polygyny in South Africa is practiced among the indigenous Bantu ethnic groups of South Africa, and also within the Muslim community. Although it was widespread in ancient times, it is now only common amongst richer men and men of status, such as chiefs and kings, including the former
2132:
such as Professor John O. Ifediora, who believes that women should be equal to men and not subject to them in marriage. Professor Ifediora also believes that polygyny is a "hindrance to social and economic development" in the continent of Africa due to women's lack of financial control. Standard
2042:
Inequality between husbands and wives is common in countries where polygyny is more frequently practiced because of limited education. In Africa polygyny was believed to be part of the way to build an empire. It was not until the post-colonialism era in Africa that polygyny began to be viewed as
1868:
Of the 1,231 societies listed in the 1980 Ethnographic Atlas, 186 were found to be monogamous; 453 had occasional polygyny; 588 had more frequent polygyny; and 4 had polyandry. Some research has shown that males living in polygynous marriages may live 12 percent longer. Polygyny may be practiced
1790:
Scholars have argued that in farming systems where men do most of the agriculture work, a second wife can be an economic burden rather than an asset. In order to feed an additional wife, the husband must either work harder himself or he must hire laborers to do part of the work. In such regions,
7983:
While the marriage of a woman to more than one man at a time is forbidden, a Karaite man could in principle have more than one wife provided he could fulfill all his duties towards both women. However, the right of the husband to take a second wife could be restricted through the inclusion of a
3410:
According to Michael Coogan, "olygyny continued to be practiced well into the biblical period, and it is attested among Jews as late as the second century CE." The incidence was limited, however, and it was likely largely restricted to the wealthy. By the first century, both the expense and the
2300:
Polygyny is legal in Somalia and most commonly seen throughout Muslim communities. According to the Muslim tradition, men can have up to four wives. For a man to gain additional wives in Somalia, it must be granted by the court and it has to be proven that the first wife is either imprisoned or
1825:
may be a factor in polygyny, although others have downplayed its significance. The sex drive as a factor in some Asian cultures was sometimes associated with wealthy men and those that were adjunct to an aristocracy, although such libidinal perceptions were at times discarded in favor of seeing
3304:
can remarry without divorce from her previous husband, as her marriage with non-Muslim husband is Islamically dissolved on her fleeing. A non-Muslim woman captured during war by Muslims, can also remarry, as her marriage with her non-Muslim husband is Islamically dissolved at capture by Muslim
1089:
In some regions of shifting cultivation where polygyny is most frequently recorded, labor is often starkly divided between genders. In many of these cases, the task of felling trees in preparation of new plots, the fencing of fields against wild animals, and sometimes the planting of crops, is
2248:
Polygyny varies according to a woman's age, religion and educational experience. Research conducted in the city of Ibadan, the second largest city in Nigeria, shows that non-educated women are significantly more likely (58%) to be in a polygynous union compared to college educated women (4%).
2124:
nearly eight centuries ago. He contended that polygyny is unjust to wives and children. He also argues that it creates rival stepchildren and forces them to compete for attention, food, and shelter. According to Aquinas, polygyny violates the requirements of fidelity between husband and wife.
1750:, Goody notes that in some of the sparsely-populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa, much of the work is done by women. This favored polygynous marriages, in which men sought to monopolize the production of women "who are valued both as workers and as child bearers."
2332:
Polygyny is not legal in Australia. The Marriage Act of 1961 under section 94 states that any person who knowingly marries another whose marriage is legally ongoing carries out the act of bigamy. The penalty of bigamy is up to five years of imprisonment. The Full Court of the Family Court of
2808:
In the UK, there are believed to be up to 20,000 polygamous marriages in Britain's Muslim community, even though bigamy is an offence. All marriages that happen within the United Kingdom must be monogamous and meet the requirements of the relevant legislation to be perceived as legitimately
3471:
is used for a pattern of mating in which a male animal has more than one female mate in a breeding season. Males get their mates by defending the females directly or holding resources that the females want and need. This is known as resource defense polygyny and males of the bee species
2093:
are more likely to be HIV positive than those who marry a monogamous husband. In addition to these two mechanisms, variation in HIV prevalence rates by union type is possibly due to individuals in polygynous unions are typically part of a sexual network with concurrent partnerships.
2097:
the protective effect of polygyny include the distinctive structure of sexual networks produced by polygyny, the disproportionate recruitment of HIV positive women into marriages with a polygynous husband, and the lower coital frequency in conjugal dyads of polygynous marriages.
3481:
Polygyny in eusocial insects means that some insects living in colonies have not only one queen, but several queens. Solitary species of insects take part in this practice in order to maximize their reproductive success of the widely dispersed females, such as the bee species
3336:, that the husband cannot marry another woman during their marriage. In such a case, the husband cannot marry another woman as long as he is married to his wife. According to traditional Islamic law, each of those wives keeps their property and assets separate; and are paid
2084:
percent deficit for second wives; and a 46 percent deficit for third or more wives. Studies show that seems to exist because of the widening age gap between the successive order of wives and because of the decreasing exposure to coitus, if all coitus occurs in marriage.
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and literally means "she who occupied the side room". This word was also used in both Korea and Japan. They were also called 妾 qiè/첩 in China and Korea. The common terms referring to the second woman, and the act of having the second woman respectively, are 二奶
2840:. This puts women who are not legally married to their husband at disadvantage to any legal wife in terms of securing inheritance. It is thought that present-day polygamy is much less common than it once was, in particularly compared with the time before the
2249:
Followers of traditional African religions are expected to have as many wives as they can afford. Muslim men are allowed up to 4 wives and only if they can be provided for and treated equally. Christians are typically (and expected to be) monogamous.
2324:, yet there are no legal restrictions against the practice itself, which has been reported to be quite widespread in the coastal country. As of 2019, it was estimated that about nearly 20% of married women aged 15–49 are in polygynous unions.
3305:
soldiers. This permission is given to such women in verse 4:24 of Quran. The verse also emphasizes transparency, mutual agreement and financial compensation as prerequisites for matrimonial relationship as opposed to prostitution; it says:
8024:
Lampert, Kathrin P.; Pasternak, Vanessa; Brand, Philipp; Tollrian, Ralph; Leese, Florian; Eltz, Thomas (April 2014). "'Late' male sperm precedence in polyandrous wool-carder bees and the evolution of male resource defence in Hymenoptera".
3238:, Muslim men are allowed to practice polygyny, that is, they can have more than one wife at the same time. Muslim men can have up to four wives at a time. Polyandry, the practice of a woman having more than one husband, is not permitted.
3340:
and maintenance separately by their husband. Usually the wives have little to no contact with each other and lead separate, individual lives in their own houses, and sometimes in different cities, though they all share the same husband.
3057:" Supporters of polygamy argue this use of the phrase in relation to prostitution in this verse, means "becoming one flesh" refers to a merely physical, rather than spiritual, union, even when it is used about marriage in other verses.
3205:
had only one wife, as monogamy was regarded as the morally superior type of marriage, polygyny remained customary and widely acceptable among Hindus until it was legally abolished for Hindus in India by the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955.
1873:
at birth is actually slightly biased in favour of males (the natural sex ratio is around 105 boys/100 girls at birth; generally in the range of 103–107); presently in some countries this is even more biased in favor of males due to
7152:
2836:. Wives that share the same husband are often relatives, such as sisters, who live in the same community. Having the same husband does not imply women belong to the same household. Mapuche polygamy has no legal recognition in
3106:'one-woman man'), vigilant, sober, of good behavior, given to hospitality, apt to teach". Verse 12 has similar advice regarding deacons having only one wife. Similar counsel is repeated in the first chapter of the
1908:
In a 2011 doctoral thesis, anthropologist Kyle R. Gibson reviewed three studies documenting 1,208 suicide attacks from 1981 to 2007 and found that countries with higher polygyny rates correlated with greater production of
5876:
1753:
Goody, however, observes that the correlation is imperfect, and also describes more traditionally male-dominated though relatively extensive farming systems, such as those common in much of West Africa, particularly the
2522:. Prevalence of polygyny in India is very low: among married women, only 1.68 percent of Hindus, 2.45 percent of Muslims, 2.16 percent of Christians, and 1.16 percent of other religions live in polygynous marriages.
3371:
Countries that allow polygyny typically also require a man to obtain permission from his previous wives before marrying another; they may require the man to prove that he can financially support multiple wives. In
2988:
affair, and normally Buddhist monks do not participate in it (though in some sects priests do marry). Hence marriage receives no religious sanction. Forms of marriage, in consequence, vary from country to country.
2076:, and paranoia. As well as this reduced marital/life satisfaction and low self-esteem has been shown to be more prevalent among women in polygynous relationships when compared to women in monogamous relationships.
2676:
in the early 1950s. Although illegal in the country, polygamy is encouraged by certain religious circles, and the number of practitioners has increased. This trend appears linked with the advent of fundamentalist
2700:, has also been influenced by this trend in Bosnia. They have suggested creating an entire Islamic jurisdiction including polygamy, but these proposals have been rejected by Serbia. The top cleric, the Mufti of
3249:
And one of His signs is that He created for you spouses from among yourselves so that you may find comfort in them. And He has placed between you compassion and mercy. Surely in this are signs for people who
3068:
Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female, And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one
2724:(section 14 and others) prohibits registration of marriage if one of person is in another registered marriage in Russia or another country. Polygamy is tolerated in predominantly Muslim republics such as
1782:
According to scientific studies, the human mating system is considered to be moderately polygynous, based both on surveys of world populations, and on characteristics of human reproductive physiology.
3201:
had three chief wives: Kausalya, Sumitra, and Kaikeyi. Having more than one wife was a social custom that was believed to increase the prestige of a man. Although many other personalities including
2046:
Women participating in polygynous marriages share common marital problems with women in a monogamous marriage; however, there are issues uniquely related to polygyny which affects their overall
2050:
and have severe implications for women's health. Women practicing polygyny are susceptible to sexually transmitted infections, infertility, and mental health complications. Among the Logoli of
2018:
and that many potential brides end up in polygynous marriages, the financial compensation of an act of suicide terrorism can buy enough brides for a man's brothers to have children to make the
6286:
Although polygamy is prohibited in Mozambique there is no punishment. Across the country nearly a third of married women are thought to be in polygamous marriages, according to a NORAD survey.
2773:
and registration of polygyny marriages had been started allowing men to marry up to four wives as it relates to Muslim tradition. But this edict had been formally suspended soon by edict of
2245:
families within the country, and is largely practiced by the tribes native to its north and west. Although far less popular there, it is nonetheless also legal in Nigeria's east and south.
4690:
3499:(several queens join to found a new colony, but after the hatching of the first workers the queens fight each other until only one queen survives and the colony becomes monogynous) and
1905:
found that "young men who belong to polygynous groups feel that they are treated more unequally and are readier to use violence in comparison to those belonging to monogamous groups."
6935:
Poligamia mapuche / Pu domo ñi Duam (un asunto de mujeres): Politización y despolitización de una práctica en relación a la posición de las mujeres al interior de la sociedad mapuche
2646:, says that legislation is unlikely to stop the growth in polygyny. He criticizes the ruling élite for speaking out against the practice while taking more than one wife themselves.
4530:
Indian Women Through the Ages: A Historical Survey of the Position of Women and the Institutions of Marriage and Family in India from Remote Antiquity to the Present Day. P. Thomas
3289:
There are strict requirements to marrying more than one woman, as the man must treat them equally financially and in terms of support given to each wife, according to Islamic law.
3045:
is largely silent on polygamy, however, some point to Jesus's repetition of the earlier scriptures, noting that a man and a wife "shall become one flesh". However, some look to
1766:
than economic and productive" (1973:189), arguing that men marry polygynously to maximize their fertility and to obtain large households containing many young dependent males."
2619:
A proposal to decriminalize polygamy was heard by the Kyrgyz parliament. It was supported by the Justice Minister, the country's ombudsman, and the Muslim Women's organization
2292:
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and a proposed Draft Bill on Muslim Marriages have tackled the issue of Islamic polygynous unions in South Africa.
5130:
6906:
2864:
Polygyny among 19th century Mormons: Portrait of Ira Eldredge with his three wives: Nancy Black Eldredge, Hannah Mariah Savage Eldredge, and Helvig Marie Andersen Eldredge.
2588:
on sexology, Doctor Man-Lun Ng estimated about 300,000 men in China have mistresses. In 1995, forty percent of extramarital affairs in Hong Kong involved a stable partner.
5013:
2791:. Zhirinovsky first proposed to legalize polygyny in 1993, after Kadyrov's declaration that he would introduce an amendment to legalize polygyny for all Russian citizens.
3453:
primary wife, and even then only if there was no anti-polygamy clause in their marriage contract from either party. Polyandry, on the other hand, is expressly forbidden.
5405:
1036:
9031:
9018:
7460:
2905:
2159:
353:
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that practices polygyny, after the community has been marred by accusations of child sexual abuse, welfare fraud, and child labor trafficking, that culminated in the
9036:
2717:
2252:
Among the Ngwa group in Eastern Nigeria, studies show that 70% of polygynous marriages consist of illiterate men and women, compared to 53% in monogamous marriages.
1933:
in 2008 found that suicide bombers were almost always single men without children aged 18 to 30 (with a mean age of 22), and were typically students or employed in
3162:. Evangelical Lutheran missionaries in Maasai also tolerate the practice of polygyny and in Southern Sudan, and some polygynists are becoming Lutheran Christians.
1969:
conflict within Islamic countries between alpha and non-alpha males by bringing esteem to the latter's families and redirecting their violence towards out-groups.
2237:
Unlike those marriages recognized by Sharia, there is no limit to the number of legal wives allowed under customary law. Currently polygyny is most common within
5432:
Al-Krenawi, Alean; Graham, John (2011). "A Comparison Study of Psychological Family Function Marital Satisfaction of Polygamous and Monogamous women in Jordan".
1809:
Despite the expenses of polygynous marriages, a 1995 study suggests that men benefit from marrying multiple wives through the economic and social insurance that
7066:– Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities. A joint report from the offices of the Attorneys General of Arizona and Utah.
