British Army during the First World War

2706:

unjust, although another writes that some soldiers deplored the death penalty, while most thought it justified. Desertion normally meant an absence of 21 days or other evidence to indicate intent of not returning. Those executed were normally not boys – the average age was in the mid-twenties and 40 percent had been in serious trouble before. Thirty percent were regulars or reservists, 40 percent were Kitchener volunteers, 19 percent were Irish, Canadian or New Zealand volunteers, but only nine percent were conscripts, suggesting indulgence to the conscripts. Only executed men's records survive, so it is hard to comment on the reasons why men were reprieved. The policy of commuting 90 percent of death sentences may have been deliberate mercy in the application of military law designed for a small regular army recruited from the rougher elements of society. Only 7,361 of the 38,630 desertions were in the field. Most were away from the front line—14 of the executed deserters were arrested in the United Kingdom—and many deserters had never served in the front line.

2742:") was beginning to be recognised and was admissible in defence; it was classified as a war injury, although there were concerns that soldiers tried falsely to claim shell shock as a defence. One historian writes that "in no case was a soldier whom the medical staff certified as suffering from shell shock actually executed", that "there appear to have been very few cases where men who alleged shell shock, but whose claim was denied, were actually executed", and that the suggestions of modern campaigners that most of the executed men suffered from shell shock are "palpably untrue". However, another historian has pointed out that there was a great deal of chance in whether a soldier's claim of shell-shock would be taken seriously, and gives examples of soldiers being given cursory medical examinations or none; specific references to shell-shock are uncommon, and records usually refer to dizziness, "queer turns", bad nerves etc. Such trauma was still poorly understood at that time. 2624:

Meanwhile, the battalion transport officers would be taken to the headquarters of the division that they were relieving to observe the methods used for drawing rations and ammunition, and the manner in which they were supplied to the troops at the front. Detachments from the divisional artillery group would move forward and were attached to the artillery batteries of the division they were relieving. Five days later, the infantry battalions that were destined for the front line sent forward their specialists from the Lewis gun teams, and the grenade officer, the machine gun officer, the four company commanders, and some of the signallers to take over the trench stores and settle into the trench routine before the battalions moved in. Overnight, the battalions would move into the line, and the artillery would take over the guns that were already in position, leaving theirs behind to be taken over by the batteries that had been relieved.

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of the age limit for service on the Western Front from nineteen to eighteen-and-a-half, the average age of the dead was still in the mid-twenties. Alison Hine comments that although incompleteness of records makes it hard to say whether these dead men were a representative sample of the BEF as a whole, assertions that the late-war BEF consisted largely of conscripted "boys" should therefore be treated with caution. Furthermore, although there were certainly many cases of men being sent to regiments from parts of the country other than their own, many battalions were still filled with men from their traditional local areas, the same as earlier in the war. Caution therefore should be employed before accepting claims that there was a deliberate attempt to "destroy the Regiment … and nationalise the Army" (e.g. by Dunn in

2366:(MGC) was formed to provide heavy machine-gun teams after a proposal was made to the War Office for the formation of a single specialist machine-gun company for each infantry brigade—a goal to be achieved by withdrawing guns and gun teams from the battalions. Created in October 1915, the MGC consisted of infantry machine-gun companies, cavalry machine-gun squadrons and motor machine-gun batteries. In the trenches, the Corps' guns were deployed with an interlocking field of fire and proved to be a devastating defensive weapon against attacking infantry. They were also used in an indirect fire support role, in which they fired over the heads and from the flanks of the advancing infantry and behind the German trenches to stop reinforcements and supplies from getting to the front. 945: 1085:. The artillery also changed the composition of its batteries. At the start of the war, there were three batteries with six guns per brigade; they then moved to four batteries with four guns per brigade, and finally in 1917, to four batteries with six guns per brigade to economise on battery commanders. In this way, the army would change drastically over the course of the war, reacting to the various developments, from the mobile war fought in the opening weeks to the static trench warfare of 1916 and 1917. The cavalry of the BEF represented 9.28% of the army; by July 1918, it would only represent 1.65%. The infantry would decrease from 64.64% in 1914 to 51.25% of the army in 1918, while the Royal Engineers would increase from 5.91% to 11.24% in 1918. 705:, the Board of Ordnance was abolished and the Ordnance Military Corps absorbed into the British Army. Various previously-civilian departments of the Board, involved with stores, transport, barracks, and other areas of support, were also absorbed into the British Army and militarised. From the 1850s, the Militia was re-organised from a conscripted to a voluntary force, with some of its infantry regiments converting to other roles while new units were also raised from the outset as artillery or engineers. The Volunteer Force was also re-instated from 1859 as a force that was maintained on a part-time basis in peacetime, ready to be embodied upon the outbreak of hostilities. 3985: 1650: 2206:. In open warfare, visual signalling (employing signal flags and the heliograph) was the norm. A competent signaller could transmit 12 words a minute with signal flags (during daylight) and signal lights (at night). Signal lights, which were secured in a wooden case, employed a battery-operated Morse code key. These signalling techniques had certain disadvantages, however. In trench warfare, operators using these methods were forced to expose themselves to enemy fire; while messages sent to the rear by signal lights could not be seen by enemy forces, replies to such messages were readily spotted, and operators were, once again, exposed to enemy fire. 2879: 833: 2661:(FP) No.1 (in which the man was shackled to a fixed object, e.g. a large wheel) was awarded to 60,210 cases, equivalent to one man in 50 (although in practice there were many repeat offenders). FP No.1 could be very unpleasant depending on the weather, was abhorred by some as barbaric, and in some units was ritualised (e.g. by locking a man in a shed and throwing the handcuffs in with him); there were also cases of Australian troops releasing British troops whom they found tied up, although in other units it was regarded as a necessary sanction for serious offences. FP No.2 meant that a man was shackled but not fixed in place. 2677:

as the war went on. The officer who convened a court martial could not sit on it, and the most junior officer voted first (to lessen the chance of his deferring to a superior's opinion). However, the courts were explicitly intended to be "speedy" and were sometimes encouraged by higher authority to make an example of certain offences, and in practice the leniency of the court and the ability of the accused to defend himself varied widely. Some pleaded guilty or chose not to present a defence or call witnesses, and in most cases the offence was "so blatant that little defence could be put forward".

1230: 2956: 1897: 407: 2021: 2146:, a method of determining the location of hostile artillery from the sound of its guns firing. A Counter Battery Staff Officer (CBSO) was appointed at each corps to co-ordinate the counter battery effort, collating reports from sound ranging and Royal Flying Corps observers. By the end of the war, it was realised that the important effect of the barrage was to demoralise and suppress the enemy, rather than physical destruction; a short, intense bombardment immediately followed by an infantry assault was more effective than the weeks of grinding bombardment used in 1916. 1936:. The battalion would form 10 waves with 100 yd (91 m) between each, while each company formed two waves of two platoons. The first six waves were the fighting elements from three of the battalions' companies, the seventh contained the battalion headquarters; the remaining company formed the eighth and ninth waves, which were expected to carry equipment forward, the tenth wave contained the stretcher bearers and medics. The formation was expected to move forward at a rate of 100 yd (91 m) every two minutes, even though each man carried his rifle, 1408: 3840:. Although these raids were unsuccessful, they encouraged Turkish commanders to believe that the main British effort would be launched across the Jordan, when in fact it would be launched along the coastal plain. The EEF was greatly weakened at this time by the crisis in France, which led to the despatch of the 52nd and 74th Divisions to the Western Front, the breaking up of the Yeomanry Mounted Division, and the replacement of most of the British infantry in four of the remaining divisions with Indian troops. In September 1918, Allenby's forces won the decisive 2583: 1112: 1812:. In 1914, British rifle fire was so effective that there were some reports to the effect that the Germans believed they were facing huge numbers of machine guns. The Army concentrated on rifle practice, with days spent on the ranges dedicated to improving marksmanship and obtaining a rate of fire of 15 effective rounds a minute at 300 yd (270 m); one sergeant set a record of 38 rounds into a 12 in (300 mm) target set at 300 yd (270 m) in 30 seconds. In their 1914 skill-at-arms meeting, the 1st Battalion 2523: 4079:, successfully urged the Cabinet to make the rule self-perpetuating and hence it was in force unless specifically countermanded. There were cuts in defence spending as a result of this rule, falling from £766 million in 1919–1920, to £189 million in 1921–1922, and to £102 million in 1932. The British Army tried to learn the lessons of the First World War, and adopt them into its pre-war doctrine. In the 1920s, and much of the 1930s, the General Staff tried to establish a small, mechanised, professional army and formed the 4143:), but had dropped to 1.86 million at the war's end. Following the extension of the British line early in 1918, the BEF occupied 24.8% of the front in March, but after the deployment of U.S. troops this dropped to 17.3% in July and remained at 17.6% in November. The U.S. sector was 3.7% of the front in March, 11.7% in July and 20.9% in November. The French sector was 66.6% in March and July, but had dropped to 55.3% in November, freeing up French reserves for an offensive into Lorraine, which was cancelled because of the 3390: 42: 3669: 2229: 3493: 2095:. A creeping barrage could maintain the element of surprise, with guns opening fire only shortly before the assault troops moved off. It was useful when enemy positions had not been thoroughly reconnoitred, as it did not depend on identifying individual targets in advance. The idea behind the creeping barrage was that the infantry should reach the enemy positions before the defenders had time to recover, emerge from shelters, and man their positions. On the first day of the 2107:. A weakness of the creeping barrage was that the infantry was subordinated to the artillery schedule, while the infantry commanders had less control over the tactical situation and were therefore in danger of forgetting how to manoeuvre their troops around the battlefield. The importance of the barrage was such that traditional infantry tactics, including a reliance on the infantry's own firepower to support its movement forward, was sometimes forgotten. 4147:.(Boff 2012 pp. 40–422) Many of an Army's ration strength were labourers and logistical personnel, and just over half were combat troops (of whom a decreasing proportion were infantry as the war progressed). By the end of the war, the BEF "field strength", at 1.202m, still fractionally exceeded the U.S. (1.175m), but was still less than the French 1.554m (French field strength was down from a peak of over 2.2m in July 1916).(Watson 2008, p. 157) 3586: 3111: 2806:

sleeping in wet sheets or chewing cordite. It is hard to estimate the number of suicides as such men were generally listed as "Killed In Action". Middlebrook commented that it is hard to generalise about the state of British morale, as it varied a great deal between units, with former regular and territorial units probably retaining a core of motivated men. Whereas other armies had problems with discipline, apart from the

1299: 1789:, there was a greater emphasis on advancing in extended order, the use of available cover, the use of artillery to support the attack, flank and converging attacks and fire and movement. The Army expected units to advance as far as possible in a firing line without opening fire, both to conceal their positions and conserve ammunition, then to attack in successive waves, closing with the enemy decisively. 1774:, and the Army itself recognising the need for change and training. Training began with individual training in winter, followed by squadron, company or battery training in spring; regimental, battalion and brigade training in summer; and division or inter-divisional exercises and army manoeuvres in late summer and autumn. The common doctrine of headquarters at all levels was outlined in the 3288: 1245:. These were men who had lived and worked together, and who as an incentive to recruitment were allowed to train together and serve in the same units. The policy ensured that, when the Pals battalions suffered casualties, whole communities back in Britain were to suffer disproportionate losses. With the introduction of conscription in January 1916, no further Pals battalions were raised. 2354:, dugouts as well as offensive or defensive mining. At the end of the war, Engineers were directly responsible for maintaining buildings and designing the infantry front-line fortifications and artillery positions, the telephones, wireless and other signalling equipment, railways, roads, water supply, bridges and transport. They also operated the railways and inland waterways. 2083:, with the use of observers, more sophisticated artillery fire plans, and an increasingly scientific approach to gunnery, where artillerymen had to use increasingly complicated calculations to lay the guns. Individual guns were aimed so that their fall of shot was coordinated with others to form a pattern; in the case of a barrage, the pattern was a line. 2802:, and with neither victory nor an end to the war in sight, there was some evidence of morale problems in the BEF. By the end of 1917 the Cabinet Committee on Manpower were hearing about an alarming rise in drunkenness, desertions and psychological disorders, and reports of soldiers' returning from the front grumbling about "the waste of life" at Ypres. 2288:. Given its potential for the 'devastation of enemy lands and the destruction of industrial targets and centres of population on a vast scale'. He recommended a new air service be formed that would be on a level with the Army and Royal Navy. The formation of the new service, however, would make use of the under-utilised men and machines of the 1332:. French had remarked in 1912 that Haig would be better suited to a position on the staff than a field command. Like French, Haig was a cavalryman. His last active command had been during the Second Boer War, first as a senior staff officer in the cavalry division, then commanding a brigade-sized group of columns. The first commander of the 709:

funding of those in the British Isles was taken over in the 1870s by the War Office. As any military unit, whether moveable or local-service, however it was organised and administered, that received War Office funds was designated part of the British Army, this made the reserve forces in the British Isles (as well as reserve units in the

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would assign daily chores, before the men attended to the cleaning of rifles and equipment, filling sandbags, repairing trenches or digging latrines. Once the daily tasks had been completed the men who were off-duty would find a place to sleep. Due to the constant bombardments and the sheer effort of trying to stay alive,

736:, which ceased to be voluntary (i.e., it continued to be voluntarily recruited, but recruits engaged for a period of service as with the Regular Army and militia, and could no longer resign during peacetime with fourteen days notice). At the same time, the Militia (in the British Isles) was re-organised as the 2697:

Of the 3,080 men sentenced to death, 346 men were actually executed, the vast majority (266) for desertion, the next largest reasons for execution being murder (37 — these men would probably have been hanged under civilian law at the time) and cowardice (18). Convictions for mutiny were rare—only one

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Of the 252 officers tried, 76 per cent were found guilty, the most common offence (52 per cent of cases) being drunkenness. Although three officers were executed, an officer was most likely to receive a severe reprimand (60 per cent of cases – a severe blow to his career) or be cashiered (30 per

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The accused was entitled to object to the composition of the panel (e.g. if one of the officers was connected with the case or had a poor relationship with the accused) and to present his case, defended by an officer (a "Prisoner's Friend") if he chose, although "Prisoners Friends" became more common

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Daily routine of life in the trenches began with the morning 'stand-to'. An hour before dawn everyone was roused and ordered to man their positions to guard against a dawn raid by the Germans. With stand-to over, it was time for the men to have breakfast and perform ablutions. Once complete, the NCOs

2386:

Originally formed in Companies of the Heavy Branch MGC, designated A, B, C and D; each company of four sections had six tanks, three male and three female versions (artillery or machine guns), with one tank held as a company reserve. In November 1916, each company was reformed as a battalion of three

2011:

of each company would be out in front, with the remainder of the company following behind and each tank providing protection for an infantry platoon, who were instructed to advance, making use of available cover and supported by machine gun fire. When the tanks came across an enemy strong point, they

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on 24 August 1916. This company had 10 Vickers guns; it was ordered to give sustained covering fire for 12 hours onto a selected area 2,000 yd (1,800 m) away, to prevent German troops forming up there for a counterattack while a British attack was in progress. Two companies of infantry were

1686:

In September 1914, Lord Kitchener announced that he was looking for volunteers and regular NCOs to provide officers for the expanding army. Most of the volunteers came from the middle class, with the largest group from commercial and clerical occupations (27%), followed by teachers and students (18%)

1682:

education was almost essential. In 1913, about 2% of regular officers had been promoted from the ranks. The officer corps, during the war, consisted of regular officers from the peacetime army, officers who had been granted permanent commissions during the war, officers who had been granted temporary

708:

From the 1870s, the Yeomanry, Militia, and Volunteer Force regiments and corps mostly lost their unique identities, becoming numbered battalions or companies within regiments that included regular and reserve force units. Although the separate reserve forces continued to exist, the administration and

2773:

New medals were instituted: the Military Cross was created in December 1914 for warrant officers and officers up to captain, the Military Medal for other ranks in March 1916 (although it did not carry a cash bounty like the Distinguished Conduct Medal). The Order of the British Empire was instituted

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At the front, soldiers were in constant danger from artillery shells, mortar bombs and bullets and as the war progressed they also faced aerial attack. Some sectors of the front saw little activity throughout the war, making life comparatively easy. Other sectors were in a perpetual state of violent

1666:

In August 1914, there were 28,060 officers in the British Army, of which 12,738 were regular officers, the rest were in the reserves. The number of officers in the army had increased to 164,255 by November 1918. These were survivors among the 247,061 officers who had been granted a commission during

871:

and the Rifle Brigade (despite its name, this was an infantry regiment), 31 cavalry regiments, artillery and other support arms. Most of the line infantry regiments had two regular battalions, one of which served at home and provided drafts and replacements to the other which was stationed overseas,

4138:

By November 1918, the U.S. Army, with ration strength of 2 million men, exceeded the BEF both in size and percentage of the front occupied.(Stevenson 2011 pp. 245, 249, 269) BEF ration strength peaked at 1.9 million at the start of September 1918 (after the redeployment of troops from Palestine and

4128:

This name, the "Race to the Sea," which has stuck, nonetheless is actually something of a misnomer; because it was not so much a race to the sea as a succession of attempts to turn the flank of the other side, until ultimately, without a decision the front simply reached the English Channel and the

2602:

Each side's front line was constantly under observation by snipers and lookouts during daylight; movement was therefore restricted until after the dusk stand-to and night had fallen. Under the cover of darkness, troops attended to vital maintenance and resupply, with rations and water being brought

2548:

were cut into the walls, these gave shelter from the elements and shrapnel, although in the British Army dugouts were usually reserved for the officers and senior NCOs. The men were then expected to sleep wherever they could and in wet weather they lived under groundsheets or in tents at the bottom

2530:

By the end of 1914, the war on the Western Front had reached stalemate and the trench lines extended from the Belgian coast to the Swiss frontier. By September 1915, the length of the British front line stretched some 70 mi (110 km). Soldiers were in the front or reserve line trenches for

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was a barrage that lifted in small increments, perhaps 50 yd (46 m), so that it moved forward slowly, keeping pace with the infantry, who were trained to follow close behind the moving wall of their own fire, often as close as 55 yd (50 m); infantry commanders were encouraged to

1973:

was accepted, with the lead platoon taking an objective and the following platoons passing through them and onto the next objective, while the Lewis gunners provided fire support. Grenades were used for clearing trenches and dugouts, each battalion carried forward two trench mortars to provide fire

1964:

formed the first wave and followed the creeping barrage into the German front line to hunt out points of resistance. The second or main wave followed in platoons or sections in single file. The third was formed from small groups of reinforcements, the fourth wave was expected to defend the captured

1792:

The cavalry practised reconnaissance and fighting dismounted more regularly, and in January 1910, the decision was made at the General Staff Conference that dismounted cavalry should be taught infantry tactics in attack and defence. They were the only cavalry from a major European power trained for

1266:

Analysis of death records from the Hundred Days (August - November 1918) suggests that around 60% of those who died were conscripts (many of the men "combed out" from rear echelon jobs and posted to the front lines in 1917-18 had volunteered earlier in the war), and that despite the recent lowering

5382:

The Stokes mortar.. an order for 1000 was made by France from Great Britain in July 1917 . It made its combat debut when 96 were used during the attack of La Malmaison by the 21st and 11th Army Corps (October 1917). They were then modified by France and designated "modèle 1918". This and the 75 mm

2805:

Martin Middlebrook wrote that whereas officers who cracked up under the strain were often quietly reposted to duties away from the front line, this outlet was seldom available to "other ranks". By the end of 1917 there was a noticeable rise in self-inflicted wounds and men making themselves ill by

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Eighty-nine per cent of courts martial returned a guilty verdict, the vast majority of cases being for offences such as Absence Without Leave (the most common offence), drunkenness and insubordination. Terms of imprisonment were often suspended, to discourage soldiers from committing an offence to

1982:

The tank was designed to break the deadlock of trench warfare. In their first use on the Somme, they were placed under command of the infantry and ordered to attack their given targets in groups or pairs. They were also assigned small groups of troops, who served as an escort while providing close

1968:

Each platoon now had a Lewis gun section and a section that specialised in throwing hand-grenades (then known as bombs), each section was compelled to provide two scouts to carry out reconnaissance duties. Each platoon was expected to provide mutual fire support in the attack they were to advance,

1263:). Conscription was extended to married men in May 1916. By January 1916, when conscription was introduced, 2.6 million men had volunteered for service, a further 2.3 million were conscripted before the end of the war; by the end of 1918, the army had reached its peak strength of four million men. 685:

of the colony). The Militia was originally composed of locally funded, local-service infantry regiments. The Yeomanry was made up of cavalry regiments. The Volunteer Force was primarily made-up of infantry regiments, originally raised only for the duration of hostilities. These reserve forces were

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Concert parties (including drag acts – good drag queens were in great demand), trips to the seaside and football matches were organised to keep men entertained. There were various unofficial publications, including the "Wipers Times". Overt patriotism was rare, and politicians such as (Prime

2672:

Men who committed serious offences were tried by Field General Court Martial, sometimes resulting in execution. Despite "assertions" that these were "kangaroo courts", the release of records in 1990–1994 showed that they in fact had strict rules of procedure and a duty to uncover the facts.