2754:
but Russian authorities had annulled these polygynous marriages after they regained control over territory of Ichkeria. Later Ramzan Kadyrov, President of the
1838:
may have originally started sailing and raiding due to a need to seek out women from foreign lands. The concept was expressed in the 11th century by historian
7883:
Theological dictionary of the New Testament. 1964– (G. Kittel, G. W. Bromiley & G. Friedrich, ed.) (electronic ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Entry on
8854:
3950:
2642:
to re-legalize polygamy. Tajik women who want to be second wives particularly support decriminalizing polygyny. Mukhiddin Kabiri, the Deputy Chairman of the
8902:
2506:
is, in general, prohibited and the vast majority of marriages are legally monogamous. Polygyny among Christians was banned in the late 19th century, while
2279:
Polygynous marriages are legal under certain circumstances in South Africa. All polygynous marriages entered into in accordance with the provisions of the
5834:
5276:
1758:
region, where more agricultural work is done by men, and polygamy is desired more for the production of male offspring whose labor in farming is valued.
6933:
4228:
2560:, a well-known warlord, notably declared he had three 'unknowns' – unknown number of rifles, unknown amount of money, and unknown number of concubines.
7870:
du Plessis, I. (1998). "The social and economic life of the Jewish people in Palestine in the time of the New Testament", In A. du Toit (ed.). Vol. 2:
2869:
7144:
6670:
3411:
practical problems associated with maintaining multiple wives were barriers to the practice, especially for the less wealthy. Since the 11th century,
1869:
where there is a lower male:female ratio; this may result from male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. However, the natural
9397:
2393:
1076:
8681:
132:, polygynous unions have no legal recognition. However, Muslim men may marry up to four women, but they do not have the legal status of wives.
5804:
4914:
6239:
2780:. One year later this edict of Aushev had been cancelled by the Supreme Court of Ingushetia because of contradiction with Family Code of Russia.
7556:
4766:
2113:, which is common in societies that practice polygyny), concerns about inequality and the fate of the young men left without wives (such as the
2109:
Criticism of polygyny focuses on the wellbeing of the wives in such marriages, including coercion, buying and selling of wives (such as through
6467:
5877:"The Two 'P's of Gender Inequality: Prostitution and Polygamy – How the Laws Against Both Are Underenforced to Protect Men and Subjugate Women"
4698:
1938:
3015:
was common traditionally, as was polygyny, and having several wives or husbands was never regarded as having sex with inappropriate partners.
8248:
6102:... encouraged their husbands to marry other wives so that they may engage themselves and bestow their affection upon the co-wives' children.
1712:
7715:
Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books and the New Testament
6814:
3265:
Polygyny is allowed in the Quran but if a man fears he cannot deal justly with them he should only marry one. This is based on verse 4:3 of
263:'s impact on the male-to-female sex ratio was a key factor in the emergence and fortification of polygynous practices in regions of Africa.
9135:
4669:
3158:
into the Church, does not permit polygynists who have become Christians to marry more wives after they have received the sacrament of Holy
4792:
3053:: "Do you not know that he who is joined to a prostitute becomes one body with her? For, as it is written, 'The two will become one flesh.
3185:
scriptures acknowledge numerous occasions of polygyny; it was the norm among kings, the nobility and the extremely wealthy. For instance
2621:
1779:
as a socially approved mechanism that increases the number of adult workers immediately and the eventual workforce of resident children.
1007:
6851:
4447:
Jacoby, Hanan (1995). "The Economics of Polygyny in Sub-Saharan Africa: Female Productivity and the Demand for Wives in Côte d'Ivoire".
3513:
2214:
4624:
7059:
6348:
6005:"It's a woman's thing: gender roles sustaining the practice of female genital mutilation among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana"
6701:
9694:
8895:
8319:
7495:
6055:
5093:
4002:, Edited by Robin Dunbar and Louise Barret (2007). Oxford University Press, Chapter 26, "The evolutionary ecology of family size".
9289:
8494:
6516:
4368:
Harcourt, A. H.; Harvey, P. H.; Larson, S. G.; Short, R.V. (1981). "Testis weight, body weight and breeding system in primates".
3137:, whose reformation caused a schism in the Western Christian Church leading to the formation of the Lutheran Church, granted the
2712:
Factual polygamy and sexual relationships with several adult partners are not punishable in accordance with current revisions of
2643:
7021:
387:
was the first to propose that the high incidence of polygyny in sub-Saharan Africa is rooted in the sexual division of labor in
7624:
2280:
8059:
Krebs, J. R., and N. B. Davies. An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1989. Print.
6492:
5413:
2464:
has contributed to efforts to re-establish its legality and legitimacy in some countries and communities where it is illegal.
8329:
7848:
7792:
7758:
7722:
7664:
7602:
7412:
7192:
7173:
7030:
6991:
6153:
5766:
4894:
4730:
4092:
2762:
by war justifies legalizing polygamy. Kadyrov has been supported by Nafigallah Ashirov, the Chairman of the Council of Grand
1863:
1813:
ties produce. With a large network of in-laws, these men have the ties they need to compensate for other economic shortages.
1069:
5782:
2626:
which had gathered 40,000 signatures in favour of polygamy. But, on March 26, 2007, parliament rejected the bill. President
2611:
has seven wives (In a later edition of the novel, Princess Jianning was assigned as the wife, while others are concubines).
2591:
Period drama and historical novels frequently refer to the former culture of polygamy (usually polygyny). An example is the
8460:
6611:
2536:
In mainland China, polygamy is illegal under Civil code passed in 2020. This replaced a similar 1950 and 1980 prohibition.
1019:
7473:
4355:
Dixson, A. L.; Anderson, M. J. (2002). "Sexual selection, seminal coagulation and copulatory plug formation in primates".
3007:, but outlawed by British after conquering the kingdom in 1815. When the Buddhist texts were translated into Chinese, the
2848:
lost its autonomy. Albeit chiefly rural, Mapuche polygamy has also been reported in the low-income peripheral communes of
2034:
when Haldane quipped that he would not sacrifice his life for his brother but would for "two brothers or eight cousins").
9026:
8888:
2519:
1770:
where polygyny rates are higher), finding that polygyny rates decrease significantly in line with child mortality rates.
7627:"Les Experts du CEDAW s'Inquiètent de la Persistance de Stéréotypes Sexistes et de la Situation des Minorités en Serbie"
6535:
9852:
7043:
Stephen Eliot Smith, "'The Mormon Question' Revisited: Anti-Polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause", LL.M. thesis,
5388:
2452:, the majority is non-practicing. Turkey and Tunisia are countries with overwhelmingly Muslim populations that enforce
1028:
7402:
6757:
6003:
Akweongo, Patricia; Jackson, Elizabeth F.; Appiah-Yeboah, Shirley; Sakeah, Evelyn; Phillips, James F. (1 March 2021).
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5138:
4560:
4497:
2114:
1705:
7447:
6168:
5259:
3113:
Periodically, Christian reform movements that have aimed at rebuilding Christian doctrine based on the Bible alone (
1850:
states that in 821 the Vikings plundered an Irish village and "carried off a great number of women into captivity".
9128:
6787:
5224:
3438:
prohibits polygamy by law. In practice, however, the law is loosely enforced, primarily to avoid interference with
3050:
2230:
Customary law, one of the three legal systems in operation in Nigeria (the other two being Nigerian common law and
1973:
1062:
7920:
Shifman, P. (1 January 1978). "The English Law of Bigamy in a Multi-Confessional Society: The Israel Experience".
7625:
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women; UN Department of Public Information (May 16, 2007).
6744:
5805:"Why Two in One Flesh? The Western Case for Monogamy over Polygamy | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA"
3637:
1854:
sex ratio has been cited as a key factor in the high prevalence of polygynous practices in this region of Africa.
9277:
6863:
5374:
2002:
8686:
5894:
10033:
9625:
8539:
5842:
5222:; Thayer, Bradley (2010). "Sex and the Shaheed: Insights from the Life Sciences on Islamic Suicide Terrorism".
5047:
3612:
lists only one manuscript (p. 46) as source of the verse, while nine other manuscripts have no such verse, cf.
2769:
In Ingushetia in July, 1999 polygyny was officially recognised and allowed by edict of president of Ingushetia
2432:, which interprets teachings of the Quran to permit polygamy with up to four wives. Exceptions to this include
1901:
8110:"Reconstructing the History of Marriage Strategies in Indo-European—Speaking Societies: Monogamy and Polygyny"
6270:
5187:
3829:
3777:
3755:
3744:
3733:
2845:
9642:
9620:
9311:
8568:
6368:
4237:
3730:
3434:) discontinued polygyny more recently, after they immigrated to countries where it was forbidden or illegal.
3235:
2585:
1438:
804:
8676:
3788:
2788:
9102:
8849:
8234:
6880:
6678:
4423:"L'amour for four: polygyny, polyamory, and the state's compelling economic interest in normative monogamy"
3766:
3613:
3300:, as divorce is legal in Islamic law. A non-Muslim woman who flees from her non-Muslim husband and accepts
3141:
2751:
2655:
that rural regions are more likely to have polygamous relationships than those in cities or coastal areas.
2580:
2507:
1698:
846:
398:
6725:"Верховный муфтий России – за многоженство [Chief Mufti of Russia supports polygamy] (in Russian)"
3968:
3719:
9737:
9272:
9121:
8716:
8171:
Korotayev, Andrey; Bondarenko, Dmitri (May 2000). "Polygyny and Democracy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison".
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5323:
3856:
3147:
Ego sane fateor, me non posse prohibere, si quis plures velit uxores ducere, nec repugnat sacris literis.
2937:
2860:
1957:
than most of the world causes them to have larger populations susceptible to suicide terrorism, and that
1922:
893:
7814:
7652:
6586:
4951:
Nettle, D. (2009). "Ecological influences on human behavioural diversity: A review of recent findings".
4840:
Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay".
3816:
1791:
polygyny is either non-existent or is a luxury which only a small minority of rich farmers can indulge.
10057:
9787:
7358:
6074:
Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Gender in History: Global Perspectives. 2nd ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. (p. 34)
5963:
5147:
4909:
4013:
3348:
being the only one where no restrictions are imposed on it. The practice is illegal in Muslim-majority
2947:
Polygyny is also practiced by some Muslim immigrants to the US, especially those from Africa and Asia.
2888:
as taught and practiced in the nineteenth century. Fundamentalist Latter-Day Saints' teachings include
1926:
1739:
1301:
1251:
1102:
519:
7094:
6247:
4333:
Murdock G. P. (1981) Atlas of World Cultures. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press
3708:
2841:
2720:. But multiple marriage cannot be registered and officially recognised by Russian authorities because
1802:
concludes that countries that practice polygyny are less economically stable than those that practice
230:
213:
9889:
8999:
8796:
8741:
7895:
7684:"Omar Hassan al-Bashir, has urged Sudanese men to take more than one wife to increase the population"
6852:
http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/channel-4-documentary-gains-access-to-the-men-with-many-wives
4643:
4261:
Polygynists and Their Wives in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analysis of Five Demographic and Health Surveys
3310:
is permissible to be mutually gracious regarding the set dowry. Surely God is All-Knowing, All-Wise.
3154:
2933:
2909:
2897:
2766:
of Russia, who has said that polygamy is already widespread among Muslim communities of the country.
2599:
2151:
2068:
can attribute to the higher rates of mental health disorders and issues such as anxiety, depression,
1679:
7122:
6136:
Lamloum, Olfa (2010), "Islamonline. Jeux et enjeux d'un média " post-islamiste " déterritorialisé",
3697:
3649:
3380:, a man must justify taking an additional wife at a court hearing before he is allowed to do so. In
10094:
9357:
9267:
8994:
8824:
8791:
8633:
8628:
8423:
8392:
5331:
4342:
Anderson, M. J.; Dixson, A. F. (2002). "Sperm competition: motility and the midpiece in primates".
3573:
3563:
3533:
3032:
2372:
2274:
1629:
1108:
773:
7242:
6198:"Polygynous Muslim Marriages in South Africa: Their Potential Impact on the Incidence of HIV/AIDS"
10089:
9714:
9689:
9092:
8531:
8444:
8281:
7224:
7076:
6811:
4260:
2783:
Although non-Muslim Russian populations have historically practiced monogamy, Russian politician
2713:
2457:
1910:
1445:
6632:
4661:
4236:, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, pp. 1–30, archived from
3092:
943:
9909:
9630:
9445:
9014:
8801:
8771:
8726:
8721:
8608:
8397:
8349:
8296:
6671:"Bosnia and Herzegovina: The veil comes down, again – Women Reclaiming and Redefining Cultures"
5586:
Ukaegbu, Alfred O. (1977). "Fertility of Women in Polygynous Unions in Rural Eastern Nigeria".
4784:
4552:
3543:
3329:
3292:
Muslim women are not allowed to marry more than one husband at once. However, in the case of a
3120:
2917:
2669:
2389:
2310:
1966:
1875:
869:
726:
439:
206:
7782:
7710:
7584:
7522:
7259:
7184:
7165:
5758:
5752:
4884:
4720:
4489:
4422:
4082:
3928:
3799:
3119:) have at least temporarily accepted polygyny as a Biblical practice. For example, during the
2584:
reported on the cross-border polygamy phenomenon in Hong Kong in 1995. In a research paper of
2467:
Proposals have been made to re-legalize polygamy in other ex-Soviet Muslim republics, such as
1937:. In addition to noting that countries where polygyny is widely practiced tend to have higher
938:
10084:
9861:
9362:
8766:
8736:
8638:
8523:
8369:
8159:
7671:
6423:
4990:
4882:
2953:
2941:
2877:
2743:
actively advocated for polygynous marriage to gain legal recognition. Muslim leaders such as
2721:
2456:
by law. In the former USSR republics, a prohibition against polygamy has been inherited from
2117:), as well as the relation between polygyny practiced on a large scale in a society and war.
1839:
1624:
1537:
1328:
1291:
1052:
1012:
7746:
5480:
Bove, Riley; Valeggia, Claudia (2009). "Polygyny and Women's Health in Sub-Saharan Africa".
3489:
2912:(AUB). The FLDS Church is estimated to have 10,000 members residing in the sister cities of
9914:
9904:
9899:
9866:
9837:
9377:
8973:
8811:
8776:
8746:
8696:
8643:
8560:
8415:
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8309:
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7382:
The Ratzinger report: An exclusive interview on the state of the Church — Pope Benedict XVI
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2925:
2784:
2198:
1892:
1743:
1532:
1527:
1314:
695:
679:
608:
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274:, with the countries estimated to have the highest polygamy prevalence in the world being
8:
9924:
9919:
9871:
9842:
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9573:
9404:
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8781:
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8434:
8402:
8324:
8291:
8286:
8109:
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7187:: foundations, values, and issues, Brian Peter Harvey, Cambridge University Press, 2000,
7004:
Irwin Altman, "Polygamous Family Life: The Case of Contemporary Mormon Fundamentalists",
6942:
6709:
6574:"Central Asia: Increase In Polygamy Attributed To Economic Hardship, Return To Tradition"
5964:"The Contribution of Polygamy to Women's Impoverishment: An Argument for Its Prohibition"
5340:
3484:
3474:
3462:
3101:
2774:
2219:
1674:
1310:
1048:
721:
544:
539:
330:
143:
20:
8149:
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5284:
2964:'s Eighth District Civil Court authorized the country's first threesome group marriage.
9742:
9583:
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6004:
5944:
5936:
5728:
5711:
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5638:
5621:
Ware, Helen (1979). "Polygyny: Women's Views in a Transitional Society, Nigeria 1975".
5603:
5541:
5516:
5457:
5352:
5304:
5237:
5169:
5112:
5109:"The Roles of Operational Sex Ratio and Young-Old Ratio in Producing Suicide Attackers"
4865:
4822:
4593:
4545:
4464:
4316:
3916:
3893:
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3583:
3170:
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Most Christian theologians argue that in Matthew 19:3–9 and referring to Genesis 2:24,
3012:
2957:
estimated in 2008 that 50,000 to 100,000 American Muslims live in polygamous families.
2514:; but it is strongly discouraged by public policy. Muslims are subject to the terms of
2398:
2019:
1981:
1934:
1879:
1562:
1492:
978:
828:
824:
819:
685:
295:
260:
196:
19:
This article is about polygynous marriage practices. For polygynous animal mating, see
7784:
Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era
7683:
7276:
6989:
Ken Driggs, "Twentieth-Century Polygamy and Fundamentalist Mormons in Southern Utah",
6513:
5406:"The Negative Impact of Polygamy on Women and Children in Mormon and Islamic Cultures"
4589:
3894:"Why Is Polygyny More Prevalent in Western Africa? An African Slave Trade Perspective"
1799:
10079:
9806:
9792:
9760:
9722:
9647:
9637:
9495:
9440:
9425:
9338:
9316:
9306:
9244:
9239:
9212:
9163:
9004:
8989:
8938:
8706:
8666:
8618:
8499:
8465:
8439:
8407:
8387:
8377:
8357:
8344:
8339:
8192:
8145:
8129:
7971:
7844:
7788:
7754:
7718:
7660:
7598:
7528:
7408:
7385:
7338:
7313:
7188:
7169:
6724:
6362:
6353:
6329:
6149:
6036:
5762:
5733:
5696:
5684:
5546:
5497:
5449:
5384:
5356:
5296:
5267:
5219:
5108:
4968:
4890:
4857:
4726:
4597:
4556:
4493:
4483:
4468:
4320:
4196:"Sexual Division of Labor in African Agriculture: A Network Autocorrelation Analysis"
4195:
4088:
3924:
3920:
3568:
3492:
use polygyny to reduce inbreeding depression and thus maximize reproductive success.
3416:
3215:
2744:
2627:
2503:
2321:
2163:
2047:
2027:
1950:
1946:
1918:
1891:
bottom thirty percent of males cannot marry. In the top twenty countries in the 2017
1664:
1634:
1569:
1296:
1271:
1126:
983:
963:
674:
603:
593:
534:
529:
367:
8141:
8046:
5948:
5493:
5461:
5308:
4869:
4071:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. 260-261.
3982:
3083:, scriptures state that polygamy should not be practiced by certain church leaders.
1951:
Islam is the only major religious tradition where polygyny is still largely condoned
10038:
10028:
9997:
9518:
9475:
9352:
9051:
8751:
8731:
8600:
8314:
8213:
8180:
8121:
8034:
7954:
7929:
7626:
7590:
6956:
6500:
6319:
6311:
6219:
6209:
6141:
6118:
6026:
6016:
5928:
5723:
5674:
5630:
5595:
5536:
5528:
5489:
5441:
5344:
5288:
5173:
5159:
5151:
5060:
4960:
4849:
4785:"New Viking Study Points to "Love and Marriage" as the Main Reason for their Raids"
4585:
4456:
4308:
4207:
4176:
3908:
3107:
3004:
2929:
2823:
2755:
2031:
1847:
1488:
1391:
968:
768:
763:
743:
589:
474:
156:
139:
8069:
Alcock, John (1980). "Natural Selection and the Mating Systems of Solitary Bees".
8038:
7999:
7203:
4212:
4180:
4069:
Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the postmodern Era
3245:
the ideal relationship is the comfort that a couple find in each other's embrace:
2693:
2265:
citing the practice as a cultural, religious and pragmatic reality of the nation.
2189:(also known as a "forbidden area") was a special part of the house for the wives.
9965:
9847:
9674:
9542:
9513:
9503:
9383:
9326:
9321:
9227:
9195:
8226:
8163:
7833:
7234:
7063:
7025:
6818:
6520:
5985:
5056:
4918:
4625:"Vikings Might Have Started Raiding Because There Was a Shortage of Single Women"
3823:. New York; London: St. Martin's Press; George Allen & Unwin. pp. 37–52.
3578:
3449:
2921:
2889:
2638:
Due to an increase in the number of polygamous marriages, proposals were made in
2557:
2449:
2030:(with Pinker also citing a famous quotation attributed to evolutionary biologist
1942:
1659:
1574:
1357:
1002:
958:
953:
933:
928:
923:
898:
814:
809:
669:
568:
560:
524:
342:
125:, polygynous marriages based on customary law are legally recognized for Muslims.
9087:
7018:
6834:
6619:
6084:
Laban Moogi Gwako, Edwins (1998). "Polygyny among the Logoli of Western Kenya".
9953:
9948:
9704:
9679:
9588:
9508:
9480:
9458:
9450:
9418:
9390:
9331:
9299:
9185:
9173:
9158:
8928:
8184:
7874:(A. du Toit, ed.). Guide to the New Testament. Halfway House: Orion Publishers.
7630:
7220:
6021:
5932:
5663:"Polygyny, Partnership Concurrency, and HIV Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa"
5348:
4986:
4964:
4934:
3220:
3115:
3046:
3019:
2881:
2740:
2563:
2531:
2134:
2121:
1455:
1332:
1244:
908:
758:
690:
649:
644:
444:
334:
333:, it was known to have been practiced during ancient times. It was accepted in
271:
6864:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/crossheading/bigamy/enacted
5679:
5662:
5532:
5445:
5155:
10073:
10006:
9960:
9777:
9727:
9485:
9372:
9249:
9168:
9066:
8933:
8880:
6405:
6315:
6214:
6197:
5895:"'Put up and shut up': Polygamy breeds poverty for Kenyan women and children"
5380:
5370:
5065:
5042:
5018:
3427:
3228:
3134:
3080:
3042:
3038:
2913:
2833:
2777:
2770:
2419:
2362:
2179:
more powerful men had a principal wife and several secondary wives, known as
2155:
2143:
2023:
1997:
1747:
1607:
1557:
1460:
1418:
1213:
948:
913:
753:
634:
613:
509:
449:
384:
349:
318:
6791:
6145:
5292:
5080:
Harmon, Vanessa; Mujkic, Edin; Kaukinen, Catherine; Weir, Henriikka (2018).
4883:
Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. Crellin; Christian Horn; Marion Uckelmann (2018).
4164:
2787:
offered to legalize polygyny to encourage population growth and correct the
195:
entailing the marriage of a man to several women. The term polygyny is from
10023:
8963:
8953:
8844:
8218:
8201:
8152:
8133:
7749:. In Brand, Chad; Mitchell, Eric; Holman Reference Editorial Staff (eds.).
7659:. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. 2011. pp. 32–35.
6976:
6765:
6333:
6060:
6040:
5737:
5688:
5550:
5501:
5453:
5300:
5043:"Polygynous Neighbors, Excess Men, and Intergroup Conflict in Rural Africa"
4972:
4067:
Guyer, Jane. (1991). "Female Farming in Anthropology and African History".
3609:
3442:
culture, where polygyny is practiced. Pre-existing polygynous unions among
3431:
3423:
3397:
3365:
2893:
2541:
2461:
2453:
2382:
2238:
2167:
2073:
2069:
1954:
1746:
and polygyny in many Sub-Saharan African societies. Drawing on the work of
1727:
1367:
1352:
1286:
748:
639:
598:
564:
554:
459:
338:
275:
122:
7594:
6202:
Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad
6056:"As a polygamist community crumbles, 'sister wives' are forced from homes"
5835:"Polygamy As Further Subjugation Of African Women, And National Economies"
4861:
4853:
4747:
1921:, 97 percent were unmarried and 84 percent were male (or if excluding the
1742:, demonstrated a historical correlation between the practice of extensive
9943:
9765:
9568:
8125:
6879:
Fairbairn, Catherine; Kennedy, Steven; Gower, Melanie (1 February 2023),
6441:
6271:"Widows without sons in Mozambique accused of sorcery and robbed of land"
6122:
5913:
5255:
5126:
4886:
Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
3686:
3518:
3384:, the government encouraged polygyny in 2001 to increase the population.
3194:
2608:
2575:
2110:
2015:
1977:
1914:
1896:
1669:
1654:
1592:
1450:
1381:
1318:
1166:
973:
851:
504:
494:
388:
360:
299:
267:
95:
8090:
6633:"Bosnian Americans" – History, Modern era, The first Bosnians in America
6097:
5940:
5241:
4826:
3951:"Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions"
3258:
9699:
9547:
9207:
7839:(1st ed.). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p.
7818:
5568:(2nd, revised ed.). University of Minnesota Press. pp. 91–92.
4925:
recording the marital composition of 1,231 societies from 1960 to 1980.
4813:
Karras, Ruth Mazo (1990). "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age".
4043:
Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain
3318:
3198:
2729:
2701:
2672:
traditionally practiced polygamy but the practice was last observed in
2639:
2553:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2316:
2285:
2011:
1735:
1619:
1433:
1342:
1306:
1281:
918:
903:
618:
37:
9819:
9178:
8156:
7941:
6548:
6224:
5642:
5607:
5517:"The impact of polygamy on women's mental health: a systematic review"
5164:
5081:
3548:
3282:
2510:
banned polygyny for Hindus. Currently, polygyny is only allowed among
9980:
9894:
9684:
9563:
9113:
8948:
8943:
8839:
7433:
6618:. Vol. IX, no. 11: 15–21 March. March 1999. Archived from
6493:"Hong Kong Targets Its Two-Family Men - International Herald Tribune"
5233:
5192:
5082:"Causes & Explanations of Suicide Terrorism: A Systematic Review"
3553:
3528:
3443:
3412:
3138:
3084:
3008:
3000:
2981:
2885:
2678:
2571:
2567:
2007:
1870:
1614:
1547:
1497:
1423:
1386:
1362:
1276:
1227:
499:
326:
256:
236:
219:
200:
129:
107:
103:
53:
31:
7586:
Social Assessment and Agricultural Reform in Central Asia and Turkey
6907:"La poligamia pervive en las comunidades indígenas del sur de Chile"
6117:"Figures 18 and 2.10. Social institutions and gender index (SIGI)".
4148:
Polygyny, Economy and the Role of Women. In The Character of Kinship
3861:
2552:
widely practiced in the Republic of China from 1911 to 1949, before
2460:. In the 21st century, a revival of the practice of polygamy in the
266:
Polygyny is most common in a region known as the "polygamy belt" in
9975:
9935:
9829:
9782:
9232:
9202:
9190:
9082:
8958:
8829:
8257:
7984:
special anti-polygamy clause in the betrothal or marriage contract.
7933:
7524:
Women, Islam and Everyday Life: Renegotiating Polygamy in Indonesia
7280:
7207:
5634:
5599:
4767:"Viking raiders were only trying to win their future wives' hearts"
4460:
4312:
4281:
Gwako, Edwins Laban. "Polygamy Among the Logoli of Western Kenya".
3912:
3675:
3671:
3558:
3538:
3393:
3373:
3325:
3182:
2977:
2849:
2759:
2733:
2725:
2689:
2604:
2242:
2129:
1993:
1803:
1684:
1542:
1376:
1347:
1222:
1186:
1130:
489:
479:
464:
454:
192:
99:
27:
7702:
6002:
3296:
or their husbands' death they can remarry after the completion of
1097:
16:
Mating system in which the male partner may have multiple partners
9881:
9578:
5197:
3523:
3439:
3377:
3357:
3353:
3315:
3293:
3279:
3190:
3159:
2996:
2985:
2829:
2682:
2511:
2437:
2433:
2147:
2064:
1989:
1835:
1810:
1755:
1520:
1502:
1483:
1465:
1201:
1171:
1139:
469:
407:
314:
291:
118:
87:
7178:
6403:
2574:. This ended with the passing of the Marriage Reform Ordinance (
9970:
9653:
9524:
9344:
8923:
8868:
7738:
4644:"The Real Reason for Viking Raids: Shortage of Eligible Women?"
3435:
3403:
3361:
3349:
3345:
3255:
2961:
2697:
2441:
2429:
2425:
2231:
1962:
1822:
1428:
1196:
1176:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
434:
415:
322:
283:
252:
111:
68: Polygyny is illegal, but the practice is not criminalized
5986:"Somali woman 'with 11 husbands' stoned to death by al-Shabab"
4662:"Sex Slaves – The Dirty Secret Behind The Founding Of Iceland"
3834:
The Mende of Sierra Leone: A West African People in Transition
3503:(a well-established colony continues to have several queens).