2641:

of 1688 the Crown has not been permitted a standing army in the United Kingdom – it derived its existence from the Army Act, passed by Parliament each year. Most disciplinary regulations in the First World War derived from the 1881 Army Act, although some offences were more severely dealt with on

2316:

On 1 August 1914, the Royal Engineers consisted of 25,000 officers and men in the regular army and reserves; by the same date in 1917, it had grown to a total of 250,000. In 1914, when the BEF arrived in France, there were two Engineer field companies attached to each infantry division, which was

2264:

replaced Henderson. The British use of air power evolved during the war, from a reconnaissance force to a fighting force that attempted to gain command of the air above the trenches and carry out bombing raids on targets behind the line. The early aircraft of the RFC were inferior to their German

1729:

The war also provided opportunities for advancement onto the General Staff, especially in the early days, when many former senior officers were recalled from retirement. Some of these were found wanting, due to their advanced age, their unwillingness to serve, or a lack of competence and fitness;

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organised into two brigades and two machine guns for each regiment. When dismounted, the cavalry division was the equivalent of two weakened infantry brigades with less artillery than the infantry division. By 1916, there were five cavalry divisions, each of three brigades, serving in France, the

2764:

There were occasional examples of men making unwanted homosexual advances, homosexuality being then criminal under both military and civil law, to escape the front lines, but prosecutions for this crime were rare, and there is also evidence of men turning a blind eye to homosexual relationships.

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A death sentence had to be passed unanimously, and confirmed in writing by various officers as the verdict passed up the chain of command. A man's battalion and brigade commander tended to comment on his own record, but senior generals tended to be more concerned with the type of offence and the

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in the winter months and heat exhaustion in the summer. The men were frequently wet and extremely muddy, or dry and exceedingly dusty. Food could not usually be cooked in the front line trenches as any smoke would draw enemy fire, hot food had to be carried along communication trenches in clumsy

2382:

in 1916. Tanks were used for the first time in action in the battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916. The intention being that they would crush the barbed wire for the infantry, then cross the trenches and exploit any breakthrough behind the German lines. In November 1916, they were renamed the

2209:

During the war, the Army also trained animals for use in the trenches. Dogs carried messages; horses, mules and dogs were used to lay telephone and telegraph cables. Carrier pigeons, who transported messages back from the front line, were also carried in tanks so that they could deliver messages

1994:

adopted new tactics. Three tanks working together would advance in a triangle formation, with the two rear tanks providing cover for an infantry platoon. The tanks were to create gaps in the barbed wire for the accompanying infantry to pass through, then use their armament to suppress the German

1746:

for Indian Army officers in 1904. Nonetheless, when war broke out in August 1914, there were barely enough graduates to staff the BEF. Four-month-long staff courses were introduced, and filled with regimental officers who, upon completing their training, were posted to various headquarters. As a

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and the Second Boer War. After the Second Boer War, he was responsible for a number of reforms, notably forcing an increase in dismounted training for the cavalry. This was met with hostility by French (as a cavalryman). By 1914, French's dislike for Smith-Dorrien was well known within the army.

2650:

Lesser offences were dealt with by commanding officers. For petty offences, a company commander could have men fined or confined to barracks for fatigue duty A battalion Commanding Officer could give detention, order up to 28 days Field Punishment, or demote corporals to the ranks (officers and

2194:

key, so that it could be used to send and receive coded messages. This facility proved useful when, in the midst of bombardment, exploding shells drowned out voice communication. The telephones were connected by lines that sustained continual damage as a result of shell fire and the movement of

1861:

buckets—to keep the guns cool. In that 12-hour period, the 10 guns fired just short of one million rounds between them. One team is reported to have fired 120,000. At the close of the operation, it is alleged that every gun was working perfectly and that not one had broken down during the whole

1709:

Along with rapid promotion, the war also noticeably lowered the age of battalion commanding officers. In 1914, they were aged over 50, while the average age for a battalion commanding officer in the BEF between 1917 and 1918 was 28. By this stage, it was official policy that men over 35 were no

2705:

It was felt at the time that an example needed to be made of men who deserted. Frontline soldiers sometimes felt that those who left their mates "in the lurch" by deserting "deserved to be shot". One historian writes that there is "virtually no evidence" that soldiers thought the death penalty

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capacity that enabled a trained rifleman to fire 20–30 aimed rounds a minute. First World War accounts tell of British troops repelling German attackers, who subsequently reported that they had encountered machine guns, when in fact, it was simply a group of trained riflemen armed with SMLEs.

1199:. By the end of August 1914, he had raised six new divisions; by March 1915, the number of divisions had increased to 29. The Territorial Force was also expanded, raising second and third battalions and forming eight new divisions, which supplemented its peacetime strength of 14 divisions. The 2745:

There were enquiries in 1919, 1922, 1925 and 1938, which examined documents now lost and witnesses now dead. The books "For the Sake of Example" (1983) by Babington and "Shot at Dawn" (1989) by Sykes & Putkowski were openly intended to start a campaign for pardons, though it was initially

2623:

A set procedure was used by a division that was moving into the front line. Once they had been informed that they were moving forward, the brigadiers and battalion commanders would be taken to the forward areas to reconnoiter the sections of the front that were to be occupied by their troops.

2410:

were backed up by a further 120 tanks designed to carry forward supplies for the armour and infantry. By the end of the first day of the attack, they had penetrated the German line by 6–8 mi (9.7–12.9 km), 16,000 prisoners were taken. In September 1918, the British Army was the most

2757:

There were over 13,000 Royal Military Police ("redcaps"). They were unpopular, at a time when the police were often unpopular with young men from big cities. Besides policing, a large part of their job was maintaining discipline on the march and keeping roads running smoothly, and collecting

2725:

British discipline of the First World War was not especially severe compared to most other armies of the time (e.g. the Russians and Italians). The French admitted to only 133 executions and the Germans 48, but these figures may not be reliable as both armies had problems with discipline.

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was adopted for land and aircraft use in October 1915. The Lewis gun had the advantage of being about 80% faster to build than the Vickers, and far more portable. By the end of the First World War, over 50,000 Lewis Guns had been produced; they were nearly ubiquitous on the Western Front,

920:

had another 64,000 men and was a form of part-time soldiering, similar to the Territorial Force. A Special Reservist had an initial six months full-time training and was paid the same as a regular soldier during this period; they had three or four weeks training per year thereafter. The

3564:. Control of these hills would have united the Anzac and Suvla fronts, but neither battle achieved success. When fighting at Hill 60 ceased on 29 August, the battle for the Sari Bair heights, and indeed, the battle for the peninsula, was effectively over; by January 1916, the 2871:. British casualties in the fighting between 14 October and 30 November were 58,155 (7,960 dead, 29,562 wounded and 17,873 missing). It is often said that the pre-war professional army died at the First Battle of Ypres. The British Army had arrived in France with some 84,000 1857:

allocated as ammunition, rations and water carriers for the gunners. Two men worked a belt–filling machine non–stop for 12 hours, keeping up a supply of 250-round belts. They used 100 new barrels and all of the water—including the men's drinking water and the contents of the

925:

had some 215,000 men, who were on a register that was maintained by Territorial Force County Associations; these men had military experience, but no other reserve obligation, and only some 60,000 were classified as willing or able to serve an active role at home or abroad.

2044:

used the 18-pounder gun. By 1918, the situation had changed; the artillery were the dominant force on the battlefield. Between 1914 and 1918, the Royal Field Artillery had increased from 45 field brigades to 173 field brigades, while the heavy and siege artillery of the

1821:, so that soldiers would be able to act on their own initiative. In the last exercise before the war, it was noted that the "infantry made wonderful use of ground, advances in short rushes and always at the double and almost invariably fires from a prone position". 1683:

commissions for the duration of the war, territorial army officers commissioned during peacetime, officers commissioned from the ranks of the pre-war regular and territorial army and temporary officers commissioned from the ranks for the duration of the war alone.

3070:. When the battle officially ended on 16 May, British troops had made significant advances, but had been unable to achieve a major breakthrough at any point. Having failed to deliver a breakthrough, Haig now embarked on his favoured plan to launch an offensive in 2721:

Australians made up seven percent of the British Expeditionary Force but 25 percent of deserters, while an Australian was nine times more likely to be imprisoned than a British soldier. Haig asked for permission to shoot Australians, but their government refused.

2534:

There were three trenches in a typical front line sector; the fire trench, the support trench and the reserve trench, all joined by communication trenches. The trenches varied in depth, but they were usually about four or five feet deep, or in areas with a high

2702:. Of the men shot, 91 were already under a previous suspended sentence, and nine under two sentences. Of the 91, 40 were already under a suspended death sentence, 38 of them for desertion, and one man had already been "sentenced to death" twice for desertion. 2673:

Unlike a General Court Martial in peacetime, there was no legally qualified Judge-Advocate to advise the court, but from the start of 1916 a "Court Martial Officer" – usually an officer with legal experience in civilian life – was often present to do so.

1691:(OTC). Most applied for and were granted commissions, while others who did not apply were also commissioned. Direct commissioning largely ceased early in 1916, from then most new officers had served in the ranks first, even if in a unit of potential officers. 1816:

recorded 184 marksmen, 263 first-class shots, 89-second-class shots and four third-class shots, at ranges from 300–600 yd (270–550 m). The infantry also practised squad and section attacks and fire from cover, often without orders from officers or

4052:. Those not involved in fighting or occupation duties were demobilised. The demobilisation of 4,000,000 men that followed the end of the war had, within a year, reduced the British Army to 800,000 men; by November 1920, two years after the signing of the 2426:(ASC) operated the transport system to deliver men, ammunition and matériel to the front. From 12,000 men at the start of the war, the Corps increased in size to over 300,000 by November 1918. In addition they had under command Indian, Egyptian, Chinese ( 3163:

and here too the BEF fell back. Field Marshal Haig issued his famous Order of the Day, "With our backs to the wall and believing in the justice of our cause, each one of us must fight on to the end." A third major German offensive, falling mainly on the

1959:

By 1918, experience had led to a change in tactics; the infantry no longer advanced in rigid lines, but formed a series of flexible waves. They would move covertly, under the cover of darkness, and occupy shell holes or other cover near the German line.

3942:, under the command of British Indian Army officer Major General Alexander Wallace. A series of sharp battles against the Arabs ensued at Um Rakhum, Gebel Medwa, and Halazin during December and January. The Western Desert Force, now under Major General 3086:

troops during the war, with the battlefield reduced to a quagmire. It was not until 6 November that Passchendaele ridge was captured, by which time the BEF had sustained around 310,000 casualties. The year of 1917, for the British Army, ended with the

1888:—a British invention—was seen as the solution to the stalemate of trench warfare. The Mark I had a range of 23 mi (37 km) without refuelling, and a speed of 3 mph (4.8 km/h); it first saw service on the Somme in September 1916. 1567:, but his command was destroyed while attacking a larger Boer force in 1901. When he joined the BEF, he was in command of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade, and was promoted from a brigade to a corps command in less than a year. He was given command of the 3625:

from 7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916, when the entire garrison of 13,000 British and Indian troops surrendered. The British reorganised and raised the number of available troops to 250,000. The British eventually regained momentum upon General

533:

The war also posed problems for the army commanders, given that, prior to 1914, the largest formation any serving General in the BEF had commanded on operations was a division. The expansion of the British Army saw some officers promoted from

1399:

in 1915. He had commanded a mounted infantry detachment in the Second Boer war, where he started to build his reputation. He held command of the Ypres salient for three years and gained an overwhelming victory over the German Army at the

2539:

a wall of sandbags would be built to allow the defenders to stand upright, fire trenches were provided with a fire step, so the occupants could return fire during an attack (see diagram). Ideally, the bottom of the trench was lined with

1747:

result, staff work was again poor, until training and experience slowly remedied the situation. In 1918, staff officers who had been trained exclusively for static trench warfare were forced to adapt to the demands of semi-open warfare.

686:

for local (home defence) service, and their personnel could not be compelled to serve overseas. They were also separate forces, auxiliary to the British Army and Ordnance Military Corps. After the 1859 organisation of the British Army's

2170:

communications, from army headquarters to brigade and down to battery level for the artillery. For most of the war, the Army's primary methods of communication were signal dispatch (employing runners, messengers on horseback, dogs, and

4119:, he passed two young soldiers who had been too terrified to attack. Two Royal Military Police with revolvers let him pass when he showed his wound, but behind him he heard two shots and was "sure" that the RMP had executed the youths. 908:. In August 1914, there were three forms of reserves. The Army Reserve comprised soldiers who had completed their colour service, and had joined the reserve upon returning to civilian life; it was 145,347 strong. They were paid 3 892:

had four regular battalions, two of which served overseas. Almost half of the regular army (74 of the 157 infantry battalions and 12 of the 31 cavalry regiments), was stationed overseas in garrisons throughout the British Empire. The

3326:

With the objective of destroying the Bulgarian Army, the French and British launched a new offensive in April 1917, without any significant success. A stalemate ensued without any movement by either side; the front became known as

3988:

Grave of Second Lieutenant Philip Gillespie Bainbrigge of the 5th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers, attached to the 16th (Service) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, killed in action on 18 September 1918, amongst other graves near

2746:

rejected. In 2006 all men were given pardons and recognised as victims of the First World War. However, their sentences were not overturned as it was impossible after this length of time to re-examine the evidence in every case.

2758:

stragglers from a battle. During the March 1918 retreat 25,000 stragglers were rounded up and sent back to fighting units. Royal Military Police also fought on occasion if headquarters areas were threatened by an enemy advance.

1028:

The single cavalry division assigned to the BEF in 1914 consisted of 15 cavalry regiments in five brigades. They were armed with rifles, unlike their French and German counterparts, who were only armed with the shorter range

3469:

The casualty rate amongst British and Empire troops, excluding the Africans, was 6,000 dead and 3,000 wounded. More troops died from diseases than from enemy action, and illness accounted for 70% of the total casualties.

565:

The men at the front had to struggle with supply problems–there was a shortage of food; and disease was rife in the damp, rat-infested conditions. Along with enemy action, many soldiers had to contend with new diseases:

1579:. In May 1916, he was appointed commander of the Fifth Army, which suffered heavy losses at the battle of Passchendaele. The collapse of the Fifth Army was widely viewed as the reason for the German breakthrough in the 3311:, arrived in Salonika in October 1916, too late to prevent the Serbian Army from retreating into Albania and Greece. French, British and Russian troops arrived in Salonika between 1916 and 1917 and became known as the 2713:

Of 393 men sentenced to death for falling asleep on sentry duty in all theatres in the First World War, only two were executed (sentries were usually posted in pairs to keep one another awake; these two, who served in

3416:. A bombardment of the port started on 31 October 1914, and by 7 November, the Japanese 18th Division, 29th Infantry Brigade and the British–Indian Brigade, had stormed and captured the garrison and its 4,000 troops. 2133:

With the introduction of the tank the artillery was no longer required to aid the infantry by destroying obstacles and machine gun positions. Instead, the artillery assisted by neutralising the German artillery with

1983:

defence against enemy attacks. Only nine tanks reached the German lines to engage machine gun emplacements and troop concentrations. On the way, 14 broke down or were ditched, another 10 were damaged by enemy fire.

2557:, artillery fire and disease. The harsh conditions, where trenches were often wet and muddy and the constant company of lice and rats which fed on unburied bodies, often carried disease. Many troops suffered from 2003:

refused to co-operate with the tanks, a decision that compelled them to move forward without any infantry support; the result was the destruction of more than 12 tanks by German artillery sighted behind bunkers.

2035:

Prior to the war, the artillery worked independently and was taught to support the infantry to ensure a successful attack. In 1914, the heaviest artillery gun was the 60-pounder, four in each heavy battery. The

1851:

proved itself to be the most reliable weapon on the battlefield, with some of its feats of endurance entering military mythology. One account tells of the action by the 100th Company of the Machine Gun Corps at

2118:, in which three or four barrages formed a box—or more often three sides of a box—around a position to isolate and prevent reinforcements being brought up into the front line. This was normally used to protect 5876: 5383:

Jouhandeau-Deslandres mortar were the two principal mortars providing fire support (as "engins d'accompagnement")... In November 1918, the French army had 809 Stokes mortars (of which 716 were at the front).

3524:. These were a series of attacks against the Turkish defences aimed at capturing the original objectives of 25 April 1915. They all failed to achieve their objectives. In August, another landing was made at 2987:, with 19,240 British soldiers killed and 38,470 wounded or missing, all for little or no gain. The only real success was in the south where, using imaginative tactics and helped by the French, the New Army 2064:, which transformed the mobility of the siege artillery. The army also mounted a variety of surplus naval guns on various railway platforms to provide mobile long-range heavy artillery on the Western Front. 4911: 2247:

squadron (RFC No 1 Squadron) and four aeroplane squadrons (Nos 2, 3, 4 and 5). These units were first used for aerial spotting on 13 September 1914, but only became efficient when they perfected the use of

740:, which still fielded units for home defence but otherwise functioned as a trained reserve from which personnel could be transferred to reinforce regular battalions and companies liable to serve anywhere. 2709:

In the latter part of the war, executed men's families were usually told white lies by the authorities; their families received pensions, and the men were buried in the same graves as other dead soldiers.

1126:, the British Army's role in a European war was to embark soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), which consisted of six infantry divisions and five cavalry brigades that were arranged into two 3273:, 10 mi (16 km) north of Dublin. Military casualties were 116 dead, 368 wounded and 9 missing. The Irish and Dublin police forces had 16 killed and 29 wounded, 254 non-combatant civilians died. 759:, consequently, is subject to the context, although in its narrowest, official definition it referred only to those military corps which were wholly or partly-funded out of Army Funds by the War Office. 13436: 9526: 2052:

With this increase in the number of batteries of heavier guns, the armies needed to find a more efficient method of moving the heavier guns around. (It was proving difficult to find the number of

2761:

Soldiers sometimes told lurid tales of men who refused to fight being shot by Military Police. Historian Richard Holmes wrote that no reliable first-hand accounts exist of such events happening.

2292:(RNAS), as well as ending the inter-service rivalries that at times had adversely affected aircraft procurement. On 1 April 1918, the RFC and the RNAS were amalgamated to form a new service, the 2434:

and ASC Labour companies. In August 1914, they delivered 4,500,000 lb (2,000,000 kg) of bread to the front which increased to 90,000,000 lb (41,000,000 kg) by November 1918.

743:

By the First World War, the British military forces (i.e., those raised in British territory, whether in the British Isles or colonies, and also those raised in the Channel Islands, but not the

3180:, the final Allied offensive on the Western Front. Over the following weeks, all five armies of the BEF went on the offensive from the Somme to Flanders. Fighting continued right up until the 1916:, a development for which the British Army had not prepared. Expecting an offensive mobile war, the Army had not instructed the troops in defensive tactics and had failed to obtain stocks of 1021:

A British infantry battalion had 4 companies and a machine-gun section (two machine-guns). In August 1914 it included 30 officers and 977 other ranks. It had 25 carts and wagons, including 4

2694:

state of discipline in that unit. The Judge Advocate General at GHQ also checked the records for irregularities, before final confirmation by the Commander-in-Chief of the relevant theatre.

1730:

most were sent back into retirement before the first year of the war was over, leaving a gap that had to be filled by lower-ranking officers. Criticism of the quality of staff work in the

1241:

In August 1914, 300,000 men had signed up to fight, and another 450,000 had joined-up by the end of September. A prominent feature of the early months of volunteering was the formation of

986:

In 1914, each British infantry division consisted of three infantry brigades, each of four battalions, with two machine guns per battalion, (24 in the division). They also had three field

5570: 2071:

at visible targets, the largest unit accustomed to firing at a single target was the artillery regiment or brigade. One innovation brought about by the adoption of trench warfare was the

3265:

Army reinforcements were moved into Dublin and, by 28 April, the 1,600 rebels were facing 18 to 20,000 soldiers, the rising was suppressed after seven days of fighting, its leaders were

1259:, which were usually industrial but which also included clergymen and teachers. This legislation did not apply to Ireland, despite its then status as part of the United Kingdom (but see 3654:

with Turkey was signed on 30 October 1918. During the campaign, 100,000 British and Indian casualties were caused. Of these, 53,000 died, with 13,000 of the dead succumbing to disease.

3103:—planned an ambitious breakthrough and achieved an unprecedented advanced of 5 miles (8.0 km) on the first day but lacked the reserves to either continue or consolidate. A German 721:) parts of the British Army. As the various forces became increasingly integrated, the professional force was generally distinguished from the reserve forces by referring to it as the 5827: 1255:

specified that men from the ages of 18 to 41 were liable to be called up for service in the army, unless they were married (or widowed with children), or served in one of a number of

1517:(MEF). The withdrawal was successfully completed in January 1916, without the loss of a single man. Byng had already returned to the western front, where he was given command of the 594:. The rush to demobilise at the end of the conflict substantially decreased the strength of the British Army, from its peak strength of 3,820,000 men in 1918 to 370,000 men by 1920. 2317:

increased to three companies by September 1914. Each division also had a Signals company, which was responsible for communications between Corps, Division and Brigade headquarters.