3087:
says that certain Church leaders should have but one wife: "A
2758:, has been quoted on radio as saying that the depopulation of
2747:
also pushed for the legal recognition of polygynous marriage.
2234:
law) allows for one man to legally marry more than one woman.
9772:
9532:
8023:
7095:"Judge gives go-ahead on Mexico's first polyamorous marriage"
6406:"Bigamy in India: Finding from National Family Health Survey"
4722:
Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland: 800–1200
3381:
3333:
3301:
3297:
3266:
3242:
3186:
3061:
2837:
2763:
2673:
2593:
2213:
Polygynous marriage was preferred among the Logoli and other
2185:
2051:
1985:
1958:
1762:
hypothesis. He notes Dorjahn's (1959) comparison of East and
1738:'s comparative study of marriage around the world, using the
1647:
1602:
1597:
1507:
514:
359:
Polygyny is more common in societies that have the custom of
303:
287:
91:
6758:"Inter Press Service – News and Views from the Global South"
6291:
4165:"Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare"
3011:
of others were added to the list of inappropriate partners.
2448:
republics. Though about 70% of the population of Albania is
9537:
7713:. In Meyers, Carol; Craven, Toni; Kraemer, Ross S. (eds.).
7583:
Kudat, Ayșe; Peabody, Stan; Keyder, Çağlar (3 April 2000).
6468:"A Tale of Two Warlords. Republican China During the 1920s"
5014:"The perils of polygamy: The link between polygamy and war"
4576:
Balon, R (2015). "Is Infidelity Biologically Determined?".
4485:
Confronting the issues: Sex roles, marriage, and the family
4277:
4275:
4273:
3337:
3202:
2904:
polygamy. The largest Mormon fundamentalist groups are the
2445:
2055:
1930:
1552:
1206:
549:
307:
279:
183:
162:
74: Polygyny is illegal and the practice is criminalized
5376:
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined
3969:"LDS splinter groups growing | the Salt Lake Tribune"
3344:
In most Muslim-majority countries, polygyny is legal with
2906:
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
2160:
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
354:
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
352:, polygyny is practiced by some Mormon sects, such as the
174:
8202:"Marriage Systems and Pathogen Stress in Human Societies"
7080:
6955:
Martha Sonntag Bradley, "Polygamy-Practicing Mormons" in
6812:
Vladimir Zhirinovsky Op-Ed: "When One Wife Is Not Enough"
2948:
2718:
Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses
2516:
The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act of 1937
2059:
177:
171:
7774:
6745:"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do: The Economic Case for Polygamy"
6240:"Acceptance of Polygamy Slowly Changes in Muslim Africa"
5566:
Family Structure and Interaction: A Comparative Analysis
5212:
5079:
4691:"Kinder, Gentler Vikings? Not According to Their Slaves"
4402:
4392:
4390:
4375:
4270:
4128:
4101:
4045:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–29.
3877:, Northwestern University Press, Evanston (1970), p. 17.
7430:
Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable
5564:
Lee, Gary R. (1982). "Structural Variety in Marriage".
4150:. London: Cambridge University Press, 1973, p. 180–190.
3836:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 140–162.
2556:
was defeated in the Civil War and retreated to Taiwan.
6702:"War-ravaged Chechnya needs polygamy, says its leader"
6300:"Polygyny and Intimate Partner Violence in Mozambique"
3648:
The king's behavior is condemned by Prophet Samuel in
2750:
Polygyny was legalized and documented in unrecognised
313:
Historically, polygyny was partly accepted in ancient
7335:
Polygamy in Northern Malawi: A Christian Reassessment
7117:
7115:
6885:, House of Commons Library; United Kingdom Parliament
6878:
6646:"Emissaries of Militant Islam Make Headway in Bosnia"
5856:
4604:
4387:
4118:
4116:
4014:"Humanity Has More Mothers Than Fathers, DNA Reveals"
2874:
Polygyny is illegal in the United States and Canada.
2483:
of the concubine addressed the big mother as "aunt".
180:
6961:
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia
6536:"Kyrgyzstan: Debate On Legalized Polygamy Continues"
5410:
Seton Hall University Law School Student Scholarship
168:
159:
8170:
7815:
Judaica Press Complete Tanach, Devarim – Chapter 17
7310:
Plural Marriage for Our Times: A Reinvented Option?
7159:
5277:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
5041:Koos, Carlo; Neupert-Wentz, Clara (July 23, 2019).
4049:
3419:'s ban on polygyny (except in rare circumstances).
3064:explicitly states a man should have only one wife:
1925:, 91 percent male), while a study conducted by the
165:
8256:
7994:
7992:
7832:
7582:
7112:
7034:31(2) (Summer 1998): 1–68, accessed 27 March 2009.
6931:
6780:
6549:"Kyrgyz Lawmakers Reject Decriminalizing Polygamy"
6298:Jansen, Natalie; Agadjanian, Victor (March 2020).
4876:
4544:
4113:
3426:(Middle Eastern) Jewish communities (particularly
2870:Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century
2101:100,000 new infections every year in the country.
7308:Kilbride, Philip Leroy; Page, Douglas R. (2012).
7301:
6925:
6083:
5324:"The moral logic and growth of suicide terrorism"
5040:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3091:then must be blameless, the husband of one wife (
2388:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
10071:
7896:Frequently asked questions, Judaism and Polygamy
7498:. ahlalhdeeth. 12 September 2013. Archived from
6424:"Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China"
6357:, archived from the original on February 7, 2005
6297:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5431:
7989:
7557:"Tunisia: Protecting Ben Ali's Feminist Legacy"
7554:
7077:"Some Muslims in US Quietly Engage in Polygamy"
6612:"Health: Proximate Determinations of Fertility"
4080:
2006:(2011) that because the families of men in the
379:
321:, and in sporadic traditional Native American,
8910:
6941:(PhD thesis) (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6892:
5661:Reniers, Georges; Tfaily, Rania (2012-08-01).
4718:
4193:
4087:. Indiana University Press. pp. 103–110.
4000:The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
3935:
2960:In July 2022, a Mexican judge in the state of
1953:, the higher degrees of marital inequality in
391:and the large economic contribution of women.
9129:
8896:
8862:Kurdish-controlled areas criminalize polygamy
8242:
7969:
7213:
5660:
5649:
4194:White DR, Burton ML, Dow MM (December 1981).
4158:
4156:
2158:, there has been controversy surrounding the
1706:
1070:
7744:
7708:
7307:
6466:Portwood, Matthew R.; Dunn, John P. (2014).
6465:
5968:Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law
5563:
5479:
5218:
5094:NPS Center for Homeland Defense and Security
4748:"Viking Age triggered by shortage of wives?"
4074:
3616:Institute for New Testament Textual Research
3197:, had two wives Kunti and Madri. Similarly,
3124:
2704:, Muamer Zukorlić, has taken a second wife.
2570:could practice concubinage by virtue of the
1949:and Bradley Thayer have argued that because
52: Polygyny is legal in certain regions (
7877:
7136:
7019:"Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism"
6889:
6525:The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality
6346:
5188:"U.S. study draws portrait of Iraq bombers"
4253:
4162:
3891:
3145:
3023:tolerated, but subordinate, marital model.
2284:President of the Republic of South Africa,
1731:enables the husband to enjoy more leisure.
1008:Matrilineal / matrilocal societies
9136:
9122:
8903:
8889:
8249:
8235:
7717:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 381.
7326:
5131:"The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism"
4153:
4005:
3514:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
2486:The written word for the second woman was
1713:
1699:
1077:
1063:
8217:
8107:
7787:. Harvard University Press. p. 532.
7233:. Bohn's Standard Library. Translated by
6347:Saidazimova, Gulnoza (February 4, 2005),
6323:
6223:
6213:
6030:
6020:
5961:
5727:
5678:
5540:
5163:
5064:
4712:
4211:
3993:
2663:
7427:
7219:
6932:Millaleo Hernández, Ana Gabriel (2018).
5874:
5832:
5403:
4481:
4163:White, Douglas; Burton, Michael (1988).
3901:Economic Development and Cultural Change
3887:
3885:
3883:
3219:
2859:
2630:is known to oppose legalizing polygyny.
374:
138:
62: Polygyny is legal for Muslims only
36:
7922:The American Journal of Comparative Law
7919:
7835:God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says
7824:
7753:. B&H Publishing Group. p. 4.
7645:
7520:
7461:Why Did the Prophet Have So Many Wives?
7421:
7297:. Gudina Tumsa Foundation. p. 350.
7292:
6904:
6722:
6587:"Institute for War and Peace Reporting"
6268:
6262:
6135:
6112:
6110:
5862:
5750:
5585:
5514:
4985:
4764:
4610:
4542:
4408:
4396:
4381:
4134:
4107:
4061:
4055:
4036:
4034:
3892:Dalton, John; Leung, Tin Cheuk (2014).
3814:
2644:Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan
2142:partners is violently punished through
1829:
1821:Some analysts have posited that a high
10072:
9143:
8068:
7830:
7332:
7142:
6874:
6872:
6854:"The Men with many wives" by Channel 4
6788:"Лентапедия. Биография Руслана Аушева"
6699:
6404:Sayeed Unisa and Grace Bahalen Mundu.
5911:
5798:
5796:
5369:
5106:
4950:
4812:
4746:Viegas, Jennifer (17 September 2008).
4745:
4527:
4446:
4420:
4226:
4187:
4122:
4011:
3949:Kramer, Stephanie (December 7, 2020).
3948:
3827:
3123:, in a document referred to simply as
2828:Polygyny has a long history among the
2281:Recognition of Customary Marriages Act
9117:
8884:
8230:
7780:
7672:(Alternative link — via Google Books)
7633:. Economic and Social CouncilFEM/1625
7230:The Life of Luther Written by Himself
7168:, Shundō Tachibana, Routledge, 1992,
7155:from the original on 30 January 2016.
7145:"Buddhist Sexual Ethics: Main Issues"
7092:
7031:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
6992:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
6195:
6191:
6189:
6140:, Presses de l'Ifpo, pp. 45–62,
5802:
5709:
5703:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5521:Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences
5475:
5473:
5471:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5321:
5254:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4903:
4839:
4622:
4575:
4547:Meeting Islam: A Guide for Christians
4512:
4040:
3931:– via Business Source Complete.
3880:
2892:, a form of polygyny first taught by
2880:believes in the validity of selected
1864:List of sovereign states by sex ratio
1773:
7407:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 106.
7143:Berzin, Alexander (7 October 2010).
7011:
6866:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
6107:
6053:
5620:
5125:
4935:"Polygamy is the key to a long life"
4642:Choi, Charles Q. (8 November 2016).
4641:
4031:
3821:Woman's role in economic development
3595:
3274:are less likely to commit injustice.
2340:
1020:Sex and Repression in Savage Society
8199:
7751:Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary
7555:Maike Voorhoeve (31 January 2013).
7400:
6869:
6835:"Polygamy proposal for Chechen men"
5793:
5557:
4683:
4294:
4012:Geggel, Laura (24 September 2014).
3983:"Canadian polygamists found guilty"
2995:was legally recognized until 1935.
2520:All India Muslim Personal Law Board
2037:
1895:, polygyny is widely practiced. In
13:
8108:Fortunato, Laura (February 2011).
8101:
7401:Rao, CN Shankar (September 2004).
7260:Essays, Historical and Theological
7185:An introduction to Buddhist ethics
6959:and Martin Baumann (eds.) (2002).
6538:, Radio Liberty, Radio Free Europe
6186:
6054:Dark, Stephen (17 November 2017).
5875:Hamilton, Marci A. (9 July 2009).
5710:Mwale, Biziwick (September 2002).
5572:
5468:
5420:
5001:
4795:from the original on 2 August 2019
4765:Knapton, Sarah (5 November 2016).
4230:African Polygamy: Past and Present
3659:
2378:for transliterated languages, and
2358:of its non-English content, using
1965:serves as a mechanism to mitigate
1785:
1029:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
259:. Some scholars theorize that the
14:
10106:
7333:Mlenga, Moses (13 January 2016).
6905:Rausell, Fuencis (June 1, 2013).
5139:American Political Science Review
4953:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4921:derived from George P. Murdock’s
4672:from the original on 22 July 2019
4259:Timeas, Ian and Reyner, Angela. "
3402:Polygyny is not forbidden in the
3037:Polygamy is not forbidden in the
2803:
2428:countries retain the traditional
2120:A notable critic of polygyny was
520:Parallel / cross cousins
371:findings to widespread polygyny.
10052:
10051:
8576:Hong Kong (performed until 1971)
8062:
8053:
8017:
7963:
7948:
7913:
7908:Penal Law Amendment (Bigamy) Law
7901:
7889:
7864:
7831:Coogan, Michael (October 2010).
7808:
7676:
7618:
7576:
7548:
7514:
7488:
7466:
7453:
7440:
7394:
7374:
7360:Catechism of the Catholic Church
7351:
7295:The Ministry of the Whole Person
7286:
7269:
7249:
7197:
7086:
7069:
7050:
7037:
6998:
6983:
6969:
6949:
6857:
6845:
6827:
6805:
6750:
6738:
6716:
6693:
6663:
6638:
6626:
6604:
6579:
6567:
6541:
6529:
6507:
6349:"Polygamy hurts – in the pocket"
5803:Witte, John Jr. (January 2015).
4623:Hrala, Josh (18 November 2016).
4297:"Measures of Polygyny in Humans"
3793:
3782:
3771:
3760:
3749:
3738:
3724:
3713:
3702:
3691:
3680:
3665:
3642:
3622:
3602:
2999:outlawed polygyny from 2015. In
2855:
2495:), literally "the second wife".
2345:
2173:
2128:Polygyny has been criticized by
1834:Researchers have suggested that
1096:
414:
155:
7653:"Family Life — Focus: Polygamy"
7337:. Mzuni Press. pp. 41–42.
6485:
6459:
6434:
6416:
6397:
6375:
6340:
6246:. 12 March 2007. Archived from
6232:
6169:"What's next for Zuma's wives?"
6161:
6129:
6077:
6068:
6047:
5996:
5978:
5962:Struensee, Vanessa von (2005).
5955:
5905:
5887:
5868:
5826:
5783:"Why polygamy breeds civil war"
5775:
5744:
5614:
5508:
5494:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.045
5434:Community Mental Health Journal
5397:
5363:
5315:
5248:
5180:
5119:
5100:
5073:
5034:
4979:
4944:
4928:
4833:
4806:
4777:
4758:
4739:
4654:
4635:
4616:
4569:
4536:
4521:
4506:
4475:
4440:
4414:
4362:
4349:
4336:
4327:
4295:Low, Bobbi S. (February 1988).
4288:
4227:Fenske, James (November 2012),
4220:
4140:
3026:
2812:
2578:) in 1970. Kevin Murphy of the
2320:prohibits legal recognition of
2268:
2003:The Better Angels of Our Nature
1972:Along with his research on the
251:Polygyny is more widespread in
10034:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
7711:"Cushite Woman, Wife of Moses"
7521:Nurmila, Nina (10 June 2009).
5623:Journal of Marriage and Family
5588:Journal of Marriage and Family
5260:"Genesis of Suicide Terrorism"
5048:Journal of Conflict Resolution
3975:
3961:
3867:
3849:
2980:does not regard marriage as a
2789:demographic crisis of Russians
2394:multilingual support templates
2058:or becoming infected with the
1902:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1:
9643:Ghost marriage in South Sudan
8039:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.01.034
7669:– via Internet Archive.
7629:(Press release) (in French).
7448:Prophet Muhammad and polygyny
7225:"Chapter III: 1536–1545"
7093:Carey, Lydia (22 July 2022).
6700:Osborn, Andrew (2006-01-14).
4590:10.1016/S0924-9338(15)30061-4
4213:10.1525/aa.1981.83.4.02a00040
4181:10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a00060
3236:Islamic marital jurisprudence
3003:, polyandry was legal in the
2944:, South Dakota, and Montana.
2633:
2614:
2586:Humboldt University of Berlin
2304:
2192:
1959:promises of harems of virgins
662:Household forms and residence
9103:Terminology within polyamory
8855:Marriage practice by country
7709:Ogden Bellis, Alice (2000).
6790:(in Russian). Archived from
6269:Mwareya, Ray (5 July 2016).
4697:. 2015-12-28. Archived from
4449:Journal of Political Economy
4084:Readings in Gender in Africa
3842:
3456:
3328:was monogamously married to
2752:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
2581:International Herald Tribune
2508:The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
2327:
2115:lost boys in the FLDS Church
2104:
727:Classificatory terminologies
380:Augmenting division of labor
246:
7:
7970:Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith.
7476:. IslamWeb. 7 February 2002
7404:Sociology of Indian Society
6882:Research Briefing: Polygamy
6723:Rosbalt (13 January 2006).
6383:"Polygamy under Muslim Law"
5914:"The Problem with Polygamy"
5757:. Melville House. pp.
5754:Debt: The First 5,000 Years
5482:Social Science and Medicine
4911:Ethnographic Atlas Codebook
4551:. Paraclete Press. p.
4488:. Allyn and Bacon. p.
3830:"Marriage and 'Friendship'"
3817:"The economics of polygamy"
3506:
3176:
2972:
2967:
2692:population in neighbouring
2607:, in which the protagonist
1885:
1857:
110:polygyny is legal only for
10:
10111:
8911:Close plural relationships
8200:Low, Bobbi S. (May 1990).
8185:10.1177/106939710003400205
7384:, Ignatius Press, p. 195.
6022:10.1186/s12978-021-01085-z
5933:10.5840/philtopics20093727
5349:10.1162/wash.2006.29.2.127
5148:Cambridge University Press
4965:10.1016/j.tree.2009.05.013
4482:Kammeyer, Kenneth (1975).
3807:
3460:
3391:
3387:
3213:
3096:
3030:
2867:
2821:
2668:The Muslim communities of
2529:
2417:
2308:
2295:
2272:
2225:
2196:
2087:
1984:terrorist groups (such as
1919:Islamic suicide terrorists
1861:
229:
212:
80: Legal status unknown
25:
18:
10047:
10016:
9996:
9933:
9880:
9828:
9805:
9753:
9713:
9667:
9608:
9599:
9556:
9494:
9468:
9260:
9151:
9075:
9013:
9000:Polygamy in North America
8982:
8916:
8820:
8652:
8551:
8512:
8479:
8274:
8265:
7745:Laird Harris, R. (2015).
7544:– via Google Books.
7380:Vittorio Messori (1985).
7312:. ABC-CLIO. p. 188.
7275:Letter to the Chancellor
7204:Letter to Philip of Hesse
7075:Barbara Bradley Hagerty,
6995:, Winter 1991, pp. 46–47.
6367:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5680:10.1007/s13524-012-0114-z
5533:10.1017/S2045796012000121
5446:10.1007/s10597-011-9405-x
5404:Exposito, Natali (2017).
5156:10.1017/S000305540300073X
5086:Homeland Security Affairs
4889:. Springer. p. 349.
4421:Porter, Jonathan (2015).
3828:Little, Kenneth (1967) .
3155:Lutheran World Federation
2910:Apostolic United Brethren
2898:Latter Day Saint movement
2794:
2707:
2658:
2600:The Deer and the Cauldron
2255:
2203:
2152:female genital mutilation
2150:, or discouraged through
1816:
226: 'many' and
8995:Polygamy in Christianity
7872:The New Testament Milieu
7781:Kugel, James L. (2009).
7263:1:403–404 Excerpts from
6823:The St. Petersburg Times
6708:. London. Archived from
6316:10.1177/0192513x19876075
6304:Journal of Family Issues
6215:10.4314/pelj.v12i3.46271
5332:The Washington Quarterly
5107:Gibson, Kyle R. (2011).
5066:10.1177/0022002719859636
4695:National Geographic News
4543:Dardess, George (2005).
4081:Andrea Cornwall (2005).
3590:
3574:Polygyny threshold model
3564:Polygamy in Christianity
3534:Legal status of polygamy
3444:Jews from Arab countries
3241:Based on verse 30:21 of
3209:
3033:Polygamy in Christianity
2817:
2649:
2532:Concubinage § China
2525:
2498:
2275:Polygamy in South Africa
2208:
1923:Kurdistan Workers' Party
26:Not to be confused with
9093:New relationship energy
8173:Cross-Cultural Research
7657:Modern Muslim Societies
7293:Deressa, Yonas (1973).
6196:Moosa, N (2009-09-24).
6146:10.4000/books.ifpo.1369
5833:Ifediora, John (2016).
5751:Graeber, David (2011).
5293:10.1126/science.1078854
4719:David R. Wyatt (2009).
4515:Marriage and the Family
4200:American Anthropologist
4169:American Anthropologist
3875:Many Wives, Many Powers
3860:, Liddell & Scott,
3857:A Greek–English Lexicon
3815:Boserup, Ester (1970).
3398:Polygamy § Judaism
3131:The Confessional Advice
2842:Occupation of Araucanía
2714:Criminal Code of Russia
2336:
1945:, political scientists
1935:blue-collar occupations
46: Polygyny is legal
9631:Chinese ghost marriage
7166:The Ethics of Buddhism
5716:Malawi Medical Journal
5515:Shepard, L.D. (2013).
5225:International Security
4725:. Brill. p. 124.
4666:All That's Interesting
3614:University of Münster
3544:Mormonism and polygamy
3323:
3287:
3263:
3231:
3225:Old wife and a new one
3146:
3125:
3121:Protestant Reformation
3077:
2908:(FLDS Church) and the
2865:
2670:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2664:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2311:Polygamy in Mozambique
1913:. Political scientist
1876:sex-selective abortion
1844:History of The Normans
1842:in his semi-imaginary
1037:"The Traffic in Women"
870:Coming of Age in Samoa
147:
136:
9098:Primary and secondary
9037:List of practitioners
7955:"Victims of polygamy"
7595:10.1596/0-8213-4678-4
7210:-Seidemann, 6:238–244
7123:"Accesstoinsight.org"
6503:on February 10, 2009.
6410:paa2011.princeton.edu
5912:Brooks, Thom (2009).
5322:Atran, Scott (2006).
4854:10.1002/ana.410360810
4528:Thomas, Paul (1964).
3307:
3271:
3247:
3223:
3066:
2954:All Things Considered
2896:, the founder of the
2878:Mormon fundamentalism
2868:Further information:
2863:
2822:Further information:
2722:Family Code of Russia
2518:, interpreted by the
2418:Further information:
2309:Further information:
2197:Further information:
2166:of polygynous leader
1917:has found that among
1840:Dudo of Saint-Quentin
1521:Emotions and feelings
1053:Cultural anthropology
1013:Feminist anthropology
805:Australian Aboriginal
375:Cause and explanation
243: 'woman, wife'.
146:and four of his wives
142:
40:
8974:Relationship anarchy
8867:Regions governed by
8543:(2008; welfare only)
8219:10.1093/icb/30.2.325
8126:10.3378/027.083.0106
7256:James Bowling Mozley
7239:George Bell and Sons
7206:, 10 December 1539,
6428:www.lawinfochina.com
6123:10.1787/888933163273
5921:Philosophical Topics
5712:"HIV/AIDS in Malawi"
5416:on 19 February 2017.
5383:. pp. 353–358.
5341:Taylor & Francis
4815:Scandinavian Studies
4301:Current Anthropology
4041:Goody, Jack (1976).
3467:In zoology the term
3189:, the father of the
2993:Polygamy in Thailand
2940:, British Columbia;
2785:Vladimir Zhirinovsky
2603:by Hong Kong writer
2454:secularist practices
2356:specify the language
2354:This section should
2199:Legality of polygamy
2022:pay off in terms of
2014:often cannot afford
1893:Fragile States Index
1830:Enslavement of women
1744:shifting cultivation
944:Bronisław Malinowski
9872:Royal intermarriage
9574:Mystery of Crowning
8983:History and culture
8850:Polygamy by country
8258:Polygamous marriage
8083:1980AmSci..68..146A
7502:on 14 December 2013
7279:, 13 January 1524,
6943:University of Chile
6768:on 12 February 2012
6747:, Pilegesh.org blog
6138:Médias et islamisme
6009:Reproductive Health
5841:: 1. Archived from
5285:2003Sci...299.1534A
4842:Annals of Neurology
4578:European Psychiatry
4513:Baber, Ray (1939).
3955:Pew Research Center
3630:the Ethiopian woman
3485:Anthidium maculosum
3475:Anthidium manicatum
3463:Polygyny in animals
3415:Jews have followed
3097:mias gunaikos andra
3049:'s writings to the
2832:people of southern
2775:President of Russia
2739:Chechen politician
2450:historically Muslim
2220:surrogate pregnancy
1675:Narcissistic parent
1049:Social anthropology
939:Claude Lévi-Strauss
722:Kinship terminology
545:Joking relationship
540:Posthumous marriage
331:Indian subcontinent
294:. In the region of
21:Polygyny in animals
9738:Marriage allowance
9368:Widow conservation
9145:Types of marriages
9057:Placement marriage
9042:Celestial marriage
8206:American Zoologist
8071:American Scientist
7589:. The World Bank.
7562:Think Africa Press
7062:2005-01-11 at the
7045:Harvard Law School
7024:2011-06-13 at the
7017:D. Michael Quinn,
6817:2007-09-30 at the
6519:2006-11-05 at the
5220:Hudson, Valerie M.
5113:University of Utah
5022:. 19 December 2017
4923:Ethnographic Atlas
4917:2012-11-18 at the
4265:Population Studies
3687:1 Corinthians 6:16
3634:Authorised Version
3584:Zephaniah Kingsley
3501:secondary polygyny
3488:. Insects such as
3232:
3171:Sub-Saharan Africa
3013:Polyandry in Tibet
2866:
2542:Qing/Ching dynasty
2028:biological fitness
1988:) provide monthly
1911:suicide terrorists
1880:female infanticide
1774:Desire for progeny
1740:Ethnographic Atlas
1493:marital separation
979:David M. Schneider
825:Polyandry in Tibet
296:sub-Saharan Africa
255:than in any other
197:Neoclassical Greek
148:
137:
10067:
10066:
9801:
9800:
9788:Mixed-orientation
9638:Widow inheritance
9317:Marriage in Islam
9307:Clerical marriage
9111:
9110:
9005:Polygyny in Islam
8990:Combined marriage
8939:Open relationship
8878:
8877:
8569:Equatorial Guinea
8508:
8507:
8153:Project MUSE
7850:978-0-446-54525-9
7794:978-0-674-03976-6
7760:978-0-8054-9935-3
7724:978-0-547-34558-1
7666:978-0-7614-7927-7
7604:978-0-8213-4678-5
7414:978-81-219-2403-0
7193:978-0-521-55640-8
7174:978-0-7007-0230-5
7099:Mexico News Daily
6622:on 25 March 2009.
6354:Asia Times Online
6155:978-2-35159-172-7
5901:. 15 August 2018.
5809:Emory Law Journal
5768:978-1-933633-86-2
5057:SAGE Publications
4995:Our World in Data
4896:978-3-319-78828-9
4848:(S2): S231–S243.
4732:978-90-04-17533-4
4430:Emory Law Journal
4411:, pp. 37–40.
4384:, pp. 47–48.
4285:93.4 (1998). Web.
4137:, pp. 40–41.
4110:, pp. 41–47.
4094:978-0-253-34517-2
3800:Deuteronomy 17:17
3596:Explanatory notes
3569:Polygyny in Islam
3490:red flour beetles
3417:Gershom ben Judah
3334:marriage contract
3216:Polygyny in Islam
3105:
2844:(1861–1883) when
2745:Talgat Tadzhuddin
2628:Kurmanbek Bakiyev
2504:Polygamy in India
2416:
2415:
2396:may also be used.