2175:), visual signalling, telegraph, and telephone. At the start of the war, the Army had a small number of wireless sets, which in addition to being heavy and unreliable, operated on 12797: 10198: 3571:

Estimates of casualties vary enormously, but of the around 480,000 Allied troops involved in the campaign, 180,000 were wounded and 44,000 died, 20,000 of the dead being British.

12812: 1956:. The carrying platoons, in addition to the above, also carried extra ammunition, barbed wire and construction materials to effect repairs to captured lines and fortifications. 1290:(WAAC), was founded. The WAAC was divided into four sections: cookery; mechanical; clerical and miscellaneous. Most stayed on the Home Front, but around 9,000 served in France. 2664:

Striking an inferior was an offence but it was not uncommon in some units for officers to turn a blind eye to NCOs keeping discipline by violence, or even to do so themselves.

762:

The British Army during World War I could trace its organisation to the increasing demands of imperial expansion. The framework was the voluntary system of recruitment and the

12996: 9519: 3836:

In February and April 1918, Australian mounted troops took part in two raids east across the Jordan River near Es Salt, a village in Palestine 14 mi (23 km) west of

1368:

in 1915, French was replaced as commander of the BEF by Haig, who remained in command for the rest of the war. He became most famous for his role as its commander during the

4049: 2897:

prevailed in 1915, and the BEF—as the junior partner on the Western Front—fought a series of small battles, at times coordinated with the larger French offensives, like the

790:

recommended radical reform, such as the creation of an Army Council, a General Staff, the abolition of the office of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, and the creation of a

7297: 2007:

The situation had changed again by 1918, when tank attacks would have one tank every 100 or 200 yd (180 m), with a tank company of 12–16 tanks per objective. One

1150:

was called upon for assistance; in August 1914, 20 percent of the 9,610 British officers initially sent to France were from the Indian army, while 16 percent of the 76,450

2929:

for the first time on the Western Front and capturing much of the high ground that ringed the salient. By September 1915, the BEF had grown in size with the first of the

843:

At the outbreak of the war in August 1914, the British regular army was a small professional force. It consisted of 247,432 regular troops organised in four regiments of

929:

The regulars and reserves—at least on paper—totalled a mobilised force of almost 700,000 men, although only 150,000 men were immediately available to be formed into the

654:(which also controlled various civilian-staffed departments concerned with commissariat and ordnance stores, transport and other roles supporting the military forces). 10673: 454:, initially allocated to home defence but used to reinforce the BEF after the regular army suffered heavy losses in the opening battles of the war. The third army was 6965: 3466:

under command. The German forces of von Lettow-Vorbeck's Schutztruppe remained undefeated and surrendered on 25 November 1918, 14 days after the Armistice in Europe.

1770:, in 1925, recorded that "The British Army of 1914 was the best trained, best equipped and best organized British Army ever sent to war". This was in part due to the 1536:, in 1898, and served with distinction in the Second Boer War, where he earned a reputation as one of the most able British commanders. Rawlinson took command of the 12894: 9512: 3635: 1069:

Over the course of the war, the composition of the infantry division gradually changed, and there was an increased emphasis on providing the infantry divisions with

12531: 11702: 10590: 4915: 4518: 12973: 3877:

responded with a plan to send a force of hand-picked British officers and NCOs to organise any remaining Russian forces or civilians who were ready to fight the

5745: 3159:(Supreme Commander) of the Allied forces on the Western Front, placing the BEF under his strategic direction. The next German attack came south of Ypres in the 13001: 11515: 1275: 366: 13189: 12916: 12608: 11573: 3358: 2941:, utilising its own newly developed chemical weapons for the first time. The resulting failure marked the end for Field Marshal French. On 19 December 1915, 2446:(RAMC) supplied the doctors, casualty evacuation, field ambulances and hospitals for the army. The Corps was assisted in its work by voluntary help from the 2182:

Civilian telephones were used at the outset of the war, but they were found to be unreliable in the damp, muddy conditions that prevailed. Consequently, the

80: 6899: 5357:

The first production order for 1,000 weapons was issued in August , and 304 were issued in the final Quarter of 1915, of which 200 went to training schools.

3331:

by the Germans. This situation lasted until 18 September 1918, when the British and Greek Armies, under the command of General George Milne attacked in the

3269:

and executed. Easter Rising casualties were 450 killed, 2,614 wounded, and nine missing, almost all in Dublin. The only significant action elsewhere was at

13296: 10191: 3638:, which contained the famous line, "our armies do not come into your cities and lands as conquerors or enemies, but as liberators". Lieutenant General Sir 3369:, where they could be reinforced with five British and six French Divisions from the Western Front, complete with supporting arms and commanded by General 299: 960:

Britain, therefore, began the war with six regular and fourteen territorial infantry divisions. During the war, a further six regular, 14 Territorial, 36

13204: 12959: 3187:

In the final offensives, the BEF had captured 188,700 prisoners and 2,840 guns which was only 7,800 prisoners and 935 guns less than those taken by the

13199: 12889: 12840: 12755: 6943: 3743:

Brigade, mounted troops formed the Desert Column. The whole force—known as the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF)—was under the command of General Sir

1224: 1098: 2607:

was also carried out and construction parties formed to repair trenches and fortifications, while wiring parties were sent out to repair or renew the

2130:

signal of a pre arranged colour, as a German barrage tended to cut the telephone lines. A pre-registered barrage would then descend on No Man's Land.

542:

commander in less than a year. Army commanders also had to cope with the new tactics and weapons that were developed. With the move from manoeuvre to

13043: 10784: 1830: 1809: 6921: 2754:

There are only anecdotal accounts, and no figures, for men who were shot on the spot by officers and NCOs for "cowardice in the face of the enemy".

1687:

and professional men (15%). In March 1915, it was discovered that 12,290 men serving in the ranks had been members of a university or public school

1184:; the cavalry had grown into its own corps of three divisions. By December 1914, the BEF had expanded, fielding five army corps divided between the 10845: 4327: 4209: 1804:

The infantry's marksmanship, and fire and movement techniques, had been inspired by Boer tactics and was established as formal doctrine by Colonel

1314:(BEF) had controlled a formation larger than a division on active operations. The first Commander in Chief of the BEF appointed in August 1914 was 1102: 3630:

becoming commander, and a new offensive began in December 1916. On 24 February 1917, Kut-al-Amara fell to the joint British and Indian force, and

1478:

on the western front. He had previously served in the Zulu War, the Sudan campaign, and the Second Boer war. In 1917, he was given command of the

12884: 12249: 10184: 3556:

was also moved from Helles to Suvla for one more push. The final British attempt to resuscitate the offensive came on 21 August, with attacks at

2398:

in 1917; 476 tanks started the attack, and the German front collapsed. At midday the British had advanced five miles behind the German line. The

17: 10903: 5805: 10470: 2300:. By 1918, photographic images could be taken from 15,000 ft (4,600 m) and interpreted by over 3,000 personnel. Planes did not carry 11680: 11742: 10037: 2114:, a static barrage ahead of the infantry that would protect them from counter-attack while they consolidated the position. A variant was the 6058: 12944: 12874: 12513: 11732: 11643: 10095: 10090: 10085: 9832: 4037: 3851:

Total Allied casualties in the Sinai and Palestine campaign were 60,000 of which 20,000 were killed. Some 15,000 of the dead were British.

1274:

Women also volunteered and served in a non-combatant role; by the end of the war, 80,000 had enlisted. They mostly served as nurses in the

10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 6261: 6033: 3778:

to change the command of the EEF, and on 28 June 1917, Murray was replaced by General Sir Edmund Allenby, who reinvigorated the campaign.

2685:

cent of cases – stripped of his commission, which brought total social disgrace and barred him from any employment under the Crown).

2210:

during an attack. Over 20,000 pigeons and 370 handlers were used during the war, and at times, they were the sole means of communication.

687: 12968: 11866: 11320: 10605: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 2414:

A detachment of eight obsolescent Mark I tanks was sent to Southern Palestine in early 1917 and saw action against Turkish forces there.

791: 163: 10873: 11543: 10077: 5849: 3409:. The British were part of a 23,000-strong task force which included a mixed British–Indian Brigade of 1,500 troops and the battleship 2223: 1106: 546:, both the infantry and the artillery had to learn how to work together. During an offensive, and when in defence, they learned how to 359: 323: 306: 294: 3979: 2402:

in 1918 saw the value of the tank being appreciated; 10 heavy and two light battalions of 414 tanks were included in the assault. 342

11873: 10952: 10908: 5907: 4002: 2304:

until 1918, though they had been available since before the war. After starting with some 2,073 personnel in 1914, the RAF had 4,000

1311: 1287: 1094: 930: 443: 11186: 7332: 755:) was still a complex of organisations, and not strictly a single force under a single administration. What is connoted by the term 11525: 10280: 2466: 2103:, with disastrous results for the attackers. The creeping barrage demonstrated its effectiveness a year later, in 1917, during the 1634: 1505:. After performing well during the First Battle of Ypres, he succeeded Allenby in command of the Cavalry Corps. He was sent to the 1077:, making a total of 324 such weapons in the division. Additionally, there was a divisional machine gun battalion, equipped with 64 981: 905: 403:—at the beginning of the conflict. Furthermore, the British Army was considerably smaller than its French and German counterparts. 333: 30: 13194: 1793:

both the mounted cavalry charge and dismounted action, and equipped with the same rifles as the infantry, rather than short-range

13126: 12964: 12951: 12908: 12817: 12543: 12352: 12259: 12161: 11919: 11566: 10500: 10340: 10270: 7301: 4249:

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE FOREIGN AND COLONIAL STATIONS OF THE ROYAL ENGINEERS AND THE ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 1852—1886

3967: 3639: 3454:

units. The British force was led, in turn, by General Horace Smith-Dorrien, South African General Jan Smuts, and British General

1965:

territory. All waves were expected to take advantage of the ground during the advance. (see below for when operating with tanks)

889: 340: 311: 9065:

Seligmann, Matthew S. "Failing to Prepare for the Great War? The Absence of Grand Strategy in British War Planning before 1914"

3508:

Straits to the Allies. In April 1915, following the failure of the Royal Navy's attempt to capture the Dardanelles, British and

470:

in January 1916. By the end of 1918, the British Army had reached its maximum strength of 3,820,000 men and could field over 70

13431: 13421: 13318: 13308: 13176: 10505: 10027: 4115:

sector), told historian Martin Middlebrook such a story over fifty years later. Returning, wounded, from the front line on the

4016:

The cost of victory, however, was high. The official "final and corrected" casualty figures for the British Army—including the

3100: 3082:(also known as the Third Battle of Ypres), which began on 31 July 1917, was one of the harshest ordeals endured by British and 3000: 2387:

companies, with plans to increase the Corps to 20 battalions, each Tank Battalion had a complement of 32 officers and 374 men.

2261: 2240: 2000: 1572: 1498: 1423: 1192:. As the Regular Army's strength declined, the numbers were made up— first by the Territorial Force, then by the volunteers of 1177: 268: 173: 9122:

Leadership in the Trenches: Officer-man Relations, Morale and Discipline in the British Army in the Era of the First World War

5968: 5345: 3361:

did not start until late 1917, when troops were sent to help prevent a defeat on the Italian front. On 24 October 1917 in the

3149:—fell on General Gough' s Fifth Army which was forced to retreat. In response to the crisis facing the Allies, French General 2774:

in 1917. By 1918, medals for bravery were often awarded within a week to ensure that the man lived long enough to receive it.

1928:. In the early years of trench warfare, the normal infantry attack formation was based on the battalion, which comprised four 1073:. By 1918, a British division consisted of three infantry brigades, each of three battalions. Each of these battalions had 36 13090: 13024: 12861: 12740: 12413: 11439: 11295: 10777: 10746: 9982: 9952: 9375: 9356: 9337: 9318: 9186: 9107: 9018: 8725: 8582: 8563: 8459: 8402: 8249: 7876: 7857: 7658: 1568: 1502: 1337: 1193: 1047: 1043: 1039: 626:

armed forces, as distinct from naval forces), and until the latter half of the 19th century, it included only regular (i.e.,

507: 459: 352: 316: 189: 1404:

in 1917. Plumer is generally recognised as one of the most effective of the senior British commanders on the Western Front.

1395:

General Plumer was eventually appointed to command II Corps in December 1914, and succeeded Smith-Dorrien in command of the

13426: 13265: 12685: 11477: 11128: 10715: 10420: 10350: 9587: 9564: 3051: 3028: 1996: 1584: 1529: 1463: 1427: 1419: 1340:, a noted tactician who died of a heart attack soon after arriving in France. French wished to appoint Lieutenant General 944: 13036: 11995: 11500: 11224: 11008: 10998: 10982: 10932: 10510: 9882: 9857: 8532: 7715:. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. III (12th ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial 3798: 3431: 3425: 3377:. During the Allied counter-attack in October 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Army collapsed after taking heavy losses at the 2320: 2179:. In 1915, trench wireless sets were introduced, but the transmissions were easily intercepted by the listening Germans. 1723: 1698:

in 1915, after serving in the Regular Army for 15 years. He rose in rank, and by the spring of 1917 had been promoted to

1622: 1415: 1341: 13250: 7010: 6117: 13235: 12525: 11934: 11692: 11214: 10565: 9967: 9085: 4020:—were issued on 10 March 1921. The losses for the period between 4 August 1914 and 30 September 1919 included 573,507 " 3512:

forces landed on the Gallipoli peninsula, under the command of General Ian Hamilton. The main British attacks were the

1629:, who retained that post during the early years of the war. He was replaced as CIGS for a brief period in late 1915 by 1248: 467: 234: 168: 111: 11156: 3621:. After this initial invasion, there followed a disastrous and humiliating defeat for the British by the Turks at the 1995:

strong points. The effectiveness of tank–infantry co-operation was demonstrated during the battle, when Major General

650:(officered by the Royal Engineers) were organised separately as the Ordnance Military Corps, under the control of the 442:, supported by some 21 reserves and a potential 60,000 additional reserves. This component formed the backbone of the 13110: 12804: 12620: 11899: 11370: 10585: 10485: 10057: 9957: 9842: 9673: 9477: 9458: 9439: 9420: 9401: 9299: 9280: 9259: 9240: 9218: 9167: 9148: 9129: 9056: 9037: 8996: 8977: 8958: 8939: 8920: 8901: 8874: 8855: 8836: 8817: 8782: 8746: 8702: 8683: 8661: 8639: 8620: 8601: 8544: 8522: 8500: 8478: 8440: 8421: 8383: 8364: 8345: 8326: 8287: 8268: 8230: 8187: 8163: 8144: 8125: 8106: 8087: 8068: 8049: 8027: 8001: 7982: 7963: 7924: 7902: 7838: 7819: 7800: 7781: 7762: 7696: 7677: 7639: 7607: 6855: 5749: 4274: 3463: 3131: 2328: 1514: 922: 4679: 4312:

Goodenough, Royal Artillery, CB, Lieutenant-General WH; Dalton (HP), Royal Artillery, Lieutenant-Colonel JC (1893).

2430:) and other native labourers, carriers and stores men. They provided horsed and mechanical transport companies, the 933:(BEF) that was sent to the continent. This consisted of six infantry divisions and one of cavalry. By contrast, the 12362: 12297: 11335: 10770: 10425: 10385: 10275: 9607: 3704: 3614: 1451: 137: 11229: 1466:

was commander of the Cavalry Division and later the Cavalry Corps in the BEF. His leadership was noted during the

1203:

was formed in July 1915 and with the influx of troops from Kitchener's volunteers and further reorganisation, the

13361: 13166: 13146: 12933: 12869: 12692: 12561: 11472: 11392: 11330: 10977: 10638: 3909: 2914: 2024: 2012:

would engage the defenders, forcing them into shelter and leaving them to the devices of the following infantry.

1654: 328: 216: 12033: 4710: 1513:. He planned the highly successful evacuation of 105,000 Allied troops and the majority of the equipment of the 466:

in 1916. The fourth army was the reinforcement of existing formations with conscripts after the introduction of

13161: 13156: 13151: 13141: 12835: 11487: 11462: 11360: 11209: 10300: 10285: 9912: 9902: 9597: 4350: 4232: 4108: 3916:

and had historically feared the Turks. While Dunsterforce had some success the task proved beyond its ability.

3886: 3786: 3708: 3348: 3282: 2992: 2828: 2825: 2718:, were made an example of because they were found sitting asleep together, suggesting that they had colluded). 1805: 1607: 1595: 1318: 1315: 1051: 85: 7154: 5421: 1173:), the old regular British Army had been virtually wiped out; although it managed to stop the German advance. 1033:. The cavalry division also had a high allocation of artillery compared to foreign cavalry divisions, with 24 13136: 13131: 13095: 13029: 12921: 12767: 12357: 12209: 11747: 11675: 11606: 11375: 11345: 11340: 11061: 10751: 10390: 10345: 9917: 9872: 9658: 7226: 7203: 7181: 4144: 4080: 4053: 4006: 3561: 3529: 3435: 3196: 3181: 3142: 2735: 1781:

The Second Boer War had alerted the army to the dangers posed by fire zones that were covered by long-range,

1638: 1599: 1208: 579: 95: 1694:

Once a candidate was selected as an officer, promotion could be rapid. A. S. Smeltzer was commissioned as a

41: 13085: 12712: 12652: 12549: 12454: 12224: 12010: 11714: 11553: 11452: 10827: 10653: 10623: 10535: 10445: 10395: 9731: 9582: 7066: 6210: 3930:

In late November 1915, in response to the growing threat from a pro-Turkish Islamic Arab sect known as the

3663: 3239: 3024: 3019:

but was forced to withdraw because of lack of progress elsewhere. There followed four-and-a-half months of

2968: 2274: 2260:

was attempted during 1914, but again, it only became effective the following year. In August 1915, General

1479: 1431: 1392:

in September 1916, the only officer with an artillery background to command a British army during the war.

1389: 423: 211: 4032:), for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing. Casualty figures also indicated that there were 1,643,469 2110:

Once the infantry had reached the German trenches, the artillery shifted from the creeping barrage to the

1758:

and above were killed or died during active service, while another 146 were wounded, gassed, or captured.

13323: 12760: 12745: 12603: 12555: 12327: 11878: 11752: 11665: 11660: 11429: 11417: 11412: 11257: 11161: 10540: 10520: 10310: 10290: 10244: 9741: 9640: 9554: 9549: 7421: 4076: 3998: 3984: 3889: 3732: 3504:

Turkey had entered the war on the German side on 31 October 1914. One of its first acts was to close the

3459: 3096: 3032: 3016: 2984: 2945: 2918: 2819: 2491: 1688: 1649: 1411: 1329: 1303: 1260: 1059: 1055: 965: 938: 885: 479: 392: 384: 206: 11939: 2603:

to the front line, fresh units swapped places with troops moving to the rear for rest and recuperation.

2390:

Tanks were primarily used on the Western Front. The first offensive of the war in which tanks were used

2195:

troops. The lines were generally buried, with redundant lines set in place to compensate for breakages.

1380:, the series of victories leading to the German surrender in 1918. Haig was succeeded in command of the 13303: 13260: 12537: 12302: 12287: 12189: 12058: 11626: 11538: 11495: 11219: 11171: 11166: 11046: 10957: 10663: 10658: 9947: 9698: 9668: 9663: 9117: 9095: 9073: 4290: 4010: 3830: 3802: 3188: 3165: 2878: 2681:

escape the front lines, but also to give a convicted man a chance to earn a reprieve for good conduct.

2339:

in September 1915. In July 1916, on the first day of the battle of the Somme, what became known as the

2126:

barrage, fired in response to a German counterattack. An SOS barrage could be brought down by firing a

1369: 1279: 1181: 934: 682: 678: 635: 388: 261: 8452:

Refilling Haig's Armies: the Replacement of British Infantry Casualties on the Western Front 1916-1918

4036:. For some, the fighting did not end in 1918. The British Army dispatched troops to Russia during the 2599:

was common. Soldiers also had to take it in turns to be on sentry duty, watching for enemy movements.

674: 13245: 13013: 12597: 12585: 12347: 12332: 12053: 11944: 11638: 11616: 11365: 11355: 11288: 11056: 11051: 11041: 11018: 10972: 10967: 10808: 10490: 10455: 10052: 9977: 9817: 3866: 3794: 3736: 3642:

succeeded Maude following the latter's death from cholera on 18 November 1917. He continued with the

3378: 3374: 3312: 3169: 3075: 2852: 2848: 2269:), the RFC lost over 300 aircrew and 245 aircraft. Not until late 1917, with the introduction of the 1537: 1510: 1401: 1333: 1252: 1166: 1139: 434:, there were four distinct British armies. The first comprised approximately 247,000 soldiers of the 12199: 10176: 7946: 6175: 5398: 4999: 4653: 3688:, which employed six infantry divisions and five mounted brigades. After the repulse of the Turkish 2122:, although it could also be used offensively against a German unit. Another type of barrage was the 832: 786:(1899–1902), which highlighted shortcomings in its tactics, leadership and administration. The 1904 13220: 12707: 12697: 12626: 12579: 12567: 12507: 12322: 12317: 12239: 11648: 11621: 11325: 11191: 11089: 10495: 10440: 10410: 10400: 9997: 9972: 9937: 9892: 9802: 9504: 8765: 8762:

Military Operations – Egypt and Palestine Vol I. From the outbreak of war with Germany to June 1917

8205: 7368: 6820: 5639: 4586: 3841: 3720: 3684:

The Sinai and Palestine Campaign was fuelled by criticism of the policy of a static defence of the

3517: 3443: 3287: 3160: 3088: 2964: 2960: 2942: 2898: 2799: 2443: 2423: 2395: 2115: 2111: 2076: 2046: 2028: 1987: 1818: 1739: 1385: 1325: 1283: 1234: 1131: 1116: 1015: 822: 647: 142: 10762: 5048: 2411:

mechanised army in the world. Some 22,000 men had served in the Tank Corps by the end of the war.