2322:polygamous unions
2181:resource polygyny
2164:life imprisonment
2048:life satisfaction
1994:lump-sum payments
1976:, anthropologist
1955:Islamic countries
1947:Valerie M. Hudson
1723:
1722:
1680:Power and control
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1272:Significant other
1252:Mixed-orientation
1112:
1087:
1086:
984:Marilyn Strathern
964:Stephen O. Murray
878:
877:
785:
784:
703:
702:
657:
656:
368:mitochondrial DNA
329:cultures. In the
10102:
10055:
10054:
10029:Mail-order bride
9606:
9605:
9476:Marriageable age
9290:Eastern Orthodox
9138:
9131:
9124:
9115:
9114:
9052:Spiritual wifery
8905:
8898:
8891:
8882:
8881:
8871:
8863:
8552:Recognized under
8544:
8536:
8528:
8272:
8271:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8228:
8227:
8223:
8221:
8196:
8167:
8095:
8094:
8066:
8060:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8027:Animal Behaviour
8021:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8010:
7996:
7987:
7986:
7980:
7978:
7967:
7961:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7917:
7911:
7905:
7899:
7893:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7838:
7828:
7822:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7690:. 15 August 2001
7680:
7674:
7670:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7470:
7464:
7459:Sahar El-Nadi, "
7457:
7451:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7398:
7392:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7290:
7284:
7273:
7267:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7235:Hazlitt, William
7217:
7211:
7201:
7195:
7182:
7176:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7119:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7090:
7084:
7073:
7067:
7054:
7048:
7041:
7035:
7015:
7009:
7002:
6996:
6987:
6981:
6973:
6967:
6957:J. Gordon Melton
6953:
6947:
6946:
6940:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6902:
6887:
6886:
6876:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6831:
6825:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6764:. Archived from
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6681:on 29 April 2009
6677:. Archived from
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6583:
6577:
6576:, EurasiaNet.org
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6545:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6499:. Archived from
6489:
6483:
6482:
6472:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6366:
6358:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6327:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6281:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6244:Voice of America
6236:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6217:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6114:
6105:
6104:
6092:(4/6): 331–348.
6081:
6075:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6034:
6024:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5918:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5800:
5791:
5790:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5731:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5682:
5673:(3): 1075–1101.
5658:
5647:
5646:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5583:
5570:
5569:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5477:
5466:
5465:
5429:
5418:
5417:
5412:. Archived from
5401:
5395:
5394:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5328:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5264:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5200:. March 15, 2008
5184:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5135:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5010:
4999:
4998:
4989:(13 June 2019).
4983:
4977:
4976:
4948:
4942:
4941:, 19 August 2008
4932:
4926:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4789:The Vintage News
4781:
4775:
4774:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:on 2 August 2019
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4550:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4353:
4347:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4268:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4235:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4160:
4151:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4078:
4072:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3933:
3932:
3898:
3889:
3878:
3871:
3865:
3853:
3837:
3824:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3728:
3722:
3720:1 Timothy 3:2–12
3717:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3669:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3626:
3620:
3606:
3497:primary polygyny
3321:
3285:
3261:
3149:
3128:
3108:Epistle to Titus
3100:
3098:
3075:
3056:
3005:Kingdom of Kandy
2824:Mapuche polygamy
2756:Chechen Republic
2674:Cazinska Krajina
2411:
2408:
2402:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2038:Effects on women
2032:J. B. S. Haldane
1848:Annals of Ulster
1715:
1708:
1701:
1266:
1265:
1123:
1122:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1079:
1072:
1065:
997:Related articles
969:Michelle Rosaldo
798:
797:
716:
715:
584:
583:
571:
429:
428:
418:
406:Anthropology of
394:
393:
366:Some studies of
240:
233:
223:
216:
204:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
79:
73:
67:
61:
51:
45:
10110:
10109:
10105:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10100:
10099:
10095:Heterosexuality
10070:
10069:
10068:
10063:
10043:
10012:
9992:
9929:
9876:
9824:
9797:
9749:
9709:
9663:
9601:
9595:
9552:
9504:Sister exchange
9490:
9464:
9256:
9196:Serial monogamy
9152:Legal scenarios
9147:
9142:
9112:
9107:
9071:
9009:
8978:
8912:
8909:
8879:
8874:
8866:
8861:
8816:
8717:Iraqi Kurdistan
8654:
8653:Other countries
8648:
8553:
8547:
8542:
8534:
8526:
8516:
8514:
8504:
8475:
8267:
8261:
8255:
8104:
8102:Further reading
8099:
8098:
8067:
8063:
8058:
8054:
8022:
8018:
8008:
8006:
7998:
7997:
7990:
7976:
7974:
7972:"Karaite Women"
7968:
7964:
7953:
7949:
7918:
7914:
7906:
7902:
7894:
7890:
7882:
7878:
7869:
7865:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7829:
7825:
7813:
7809:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7779:
7775:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7743:
7739:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7667:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7636:
7634:
7623:
7619:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7581:
7577:
7567:
7565:
7553:
7549:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7519:
7515:
7505:
7503:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7479:
7477:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7458:
7454:
7445:
7441:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7399:
7395:
7379:
7375:
7366:
7364:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7345:
7331:
7327:
7320:
7306:
7302:
7291:
7287:
7274:
7270:
7254:
7250:
7218:
7214:
7202:
7198:
7183:
7179:
7164:
7160:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7113:
7103:
7101:
7091:
7087:
7074:
7070:
7064:Wayback Machine
7055:
7051:
7042:
7038:
7026:Wayback Machine
7016:
7012:
7006:Utah Law Review
7003:
6999:
6988:
6984:
6974:
6970:
6954:
6950:
6938:
6930:
6926:
6916:
6914:
6903:
6890:
6877:
6870:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6819:Wayback Machine
6810:
6806:
6797:
6795:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6771:
6769:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6743:
6739:
6729:
6727:
6721:
6717:
6706:The Independent
6698:
6694:
6684:
6682:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6654:
6652:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6635:, Every Culture
6631:
6627:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6595:
6593:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6572:
6568:
6558:
6556:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6534:
6530:
6521:Wayback Machine
6512:
6508:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6402:
6398:
6388:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6360:
6359:
6345:
6341:
6296:
6292:
6279:
6277:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6251:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6194:
6187:
6178:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6134:
6130:
6116:
6115:
6108:
6082:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6052:
6048:
6001:
5997:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5960:
5956:
5916:
5910:
5906:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5873:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5848:
5846:
5831:
5827:
5818:
5816:
5801:
5794:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5769:
5749:
5745:
5708:
5704:
5659:
5650:
5619:
5615:
5584:
5573:
5562:
5558:
5513:
5509:
5478:
5469:
5430:
5421:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5368:
5364:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5262:
5253:
5249:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5133:
5124:
5120:
5105:
5101:
5078:
5074:
5039:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5012:
5011:
5002:
4987:Ritchie, Hannah
4984:
4980:
4959:(11): 618–624.
4949:
4945:
4933:
4929:
4919:Wayback Machine
4908:
4904:
4897:
4881:
4877:
4838:
4834:
4811:
4807:
4798:
4796:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4763:
4759:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4717:
4713:
4704:
4702:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4640:
4636:
4621:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4541:
4537:
4526:
4522:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4480:
4476:
4445:
4441:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4367:
4363:
4354:
4350:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4293:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4192:
4188:
4161:
4154:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4066:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4039:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4018:livescience.com
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3947:
3936:
3896:
3890:
3881:
3872:
3868:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3783:
3778:Numbers 10: 291
3776:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3681:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3660:Biblical verses
3657:
3656:
3647:
3643:
3627:
3623:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3579:Unicorn hunting
3509:
3465:
3459:
3400:
3390:
3322:
3314:
3286:
3278:
3262:
3254:
3218:
3212:
3179:
3142:Philip of Hesse
3076:
3073:
3054:
3035:
3029:
2975:
2970:
2890:plural marriage
2872:
2858:
2826:
2820:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2710:
2666:
2661:
2652:
2636:
2617:
2558:Zhang Zongchang
2534:
2528:
2501:
2422:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2373:transliteration
2369:
2365:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2277:
2271:
2261:relationships.
2258:
2228:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2176:
2107:
2090:
2040:
1888:
1866:
1860:
1832:
1819:
1800:Michèle Tertilt
1788:
1786:Economic burden
1776:
1734:Anthropologist
1719:
1690:
1689:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1625:Sexual activity
1588:
1580:
1579:
1523:
1513:
1512:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1372:
1358:Mutual monogamy
1239:
1218:
1120:
1105:
1101:
1083:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1003:Alliance theory
998:
990:
989:
988:
959:Lewis H. Morgan
954:Henrietta Moore
934:Eleanor Leacock
929:Louise Lamphere
924:Roger Lancaster
899:Tom Boellstorff
888:
887:Major theorists
880:
879:
856:
833:
795:
787:
786:
781:
774:Dravidian
713:
705:
704:
684:
569:Nurture kinship
559:
525:Cousin marriage
426:
382:
377:
356:(FLDS Church).
343:Catholic Church
319:classical China
249:
191:) is a form of
158:
154:
135:
82:
81:
77:
75:
71:
69:
65:
63:
59:
57:
49:
47:
43:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10108:
10098:
10097:
10092:
10090:Mating systems
10087:
10082:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10061:
10048:
10045:
10044:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10020:
10018:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10010:
10002:
10000:
9994:
9993:
9991:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9963:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9946:
9940:
9938:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9886:
9884:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9853:Middle Eastern
9845:
9834:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9822:
9817:
9811:
9809:
9803:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9769:
9768:
9757:
9755:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9725:
9719:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9708:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9671:
9669:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9659:
9658:
9657:
9645:
9635:
9634:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9612:
9610:
9603:
9600:Circumstantial
9597:
9596:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9586:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9560:
9558:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9529:
9528:
9521:
9511:
9506:
9500:
9498:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9470:
9466:
9465:
9463:
9462:
9455:
9454:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9429:
9422:
9415:
9408:
9401:
9394:
9387:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9349:
9348:
9336:
9335:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9309:
9304:
9303:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9286:
9285:
9270:
9264:
9262:
9258:
9257:
9255:
9254:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9237:
9236:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9199:
9198:
9188:
9183:
9182:
9181:
9176:
9166:
9161:
9155:
9153:
9149:
9148:
9141:
9140:
9133:
9126:
9118:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9079:
9077:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9023:
9021:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8986:
8984:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8929:Group marriage
8926:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8907:
8900:
8893:
8885:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8658:
8656:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8571:
8566:
8563:
8557:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8540:United Kingdom
8537:
8529:
8520:
8518:
8517:legally abroad
8510:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8483:
8481:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8429:
8426:
8421:
8418:
8413:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8372:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8278:
8276:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8254:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8212:(2): 325–340.
8197:
8179:(2): 190–208.
8168:
8103:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8077:(2): 146–153.
8061:
8052:
8016:
8004:dictionary.com
7988:
7962:
7947:
7934:10.2307/839776
7912:
7900:
7888:
7876:
7863:
7849:
7823:
7807:
7793:
7773:
7759:
7737:
7723:
7701:
7675:
7665:
7644:
7631:United Nations
7617:
7603:
7575:
7547:
7533:
7513:
7487:
7465:
7463:," OnIslam.net
7452:
7439:
7428:Ratno Lukito.
7420:
7413:
7393:
7373:
7350:
7343:
7325:
7318:
7300:
7285:
7268:
7248:
7223:, ed. (1904).
7212:
7196:
7177:
7158:
7149:Study Buddhism
7135:
7111:
7085:
7068:
7049:
7036:
7010:
7008:(1996) p. 369.
6997:
6982:
6968:
6948:
6945:. p. 133.
6924:
6911:La Información
6888:
6868:
6856:
6844:
6826:
6804:
6779:
6749:
6737:
6715:
6712:on 2006-01-17.
6692:
6662:
6637:
6625:
6603:
6578:
6566:
6555:. 8 April 2008
6540:
6528:
6506:
6484:
6458:
6433:
6415:
6396:
6374:
6339:
6310:(3): 338–358.
6290:
6261:
6231:
6185:
6160:
6154:
6128:
6106:
6076:
6067:
6046:
5995:
5977:
5954:
5927:(2): 109–122.
5904:
5886:
5867:
5855:
5825:
5792:
5774:
5767:
5743:
5702:
5648:
5635:10.2307/351742
5629:(1): 185–195.
5613:
5600:10.2307/351134
5594:(2): 397–404.
5571:
5556:
5507:
5467:
5440:(5): 594–602.
5419:
5396:
5390:978-0143122012
5389:
5371:Pinker, Steven
5362:
5314:
5247:
5211:
5179:
5118:
5099:
5072:
5033:
5000:
4991:"Gender Ratio"
4978:
4943:
4927:
4902:
4895:
4875:
4832:
4821:(2): 141–162.
4805:
4791:. 2018-10-22.
4776:
4757:
4738:
4731:
4711:
4682:
4668:. 2018-01-16.
4653:
4634:
4615:
4603:
4568:
4561:
4535:
4532:. p. 206.
4520:
4505:
4498:
4474:
4461:10.1086/262009
4455:(5): 942–943.
4439:
4413:
4401:
4386:
4374:
4361:
4357:Folia Primatol
4348:
4335:
4326:
4313:10.1086/203627
4307:(1): 189–194.
4287:
4269:
4252:
4219:
4206:(4): 824–849.
4186:
4175:(4): 871–887.
4152:
4139:
4127:
4112:
4100:
4093:
4073:
4060:
4048:
4030:
4004:
3992:
3974:
3960:
3934:
3913:10.1086/676531
3907:(4): 601–604.