1877:

and its "toffee apple" projectile being deployed from March 1915. This was superseded by the 81mm

1778:, which Haig had introduced while serving as Director of Staff Studies at the War Office in 1906. 897:

was part of the British Army until 1918. At the outbreak of the war, it consisted of 84 aircraft.

13291: 13283: 13225: 12985: 12680: 12443: 12277: 12272: 12204: 12063: 12048: 12043: 12023: 11904: 11781: 11247: 10868: 10863: 10633: 10600: 10550: 10405: 10335: 10330: 10325: 9852: 9847: 9751: 8792: 7745: 6847: 4140: 3627: 3602: 3521: 3513: 3270: 3231: 3173: 3138: 3079: 2988: 2795: 2399: 2289: 2158:

Signal Service, formed in 1912, was given responsibility for communications that included signal

2008: 1970: 1929: 1743: 1580: 1553: 1373: 904:, which numbered some 246,000 men in September 1913 and, on the outbreak of war, was deployed in 877: 12244: 3601:

was principally drawn from the British Indian Army, with only one solely British formation, the

1548:

were being developed. During the war, Rawlinson was noted for his willingness to use innovative

1081:

in four companies of 16 guns. Each brigade in the division also had a mortar battery with eight

13058: 12782: 12717: 12573: 12307: 12234: 12184: 12169: 12151: 12124: 12038: 12005: 11670: 11631: 11611: 11422: 11315: 11262: 11252: 11151: 11104: 10822: 10668: 10648: 10643: 10628: 10595: 10305: 9962: 9922: 9867: 9822: 9784: 9693: 9630: 8613:

Famous Generals of the Great War Who Led the United States and Her Allies to a Glorious Victory

7912: 6268: 4116: 4045: 3963: 3814: 3728: 3557: 3487: 3442:

forces. Most British operations in Africa were carried out by African askari units such as the

3292: 3192: 3177: 3047: 3012: 2980: 2934: 2922: 2906: 2487: 2455: 2451: 2350:

Twenty-one companies were eventually formed and were employed digging subways, cable trenches,

2332: 2139: 2104: 1377: 1034: 991: 582:, British Army casualties, as the result of enemy action and disease, were recorded as 673,375 519: 4735: 3754:

Murray made steady progress against the Turkish forces, which were defeated in the battles of

2031:

conducting a shoot in the Fricourt-Mametz valley, August 1916, during the battle of the Somme.

1229: 13048: 12702: 12591: 12367: 12337: 12267: 12214: 12136: 12104: 12078: 12028: 11959: 11861: 11814: 11598: 11467: 11350: 11138: 11079: 10725: 10575: 10545: 10435: 10380: 10375: 10365: 10042: 10022: 9807: 9574: 9196: 4476:

Gillott, Martin (January 2015). "British Line Infantry Reserves for the Great War – Part 3".

4112: 3771: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3700: 3696: 3622: 3580: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3537: 3483: 3447: 3402: 3308: 3130:

The final year of the war—1918—started with disaster and ended in triumph. On 21 March 1918,

2955: 2864: 2715: 2469: 2407: 2187: 2099:, the barrage outpaced the infantry, allowing the defenders to recover and emerge from their 2041: 2037: 1710:

longer eligible to command battalions. This trend was reflected amongst the junior officers.

1603: 1471: 1414:

with his army commanders and their chiefs of staff, November 1918. Front row, left to right:

1170: 799: 511: 254: 244: 147: 132: 5370: 3997:

was the largest military force that Britain had put into the field up to that point. On the

2875:. By the end of the battle, the BEF had suffered 86,237 casualties, mostly to the infantry. 2642:

active service, e.g. in principle looting or wilful disobedience carried the death penalty.

2020: 1896: 406: 13398: 13313: 12000: 11974: 11924: 11281: 11146: 11099: 11094: 11003: 10962: 10942: 10913: 10837: 10817: 10720: 10555: 10415: 10360: 10032: 10017: 9877: 9862: 7619:

General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919. Parliamentary Paper 1921, XX, Cmd.1193

7101: 6877: 4311: 4064: 3810: 3782: 3767: 3740: 3689: 3549: 3525: 3373:. The reinforced Italians successfully managed to halt the Austro-Hungarian advance at the 3067: 2902: 2883: 2431: 2427: 2135: 2091:

keep their troops as close to the barrage as possible, even at the risk of casualties from

1874: 1801:

prior to the outbreak of war, as a result of experience gained during the Second Boer War.

1767: 1522: 1353: 1345: 1143: 1063: 999: 916:) worth about £70 per week in 2013 terms, and had to attend 12 training days per year. The 774:

of the late 19th century. The British Army had been prepared and primarily called upon for

752: 127: 56: 11949: 6680: 3634:

was captured in March 1917. A week after the capture of Baghdad, General Maude issued the

3141:, which was intended to defeat the Allies on the Western Front before the strength of the 2049:

had increased from 32 heavy and six siege batteries to 117 heavy and 401 siege batteries.

1407: 1344:

in his place, but against French's wishes, Kitchener instead appointed Lieutenant General

8: 13380: 12519: 12383: 12342: 12219: 12179: 12174: 12119: 11802: 11796: 11697: 11176: 11023: 11013: 10730: 10570: 10530: 10315: 10249: 9907: 9827: 9432:

Field Marshal Sir William Robertson: Chief of the Imperial General Staff in the Great War

7336: 7097: 6798: 3845: 3651: 3533: 3451: 3362: 3074:. In a successful preliminary operation, General Herbert Plumer's Second Army seized the 2976: 2930: 2910: 2844: 2638: 2375: 2244: 2127: 2096: 2072: 1991: 1953: 1848: 1782: 1659: 1564: 1541: 1396: 1256: 1196: 1162: 1147: 1078: 961: 803: 744: 732:

In 1908, the Yeomanry and Volunteer Force in the British Isles were merged to create the

607: 555: 471: 463: 455: 419: 13333: 8298: 1494:, who had been the Chief of Staff of the British Expeditionary Force in France in 1914. 782:. In the last years of the 19th century, the Army was involved in a major conflict, the 13340: 13255: 12614: 12478: 12460: 12425: 12389: 12229: 12194: 12146: 12131: 12018: 11969: 11808: 11767: 11447: 10937: 10888: 10705: 10560: 10525: 10515: 10480: 10012: 9987: 9932: 9927: 9897: 9736: 9708: 9703: 9678: 9612: 9602: 9592: 9559: 9492:

Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War. 1914–1920

8800: 8714: 8202:

Military Operations – Egypt and Palestine: Vol II. From June 1917 to the end of the War

7934: 7628: 7113: 6632:"Shot for cowardice, desertion and insubordination – or murdered for shell shock?" 5053: 4321: 4203: 3781:

Allenby reorganised his forces along more conventional lines. The EEF now included the

3759: 3479: 3410: 3303:

at the request of the Greek government, intending to support Serbian forces and oppose

3247: 3055: 2949: 2832: 2257: 2232: 2219: 1840: 1699: 1679: 1626: 1611: 1545: 1533: 1483: 1381: 1070: 949: 894: 881: 714: 611: 603: 411: 4397: 3904:

in August 1918. It was hoped that Dunsterforce could raise an army from the Christian

2582: 1111: 13373: 13367: 13328: 13230: 13063: 12646: 12501: 12484: 12292: 12114: 12094: 11929: 11914: 11844: 11832: 11533: 11510: 11457: 11201: 10947: 10898: 10893: 10883: 10878: 10683: 10615: 10580: 10370: 10224: 9887: 9837: 9812: 9779: 9774: 9723: 9650: 9635: 9622: 9541: 9490: 9473: 9454: 9435: 9416: 9397: 9371: 9352: 9333: 9330:

History of the Ministry of Munitions, 1922. Volume XI, Part I Trench Warfare Supplies

9314: 9295: 9276: 9255: 9236: 9214: 9182: 9163: 9144: 9125: 9103: 9081: 9052: 9033: 9014: 8992: 8973: 8954: 8935: 8916: 8897: 8880: 8870: 8851: 8832: 8813: 8778: 8742: 8736: 8721: 8698: 8679: 8657: 8635: 8616: 8597: 8578: 8559: 8540: 8518: 8496: 8474: 8455: 8436: 8417: 8398: 8379: 8360: 8341: 8322: 8304: 8283: 8264: 8245: 8226: 8209: 8183: 8177: 8159: 8140: 8121: 8102: 8083: 8064: 8045: 8037: 8023: 7997: 7978: 7959: 7920: 7898: 7872: 7853: 7834: 7815: 7796: 7777: 7758: 7692: 7673: 7654: 7635: 7603: 6851: 4346: 4291:"World Heritage List: Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda" 4270: 4228: 4072: 4033: 4025: 4017: 3905: 3870: 3860: 3398: 3227: 3146: 3119: 3104: 3063: 3020: 2831:, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) began to deploy to France within days of the 2596: 2587: 2545: 2447: 2363: 2323:

were formed in response to the German blowing of 10 small mines in December 1914, at

2305: 1909: 1755: 1695: 1583:, and Gough was dismissed as its commander in March 1918, being succeeded by General 1575:

in April 1915, and the British I Corps in July 1915. He commanded I Corps during the

1467: 1455: 1074: 1003: 901: 856: 844: 807: 733: 710: 651: 591: 587: 551: 527: 475: 451: 447: 6079: 2699: 2651:

senior NCOs were dealt with by court martial other than for very trivial offences).

12431: 12401: 12395: 12312: 12141: 12109: 12099: 11838: 11762: 11757: 11685: 11505: 11405: 11181: 11123: 10695: 10320: 10219: 10002: 9942: 4262: 4021: 3934:, a composite British body known as the 'Western Frontier Force' was sent into the 3925: 3755: 3744: 3405:

landed in China in support of Japanese forces in the capture of the German port of

3243: 3134: 2926: 2783: 2658: 2652: 2612: 2522: 2505: 2340: 2100: 2087: 1901: 1798: 1630: 1588: 1549: 1491: 1475: 1439: 1435: 1212: 1204: 1200: 1189: 1185: 1151: 1123: 848: 771: 767: 583: 575: 8020:

Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror: Military Culture and Irregular War

3873:

collapsed, leaving Central Asia—and beyond it India—open to the Turkish Army. The

3389: 1881:, first issued at the end of 1915 which was later adopted by the French Army too. 13240: 13080: 12419: 11979: 11954: 11653: 11561: 11400: 11071: 10924: 10855: 10700: 10450: 10430: 10295: 10007: 9992: 9766: 9270: 9228: 9006: 8261:

Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany, 1919–1945

4104: 4041: 4029: 3897: 3893: 3365:

the Second Italian Army collapsed and the Italians were forced to retreat to the

3354: 3320: 3043: 2856: 2293: 2239:

At the start of the war, the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) in the Field, commanded by

2183: 2155: 1925: 1836: 1771: 1735: 1525:

in April 1917, which was carried out by the Canadian Corps with British support.

1443: 1066:, each brigade in the Indian cavalry corps contained a British cavalry regiment. 1018:

horse-drawn transport companies and divisional headquarters support detachments.

1014:

company, one cavalry squadron, one cyclist company, three field ambulances, four

1007: 917: 873: 836: 826: 795: 783: 737: 718: 670: 666: 643: 639: 559: 499: 3668: 1321:. His last active command had been the cavalry division in the Second Boer War. 13073: 13053: 12724: 12437: 12282: 12073: 11964: 11820: 11724: 11707: 10793: 10475: 10460: 10067: 10047: 7956:

Bromley: A Midlands Family History—And the Search for the Leicestershire Origin

4068: 3943: 3913: 3878: 3818: 3763: 3673: 3455: 3370: 3259: 3251: 3235: 3150: 3059: 3046:

and it was these formidable defences that elements of the BEF assaulted in the

2938: 2894: 2887: 2836: 2807: 2604: 2517: 2498: 2484: 2477: 2473: 2462: 2336: 2285: 2199: 2172: 2159: 2119: 1913: 1786: 1615: 1576: 1518: 1365: 1357: 1242: 1158: 775: 543: 515: 503: 439: 9983:

Lanarkshire Yeomanry (Queen's Own Royal Glasgow and Lower Ward of Lanarkshire)

3650:

oil fields, a development that led to the collapse of the Turkish forces. The

3039:

advanced an average of 5 miles (8.0 km) at a cost of 420,000 casualties.

13415: 13184: 12472: 12466: 11909: 11826: 11737: 11084: 10355: 9470:

Canadian Military Atlas: Four Centuries of Conflict from New France to Kosovo

8884: 8213: 7732: 7710: 7014: 6121: 4060: 3935: 3806: 3790: 3266: 3213: 3155: 3004: 2868: 2840: 2779: 2270: 2143: 2092: 2080: 2053: 1941: 1921: 1885: 1878: 1719: 1447: 1082: 1022: 1011: 868: 779: 547: 491: 435: 8810:

Howdah to High Power: A Century of Breechloading Service Pistols (1867–1967)

6631: 2228: 12634: 12068: 11033: 10710: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10062: 9756: 9746: 9713: 9688: 9683: 9332:. Facsimile reprint by Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press. 8970:

Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

8173: 7793:

A Nation in Arms: A Social Study of the British Army in the First World War

7728: 7706: 6232: 6151: 4083:

but, with the lack of any identified threat, its main function reverted to

4071:

would not be engaged in any great war during the next ten years". In 1928,

3947: 3939: 3882: 3492: 3036: 2562: 2344: 2297: 2266: 2253: 2061: 1945: 1711: 1625:(CIGS), effectively the professional head of the British Army, was General 1560: 1356:. He had built a formidable reputation as an infantry commander during the 1135: 864: 860: 787: 619: 571: 400: 396: 285: 73: 49: 8338:

Battle Tactics of the Western Front: British Army's Art of Attack, 1916–18

8308: 7889:(1999) 11 chapters by experts on noncombat aspects of First World War army 7096:

so-called as he did not wish to be known as the "deputy" of Field Marshal

12845: 12750: 12448: 11883: 11304: 11239: 10800: 10465: 10265: 8757: 8671: 8649: 8510: 8488: 8197: 4005:

ended the war as the strongest fighting force, more experienced than the

3994: 3598: 3505: 3366: 3353:

Italy joined the war on the Allies' side on 5 May 1915, declaring war on

3332: 3223: 3115: 2739: 2608: 2558: 2536: 2403: 2068: 1961: 1917: 1813: 1731: 1637:. A strong supporter of Haig, Robertson was replaced in 1918, by General 1506: 953: 702: 567: 431: 9451:

The German 1918 Offensives: A Case Study of The Operational Level of War

7461: 3692:, nine divisions were sent to the Western Front and one to Mesopotamia. 2553:

activity. However, quiet sectors still amassed daily casualties through

1670:

Most pre-war officers came from families with military connections, the

937:

in 1914 mobilised 1,650,000 troops and 62 infantry divisions, while the

8156:

Bloody Red Tabs: General Officer Casualties of the Great War, 1914–1918

7774:

Britain's Part-Time Soldiers: The Amateur Military Tradition: 1558–1945

3874: 3775: 3685: 3606: 2541: 2203: 2191: 2057: 1127: 969: 763: 631: 630:) cavalry and infantry units administered (by the 19th century) by the 615: 9933:

1st County of London Yeomanry (Middlesex, Duke of Cambridge's Hussars)

7740:. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. V. 5642:. New Zealand Historical Publications Branch, Wellington. p. 403. 3695:

The British Army in the Sinai and Palestine subsequently included the

2786:(an opponent of the war, later Labour Prime Minister) were satirised. 1587:

for the last months of the war. Birdwood had previously commanded the

1474:. After commanding an infantry corps, he was appointed to command the 872:

while also being prepared to be part of the Expeditionary Force – the

446:(BEF), which was formed for service in France and became known as the 12640: 12407: 10796: 10206: 9030:

British Generalship on the Western Front 1914–18: Defeat into Victory

4343:

Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps

3822: 3677: 3497: 3336: 3219: 2996: 2570: 2566: 2501: 2494: 2301: 2281: 2163: 1866: 1853: 1742:

was greatly expanded and Lord Kitchener established another one, the

1703: 1591:, an appointment requiring a combination of tact and tactical flair. 987: 852: 9534: 9162:(10th Revised ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. 3058:—had placed Haig and the BEF under the orders of new French C-in-C ( 2810:

British discipline generally held up, both in combat and out of it.

12900: 10792: 9794: 7741: 4084: 3962:, who had been held at Bir Hakeim, were rescued by a contingent of 3585: 3545: 3397:

In 1914, the British Army was involved in what became known as the

3304: 3300: 3172:

in June. On 8 August, General Rawlinson's Fourth Army launched the

3145:(AEF) could become overwhelming. The main weight of the first blow— 3110: 3083: 3071: 3008: 2872: 2860: 2324: 2249: 2190:. Apart from voice communication, it featured a buzzer unit with a 2176: 2167: 1794: 1751: 1715: 1349: 995: 909: 818: 806:(one cavalry, six infantry), reorganised the volunteers into a new 748: 662: 622:. It was one of several regular and reserve military forces (i.e., 495: 450:. The second army was provided by the approximately 246,000-strong 415: 13437:

Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in World War I

8319:

Trial By Fire: Command and the British Expeditionary Force in 1914

3613:. On 7 November 1914, the British Indian force—led by General Sir 1563:

commanded a mounted infantry regiment with distinction during the

7812:

Cape Town in the Twentieth Century: An Illustrated Social History

7809: 4587:

The Structure of a British Infantry Battalion during Worl War One

3931: 3631: 3590: 3406: 3381:. An armistice was signed shortly afterwards on 3 November 1918. 2351: 2277:, were they able to compete successfully for control of the air. 1949: 1937: 1933: 1858: 1675: 1030: 814: 811: 535: 487: 8632:

Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East

7810:

Bickford Smith, Vivian; Van Heyningen, E; Worden, Nigel (1999).

7734:

The Australian Imperial Force in France December 1917 – May 1918

6464: 6462: 6460: 6420: 6418: 3954:

in February and March 1916. Shipwrecked British seamen from HMT

2847:. The BEF had a small role in halting the German advance at the 2526:

Trench construction diagram, from a 1914 British infantry manual

9943:

Suffolk Yeomanry (The Duke of York's Own Loyal Suffolk Hussars)

9803:

Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry (Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment)

9785:

King Edward's Horse (The King's Own Overseas Dominion Regiment)

9290:

Tucker, Spencer; Matysek Wood, Laura; Murphy, Justin D (1999).

8716:

The Hundred Days Offensive: The Allies' Push to Win World War I

8179:

England: 1870–1914. (The Oxford History of England, Volume XIV)

3980:

History of the British Army § Inter-War period (1919–1939)

3951: 3618: 3610: 3439: 3255: 2554: 2284:

presented a report to the War Council concerning the future of

1671: 1298: 483: 11273: 8471:

Through Mobility We Conquer: The Mechanization of U.S. Cavalry

6878:"First battle of Ypres, 19 October–22 November 1914" 5371:"Mortier Stockes[sic] de 81 mm en dotation au 48e BCP" 3848:

with the Ottoman Empire, which was signed on 31 October 1918.

3774:

in 1917. The defeat in the Second Battle of Gaza prompted the

13068: 10711:

Leeds Rifles, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment)

10556:

Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, The Duke of Albany's)

9201:

Twenty Years After; The Battlefields of 1914–18: Then and Now

6457: 6415: 4050:

1920 conflict between British forces and Somaliland dervishes

3837: 3826: 3748: 3647: 3509: 3242:, the rising lasted from 24 to 30 April 1916. Members of the 3123: 2637:

The Army was ultimately under political authority. Since the

2331:

on 17 February 1915. Mining was used increasingly during the

1487: 913: 539: 523: 462:

call for volunteers in 1914–1915 and went into action at the

10481:

Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment)

6850:: The Teaching Company. Event occurs at disk 1, lecture 6. 5346:"The British Trench Mortar Batteries in the First World War" 2975:

For the British Army, the year of 1916 was dominated by the

2855:, in September which was followed by a period known as the " 1873:

The British used improvised mortars as a stop-gap, with the

673:

in counties of the British Isles (up 'til the 1870s) and by

9292:

The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

8989:

British Political History, 1867–2001: Democracy and Decline

8676:

Who's Who in Military History: from 1453 to the present day

8300:

A Guide to the Military History of the World War, 1914–1918

8280:

The World's Great Machine Guns from 1860 to the Present Day

8223:

The World's Great Machine Guns from 1860 to the Present Day

8182:(Revised, 1980 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3901: 3809:. In October 1917, they defeated the Turkish forces in the 3042:

In February 1917, the German Army began to withdraw to the

474:. The vast majority of the British Army fought in the main 8537:

Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front, 1914–1918

8118:

Steady the Buffs!: A Regiment, a Region, and the Great War

8080:

The British Army in World War I: The Western Front 1914–16

6709: 6707: 3680:

on foot out of respect for the Holy City, 31 December 1917

2615:. An hour before dawn, everyone would stand-to once more. 2483:

While not strictly a member of the RAMC, stretcher bearer

9233:

English History 1914–1945 (The Oxford History of England)

6497: 6495: 6476: 6474: 4067:

should draft their estimates "on the assumption that the

4063:

was introduced in August 1919, which stipulated that the

4024:, died from wounds and died of other causes" and 254,176 3528:. The Suvla landing was reinforced by the arrival of the 2794:

By the end of 1917, after the horrific conditions of the

2123: 1352:

in 1879 and was one of only five officers to survive the

438:, over half of whom were posted overseas to garrison the 10496:

Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Royal Berkshire Regiment)

10456:

Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment)

9873:

Nottinghamshire Yeomanry (South Nottinghamshire Hussars)

9289: 9100:

War on the Western Front: In the Trenches of World War I

6770: 2867:" which marked the beginning of a long struggle for the 2296:(RAF). The RAF was under the control of the equally new 1497:

Allenby was replaced as Third Army commander by General

562:, they were also included in the new tactical doctrine. 10356:

Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regiment)

7791:

Beckett, Ian Frederick William; Simpson, Keith (1985).

7776:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. 6704: 6527: 6525: 6441: 6439: 6387: 6385: 6336: 6334: 5612: 5610: 5362: 5325: 9893:

Royal East Kent Yeomanry (The Duke of Connaught's Own)

9813:

Yorkshire Hussars (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own)

6492: 6471: 4480:. No. 102. Western Front Association. p. 14. 4193: 4048:

in May 1919. The Third Afghan War was followed by the

3462:

from the British Indian Army, with the 2nd Battalion,

3359:

The British Army's involvement in the Italian campaign

3137:, Germany's Chief Quartermaster-General, launched the 1870:

outnumbering the Vickers gun by a ratio of about 3:1.

1839:(SMLE Mk III), which featured a bolt-action and large 1544:

in 1916, as the plans for the Allied offensive on the

941:

mobilised 1,850,000 troops and 87 infantry divisions.

10591:

Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians)

10586:

Princess Louise's (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders)

9208: 8594:

Elements of Military Strategy: An Historical Approach

7919:. Elstree: Field Survey Association. pp. 31–40. 5571:"The Siege Batteries of the Royal Garrison Artillery" 3458:. The force was composed of units of the KAR and the 1556:, where he combined attacks by tanks with artillery. 550:

to defend the front line. Later in the war, when the

10033:

2nd County of London Yeomanry (Westminster Dragoons)

9209:

Sumner, Ian; Konstan, Angus; Chappell, Mike (2001).

8515:

British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918

7651:

Doctrine and Reform in the British Cavalry 1880–1918

6522: 6436: 6382: 6331: 5607: 3544:

first-line Territorial divisions and the dismounted

3335:

Sector. The Bulgarian Army—now in retreat—signed an

3091:

which demonstrated the potential of tanks operating

2839:

on 23 August 1914, after which the Allies began the

1904:, 25 September 1916, part of the battle of the Somme 399:

was made up exclusively of volunteers—as opposed to

9823:

Staffordshire Yeomanry (Queen's Own Royal Regiment)

8392: 8239: 4493: 4227:. Nottingham: The Sherwood Press (Nottingham) Ltd. 2574:"hayboxes", sometimes arriving late or not at all. 2531:about eight days at a time, before being relieved. 2383:Heavy Branch MGC and in June 1917, the Tank Corps. 1808:when he was in charge of the School of Musketry at 1276:

Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service

1251:for single men was introduced in January 1916. The 690:, the Reserve Forces were generally referred to as 10726:Hallamshire Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment 9603:5th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) Dragoon Guards 9346: 8713: 7994:Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation 7887:Look To Your Front: Studies in the First World War 7627: 4196:History of The Coast Artillery in the British Army 3646:until October 1918, when the British captured the 3617:—invaded Mesopotamia, and on 23 November, entered 3291:Men of the 4th (Highland) Mountain Brigade with a 3184:came into effect at 11:00 am on 11 November 1918. 3107:succeeded in recapturing most of the lost ground. 2186:was designed; a device that operated with its own 1532:served on Kitchener's staff during the advance on 1225:Recruitment to the British Army during World War I 1115:August 1914: London volunteers await their pay at 1099:British Expeditionary Force order of battle (1914) 10207:British infantry regiments of the First World War 9250:Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). 8791: 7689:Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947 3357:on 23 May 1915 and on Germany on 28 August 1916. 2590:in 1916. Note the four men sleeping in the trench 2079:in 1915. Trench warfare had created the need for 1900:British infantry advancing in support during the 1831:British Army uniform and equipment in World War I 1702:and was commanding officer of the 6th Battalion, 13413: 10846:1.59-inch breech-loading Vickers Q.F. gun, Mk II 10536:Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire Regiment) 10003:Norfolk Yeomanry (The King's Own Royal Regiment) 9535:British cavalry regiments of the First World War 9495:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1922. 8865:Millett, Allen Reed; Murray, Williamson (1988). 8775:The World War I Armistice: 11 November 1918 8670: 8572: 7600:The Patterns of War Since the Eighteenth Century 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7273: 5474:Tucker, Matysek Wood & Murphy (2005), p. 357 4796: 4794: 2933:divisions entering the line, and as part of the 2308:and 114,000 personnel by the beginning of 1919. 1103:British infantry brigades of the First World War 12250:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 10706:Liverpool Scottish, King's (Liverpool Regiment) 10331:Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 9072: 8894:Defending Albion: Britain's Home Army 1908-1919 8411: 8393:Gudmundsson, Bruce I; Anderson, Duncan (2007). 8354: 8099:British Artillery 1914–19: Field Army Artillery 7271: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7043: 7041: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6821:"Battle of the Marne: 6–10 September 1914" 6213:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3892:, the inspiration for the titular character of 3727:divisions. British yeomanry formed part of the 3329:Europe's biggest internment camp for the Allies 2835:. The first encounter with the Germans came at 2465:twice during the war was a doctor in the RAMC, 1738:had led to sweeping changes under Haldane. The 1718:of a battalion when aged 18, and served as the 1618:, the Sudan campaign, and the Second Boer War. 1218: 10471:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 8240:Franks, Norman L; Van Wyngarden, Greg (2007). 8153: 7790: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 5337: 4269:. Bermuda: The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. 3821:Seventh and Eighth Armies to withdraw towards 3319:, under the overall command of French General 1088: 383:fought the largest and most costly war in its 11289: 10778: 10716:Cinque Ports Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment 10696:Liverpool Rifles, King's (Liverpool Regiment) 10192: 10038:3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters) 9848:Leicestershire Yeomanry (Prince Albert's Own) 9520: 9249: 8986: 8864: 4791: 4251:. London: Meteorological Council. HMSO. 1890. 3919: 2618: 2544:to prevent men from sinking into the mud and 2202:, lamps and flags, lamps and lights, and the 1750:During the course of the war, 78 British and 681:(an appointment normally filled by the civil 360: 262: 10701:Liverpool Irish, King's (Liverpool Regiment) 10516:Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment) 9308: 8949:Olsen, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). 8932:Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras 1917 8755: 8734: 8509: 7616: 7250: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7038: 6997: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4573: 4571: 4326:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4208:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4038:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 4009:and its morale was in better shape than the 3430:1914 also witnessed the commencement of the 2198:The primary types of visual signalling were 2138:. British Army researchers under Lieutenant 1180:arrived in France, forming the basis of the 657:The reserve forces included the Militia (or 12733: 10576:Princess Victoria's (Royal Irish Fusiliers) 10426:Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment) 9818:Nottinghamshire Yeomanry (Sherwood Rangers) 9394:Winston Churchill: A Biographical Companion 9347:Willmott, H P; Kindersley, Dorling (2008). 9311:Cambrai 1917: The Birth of Armoured Warfare 9143:. Margate QLD (Australia): Ian Skennerton. 8987:Pearce, Malcolm; Stewart, Geoffrey (2002). 8951:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire 8948: 8867:Military Effectiveness: The First World War 8845: 8812:. Tucson, Arizona: Excalibur Publications. 8373: 8355:Griffiths, William; Griess, Thomas (2003). 8296: 7300:. Western Front Association. Archived from 6871: 6869: 6867: 6247: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6170: 6168: 5785: 4914:. Western Front Association. Archived from 4340: 4194:Maurice-Jones, DSO, RA, Colonel KW (1959). 3238:. Organised by the Military Council of the 2789: 2437: 2311: 2067:Until 1914, artillery generally fired over 1348:, who had begun his military career in the 1310:In 1914, no serving British officer of the 1286:(VAD); and from 1917, in the Army when the 11296: 11282: 10785: 10771: 10199: 10185: 9709:19th (Queen Alexandra's Own Royal) Hussars 9679:10th (Prince of Wales's Own Royal) Hussars 9527: 9513: 9327: 9138: 8891: 8695:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery 8414:Gallipoli, 1915: frontal assault on Turkey 8395:The British Army on the Western Front 1916 7335:. University of Birmingham. Archived from 7157:. BBC News Special Report. 5 November 1998 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 5633: 5631: 5393: 5391: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4316:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 4222: 2979:which started disastrously on 1 July. The 2729: 2327:. The first British mine was detonated at 2224:List of aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps 1107:British cavalry during the First World War 367: 353: 269: 255: 10326:Prince Albert's (Somerset Light Infantry) 10296:Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) 9833:Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry 9309:Turner, Alexander; Dennis, Peter (2007). 9176: 9116: 9094: 8826: 8610: 8430: 8096: 7597: 7517: 7515: 7169: 6784: 6782: 6267:. Australian War Memorial. Archived from 5962: 5960: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5102: 5100: 5057:(Supplement). 5 March 1918. p. 2867. 4759: 4568: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4056:, this figure had fallen to 370,000 men. 1157:By the end of 1914 (after the battles of 1095:British Expeditionary Force (World War I) 837:Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) 458:, which was composed of men who answered 12532:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 10606:Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) 10526:Duke of Edinburgh's (Wiltshire Regiment) 9429: 9078:Douglas Haig Diaries and Letters 1914-18 8929: 8910: 8573:Jarymowycz, Roman; Starry, Donn (2008). 8335: 8154:Davies, Frank; Maddocks, Graham (1995). 8134: 8115: 8077: 8058: 8036: 7866: 7828: 7686: 7625: 6864: 6190: 6165: 6052: 6050: 5799: 5797: 5782:Franks & Van Wyngarden (2007), p. 36 5769: 5767: 5528: 5526: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5368: 5331: 5249: 5247: 5047: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4935: 4933: 4890: 4856: 4854: 4770:Pearce & Stewart (2002), pp. 289–290 4621: 4619: 4617: 4611:Gudmundsson & Anderson (2007), p. 29 4598: 4596: 4594: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4364: 4362: 3983: 3667: 3584: 3491: 3388: 3286: 3109: 2954: 2877: 2581: 2521: 2227: 2019: 1895: 1648: 1614:. He had previously seen service in the 1501:, who began the war as commander of the 1406: 1297: 1228: 1110: 1002:, one heavy artillery battery with four 982:List of British divisions in World War I 943: 831: 518:—and one battalion fought alongside the 405: 31:British home army in the First World War 12909:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 9993:Surrey Yeomanry (Queen Mary's Regiment) 9467: 9448: 9391: 9195: 9049:A New England?: Peace and War 1886–1918 9027: 8972:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. 8829:Call to Arms: The British Army, 1914–18 8711: 8692: 8468: 8376:The British Expeditionary Force 1914–15 8316: 8017: 7953: 7850:Winning and Losing on the Western Front 7772:Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2011). 7771: 7753:Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2008). 7752: 6941: 6875: 6576:Bond & Cave 2009, pp. 199, 201, 206 6233:"Life in the Trenches of World War One" 6211:"Life in the trenches – Passchendaele'" 6136: 6103: 6059:"Royal Army Medical Corps of 1914–1918" 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5651: 5649: 5628: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5388: 5291: 5289: 5270: 5268: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 4983: 4835: 4833: 4730: 4728: 4505: 4475: 2937:, the BEF launched a major attack, the 2511: 1610:commanded the ill-fated MEF during the 1388:, who in turn was succeeded by General 964:and six other divisions, including the 602:The British Army was created after the 494:. Some units were engaged in Italy and 381:British Army during the First World War 14: 13414: 10501:Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) 10028:City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) 9747:17th (Duke of Cambridge's Own) Lancers 9737:12th (Prince of Wales's Royal) Lancers 9593:3rd (Prince of Wales's) Dragoon Guards 9413:In Flanders Fields, Passchendaele 1917 9386:Death's Men: Soldiers of the Great War 9365: 9272:Who's Who in Twentieth Century Warfare 9268: 9227: 9046: 9005: 8648: 8553: 8531: 8258: 8042:The Oxford History of the British Army 7892: 7667: 7648: 7512: 7462:"AWM Battle Information: Es Salt Raid" 7375:. Vol. May 2003. Harpers Magazine 7147: 6779: 6408: 6406: 6366: 6364: 5957: 5863: 5640:"2nd New Zealand Divisional Artillery" 5637: 5598: 5253:Jarymowycz & Starry (2008), p. 124 5097: 4948:Keegan & Wheatcroft (1996), p. 148 4906: 4904: 4902: 4860:Keegan & Wheatcroft (1996), p. 141 4821: 4680:"Britain and World War One, 1901–1918" 4654:"The Pals Battalions in World War One" 4261: 3657: 3393:British troops arrive at Tsingtao 1914 3293:2.75 in (70 mm) mountain gun 2768: 900:The regular army was supported by the 829:to reinforce the expeditionary force. 766:system, which had been defined by the 669:, controlled (in the 19th century) by 12862:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 12205:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 11277: 10766: 10747:Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey 10506:King's Own (Yorkshire Light Infantry) 10281:King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) 10180: 9838:Cheshire Yeomanry (Earl of Chester's) 9704:18th (Queen Mary's Own) Royal Hussars 9613:7th (Princess Royal's) Dragoon Guards 9508: 9489: 9410: 9157: 8831:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 8772: 8629: 8591: 8558:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 8196: 8172: 7911: 7411:MacMunn and Falls (1928), pp. 356–358 7366: 7087:Turner & Dennis (2007), pp. 35–65 7013:. Imperial War Museum. Archived from 6634:. UK National Workplace Advisory Line 6120:. Imperial War Museum. Archived from 6047: 5997:Griffiths & Griess (2003), p. 155 5794: 5764: 5523: 5491: 5477: 5343: 5244: 4960: 4930: 4851: 4673: 4671: 4614: 4591: 4499: 4415: 4389: 4359: 2995:took all their objectives, including 2859:" during which the BEF redeployed to 2798:and the disappointing results of the 2417: 2235:the First World War recruiting poster 2213: 1766:British official historian Brigadier 1146:. At the outset of the conflict, the 138:British Forces South Atlantic Islands 13266:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 11129:Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector 10271:Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment) 9565:Household Cavalry Composite Regiment 8967: 8807: 8793:Marshall-Cornwall, General Sir James 8487: 8449: 8433:The British Field Marshals 1736–1997 8277: 8220: 7991: 7972: 7847: 7727: 7705: 7424:. New Zealand Electronic Test Center 7393:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 1091 7333:"Centre for First World War Studies" 6018: 5908:"The Machine Gun Corps of 1914–1918" 5890: 5791:Beckett & Simpson (1985), p. 254 5721: 5646: 5584: 5461: 5458:Griffiths & Griess (2003), p. 63 5452: 5436: 5286: 5265: 5208: 4839:Griffiths & Greiss (2003), p. 69 4830: 4809:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 1096 4725: 4677: 4314:The Army Book For The British Empire 3589:March 1917, British troops entering 2901:which is always associated with the 2655:could also lose leave or seniority. 2357: 2015: 1835:The British Army was armed with the 1797:. The cavalry were also issued with 1785:. In the place of volley firing and 1644: 1633:then, at the end of 1915 by General 890:Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) 13195:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 11996:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 9883:Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry 8795:(1977). "Staff Officer 1914–1918". 7975:World War I Trench Warfare: 1914–16 7521:Tucker & Roberts (2006), p. 816 7247:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 423 7224: 6985:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 230 6842:Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel (2006). 6788:Pearce & Stewart (2002), p. 289 6403: 6361: 5988:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 407 5520:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 252 5511:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 251 5274:Beckett & Simpson (1985), p. 48 5262:Beckett & Simpson (1985), p. 56 5223:Beckett & Simpson (1985), p. 47 4971:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 800 4899: 4565:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 810 4556:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 505 4448:Tucker & Roberts (2005), p. 504 3426:East African Campaign (World War I) 2749: 2321:Royal Engineer tunnelling companies 2040:employed the 13-pounder, while the 1891: 1623:Chief of the Imperial General Staff 1490:in 1917 and 1918. Allenby replaced 1482:, where he oversaw the conquest of 1154:came from the British Indian Army. 1000:4.5 in (110 mm) howitzers 912:and 6 pence a week (17.5 24: 11935:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 10511:King's (Shropshire Light Infantry) 9953:Queen's Own Worcestershire Hussars 9684:11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars 8412:Haythornthwaite, Philip J (1991). 7867:Bond, Brian; Cave, Nigel (2009) . 7795:. Manchester University Press ND. 7755:Territorials: A Century of Service 7590: 7530:The Army Council (1921), pp. 62–72 7008: 6558:Bond & Cave 2009, pp. 200, 204 6433:Bond & Cave 2009, pp. 203, 216 6149: 5773:Millett & Murray (1988), p. 54 5419: 5187:Marshall-Cornwall (1977), pp. 9–15 4668: 4395: 4198:. UK: Royal Artillery Institution. 4087:duties around the British Empire. 3766:. However, he was repulsed at the 3605:. Its objective was to secure the 3202: 2645: 2632: 2461:The only person to be awarded the 1521:. His most notable battle was the 1364:After the failed offensive at the 618:was effectively absorbed into the 506:, while other units fought in the 25: 13448: 10674:Huntingdonshire Cyclist Battalion 10421:Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry 10058:East Riding of Yorkshire Yeomanry 9757:21st (Empress of India's) Lancers 9588:2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) 9500: 9141:British Small Arms of World War 2 8097:Clark, Dale; Delf, Brian (2004). 7357:Haythornthwaite (1991), pp. 52–64 7295: 6963: 6919: 6897: 6056: 6034:"Army Service Corps of 1914–1918" 6031: 5966: 5905: 5874: 5847: 5825: 5803: 5568: 5196:Davies and Maddocks (1995), p. 22 4516: 4341:Ingham-Hind, Jennifer M. (1992). 3817:, which succeeded in causing the 3464:Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) 2983:remains the bloodiest day in the 2886:advancing through gas during the 2667: 2549:of the trench on the duckboards. 2265:rivals; in April 1917, (known as 2149: 2025:8 in (203 mm) howitzers 1837:Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III 1515:Mediterranean Expeditionary Force 12298:Second Battle of the Piave River 11920:Russian invasion of East Prussia 9888:Pembroke Yeomanry (Castlemartin) 9858:Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry 9674:8th (King's Royal Irish) Hussars 9636:2nd Dragoons (Royal Scots Greys) 9608:6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers) 9598:4th (Royal Irish) Dragoon Guards 9235:. USA: Oxford University Press. 8473:. University Press of Kentucky. 7869:Haig – A Reappraisal 70 Years On 7578: 7569: 7560: 7551: 7542: 7533: 7524: 7503: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7454: 7445: 7442:MacMunn and Falls (1928), p. 368 7436: 7414: 7405: 7396: 7387: 7360: 7351: 7325: 7322:Willmott & Kindersley, p. 91 7316: 7241: 7218: 7196: 7138: 7129: 7120: 7106: 7090: 7081: 7059: 7050: 7029: 6988: 6979: 6957: 6935: 6913: 6891: 6835: 6813: 6791: 6761: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6695: 6673: 6664: 6655: 6646: 6624: 6615: 6606: 6603:Bond & Cave 2009, pp. 209-10 6597: 6588: 6579: 6570: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6534: 6513: 6504: 6483: 6448: 6427: 6394: 6373: 6352: 6343: 6322: 6313: 6304: 6295: 6286: 6225: 6094: 6072: 6009: 6000: 5991: 5982: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5921: 5841: 5819: 5776: 5712: 5703: 5694: 5685: 5676: 5667: 5658: 5619: 5562: 5553: 5544: 5535: 5514: 5505: 4878:Olson & Shadle (1996), p. 30 4132: 4122: 4097: 2863:. For the BEF, 1914 ended with " 2813: 2577: 2243:consisted of five squadrons—one 1540:in 1914 and then command of the 1452:Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd 1237:prior to the Battle of the Somme 40: 13362:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 12562:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 11303: 11225:BL 9.2-inch Mk IX – X naval gun 10983:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII 10566:Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders 10486:Loyal North Lancashire Regiment 10466:Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) 9968:Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars 8611:Johnstone, Charles H L (2005). 7402:MacMunn and Falls (1928), p. 98 5746:"Royal Engineer Signal Service" 5413: 5316: 5307: 5298: 5277: 5256: 5235: 5226: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5109: 5088: 5079: 5070: 5061: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 4992: 4974: 4951: 4942: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4842: 4812: 4803: 4782: 4773: 4750: 4703: 4694: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4605: 4580: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4484: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4380: 4371: 4334: 4225:The Militia Artillery 1852-1909 3050:in April. For this battle, the 2917:in June. On 22 April 1915, the 2380:Heavy Section Machine Gun Corps 1977: 1932:that were each made up of four 1655:General Officers of World War I 1552:, which he employed during the 1509:in August 1915, to command the 821:divisions, and changed the old 597: 18:British Army during World War I 13185:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 13044:Deportations from East Prussia 12841:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 11215:QF 4-inch naval gun Mk I – III 10266:Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment) 9958:Queen's Own West Kent Yeomanry 9843:Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons 9370:. Cambridge University Press. 8953:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 8896:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 8738:History of the First World War 8596:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 8577:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 8454:. Helion and Company Limited. 8321:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 8022:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 8012:Seven Ages of the British Army 7996:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 7852:. Cambridge University Press. 6900:"The Battle of Neuve Chapelle" 5369:François, Guy (8 April 2013). 4736:"Women's Auxiliary Army Corps" 4305: 4283: 4255: 4241: 4223:Litchfield, Norman EH (1987). 4216: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4103:Private J. Kirkham of the 5th 3867:abdication of the Russian Tsar 3829:respectively. This led to the 3597:The British force fighting in 3574: 3438:'s elusive German and African 3419: 3349:Italian Campaign (World War I) 3283:Balkans Campaign (World War I) 3176:which marked the start of the 2851:, before participating in the 2843:, the BEF was involved in the 952:following up the Germans near 13: 1: 13432:British Empire in World War I 13422:United Kingdom in World War I 13096:Ukrainian Canadian internment 11062:QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer 10391:Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) 10386:King's Own Scottish Borderers 9918:Royal Gloucestershire Hussars 9903:Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars 8869:. London: Allen & Unwin. 8674:; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1996). 7670:Field Artillery and Firepower 7668:Bailey, Jonathan B A (1989). 7369:"The proclamation of Baghdad" 5969:"The Tank Corps of 1914–1918" 5877:"The Tunnelling Companies RE" 5559:Clark & Delf (2004), p. 8 5550:Clark & Delf (2004), p. 7 4345:. Bermuda: The Island Press. 4081:Experimental Mechanized Force 3912:people who had supported the 3881:. This force became known as 3797:under Lieutenant General Sir 3122:fire on German aircraft near 2736:Posttraumatic stress disorder 2688: 2627: 2369: 1908:After the "race to the sea", 1422:. Middle row, left to right: 1293: 747:, the military forces of the 13251:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 12550:Estonian War of Independence 12225:Southern Palestine offensive 11152:QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" Mk II 10999:BL 7.5-inch Mk III naval gun 10624:Honourable Artillery Company 10446:South Staffordshire Regiment 10396:Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers 8968:Page, Melvin Eugene (2003). 8846:Middlebrook, Martin (1971). 8735:Liddell Hart, Basil (1930). 8634:. Harvard University Press. 8297:Frothingham, Thomas (1920). 8242:Albatros Aces of World War I 8225:. London (UK): Amber Books. 7757:. Plymouth: DRA Publishing. 7621:. Parliament United Kingdom. 6844:World War I: The "Great War" 6661:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 197 6652:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 218 6594:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 210 6585:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 214 6567:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 206 6549:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 196 6540:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 216 6510:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 199 6468:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 202 6424:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 201 6400:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 217 6292:Bond & Cave 2009, p. 208 5718:Griffith (1996), pp. 152–153 5344:Baker, Paul (24 July 2015). 4912:"Prominent British Generals" 4154: 4040:, which was followed by the 3973: 3664:Sinai and Palestine Campaign 3473: 3250:, along with 200 members of 3240:Irish Republican Brotherhood 3143:American Expeditionary Force 2700:Etaples disturbances in 1917 1940:, gas mask, ammunition, two 1706:(Royal East Kent Regiment). 1480:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 1288:Women's Army Auxiliary Corps 1219:Recruitment and conscription 1060:2nd Indian Cavalry Divisions 975: 798:of 1907 formally created an 418:, 7 August 1916, during the 300:American War of Independence 7: 13427:British Army in World War I 13205:USA against Austria-Hungary 12604:Turkish War of Independence 12556:Latvian War of Independence 12288:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 11879:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 11258:BL 12-inch railway howitzer 10978:BL 8-inch howitzer Mk I – V 10541:York and Lancaster Regiment 10301:King's (Liverpool Regiment) 10291:Royal Warwickshire Regiment 10245:Guards Machine Gun Regiment 9988:Lancashire Hussars Yeomanry 9913:Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry 9732:9th (Queen's Royal) Lancers 9641:6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons 9583:1st (King's) Dragoon Guards 9051:. Oxford University Press. 8930:Nicholls, Jonathon (2005). 8827:Messenger, Charles (2005). 8493:Barrage: the Guns in Action 8374:Gudmundsson, Bruce (2005). 8263:. Oxford University Press. 8120:. Oxford University Press. 7634:. Macmillan Press, London. 7598:Addington, Larry H (1984). 7557:Kennedy (1976), pp. 273–296 7367:Maude, Stanley (May 2003). 7227:"Ireland and World War One" 7009:Holmes, Professor Richard. 6082:. Oxford Mail. 15 June 2006 5067:Sheffield (2000), pp. 29–30 4577:Messenger (2005), pp. 25–26 4077:Chancellor of the Exchequer 4003:British Expeditionary Force 3890:Lionel Charles Dunsterville 3733:Australian Mounted Division 3276: 2985:history of the British Army 2963:returning from fighting on 2820:Western Front (World War I) 2569:. They could also contract 2280:On 17 August 1917, General 2027:of the 39th Siege Battery, 1761: 1434:. Back row, left to right: 1312:British Expeditionary Force 1304:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig 1261:Conscription Crisis of 1918 1089:British Expeditionary Force 931:British Expeditionary Force 444:British Expeditionary Force 10: 13453: 13288:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 12836:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 12303:Second Battle of the Marne 12190:Second battle of the Aisne 12059:Second Battle of Champagne 11900:German invasion of Belgium 11220:BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun 11114:Smoke and chemical weapons 11047:BL 10-pounder mountain gun 11009:BL 9.2-inch Mk X naval gun 10664:Highland Cyclist Battalion 10659:Northern Cyclist Battalion 10276:Buffs (East Kent Regiment) 9948:Royal North Devon Yeomanry 9742:16th (The Queen's) Lancers 9472:. Douglas & McIntyre. 9430:Woodward, David R (1998). 