3879:
3866:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3825:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3792:
3781:
3770:
3759:
3756:1 Kings 11:1–3
3748:
3745:1 Samuel 1:1–8
3737:
3723:
3712:
3709:Matthew 19:3–9
3701:
3690:
3679:
3676:Matthew 19:3–6
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3641:
3628:Translated as
3621:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3461:Main article:
3458:
3455:
3389:
3386:
3312:
3276:
3252:
3214:Main article:
3211:
3208:
3178:
3175:
3116:sola scriptura
3074:Matthew 19:3–9
3071:
3031:Main article:
3028:
3025:
3018:The Parabhava
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2857:
2854:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2804:United Kingdom
2802:
2796:
2793:
2741:Ramzan Kadyrov
2709:
2706:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2635:
2632:
2616:
2613:
2527:
2524:
2500:
2497:
2424:Many majority-
2414:
2413:
2392:. Knowledge's
2353:
2351:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2273:Main article:
2270:
2267:
2257:
2254:
2227:
2224:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2194:
2191:
2175:
2172:
2144:honor killings
2135:Marci Hamilton
2122:Thomas Aquinas
2106:
2103:
2089:
2086:
2054:, the fear of
2039:
2036:
2020:self-sacrifice
1939:homicide rates
1887:
1884:
1859:
1856:
1831:
1828:
1818:
1815:
1798:The economist
1787:
1784:
1775:
1772:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1439:Bachelor's Day
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1245:Group marriage
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1005:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
909:W. D. Hamilton
906:
901:
896:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
876:
875:
874:
873:
863:
862:
858:
857:
855:
854:
849:
843:
840:
839:
835:
834:
832:
831:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
783:
782:
780:
779:
771:
766:
761:
759:Eskimo (Inuit)
756:
751:
746:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
730:
729:
724:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
701:
700:
699:
698:
693:
688:
682:
677:
672:
664:
663:
659:
658:
655:
654:
653:
652:
650:Patrilineality
647:
645:Matrilineality
642:
637:
629:
628:
624:
623:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
580:
579:
575:
574:
573:
572:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
427:
425:Basic concepts
424:
423:
420:
419:
411:
410:
403:
402:
381:
378:
376:
373:
335:Ancient Greece
272:Central Africa
248:
245:
134:
133:
126:
115:
83:
76:
70:
64:
58:
48:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10107:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10060:
10059:
10050:
10049:
10046:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10021:
10019:
10015:
10009:
10008:
10007:Mariage blanc
10004:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9995:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9932:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9910:International
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9883:
9879:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9854:
9851:
9850:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9831:
9827:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9808:
9804:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9767:
9764:
9763:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9756:
9752:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9712:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9672:
9670:
9666:
9656:
9655:
9651:
9650:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9640:
9639:
9636:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9607:
9604:
9598:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9581:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9555:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9527:
9526:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9493:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9467:
9461:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9430:
9428:
9427:
9423:
9421:
9420:
9416:
9414:
9413:
9409:
9407:
9406:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9381:
9380:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9347:
9346:
9342:
9341:
9340:
9337:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9314:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9276:
9275:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9242:
9241:
9238:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9139:
9134:
9132:
9127:
9125:
9120:
9119:
9116:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9068:
9067:Polygamy czar
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9032:Current state
9030:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8981:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8934:Open marriage
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8915:
8906:
8901:
8899:
8894:
8892:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8859:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8819:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8797:United States
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8687:Côte d'Ivoire
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8651:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8578:
8575:
8573:Guinea-Bissau
8572:
8570:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8554:customary law
8550:
8541:
8538:
8533:
8530:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8513:Recognized if
8511:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8264:
8259:
8252:
8247:
8245:
8240:
8238:
8233:
8232:
8229:
8220:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8158:
8154:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8120:(1): 87–105.
8119:
8115:
8114:Human Biology
8111:
8106:
8105:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8065:
8056:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8020:
8005:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7985:
7973:
7966:
7960:
7956:
7951:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7916:
7909:
7904:
7897:
7892:
7886:
7880:
7873:
7867:
7852:
7846:
7842:
7837:
7836:
7827:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7796:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7777:
7762:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7741:
7726:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7705:
7689:
7685:
7679:
7673:
7668:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7648:
7632:
7628:
7621:
7606:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7587:
7579:
7564:
7563:
7558:
7551:
7536:
7534:9781134033706
7530:
7527:. Routledge.
7526:
7525:
7517:
7501:
7497:
7496:"ahlalhdeeth"
7491:
7475:
7469:
7462:
7456:
7449:
7443:
7436:. p. 81.
7435:
7431:
7424:
7416:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7397:
7391:
7390:0-89870-080-9
7387:
7383:
7377:
7362:
7361:
7354:
7346:
7344:9789996045097
7340:
7336:
7329:
7321:
7319:9780313384783
7315:
7311:
7304:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7265:Der Beichtrat
7262:
7261:
7257:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7222:
7216:
7209:
7205:
7200:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7162:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7139:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7100:
7096:
7089:
7083:, 2008-05-27.
7082:
7078:
7072:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7053:
7046:
7040:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7014:
7007:
7001:
6994:
6993:
6986:
6980:, 2001-01-02.
6979:
6978:
6972:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6944:
6937:
6936:
6928:
6912:
6908:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6884:
6883:
6875:
6873:
6865:
6860:
6853:
6848:
6841:. 2006-01-13.
6840:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6808:
6794:on 2011-11-01
6793:
6789:
6783:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6753:
6746:
6741:
6726:
6719:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6696:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6634:
6629:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6575:
6570:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6537:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6480:
6476:
6475:Asian Studies
6469:
6462:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6411:
6407:
6400:
6385:. 18 May 2021
6384:
6378:
6370:
6364:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6343:
6335:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6276:
6272:
6265:
6250:on 2009-05-07
6249:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6190:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6157:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6111:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6071:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5992:. 9 May 2018.
5991:
5987:
5981:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5865:, p. 47.
5864:
5859:
5845:on 2017-04-04
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5797:
5788:
5787:The Economist
5784:
5778:
5770:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5747:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5567:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5381:Penguin Group
5378:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5279:: 1534–1539.
5278:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5037:
5021:
5020:
5019:The Economist
5015:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4939:New Scientist
4936:
4931:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4906:
4898:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4772:
4771:The Telegraph
4768:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4715:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4613:, p. 44.
4612:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4562:9781557254337
4558:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4539:
4531:
4524:
4517:. p. 38.
4516:
4509:
4501:
4499:9780205048137
4495:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4405:
4399:, p. 37.
4398:
4393:
4391:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4365:
4358:
4352:
4345:
4339:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4243:on 2017-09-22
4239:
4232:
4231:
4223:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4149:
4146:Goody, Jack.
4143:
4136:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4109:
4104:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4070:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4044:
4037:
4035:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3989:. 2017-07-25.
3988:
3984:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3876:
3873:Clignet, R.,
3870:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3789:Numbers 12: 1
3785:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3731:Genesis 26:34
3727:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3638:Numbers 12: 1
3635:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3618:: Transcripts
3617:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:Yemenite Jews
3425:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3366:Central Asian
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3316:Surah An-Nisa
3311:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3280:Surah An-Nisa
3275:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3230:
3229:Azim Azimzade
3226:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3135:Martin Luther
3132:
3127:
3126:Der Beichtrat
3122:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:New Testament
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3043:New Testament
3040:
3039:Old Testament
3034:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:Colorado City
2915:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2856:North America
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:South America
2831:
2825:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2778:Boris Yeltsin
2776:
2772:
2771:Ruslan Aushev
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:Polygamy was
2546:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:, and former
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2420:Islam in Asia
2410:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2174:Premodern era
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:United States
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:kin selection
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:Steven Pinker
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:rates of rape
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:U.S. military
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1780:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1748:Ester Boserup
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Transgression
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:Unconditional
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:Singles event
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:Queerplatonic
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1214:Open marriage
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1103:Relationships
1099:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
949:Margaret Mead
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:Gilbert Herdt
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
884:
883:
872:
871:
867:
866:
865:
864:
860:
859:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
842:
841:
837:
836:
830:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
799:
791:
790:
778:
777:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
739:
738:
734:
733:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
709:
708:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
665:
661:
660:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Ambilineality
633:
632:
631:
630:
626:
625:
620:
617:
615:
614:House society
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
587:
586:
585:
582:
581:
577:
576:
570:
566:
562:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
510:Bride service
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:Consanguinity
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:
422:
421:
417:
413:
412:
409:
405:
404:
400:
396:
395:
392:
390:
386:
385:Ester Boserup
372:
369:
364:
362:
357:
355:
351:
350:North America
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
244:
242:
239:
232:
228:
225:
222:
215:
211:
208:
207:Ancient Greek
203:
198:
194:
188:
152:
145:
141:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
55:
39:
33:
29:
22:
10085:Anthropology
10056:
10024:Dishu system
10005:
9985:
9890:Human–animal
9862:Same-surname
9652:
9523:
9457:
9431:
9424:
9417:
9410:
9403:
9396:
9389:
9382:
9363:Self-uniting
9343:
9327:Nikah mut'ah
9228:Nikah mut'ah
8968:
8964:Polygynandry
8954:Polyfidelity
8845:Non-monogamy
8834:
8825:Legal status
8792:Turkmenistan
8634:South Africa
8629:Sierra Leone
8565:Burkina Faso
8424:Saudi Arabia
8209:
8205:
8176:
8172:
8117:
8113:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8055:
8030:
8026:
8019:
8007:. Retrieved
8003:
7982:
7975:. Retrieved
7965:
7958:
7950:
7928:(1): 79–89.
7925:
7921:
7915:
7910:, 5719-1959.
7907:
7903:
7891:
7884:
7879:
7871:
7866:
7854:. Retrieved
7834:
7826:
7810:
7798:. Retrieved
7783:
7776:
7764:. Retrieved
7750:
7740:
7728:. Retrieved
7714:
7704:
7694:13 September
7692:. Retrieved
7687:
7678:
7656:
7647:
7635:. Retrieved
7620:
7608:. Retrieved
7585:
7578:
7566:. Retrieved
7560:
7550:
7538:. Retrieved
7523:
7516:
7506:13 September
7504:. Retrieved
7500:the original
7490:
7480:13 September
7478:. Retrieved
7468:
7455:
7450:", IslamWeb.
7442:
7429:
7423:
7403:
7396:
7381:
7376:
7365:, retrieved
7359:
7353:
7334:
7328:
7309:
7303:
7294:
7288:
7277:Gregor Brück
7271:
7264:
7258:
7251:
7229:
7215:
7199:
7180:
7161:
7148:
7138:
7128:13 September
7126:. Retrieved
7104:11 September
7102:. Retrieved
7098:
7088:
7071:
7057:"The Primer"
7052:
7039:
7029:
7013:
7005:
7000:
6990:
6985:
6977:Dateline NBC
6975:
6971:
6963:
6960:
6951:
6934:
6927:
6915:. Retrieved
6913:(in Spanish)
6910:
6881:
6859:
6847:
6838:
6829:
6822:
6807:
6796:. Retrieved
6792:the original
6782:
6770:. Retrieved
6766:the original
6761:
6752:
6740:
6728:. Retrieved
6718:
6710:the original
6705:
6695:
6683:. Retrieved
6679:the original
6674:
6665:
6653:. Retrieved
6649:
6640:
6628:
6620:the original
6615:
6606:
6594:. Retrieved
6590:
6581:
6569:
6557:. Retrieved
6552:
6543:
6531:
6524:
6509:
6501:the original
6496:
6487:
6478:
6474:
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6445:
6436:
6427:
6418:
6409:
6399:
6387:. Retrieved
6377:
6352:
6342:
6307:
6303:
6293:
6285:
6278:. Retrieved
6274:
6264:
6252:. Retrieved
6248:the original
6243:
6234:
6205:
6201:
6177:. Retrieved
6175:. 2021-04-14
6172:
6163:
6137:
6131:
6101:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6070:
6061:The Guardian
6059:
6049:
6012:
6008:
5998:
5989:
5980:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5924:
5920:
5907:
5898:
5889:
5880:
5870:
5863:Boserup 1970
5858:
5847:. Retrieved
5843:the original
5838:
5828:
5817:. Retrieved
5812:
5808:
5786:
5777:
5753:
5746:
5719:
5715:
5705:
5670:
5666:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5591:
5587:
5565:
5559:
5527:(1): 47–62.
5524:
5520:
5510:
5488:(1): 21–29.
5485:
5481:
5437:
5433:
5414:the original
5409:
5399:
5379:. New York:
5375:
5365:
5336:
5330:
5317:
5272:
5266:
5256:Atran, Scott
5250:
5229:
5223:
5214:
5204:February 27,
5202:. Retrieved
5191:
5182:
5143:
5137:
5127:Pape, Robert
5121:
5102:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5052:
5046:
5036:
5024:. Retrieved
5017:
4994:
4981:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4910:
4905:
4885:
4878:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4797:. Retrieved
4788:
4779:
4770:
4760:
4751:
4741:
4721:
4714:
4703:. Retrieved
4699:the original
4694:
4685:
4674:. Retrieved
4665:
4656:
4648:Live Science
4647:
4637:
4629:ScienceAlert
4628:
4618:
4611:Boserup 1970
4606:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4546:
4538:
4529:
4523:
4514:
4508:
4484:
4477:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4433:
4429:
4416:
4409:Boserup 1970
4404:
4397:Boserup 1970
4382:Boserup 1970
4377:
4369:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4343:
4338:
4329:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4282:
4264:
4255:
4245:, retrieved
4238:the original
4229:
4222:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4172:
4168:
4147:
4142:
4135:Boserup 1970
4130:
4108:Boserup 1970
4103:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4063:
4056:Boserup 1970
4051:
4042:
4021:. Retrieved
4017:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3986:
3977:
3963:
3954:
3904:
3900:
3874:
3869:
3855:
3851:
3833:
3820:
3795:
3784:
3773:
3767:Exodus 2: 21
3762:
3751:
3740:
3726:
3715:
3704:
3698:Genesis 2:24
3693:
3682:
3672:Genesis 2:24
3667:
3644:
3629:
3624:
3615:
3610:Nestle-Aland
3608:The digital
3604:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3483:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3450:Karaite Jews
3448:
3432:Persian Jews
3421:
3409:
3407:many wives.
3401:
3370:
3343:
3324:
3308:
3291:
3288:
3272:
3269:which says:
3264:
3256:Surah Ar-Rum
3248:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3180:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3130:
3114:
3112:
3088:
3078:
3067:
3059:
3036:
3027:Christianity
3017:
2991:
2976:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2932:, Colorado;
2928:, Colorado;
2902:
2894:Joseph Smith
2876:
2873:
2827:
2813:The Americas
2807:
2798:
2782:
2768:
2749:
2738:
2711:
2687:
2667:
2653:
2637:
2620:
2618:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2579:
2562:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2535:
2515:
2502:
2492:
2488:側室 cèshì /측실
2487:
2485:
2481:
2466:
2462:Muslim World
2423:
2404:
2390:ISO 639 code
2386:}}
2380:{{
2376:}}
2370:{{
2366:}}
2360:{{
2355:
2331:
2315:
2314:
2299:
2290:
2278:
2269:South Africa
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2236:
2229:
2212:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2168:Warren Jeffs
2140:
2127:
2119:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2074:psychoticism
2070:somatization
2045:
2041:
2016:bride prices
2001:
1974:Tamil Tigers
1971:
1907:
1900:
1889:
1867:
1852:
1843:
1833:
1820:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1733:
1724:
1368:Polyfidelity
1353:Non-monogamy
1297:Life partner
1287:Cohabitation
1232:
1088:
1027:
1018:
868:
827: /
794:Case studies
775:
640:Unilineality
599:Matrilateral
592: /
567: /
563: /
555:Cohabitation
484:
460:Incest taboo
383:
365:
358:
347:
339:Roman Empire
337:, until the
317:society, in
312:
276:Burkina Faso
265:
250:
237:
234:
227:
220:
217:
210:
205:); from
201:
150:
149:
123:South Africa
9944:Concubinage
9915:Interracial
9905:Interethnic
9900:Inter-caste
9838:Consanguine
9766:Watta satta
9715:Convenience
9569:Handfasting
9358:Scientology
9332:Nikah 'urfi
9174:Nikah 'urfi
8655:and regions
8532:New Zealand
8445:South Sudan
8282:Afghanistan
8033:: 211–217.
7800:23 November
7766:23 November
7730:23 November
7637:February 3,
7610:10 December
7540:10 December
7367:14 November
6966::1023–1024.
6917:January 20,
6772:10 December
6762:ipsnews.net
6730:13 November
6685:10 December
6655:10 December
6616:Yemen Times
6596:10 December
6559:10 December
6514:"Hong Kong"
6497:www.iht.com
6451:10 December
6280:30 December
6254:18 November
6173:The Citizen
5343:: 127–147.
5150:: 343–361.
5059:: 402–431.
5026:22 December
4267:52:2 (1998)
4123:Little 1967
3519:Concubinage
3368:countries.
3195:Mahabharata
3093:Koinē Greek
3051:Corinthians
2920:, Arizona;
2916:, Utah and
2884:aspects of
2882:fundamental
2609:Wei Xiaobao
2407:August 2023
2301:infertile.
2111:bride price
1982:Palestinian
1980:found that
1978:Scott Atran
1915:Robert Pape
1897:West Africa
1593:Bride price
1451:Meet market
1382:Concubinage
1167:Grandparent
974:Gayle Rubin
712:Terminology
627:Linealities
505:Bride price
495:Concubinage
389:hoe-farming
361:bride price
300:Afghanistan
268:West Africa
261:slave trade
199:πολυγυνία (
96:Philippines
10074:Categories
9936:monogamous
9925:Morganatic
9920:Interfaith
9843:Avunculate
9815:Common-law
9733:Green card
9700:Tongyangxi
9616:Posthumous
9557:Ceremonial
9548:Tongyangxi
9405:Prajapatya
9208:Remarriage
9088:Compersion
8802:Uzbekistan
8772:Tajikistan
8727:Kyrgyzstan
8722:Kazakhstan
8609:Mozambique
8398:Mauritania
8350:The Gambia
8297:Bangladesh
8275:Nationwide
8260:by country
8164:1492604812
8150:A253224857
8009:22 October
8000:"Polygyny"
7977:7 February
7819:Chabad.org
7568:23 January
7474:"IslamWeb"
7241:. p.
7237:. London:
6798:2009-12-08
6446:douban.com
6225:10394/3641
6179:2021-07-28
5849:2017-04-03
5819:2019-11-24
5722:(2): 2–3.
5667:Demography
5165:1811/31746
4799:2019-08-02
4705:2019-08-02
4676:2019-07-22
4372:293: 55–57
4359:73: 63–69.
4247:2019-09-27
3650:1 Samuel 8
3392:See also:
3227:(1935) by
3009:concubines
2984:– it is a
2926:Westcliffe
2730:Ingushetia
2702:Novi Pazar
2640:Tajikistan
2634:Tajikistan
2615:Kyrgyzstan
2554:Kuomintang
2530:See also:
2477:Uzbekistan
2473:Azerbaijan
2469:Kazakhstan
2458:Soviet Law
2317:Mozambique
2305:Mozambique
2286:Jacob Zuma
2193:By country
2000:argues in
1862:See also:
1736:Jack Goody
1635:Repression
1620:Infidelity
1533:Attachment
1434:Engagement
1413:Activities
1307:Friendship
1282:Girlfriend
1260:Partner(s)
919:Don Kulick
904:Jack Goody
894:Diane Bell
820:Philippine
696:Patrilocal
680:Matrilocal
675:Matrifocal
619:Avunculate
609:Collateral
327:Polynesian
144:Rua Kenana
9981:Polyandry
9895:Hypergamy
9743:Predatory
9685:Hypergamy
9668:Financial
9584:Las Vegas
9564:Betrothal
9519:Abduction
9441:Ayyavazhi
9433:Paishacha
9412:Gandharva
9283:Josephite
9273:Christian
9261:Religious
9223:Hollywood
9218:Temporary
9169:Customary
9062:Lost boys
8949:Polyandry
8944:Polyamory
8840:Polyandry
8767:Sri Lanka
8737:Mauritius
8639:Swaziland
8524:Australia
8515:performed
8495:Palestine
8480:Statewide
8431:Singapore
8370:Indonesia
8363:Polyandry
8266:Performed
8193:144142056
7434:Routledge
7363:, Vatican
6675:wluml.org
6553:rferl.org
6086:Anthropos
6015:(1): 52.
5815:(6): 1675
5697:207472013
5357:154382700
5236:: 48–53.
5234:MIT Press
5193:USA Today
4598:141975947
4469:153376774
4321:143665535
4283:Anthropos
3921:224797897
3843:Citations
3554:Polyandry
3529:Cuckquean
3495:There is
3457:In nature
3413:Ashkenazi
3199:Dashratha
3139:Landgrave
3085:1 Timothy
3001:Sri Lanka
2982:sacrament
2938:Bountiful
2924:, Texas;
2886:Mormonism
2846:Araucanía
2679:Wahhabism
2622:Mutakalim
2605:Louis Cha
2572:Qing Code
2568:Hong Kong
2328:Australia
2154:. In the
2130:feminists
2105:Criticism
2008:West Bank
1963:martyrdom
1871:sex ratio
1615:Hypergamy
1587:Practices
1575:Sexuality
1548:Limerence
1508:Widowhood
1498:Annulment
1424:Courtship
1387:Courtesan
1363:Polyamory
1315:cross-sex
1277:Boyfriend
1228:Polyandry
861:Sexuality
776:(debated)
594:Bilateral
500:Polyandry
257:continent
247:Incidence
202:polugunía
130:Mauritius
108:Sri Lanka
104:Singapore
54:Indonesia
32:Polyamory
10080:Polygyny
10058:Category
9986:Polygyny
9976:Polygamy
9867:Homogamy
9830:Endogamy
9807:De facto
9793:Sororate
9783:Sologamy
9761:Exchange
9723:Lavender
9648:Levirate
9496:Arranged
9426:Rakshasa
9339:Levirate
9278:Catholic
9245:Putative
9240:Voidable
9233:Wedlease
9213:Same-sex
9203:Marriage
9191:Monogamy
9164:Covenant
9083:Polycule
8969:Polygyny
8959:Polygamy
8835:Polygyny
8830:Polygamy
8812:Malaysia
8777:Thailand
8747:Mongolia
8697:Ethiopia
8682:DR Congo
8644:Zimbabwe
8605:Malaysia
8561:Botswana
8449:Tanzania
8416:Pakistan
8393:Maldives
8358:Polygyny
8335:Djibouti
8310:Cameroon
8160:ProQuest
8142:11534896
8134:21453006
8091:29773726
8047:53157215
7688:BBC News
7281:De Wette
7221:Michelet
7208:De Wette
7153:Archived
7060:Archived
7022:Archived
6839:BBC News
6815:Archived
6591:iwpr.net
6517:Archived
6363:citation
6334:33518874
6098:40464835
6041:33648528
5990:BBC News
5949:53332349
5941:43154559
5738:27528929
5689:22661302
5551:22794315
5502:18952335
5462:11063695
5454:21573772
5373:(2011).
5309:12114032
5301:12624256
5275:(5612).
5258:(2003).
5242:40784561
5129:(2003).
4973:19683831
4915:Archived
4870:36410898
4827:40919117
4793:Archived
4752:NBC News
4670:Archived
4346:416: 496
3987:BBC News
3559:Polygamy
3539:Monogamy
3507:See also
3469:polygyny
3394:Pilegesh
3374:Malaysia
3326:Muhammad
3313:—
3277:—
3253:—
3250:reflect.
3191:Pandavas
3177:Hinduism
3072:—
2978:Buddhism
2973:Buddhism
2968:Religion
2922:Eldorado
2850:Santiago
2760:Chechnya
2734:Dagestan
2726:Chechnya
2576:Cap. 178
2550:de facto
2215:Abalulya
1990:stipends
1967:in-group
1886:Violence
1858:Findings
1804:monogamy
1685:Stalking
1665:Domestic
1558:Platonic
1543:Jealousy
1538:Intimacy
1528:Affinity
1392:Mistress
1377:Cicisbeo
1348:Monogamy
1329:Intimate
1311:romantic
1292:Same-sex
1233:Polygyny
1223:Polygamy
1187:marriage
1131:adoptive
838:Feminist
829:in India
769:Sudanese
764:Hawaiian
744:Iroquois
735:By group
686:Neolocal
670:Extended
590:Cognatic
535:Sororate
530:Levirate
490:Polygamy
485:Polygyny
480:Monogamy
465:Endogamy
455:Marriage
445:Affinity
399:a series
397:Part of
341:and the
193:polygamy
151:Polygyny
100:Malaysia
28:Polygamy
10039:Walking
9998:Sexless
9882:Exogamy
9820:Plaçage
9626:Germany
9579:Wedding
9543:Shotgun
9378:Vivaaha
9353:Natural
9312:Islamic
9179:Plaçage
9047:Sealing
8917:By type
8807:Vietnam
8782:Tunisia
8692:Eritrea
8672:Burundi
8624:Nigeria
8614:Namibia
8591:Liberia
8586:Lesotho
8582:Lebanon
8490:Nigeria
8435:Somalia
8428:Senegal
8408:Myanmar
8403:Morocco
8325:Comoros
8292:Bahrain
8287:Algeria
8268:legally
8079:Bibcode
7959:Haaretz
7747:"Aaron"
7047:, 2005.
6650:B92.net
6442:"毋以妾为妻"
6389:24 June
6325:7845931
6275:Reuters
6032:7923333
5899:Reuters
5881:FindLaw
5759:131–132
5729:3346002
5542:6998378
5281:Bibcode
5268:Science
5198:Gannett
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4862:7998792
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4023:1 March
3929:1848183
3808:Sources
3632:in the
3549:Plaçage
3524:Cuckold
3440:Bedouin
3424:Mizrahi
3388:Judaism
3378:Morocco
3358:Albania
3354:Tunisia
3330:Khadija
3294:divorce
3160:Baptism
3104:
3079:In the
2997:Myanmar
2986:secular
2942:Pringle
2934:Creston
2914:Hildale
2830:Mapuche
2690:Bosniak
2683:Balkans
2681:in the
2566:men in
2564:Chinese
2540:of the
2512:Muslims
2438:Tunisia
2434:Albania
2399:See why
2296:Somalia
2226:Nigeria
2148:stoning
2088:Disease
2065:suicide
1836:Vikings
1811:kinship
1756:savanna
1670:Elderly
1608:service
1570:Passion
1503:Divorce
1484:Breakup
1478:Endings
1466:Wedding
1456:Romance
1419:Bonding
1309: (
1202:Husband
1172:Sibling
1140:Kinship
1127:Genetic
1109:Outline
847:Chambri
815:Chinese
810:Burmese
691:Nuclear
578:Descent
561:Fictive
470:Exogamy
440:Lineage
408:kinship
323:African
292:Nigeria
119:Nigeria
112:Muslims
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9971:Bigamy
9966:Plural
9848:Cousin
9675:Boston
9654:Yibbum
9621:France
9525:Raptio
9514:Forced
9384:Brahma
9345:Yibbum
9322:Misyar
9300:Quaker
9295:Mormon
9268:Jewish
9027:Origin
8924:Bigamy
8869:Sharia
8787:Turkey
8762:Rwanda
8757:Russia
8742:Mexico
8712:Guinea
8702:France
8677:Canada
8662:Angola
8596:Malawi
8579:Jordan
8535:(1980)
8527:(2008)
8471:Zambia
8456:Uganda
8383:Kuwait
8354:India
8306:Brunei
8302:Bhutan
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8157:427995
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3734:28:6–9
3436:Israel
3404:Tanakh
3362:Kosovo
3350:Turkey
3346:Kuwait
3234:Under
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3069:flesh?
3041:. The
2962:Puebla
2930:Mancos
2795:Serbia
2764:Muftis
2732:, and
2708:Russia
2698:Serbia
2659:Europe
2597:novel
2442:Turkey
2430:sharia
2426:Muslim
2256:Malawi
2232:Sharia
2204:Africa
1823:libido
1817:Libido
1660:Dating
1446:Mating
1429:Dating
1343:Casual
1333:sexual
1197:Spouse
1177:Cousin
1160:mother
1155:father
1150:Parent
1145:Family
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9419:Asura
9398:Arsha
9391:Daiva
9373:Hindu
9186:Fleet
9159:Civil
9076:Terms
8707:Ghana
8667:Benin
8619:Niger
8500:Syria
8466:Yemen
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8388:Libya
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4465:S2CID
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3591:Notes
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3382:Sudan
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3267:Quran
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3243:Quran
3210:Islam
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7696:2011
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