9366:Watson, Alexander (2008). 9179:With Our Backs to the Wall 8892:Mitchinson, K. W. (2005). 8848:The First Day on the Somme 8697:. University of Michigan. 8575:Cavalry from Hoof to Track 8469:Hofmann, George F (2006). 8313:Digitized 21 November 2007 8137:Mud, Blood & Poppycock 8059:Chandler, Malcolm (2001). 8018:Cassidy, Robert M (2006). 8014:(1984) Covers 1900 to 1918 7895:Who's who in World War One 7829:Blaxland, Gregory (1968). 7687:Barthorp, Michael (2002). 7422:"The First Battle of Gaza" 7225:Jeffery, Professor Keith. 7047:Ashworth (2000), pp. 55–56 6994:Frothingham (1920), p. 118 6767:Woodward 1998, pp. 148–149 5945:Hoffmann (2006), pp. 53–54 5748:. Mod Army. Archived from 5691:Griffith (1996), pp. 41–44 5664:Nicholls (2005), pp. 53–54 4800:Liddell Hart (1933), p. 33 4166:Bourne (2001), pp. 118–119 3977: 3923: 3920:Fighting the Senussi Arabs 3858: 3737:Yeomanry Mounted Divisions 3661: 3578: 3477: 3423: 3346: 3307:. The first troops of the 3299:A new front was opened in 3280: 3254:, seized key locations in 3226:, 1916. It was mounted by 3211: 3207: 2817: 2619:Moving into the front line 2515: 2217: 2075:—a term first used in the 2062:Holts caterpillar tractors 1828: 1824: 1726:while still only aged 20. 1280:First Aid Nursing Yeomanry 1222: 1092: 979: 792:Chief of the General Staff 636:Secretary of State for War 580:war ended in November 1918 28: 13394: 13353: 13274: 13213: 13175: 13119: 13108: 13069:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 13012: 12984: 12932: 12854: 12828: 12780: 12673: 12666: 12598:Irish War of Independence 12494: 12376: 12348:Armistice of Villa Giusti 12333:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 12258: 12160: 12087: 11988: 11945:First Battle of the Marne 11892: 11854: 11789: 11780: 11723: 11597: 11586: 11552: 11524: 11486: 11438: 11391: 11384: 11311: 11238: 11200: 11137: 11113: 11070: 11057:QF 2.95-inch mountain gun 11052:BL 2.75-inch mountain gun 11042:RML 2.5-inch mountain gun 11032: 11019:BL 12-inch Mk X naval gun 10991: 10973:BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer 10968:BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer 10922: 10854: 10836: 10807: 10739: 10682: 10614: 10491:Northamptonshire Regiment 10258: 10212: 10076: 10053:Northamptonshire Yeomanry 9978:Lothians and Border Horse 9793: 9765: 9752:5th (Royal Irish) Lancers 9722: 9699:15th (The King's) Hussars 9669:7th (Queen's Own) Hussars 9664:4th (Queen's Own) Hussars 9649: 9621: 9573: 9540: 9252:World War I: Encyclopedia 9211:The Indian Army 1914–1947 9177:Stevenson, David (2011). 9158:Smith, Joseph E. (1973). 8435:. Pen & Sword Books. 8359:. Square One Publishers. 8317:Gardner, Nikolas (2003). 8135:Corrigan, Gordon (2002). 7482:Falls (1930), pp. 413–421 7464:. Australian War Memorial 7067:"Battle of Passchendaele" 6944:"The Battle of Festubert" 6799:"90 years of remembrance" 6178:. Glasgow Digital Library 5541:Gudmundsson (2005), p. 55 5283:Skennerton (1988), p. 159 5205:Edmunds (1925), pp. 10–11 5094:Sheffield (2000), pp. 3–4 5002:. Encyclopædia Britannica 4519:"Reserves and reservists" 3854: 3844:, which precipitated the 3805:under Lieutenant General 3379:battle of Vittorio Veneto 3375:battle of the Piave river 3313:Allied Army of the Orient 3222:staged in Ireland during 2849:First Battle of the Marne 2504:, was the most decorated 2343:was created by a mine at 1776:Field Service Pocket Book 1269:The War The Infantry Knew 1253:Military Service Act 1916 1194:Field Marshal Kitchener's 990:brigades with fifty-four 590:, with another 1,643,469 13221:Constantinople Agreement 12514:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 12377:Co-belligerent conflicts 12353:Second Romanian campaign 12323:Third Transjordan attack 12034:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 11940:Battle of Grand Couronné 11090:Vickers 1.57-inch mortar 10521:King's Royal Rifle Corps 10411:East Lancashire Regiment 10401:Gloucestershire Regiment 10286:Northumberland Fusiliers 9998:Fife and Forfar Yeomanry 9973:Montgomeryshire Yeomanry 9938:Royal 1st Devon Yeomanry 9659:3rd (King's Own) Hussars 9434:. Greenwood Publishing. 9294:. Taylor & Francis. 9269:Tucker, Stephen (2001). 9139:Skennerton, Ian (1988). 8766:History of the Great War 8712:Langley, Andrew (2008). 8615:. Kessinger Publishing. 8554:Humble, Richarg (1977). 8513:; Thurston, L F (1972). 8336:Griffith, Paddy (1996). 8206:History of the Great War 7958:. Troubador Publishing. 7672:. Taylor & Francis. 7649:Badsey, Stephen (2008). 7630:Trench Warfare 1914–1918 7602:. Taylor & Francis. 7575:French (2000), pp. 14–15 7509:Bean (1929), pp. 959–964 7500:Bean (1937), pp. 728–731 7135:Langley (2008), pp. 5–75 7035:Sheffield (2007), p. 151 6612:Corrigan 2002, pp. 233-5 6349:Corrigan 2002, pp. 217-9 5828:"The Field Companies RE" 5380:– via pages14-18. 4989:Heathcote (1999), p. 210 4887:Johnstone (2005), p. 203 4398:"THE BRITISH ARMY, 1914" 4141:German spring offensives 4090: 4044:in January 1919 and the 4028:(minus 154,308 released 3993:The British Army during 3522:third battles of Krithia 3384: 3342: 3262:independent of Britain. 3246:, joined by the smaller 3230:with the aims of ending 3218:The Easter Rising was a 2961:Royal Berkshire Regiment 2899:Battle of Neuve Chapelle 2882:British infantry of the 2790:Morale Fragility 1917-18 2444:Royal Army Medical Corps 2438:Royal Army Medical Corps 2312:Corps of Royal Engineers 2077:battle of Neuve Chapelle 2047:Royal Garrison Artillery 2029:Royal Garrison Artillery 2001:51st (Highland) Division 1754:officers of the rank of 1740:Staff College, Camberley 1689:Officers' Training Corps 1386:Charles Carmichael Monro 1284:Voluntary Aid Detachment 1235:Public Schools Battalion 1117:St. Martin-in-the-Fields 886:King's Royal Rifle Corps 778:matters and the ensuing 701:Following the 1853-1856 648:Royal Sappers and Miners 143:British Forces Gibraltar 13284:Modus vivendi of Acroma 13236:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 12544:Greater Poland Uprising 12444:National Protection War 12328:Meuse–Argonne offensive 12278:German spring offensive 12273:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 12049:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 12024:Second Battle of Artois 11905:Battle of the Frontiers 11248:BL 9.2-inch railway gun 10740:Channel Islands Militia 10684:Territorial Battalions 10634:Cambridgeshire Regiment 10601:Royal Munster Fusiliers 10551:Highland Light Infantry 10406:Worcestershire Regiment 10346:Leicestershire Regiment 10336:East Yorkshire Regiment 10013:Glamorganshire Yeomanry 9853:North Somerset Yeomanry 9449:Zabecki, David (2006). 9392:Wrigley, Chris (2002). 9160:Small Arms of the World 9076:; Bourne, John (2005). 9028:Robbins, Simon (2005). 8934:. Pen and Sword Books. 8911:Moorhead, Alan (2002). 8808:Maze, Robert J (2002). 8720:. Compass Point Books. 8431:Heathcote, T A (1999). 8282:. London: Amber Books. 8116:Connelly, Mark (2006). 8078:Chappell, Mike (2003). 8061:The Home Front, 1914–18 7848:Boff, Jonathan (2012). 7746:Australian War Memorial 7712:The AIF in France: 1916 7626:Ashworth, Tony (2000). 7539:Barthorp (2002), p. 152 6848:University of Tennessee 6776:Middlebrook 1971, p.300 6722:Middlebrook 1971, p.211 6262:"The move to the front" 5709:Bragg (1971), pp. 31–40 5304:Skennerton (1988), p. 6 5142:Sheffield (2000), p. 38 5124:Sheffield (2000), p. 37 5115:Sheffield (2000), p. 31 5106:Sheffield (2000), p. 29 5076:Sheffield (2000), p. 30 4980:Blaxland (1968), p. 143 4625:Chandler (2003), p. 211 4547:Addington (1984), p. 92 4368:Chandler (2003), p. 212 4267:Bermuda Forts 1612–1957 3636:Proclamation of Baghdad 3628:Frederick Stanley Maude 3603:13th (Western) Division 3456:Arthur Reginald Hoskins 3401:when the 2nd Battalion 3317:Allied Army of the East 3232:British rule in Ireland 3161:Battle of the Lys river 3080:Battle of Passchendaele 2959:British wounded of the 2853:Aisne counter-offensive 2796:Battle of Passchendaele 2730:Shell shock and pardons 2362:In September 1915, the 2290:Royal Naval Air Service 1744:Staff College at Quetta 1571:in September 1914, the 1374:battle of Passchendaele 1336:was Lieutenant General 1142:, under the command of 1134:, under the command of 1122:Under the terms of the 878:Worcestershire Regiment 13309:Paris Peace Conference 13297:Ukraine–Central Powers 13091:Massacres of Albanians 13059:Late Ottoman genocides 12866:Bulgarian occupations 12574:Third Anglo-Afghan War 12538:Hungarian–Romanian War 12363:Naval Victory Bulletin 12358:Armistice with Germany 12308:Hundred Days Offensive 12235:Battle of La Malmaison 12185:Second battle of Arras 12152:Battle of Transylvania 12006:Second Battle of Ypres 11874:Sarajevo assassination 11763:South African Republic 11263:BL 14-inch railway gun 11253:BL 12-inch railway gun 11105:9.45-inch Heavy Mortar 10823:QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss 10669:Kent Cyclist Battalion 10654:Herefordshire Regiment 10649:Hertfordshire Regiment 10644:Inns of Court Regiment 10629:Monmouthshire Regiment 10596:Royal Dublin Fusiliers 9963:West Somerset Yeomanry 9923:Hertfordshire Yeomanry 9868:Northumberland Hussars 9468:Zuehlke, Mark (2006). 9368:Enduring the Great War 9351:. Dorling Kindersley. 9205:Digitized 10 June 2008 9197:Swinton, Ernest Dunlop 9124:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8693:Kennedy, Paul (1976). 8630:Karsh, Efraim (2001). 8592:Jones, Archer (1996). 8259:French, David (2000). 7992:Bull, Stephen (2004). 7973:Bull, Stephen (2002). 7653:. Ashgate Publishing. 7566:Kennedy (1976), p. 231 7155:"Lions led by Donkeys" 7144:Mallam (2003), p. 1889 6749:Holmes 2004, pp. 602-4 6740:Holmes 2004, pp. 583-4 6713:Holmes 2004, pp. 570-1 5954:Swinton (1972), p. 178 5927:Connelly (2006), p. 66 5682:Connelly (2006), p. 85 5673:Griffith (1996), p. 67 5604:Hogg (1971), pp. 25–26 5502:Bull (2002), pp. 50–51 5420:Holmes, Prof Richard. 5160:Connelly (2006), p. 22 5151:Connelly (2006), p. 21 5085:Sheffield (2000), p. 2 5029:Moorhead (2002), p. 33 5020:Wrigley (2002), p. 204 4848:Blaxland (1968), p. 14 4643:Chandler, (2001) p. 11 4402:THE BRITISH ARMY, 1914 4117:First Day on the Somme 4046:Third Anglo-Afghan War 3990: 3815:Battle of Mughar Ridge 3729:ANZAC Mounted Division 3681: 3594: 3501: 3488:Landing at Cape Helles 3460:27th Bangalore Brigade 3394: 3339:on 30 September 1918. 3296: 3182:Armistice with Germany 3178:Hundred Days Offensive 3127: 3013:36th (Ulster) Division 2981:first day on the Somme 2972: 2967:, July 1916. Photo by 2935:Third Battle of Artois 2923:Second Battle of Ypres 2907:Battle of Aubers Ridge 2891: 2591: 2527: 2488:William Harold Coltman 2456:Friends Ambulance Unit 2333:Battle of Aubers Ridge 2250:wireless communication 2236: 2166:, telephone and later 2140:William Lawrence Bragg 2105:Second Battle of Arras 2032: 1905: 1663: 1459: 1378:Hundred Days Offensive 1307: 1238: 1119: 1012:royal engineer signals 998:brigade with eighteen 957: 867:with 1 Battalion), 68 840: 427: 13319:Treaty of St. Germain 13292:Russia–Central Powers 13246:Sykes–Picot Agreement 13074:Pontic Greek genocide 13049:Destruction of Kalisz 13025:Eastern Mediterranean 12586:Polish–Lithuanian War 12368:Armistice of Belgrade 12338:Armistice of Salonica 12268:Operation Faustschlag 12215:Third Battle of Oituz 12137:Baranovichi offensive 12105:Lake Naroch offensive 12079:Battle of Robat Karim 12054:Vistula–Bug offensive 12029:Battles of the Isonzo 11960:First Battle of Ypres 11080:Garland trench mortar 10546:Durham Light Infantry 10436:Royal Sussex Regiment 10381:South Wales Borderers 10376:Royal Welsh Fusiliers 10366:Royal Scots Fusiliers 10341:Bedfordshire Regiment 10311:Lincolnshire Regiment 10043:Bedfordshire Yeomanry 10023:Lincolnshire Yeomanry 9808:Warwickshire Yeomanry 9694:14th (King's) Hussars 9313:. Osprey Publishing. 9213:. Osprey Publishing. 9102:. Osprey Publishing. 8450:Hine, Alison (2018). 8416:. Osprey Publishing. 8397:. Osprey Publishing. 8378:. Osprey Publishing. 8244:. Osprey Publishing. 8101:. Osprey Publishing. 8082:. Osprey Publishing. 8044:. Oxford paperbacks. 7977:. Osprey Publishing. 7954:Bromley, Ian (2006). 7885:Bond, Brian, et al., 7617:Army Council (1921). 7548:Jeffery (1984), p. 13 7296:Payne, Doctor David. 7126:Keegan (1998), p. 403 7011:"Battle of the Somme" 6966:"2nd Battle of Ypres" 6621:Corrigan 2002, p. 235 6519:Corrigan 2002, p. 236 6501:Corrigan 2002, p. 230 6489:Corrigan 2002, p. 229 6480:Corrigan 2002, p. 232 6454:Corrigan 2002, p. 226 6370:Corrigan 2002, p. 225 6319:Corrigan 2002, p. 222 6310:Corrigan 2002, p. 219 6301:Corrigan 2002, p. 216 6100:Holmes (2005), p. 471 6080:"A lesson in history" 5936:Hofmann (2006), p. 53 5700:Bailey (1989), p. 142 5616:Tucker (2001), p. 356 5424:. Imperial War Museum 5422:"Battle of the Somme" 5232:Badsey (2007), p. 227 5178:Robbins (2005), p. 43 5169:Blaxland (1968), p. 7 5038:Woodhead (1998), p. 6 4957:Tucker (2001), p. 799 4939:Tucker (2001), p. 166 4827:Gardner (2003), p. 14 4818:Gardner (2003), p. 13 4788:Gardner (2003), p. 10 4779:Gardner (2003), p. 11 4634:Chappell (2003), p. 7 4602:Badsey (2008), p. 198 4538:Mitchinson 2005 p. 29 4386:Cassidy (2006), p. 79 4377:Cassidy (2006), p. 78 4184:Chappell (2003), p. 3 4175:Chappell (2003), p. 4 3987: 3978:Further information: 3885:after its commander, 3772:second battle of Gaza 3671: 3623:Siege of Kut-al-Amara 3588: 3581:Mesopotamian campaign 3495: 3484:Landing at Anzac Cove 3444:King's African Rifles 3432:East African Campaign 3403:South Wales Borderers 3392: 3309:British Salonika Army 3290: 3126:, France, April 1917. 3113: 2958: 2952:(C-in-C) of the BEF. 2881: 2824:Under the command of 2698:man was shot for the 2585: 2525: 2470:Noel Godfrey Chavasse 2335:in May 1915, and the 2231: 2042:Royal Field Artillery 2038:Royal Horse Artillery 2023: 1969:without halting; but 1948:, a spade, two empty 1899: 1652: 1604:British Salonika Army 1472:first battle of Ypres 1410: 1324:The commander of the 1301: 1232: 1215:were formed in 1916. 1176:In October 1914, the 1114: 1010:field companies, one 947: 869:regiments of the line 863:, with 2 Battalions; 859:, with 3 Battalions; 835: 753:British protectorates 698:to avoid confusion. 409: 245:United Kingdom portal 148:British Forces Brunei 133:British Forces Cyprus 13314:Treaty of Versailles 13030:Mount Lebanon famine 12945:in the United States 12913:Russian occupations 12627:Turkish–Armenian War 12568:Polish–Ukrainian War 12508:Ukrainian–Soviet War 12455:Central Asian Revolt 12245:Armistice of Focșani 11975:Battle of Sarikamish 11925:Battle of Tannenberg 11321:Military engagements 11210:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt 11162:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt 11147:QF 1-pounder pom-pom 11120:4-inch Stokes Mortar 11100:Newton 6-inch mortar 11095:2-inch medium mortar 11085:3-inch Stokes mortar 11004:BL 9.2-inch howitzer 10963:BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX 10958:BL 6-inch gun Mk VII 10953:BLC 6-inch siege gun 10943:BL 5.4-inch howitzer 10914:QF 4.5-inch howitzer 10909:BL 4-inch gun Mk VII 10904:QF 4-inch gun Mk III 10874:QF 12-pounder 18 cwt 10818:QF 3-pounder Vickers 10451:Dorsetshire Regiment 10416:East Surrey Regiment 10361:Lancashire Fusiliers 10351:Royal Irish Regiment 10018:Welsh Horse Yeomanry 9878:Denbighshire Hussars 9863:Lanarkshire Yeomanry 9631:1st (Royal) Dragoons 9411:Wolff, Leon (2001). 9047:Searle, G R (2005). 8777:. Cherrytree Books. 8773:Malam, John (2003). 8517:. London: Ian Alle. 8278:Ford, Roger (2005). 8221:Ford, Roger (2005). 8198:Falls, Cyril Bentham 7893:Bourne, J M (2001). 7814:. New Africa Books. 7584:French (2000), p. 15 7491:Karsh (2001), p. 327 7102:German General Staff 7056:Wolff (2001), p. 102 6412:Holmes 2004, p. 561. 6391:Holmes 2004, p. 563. 6150:Miller, Doctor M G. 5850:"Signals Company RE" 5638:Murphy, W E (1966). 5241:Rankin (2008), p. 55 4896:Jones (1986), p. 480 4756:Gardner (2003), p. 1 4065:British Armed Forces 3831:capture of Jerusalem 3811:third battle of Gaza 3783:Desert Mounted Corps 3741:Imperial Camel Corps 3690:First Suez Offensive 3550:2nd Mounted Division 3234:and establishing an 3078:south of Ypres. The 2931:Kitchener's New Army 2890:, 25 September 1915. 2884:London Rifle Brigade 2512:Life in the trenches 2432:Army Remount Service 2428:Chinese Labour Corps 2136:counter-battery fire 1986:In 1917, during the 1875:2-inch medium mortar 1768:James Edward Edmonds 1569:2nd Cavalry Division 1523:Battle of Vimy Ridge 1503:3rd Cavalry Division 1440:Sir Charles Kavanagh 1436:Sir Herbert Lawrence 1428:Sir William Birdwood 1418:, Sir Douglas Haig, 1354:battle of Isandlwana 1346:Horace Smith-Dorrien 1257:reserved occupations 1144:Horace Smith-Dorrien 1079:Vickers machine guns 1071:organic fire support 1064:Indian Cavalry Corps 659:Constitutional Force 514:—mainly against the 174:Other ranks insignia 128:British Army Germany 81:units and formations 57:British Armed Forces 13381:They shall not pass 13304:Treaty of Bucharest 13261:Treaty of Bucharest 13200:USA against Germany 13177:Declarations of war 12881:German occupations 12794:British casualties 12653:Soviet–Georgian War 12580:Egyptian Revolution 12520:Armeno-Georgian War 12384:Somaliland campaign 12343:Armistice of Mudros 12220:Battle of Caporetto 12210:Battle of Mărășești 12180:Zimmermann telegram 12175:February Revolution 12120:Battle of the Somme 12044:Bug-Narew Offensive 12019:Battle of Gallipoli 12011:Sinking of the RMS 11803:Scramble for Africa 11797:Franco-Prussian War 11453:Sinai and Palestine 11177:QF 13-pounder 9 cwt 11172:QF 13-pounder Mk IV 11167:QF 13-pounder 6 cwt 11024:BL 15-inch howitzer 11014:BL 12-inch howitzer 10869:QF 12-pounder 8 cwt 10864:BL 12-pounder 6 cwt 10731:Glasgow Highlanders 10531:Manchester Regiment 10316:Devonshire Regiment 10250:Household Battalion 9908:Derbyshire Yeomanry 9828:Shropshire Yeomanry 9328:War Office (2008). 9080:. London: Phoenix. 9069:(2017) 24#4 414–37. 9013:. Faber and Faber. 9011:Churchill's Wizards 8654:The First World War 8174:Ensor, (Sir) Robert 7871:. Pen & Sword. 7691:. London: Cassell. 7451:Falls (1930), p. 16 7098:Paul von Hindenburg 6876:Rickard, J (2007). 6758:Holmes 2004, p. 607 6731:Holmes 2004, p. 599 6701:Holmes 2004, p. 570 6670:Holmes 2004, p. 569 6531:Holmes 2004, p. 559 6445:Holmes 2004, p. 565 6379:Holmes 2004, p. 555 6358:Holmes 2004, p. 560 6340:Holmes 2004, p. 558 6328:Holmes 2004, p. 557 5133:Holmes 2004, p. 580 4738:. National Archives 4490:Holmes 2004, p. 103 4457:Beckett 2011 p. 221 3995:the First World War 3968:Duke of Westminster 3846:Armistice of Mudros 3658:Sinai and Palestine 3652:Armistice of Mudros 3609:'s oil supply from 3363:battle of Caporetto 3170:halted on the Marne 2977:Battle of the Somme 2911:Battle of Festubert 2845:Battle of Le Cateau 2769:Positive motivation 2639:Glorious Revolution 2452:St John's Ambulance 2245:observation balloon 2241:Sir David Henderson 2097:battle of the Somme 2060:ordered over 1,000 1849:Vickers machine gun 1783:magazine-fed rifles 1660:John Singer Sargent 1639:Henry Hughes Wilson 1565:relief of Ladysmith 1420:Sir Henry Rawlinson 1370:battle of the Somme 1211:, which became the 1148:British Indian Army 800:Expeditionary Force 745:British Indian Army 675:Commanders-in-Chief 608:Kingdom of Scotland 464:Battle of the Somme 432:the First World War 420:Battle of the Somme 13341:Treaty of Lausanne 13256:Paris Economy Pact 13190:UK against Germany 13120:Entry into the war 13086:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 12805:Ottoman casualties 12615:Franco-Turkish War 12495:Post-War conflicts 12479:Russian Revolution 12461:Invasion of Darfur 12426:Kelantan rebellion 12414:Kurdish rebellions 12390:Mexican Revolution 12230:October Revolution 12195:Kerensky offensive 12170:Capture of Baghdad 12147:Monastir offensive 12132:Brusilov offensive 11970:Battle of Kolubara 11809:Russo-Japanese War 11139:Anti-aircraft guns 11034:Mountain artillery 10938:BL 5-inch howitzer 10828:QF 6-pounder 6 cwt 10688:Infantry Regiments 10571:Royal Irish Rifles 10561:Gordon Highlanders 10441:Hampshire Regiment 10096:Royal Horse Guards 9928:Berkshire Yeomanry 9898:Hampshire Yeomanry 9560:Royal Horse Guards 8915:. Harper Collins. 8801:Marshall Cavendish 7339:on 14 October 2006 7204:"The Proclamation" 7114:The New York Times 6922:"Battle of Aubers" 6015:Humble 1977, p. 29 5655:Hogg (1971), p. 26 5625:Hogg (1971), p. 21 5595:Hogg (1971), p. 13 5532:Bull (2002), p. 56 5488:Bull (2002), p. 49 5449:Bull (2004), p. 53 5322:Ford (2005), p. 71 5313:Hogg (1971), p. 27 5295:Hogg (1971), p. 62 5054:The London Gazette 5000:"Sir Ian Hamilton" 4869:Page (2003), p. 13 4711:"Woman combatants" 4466:Beckett 2008 p. 53 4007:United States Army 3991: 3833:in December 1917. 3787:Lieutenant General 3682: 3595: 3502: 3480:Gallipoli Campaign 3436:von Lettow-Vorbeck 3395: 3297: 3258:and proclaimed an 3248:Irish Citizen Army 3128: 3099:commander—General 3056:David Lloyd George 2999:, and the Regular 2973: 2950:Commander-in-Chief 2915:Battle of Givenchy 2892: 2833:declaration of war 2592: 2528: 2424:Army Service Corps 2418:Army Service Corps 2378:was formed as the 2258:Aerial photography 2237: 2233:Royal Flying Corps 2220:Royal Flying Corps 2214:Royal Flying Corps 2033: 1906: 1700:lieutenant colonel 1664: 1612:Gallipoli Campaign 1460: 1416:Sir Herbert Plumer 1402:battle of Messines 1308: 1239: 1120: 1075:Lewis machine guns 1016:Army Service Corps 958: 950:Sherwood Foresters 895:Royal Flying Corps 882:Middlesex Regiment 841: 715:Crown Dependencies 612:Acts of Union 1707 610:unified under the 604:Kingdom of England 558:were added to the 468:compulsory service 428: 412:Wiltshire Regiment 13407: 13406: 13390: 13389: 13374:The Golden Virgin 13368:Mutilated victory 13349: 13348: 13329:Treaty of Trianon 13324:Treaty of Neuilly 13231:Damascus Protocol 13104: 13103: 13064:Armenian genocide 13021:Allied blockades 12993:Belgian refugees 12776: 12775: 12686:Strategic bombing 12662: 12661: 12647:Franco-Syrian War 12621:Greco-Turkish War 12609:Anglo-Turkish War 12592:Polish–Soviet War 12526:German Revolution 12502:Russian Civil War 12485:Finnish Civil War 12318:Battle of Megiddo 12293:Battle of Goychay 12240:Battle of Cambrai 12200:Battle of Mărăști 12115:Battle of Jutland 12095:Erzurum offensive 11950:Siege of Przemyśl 11930:Siege of Tsingtao 11915:Battle of Galicia 11845:Second Balkan War 11833:Italo-Turkish War 11790:Pre-War conflicts 11776: 11775: 11666:Portuguese Empire 11582: 11581: 11544:German New Guinea 11526:Asian and Pacific 11271: 11270: 11202:Coastal artillery 10948:BL 60-pounder gun 10760: 10759: 10721:Robin Hood Rifles 10616:Territorial Force 10581:Connaught Rangers 10371:Cheshire Regiment 10225:Coldstream Guards 10174: 10173: 9780:South Irish Horse 9775:North Irish Horse 9542:Household Cavalry 9377:978-0-521-12308-2 9358:978-1-4053-2986-6 9339:978-1-84734-885-2 9320:978-1-84603-147-2 9188:978-0-141-02079-2 9109:978-1-84603-210-3 9020:978-0-571-22195-0 8756:MacMunn, George; 8727:978-0-7565-3858-3 8656:. Vintage Books. 8584:978-0-275-98726-8 8565:978-0-29777-312-2 8539:. HarperCollins. 8461:978-1-91239-070-0 8404:978-1-84603-111-3 8303:. Little, Brown. 8251:978-1-84603-179-3 8010:Carver, Michael. 7878:978-1-84415-887-4 7859:978-1-107-44902-2 7660:978-0-7546-6467-3 7373:Harper's Magazine 6152:"Of Lice and Men" 5806:"Royal Engineers" 5752:on 29 August 2009 4700:Hine 2018, p. 298 4263:Harris, Edward C. 4073:Winston Churchill 4018:Territorial Force 3861:Caucasus Campaign 3842:Megiddo Offensive 3532:from Kitchener's 3399:Siege of Tsingtao 3228:Irish republicans 3199:armies combined. 3147:Operation Michael 3120:Machine Gun Corps 3105:counter-offensive 3089:Battle of Cambrai 3062:), who planned a 3023:during which the 2800:Battle of Cambrai 2597:sleep deprivation 2588:Cheshire Regiment 2448:British Red Cross 2396:battle of Cambrai 2364:Machine Gun Corps 2358:Machine Gun Corps 2016:Artillery tactics 1988:battle of Cambrai 1910:manoeuvre warfare 1799:entrenching tools 1756:brigadier-general 1696:second lieutenant 1645:Officer selection 1635:William Robertson 1621:Back in Britain, 1468:retreat from Mons 1462:In 1914, General 1456:Hastings Anderson 1233:A company of the 1182:British III Corps 1050:divisions in the 902:Territorial Force 808:Territorial Force 734:Territorial Force 713:colonies and the 711:Imperial fortress 652:Board of Ordnance 552:Machine Gun Corps 528:Siege of Tsingtao 452:Territorial Force 448:Old Contemptibles 422:. Photo taken by 377: 376: 279: 278: 190:Current equipment 112:Army Headquarters 86:current regiments 16:(Redirected from 13444: 13334:Treaty of Sèvres 13226:Treaty of London 13117: 13116: 12895:Northeast France 12826: 12825: 12798:Parliamentarians 12731: 12730: 12693:Chemical weapons 12671: 12670: 12432:Senussi campaign 12402:Muscat rebellion 12396:Maritz rebellion 12313:Vardar offensive 12142:Battle of Romani 12110:Battle of Asiago 12100:Battle of Verdun 12064:Kosovo offensive 11839:First Balkan War 11787: 11786: 11686:Russian Republic 11595: 11594: 11389: 11388: 11331:Economic history 11298: 11291: 11284: 11275: 11274: 11182:QF 3-inch 20 cwt 11124:Livens Projector 10809:Armoured vehicle 10787: 10780: 10773: 10764: 10763: 10321:Suffolk Regiment 10306:Norfolk Regiment 10220:Grenadier Guards 10201: 10194: 10187: 10178: 10177: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9506: 9505: 9496: 9483: 9464: 9445: 9426: 9407: 9381: 9362: 9343: 9324: 9305: 9286: 9265: 9246: 9229:Taylor, A. J. 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1596:Macedonian front 1589:Australian Corps 1585:William Birdwood 1581:Spring Offensive 1554:battle of Amiens 1538:British IV Corps 1511:British IX Corps 1492:Archibald Murray 1412:Sir Douglas Haig 1334:British II Corps 1124:Entente Cordiale 962:Kitchener's Army 923:National Reserve 839:in November 1916 772:Childers Reforms 696:Auxiliary Forces 679:British colonies 671:Lord-Lieutenants 576:trench nephritis 460:Lord Kitchener's 456:Kitchener's Army 369: 362: 355: 284:Timeline of the 281: 280: 271: 264: 257: 169:Officer insignia 60: 59: 44: 37: 36: 21: 13452: 13451: 13447: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13442: 13441: 13412: 13411: 13408: 13403: 13386: 13345: 13277: 13270: 13241:Treaty of Darin 13209: 13171: 13127:Austria-Hungary 13113: 13100: 13081:Rape of Belgium 13008: 12980: 12928: 12922:Western Armenia 12917:Eastern Galicia 12850: 12824: 12788: 12787:Civilian impact 12786: 12772: 12729: 12658: 12490: 12420:Ovambo Uprising 12372: 12254: 12156: 12083: 12001:Battle of Łomża 11984: 11980:Christmas truce 11955:Race to the Sea 11888: 11850: 11772: 11743:Austria-Hungary 11719: 11654:Empire of Japan 11591: 11589: 11578: 11562:U-boat campaign 11548: 11520: 11482: 11434: 11380: 11361:Popular culture 11307: 11302: 11272: 11267: 11234: 11196: 11133: 11109: 11066: 11028: 10992:Siege artillery 10987: 10933:QF 4.7-inch gun 10925:heavy artillery 10918: 10856:Field artillery 10850: 10832: 10803: 10801:First World War 10791: 10761: 10756: 10735: 10687: 10685: 10678: 10639:London Regiment 10610: 10431:Border Regiment 10254: 10208: 10205: 10175: 10170: 10091:2nd Life Guards 10086:1st Life Guards 10072: 10008:Sussex Yeomanry 9789: 9767:Special Reserve 9761: 9718: 9645: 9617: 9569: 9555:2nd Life Guards 9550:1st Life Guards 9536: 9533: 9503: 9486: 9480: 9461: 9442: 9423: 9404: 9384:Winter, Denis. 9378: 9359: 9349:First World War 9340: 9321: 9302: 9283: 9262: 9243: 9221: 9189: 9170: 9151: 9132: 9110: 9096:Sheffield, Gary 9088: 9074:Sheffield, Gary 9059: 9040: 9021: 8999: 8980: 8961: 8942: 8923: 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London: HMSO. 8749: 8728: 8705: 8686: 8664: 8642: 8623: 8604: 8585: 8566: 8547: 8533:Holmes, Richard 8525: 8503: 8481: 8462: 8443: 8424: 8405: 8386: 8367: 8348: 8329: 8290: 8271: 8252: 8233: 8190: 8166: 8147: 8128: 8109: 8090: 8071: 8052: 8038:Chandler, David 8030: 8004: 7985: 7966: 7942: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7905: 7879: 7860: 7841: 7822: 7803: 7784: 7765: 7737: 7718: 7716: 7699: 7680: 7661: 7642: 7610: 7593: 7591:Further reading 7588: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7556: 7552: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7481: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7427: 7425: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7294: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7182:"Easter Rising" 7180: 7179: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7117:, 13 April 1918 7111: 7107: 7100:, Chief of the 7095: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7072: 7070: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7017:on 30 June 2009 7007: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6880: 6874: 6865: 6858: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6787: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6686: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6314: 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5404: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5375: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5350: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4592: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4339: 4335: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4221: 4217: 4201: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4105:Manchester Pals 4102: 4098: 4093: 4042:Anglo-Irish War 3982: 3976: 3928: 3922: 3908:, Armenian and 3894:Rudyard Kipling 3863: 3857: 3666: 3660: 3583: 3577: 3568:had withdrawn. 3490: 3478:Main articles: 3476: 3428: 3422: 3387: 3355:Austria-Hungary 3351: 3345: 3321:Maurice Sarrail 3285: 3279: 3216: 3210: 3205: 3203:Other campaigns 3116:machine gunners 3064:major offensive 3048:Battle of Arras 3044:Hindenburg Line 3029:Henry Rawlinson 2913:in May and the 2857:Race to the Sea 2829:Sir John French 2822: 2816: 2792: 2771: 2752: 2732: 2691: 2670: 2648: 2646:Lesser offences 2635: 2633:Legal authority 2630: 2621: 2580: 2520: 2514: 2440: 2420: 2372: 2360: 2314: 2306:combat aircraft 2294:Royal Air Force 2256:on 9 May 1915. 2226: 2218:Main articles: 2216: 2200:Semaphore flags 2184:field telephone 2173:carrier pigeons 2156:Royal Engineers 2152: 2056:required.) The 2018: 1980: 1894: 1833: 1827: 1787:frontal attacks 1772:Haldane reforms 1764: 1736:Second Boer War 1647: 1530:Henry Rawlinson 1444:Brudenell White 1432:Sir Henry Horne 1424:Sir Julian Byng 1326:British I Corps 1296: 1243:Pals battalions 1227: 1221: 1109: 1093:Main articles: 1091: 1035:13-pounder guns 1004:60-pounder guns 992:18-pounder guns 984: 978: 918:Special Reserve 874:Royal Fusiliers 827:Special Reserve 796:Haldane Reforms 784:Second Boer War 738:Special Reserve 719:Channel Islands 688:Regular Reserve 667:Volunteer Force 644:Royal Engineers 642:, officer-only 640:Royal Artillery 638:. However, the 600: 560:order of battle 500:Austria-Hungary 414:attacking near 373: 312:Napoleonic Wars 275: 239: 221: 164:Senior officers 92: 91: 54: 53: 52: 33: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13450: 13440: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13401: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13377: 13370: 13365: 13357: 13355: 13351: 13350: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13343: 13338: 13337: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13306: 13301: 13300: 13299: 13294: 13286: 13280: 13278: 13276:Peace treaties 13275: 13272: 13271: 13269: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13217: 13215: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13181: 13179: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13169: 13164: 13162:United Kingdom 13159: 13154: 13152:Ottoman Empire 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13123: 13121: 13114: 13109: 13106: 13105: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13077: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13056: 13054:Sack of Dinant 13051: 13046: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13034: 13033: 13032: 13018: 13016: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13006: 13005: 13004: 13002:United Kingdom 12999: 12990: 12988: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12962: 12956:POW locations 12954: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12938: 12936: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12925: 12924: 12919: 12911: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12864: 12858: 12856: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12832: 12830: 12823: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12815: 12807: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12791: 12789: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12770: 12765: 12764: 12763: 12756:United Kingdom 12753: 12751:Ottoman Empire 12748: 12743: 12737: 12735: 12728: 12727: 12725:Trench warfare 12722: 12721: 12720: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12689: 12688: 12677: 12675: 12668: 12664: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12656: 12650: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12624: 12618: 12612: 12601: 12595: 12589: 12583: 12577: 12571: 12565: 12559: 12553: 12547: 12541: 12535: 12529: 12523: 12517: 12511: 12505: 12498: 12496: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12488: 12482: 12476: 12470: 12464: 12458: 12452: 12446: 12441: 12438:Volta-Bani War 12435: 12429: 12423: 12417: 12411: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12387: 12380: 12378: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12283:Zeebrugge Raid 12280: 12275: 12270: 12264: 12262: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12166: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12074:Battle of Loos 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11992: 11990: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11965:Black Sea raid 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11896: 11894: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11867:Historiography 11858: 11856: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11848: 11842: 11836: 11830: 11824: 11821:Bosnian Crisis 11818: 11815:Tangier Crisis 11812: 11806: 11800: 11793: 11791: 11784: 11778: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11748:Ottoman Empire 11745: 11740: 11735: 11729: 11727: 11725:Central Powers 11721: 11720: 11718: 11717: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11708:British Empire 11703:United Kingdom 11700: 11695: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11683: 11681:Russian Empire 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11635: 11634: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11603: 11601: 11599:Entente Powers 11592: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11576: 11571: 11570: 11569: 11567:North Atlantic 11558: 11556: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11530: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11492: 11490: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11480: 11478:Central Arabia 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11444: 11442: 11440:Middle Eastern 11436: 11435: 11433: 11432: 11427: 11426: 11425: 11415: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11397: 11395: 11386: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11341:Historiography 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11301: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11278: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11244: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11206: 11204: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11194: 11192:QF 4-inch Mk V 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11143: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11117: 11115: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11076: 11074: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11038: 11036: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10929: 10927: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10889:BLC 15-pounder 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10860: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10842: 10840: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10814: 10812: 10805: 10804: 10794:British Empire 10790: 10789: 10782: 10775: 10767: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10752:Royal Guernsey 10749: 10743: 10741: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10692: 10690: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10620: 10618: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10476:Essex Regiment 10473: 10468: 10463: 10461:Welsh Regiment 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10262: 10260: 10259:Line regiments 10256: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10216: 10214: 10210: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10181: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10082: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10068:Scottish Horse 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10048:Essex Yeomanry 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9799: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9771: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9728: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9655: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9579: 9577: 9575:Dragoon Guards 9571: 9570: 9568: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9546: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9532: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9509: 9502: 9501:External links 9499: 9498: 9497: 9485: 9484: 9478: 9465: 9459: 9446: 9440: 9427: 9421: 9408: 9402: 9389: 9382: 9376: 9363: 9357: 9344: 9338: 9325: 9319: 9306: 9300: 9287: 9281: 9266: 9260: 9247: 9241: 9225: 9219: 9206: 9193: 9187: 9174: 9168: 9155: 9149: 9136: 9130: 9118:Sheffield, G D 9114: 9108: 9092: 9087:978-0297847021 9086: 9070: 9067:War in History 9063: 9057: 9044: 9038: 9025: 9019: 9003: 8997: 8984: 8978: 8965: 8959: 8946: 8940: 8927: 8921: 8908: 8902: 8889: 8875: 8862: 8856: 8843: 8837: 8824: 8818: 8805: 8799:(42). London: 8789: 8783: 8770: 8753: 8747: 8732: 8726: 8709: 8703: 8690: 8684: 8668: 8662: 8646: 8640: 8627: 8621: 8608: 8602: 8589: 8583: 8570: 8564: 8551: 8545: 8529: 8523: 8507: 8501: 8485: 8479: 8466: 8460: 8447: 8441: 8428: 8422: 8409: 8403: 8390: 8384: 8371: 8365: 8352: 8346: 8333: 8327: 8314: 8294: 8288: 8275: 8269: 8256: 8250: 8237: 8231: 8218: 8194: 8188: 8170: 8164: 8158:. Leo Cooper. 8151: 8145: 8132: 8126: 8113: 8107: 8094: 8088: 8075: 8069: 8056: 8050: 8034: 8028: 8015: 8008: 8002: 7989: 7983: 7970: 7964: 7951: 7925: 7913:Bragg, William 7909: 7903: 7890: 7883: 7877: 7864: 7858: 7845: 7839: 7826: 7820: 7807: 7801: 7788: 7782: 7769: 7763: 7750: 7725: 7703: 7697: 7684: 7678: 7665: 7659: 7646: 7640: 7623: 7614: 7608: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7577: 7568: 7559: 7550: 7541: 7532: 7523: 7511: 7502: 7493: 7484: 7475: 7453: 7444: 7435: 7413: 7404: 7395: 7386: 7359: 7350: 7324: 7315: 7304:on 26 May 2009 7298:"Other Fronts" 7249: 7240: 7217: 7195: 7168: 7146: 7137: 7128: 7119: 7105: 7089: 7080: 7058: 7049: 7037: 7028: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6964:Baker, Chris. 6956: 6934: 6920:Baker, Chris. 6912: 6898:Baker, Chris. 6890: 6863: 6856: 6834: 6812: 6790: 6778: 6769: 6760: 6751: 6742: 6733: 6724: 6715: 6703: 6694: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6645: 6623: 6614: 6605: 6596: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6560: 6551: 6542: 6533: 6521: 6512: 6503: 6491: 6482: 6470: 6456: 6447: 6435: 6426: 6414: 6402: 6393: 6381: 6372: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6330: 6321: 6312: 6303: 6294: 6285: 6246: 6224: 6189: 6164: 6135: 6102: 6093: 6071: 6057:Baker, Chris. 6046: 6032:Baker, Chris. 6017: 6008: 5999: 5990: 5981: 5967:Baker, Chris. 5956: 5947: 5938: 5929: 5920: 5906:Baker, Chris. 5889: 5875:Baker, Chris. 5862: 5848:Baker, Chris. 5840: 5826:Baker, Chris. 5818: 5804:Baker, Chris. 5793: 5784: 5775: 5763: 5720: 5711: 5702: 5693: 5684: 5675: 5666: 5657: 5645: 5627: 5618: 5606: 5597: 5583: 5569:Baker, Chris. 5561: 5552: 5543: 5534: 5522: 5513: 5504: 5490: 5476: 5460: 5451: 5435: 5412: 5387: 5361: 5336: 5334:, p. 134. 5324: 5315: 5306: 5297: 5285: 5276: 5264: 5255: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5207: 5198: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4959: 4950: 4941: 4929: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4871: 4862: 4850: 4841: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4758: 4749: 4724: 4702: 4693: 4667: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4613: 4604: 4590: 4579: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4517:Baker, Chris. 4504: 4492: 4483: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4414: 4396:Conrad, Mark. 4388: 4379: 4370: 4358: 4351: 4333: 4304: 4282: 4275: 4254: 4240: 4233: 4215: 4186: 4177: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4131: 4121: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4069:British Empire 3975: 3972: 3946:, re-occupied 3944:William Peyton 3924:Main article: 3921: 3918: 3900:It arrived in 3879:Turkish forces 3871:Caucasus Front 3865:Following the 3859:Main article: 3856: 3853: 3674:Edmund Allenby 3662:Main article: 3659: 3656: 3579:Main article: 3576: 3573: 3475: 3472: 3424:Main article: 3421: 3418: 3386: 3383: 3371:Herbert Plumer 3347:Main article: 3344: 3341: 3281:Main article: 3278: 3275: 3260:Irish Republic 3252:Cumann na mBan 3236:Irish Republic 3212:Main article: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3168:, was finally 3151:Ferdinand Foch 3076:Messines ridge 3060:Robert Nivelle 3052:Prime Minister 2993:30th Divisions 2965:Bazentin Ridge 2939:Battle of Loos 2895:Trench warfare 2888:Battle of Loos 2818:Main article: 2815: 2812: 2808:Etaples mutiny 2791: 2788: 2770: 2767: 2751: 2748: 2731: 2728: 2690: 2687: 2669: 2668:Courts martial 2666: 2647: 2644: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2605:Trench raiding 2579: 2576: 2518:Trench warfare 2516:Main article: 2513: 2510: 2485:Lance Corporal 2463:Victoria Cross 2439: 2436: 2419: 2416: 2371: 2368: 2359: 2356: 2337:battle of Loos 2313: 2310: 2262:Hugh Trenchard 2215: 2212: 2151: 2150:Communications 2148: 2054:draught horses 2017: 2014: 1979: 1976: 1926:trench mortars 1914:trench warfare 1893: 1890: 1829:Main article: 1826: 1823: 1763: 1760: 1658:, painting by 1646: 1643: 1616:First Boer War 1606:, and General 1602:commanded the 1577:battle of Loos 1519:Canadian Corps 1464:Edmund Allenby 1366:Battle of Loos 1358:Sudan Campaign 1342:Herbert Plumer 1338:James Grierson 1302:Field Marshal 1295: 1292: 1278:(QAIMNS), the 1223:Main article: 1220: 1217: 1090: 1087: 1083:Stokes Mortars 1023:field kitchens 977: 974: 966:Naval Division 757:"British Army" 751:, or those of 599: 596: 548:combine forces 544:trench warfare 516:Ottoman Empire 504:Bulgarian Army 476:theatre of war 440:British Empire 375: 374: 372: 371: 364: 357: 349: 346: 345: 344: 343: 338: 337: 336: 331: 321: 320: 319: 314: 304: 303: 302: 289: 288: 277: 276: 274: 273: 266: 259: 251: 248: 247: 241: 240: 238: 237: 231: 228: 227: 223: 222: 220: 219: 214: 209: 203: 200: 199: 195: 194: 193: 192: 184: 183: 179: 178: 177: 176: 171: 166: 158: 157: 153: 152: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 122: 121: 117: 116: 115: 114: 106: 105: 104:Administration 101: 100: 99: 98: 93: 90: 89: 83: 76: 72: 67: 66: 62: 61: 46: 45: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13449: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13410: 13400: 13397: 13396: 13393: 13383: 13382: 13378: 13376: 13375: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13363: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13342: 13339: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13281: 13279: 13273: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13178: 13174: 13168: 13167:United States 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13118: 13115: 13112: 13107: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13038: 13035: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13023: 13022: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12935: 12931: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12853: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12827: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12792: 12790: 12784: 12779: 12769: 12768:United States 12766: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12732: 12726: 12723: 12719: 12718:Convoy system 12716: 12715: 12714: 12713:Naval warfare 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12669: 12665: 12654: 12651: 12648: 12645: 12642: 12639: 12636: 12633: 12628: 12625: 12622: 12619: 12616: 12613: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12602: 12599: 12596: 12593: 12590: 12587: 12584: 12581: 12578: 12575: 12572: 12569: 12566: 12563: 12560: 12557: 12554: 12551: 12548: 12545: 12542: 12539: 12536: 12533: 12530: 12527: 12524: 12521: 12518: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12493: 12486: 12483: 12480: 12477: 12474: 12473:Kaocen revolt 12471: 12468: 12467:Easter Rising 12465: 12462: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12439: 12436: 12433: 12430: 12427: 12424: 12421: 12418: 12415: 12412: 12409: 12406: 12403: 12400: 12397: 12394: 12391: 12388: 12385: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12375: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12257: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12159: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12126: 12123: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12039:Great Retreat 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11987: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11910:Battle of Cer 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11891: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11853: 11846: 11843: 11840: 11837: 11834: 11831: 11828: 11827:Agadir Crisis 11825: 11822: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11810: 11807: 11804: 11801: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11779: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11722: 11716: 11715:United States 11713: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11633: 11632:French Empire 11630: 11629: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11596: 11593: 11585: 11575: 11574:Mediterranean 11572: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11554:Naval warfare 11551: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11485: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11437: 11431: 11430:Italian Front 11428: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11419: 11418:Eastern Front 11416: 11414: 11413:Western Front 11411: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11387: 11383: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11371:Puppet states 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11310: 11306: 11299: 11294: 11292: 11287: 11285: 11280: 11279: 11276: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11199: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11187:QF 18-pounder 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11069: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11031: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10990: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10923:Medium & 10921: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10899:QF 18-pounder 10897: 10895: 10894:QF 15-pounder 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10884:BL 15-pounder 10882: 10880: 10879:QF 13-pounder 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10838:Infantry guns 10835: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10788: 10783: 10781: 10776: 10774: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10681: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10613: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10202: 10197: 10195: 10190: 10188: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9764: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9721: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9530: 9525: 9523: 9518: 9516: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9487: 9481: 9479:1-55365-209-6 9475: 9471: 9466: 9462: 9460:0-415-35600-8 9456: 9453:. Routledge. 9452: 9447: 9443: 9441:0-275-95422-6 9437: 9433: 9428: 9424: 9422:0-14-139079-4 9418: 9414: 9409: 9405: 9403:0-87436-990-8 9399: 9395: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9369: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9350: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9331: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9301:0-8153-3351-X 9297: 9293: 9288: 9284: 9282:0-415-23497-2 9278: 9275:. Routledge. 9274: 9273: 9267: 9263: 9261:1-85109-420-2 9257: 9253: 9248: 9244: 9242:0-19-280140-6 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9220:1-84176-196-6 9216: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9180: 9175: 9171: 9169:0-88365-155-6 9165: 9161: 9156: 9152: 9150:0-949749-09-5 9146: 9142: 9137: 9133: 9131:0-312-22640-3 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9058:0-19-928440-7 9054: 9050: 9045: 9041: 9039:0-415-35006-9 9035: 9032:. Routledge. 9031: 9026: 9022: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8998:0-415-26869-9 8994: 8991:. Routledge. 8990: 8985: 8981: 8979:1-57607-335-1 8975: 8971: 8966: 8962: 8960:0-313-29366-X 8956: 8952: 8947: 8943: 8941:1-84415-326-6 8937: 8933: 8928: 8924: 8922:0-06-093708-4 8918: 8914: 8909: 8905: 8903:9781403938251 8899: 8895: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8876:0-04-445053-2 8872: 8868: 8863: 8859: 8857:0-140-17134-7 8853: 8849: 8844: 8840: 8838:0-297-84695-7 8834: 8830: 8825: 8821: 8819:1-880677-17-2 8815: 8811: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8784:1-84234-200-2 8780: 8776: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8754: 8750: 8748:0-330-23354-8 8744: 8740: 8739: 8733: 8729: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8706: 8704:0-684-14609-6 8700: 8696: 8691: 8687: 8685:0-415-12722-X 8681: 8678:. Routledge. 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8663:0-375-70045-5 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8641:0-674-00541-4 8637: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8622:1-4179-0769-X 8618: 8614: 8609: 8605: 8603:0-275-95526-5 8599: 8595: 8590: 8586: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8548: 8546:0-00-713751-6 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8524:0-7110-0381-5 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8502:0-356-03745-2 8498: 8495:. Macdonald. 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8480:0-8131-2403-4 8476: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8453: 8448: 8444: 8442:0-85052-696-5 8438: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8423:1-85532-111-4 8419: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8385:1-84176-902-9 8381: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8366:0-7570-0158-0 8362: 8358: 8357:The Great War 8353: 8349: 8347:0-300-06663-5 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8328:0-313-32473-5 8324: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8289:1-84509-161-2 8285: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8270:0-19-820641-0 8266: 8262: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8232:1-84509-161-2 8228: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8189:0-19-821705-6 8185: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8165:0-85052-463-6 8161: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8146:0-304-36659-5 8142: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8127:0-19-927860-1 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8108:1-84176-688-7 8104: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8089:1-84176-399-3 8085: 8081: 8076: 8072: 8070:0-435-32729-1 8066: 8063:. Heinemann. 8062: 8057: 8053: 8051:0-19-280311-5 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8029:0-275-98990-9 8025: 8021: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8003:1-57356-557-1 7999: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7984:1-84176-198-2 7980: 7976: 7971: 7967: 7965:1-905237-95-2 7961: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7936: 7928: 7926:0-9501743-0-0 7922: 7918: 7917:Sound Ranging 7914: 7910: 7906: 7904:0-415-14179-6 7900: 7897:. Routledge. 7896: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7851: 7846: 7842: 7840:0-352-30833-8 7836: 7833:. Star Book. 7832: 7827: 7823: 7821:0-86486-384-5 7817: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7802:0-7190-1737-8 7798: 7794: 7789: 7785: 7783:9781848843950 7779: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7764:9780955781315 7760: 7756: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7698:0-304-36294-8 7694: 7690: 7685: 7681: 7679:0-85066-811-5 7675: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7641:0-330-48068-5 7637: 7632: 7631: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7609:0-7099-0561-0 7605: 7601: 7596: 7595: 7581: 7572: 7563: 7554: 7545: 7536: 7527: 7518: 7516: 7506: 7497: 7488: 7479: 7463: 7457: 7448: 7439: 7423: 7417: 7408: 7399: 7390: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7354: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7319: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7244: 7229:. BBC History 7228: 7221: 7206:. BBC History 7205: 7199: 7184:. BBC History 7183: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7156: 7150: 7141: 7132: 7123: 7116: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7084: 7069:. BBC History 7068: 7062: 7053: 7044: 7042: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6991: 6982: 6967: 6960: 6945: 6942:Chris Baker. 6938: 6923: 6916: 6901: 6894: 6879: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6859: 6857:1-59803-153-8 6853: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6823:. BBC History 6822: 6816: 6800: 6794: 6785: 6783: 6773: 6764: 6755: 6746: 6737: 6728: 6719: 6710: 6708: 6698: 6682: 6681:"Legislation" 6676: 6667: 6658: 6649: 6633: 6627: 6618: 6609: 6600: 6591: 6582: 6573: 6564: 6555: 6546: 6537: 6528: 6526: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6496: 6486: 6477: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6451: 6442: 6440: 6430: 6421: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6397: 6388: 6386: 6376: 6367: 6365: 6355: 6346: 6337: 6335: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6270: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6234: 6228: 6212: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6153: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6097: 6081: 6075: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6035: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5985: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5951: 5942: 5933: 5924: 5909: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5878: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5851: 5844: 5829: 5822: 5807: 5800: 5798: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5768: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5715: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5634: 5632: 5622: 5613: 5611: 5601: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5572: 5565: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5529: 5527: 5517: 5508: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5455: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5423: 5416: 5401:. BBC History 5400: 5399:"Mark 1 Tank" 5394: 5392: 5384: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5332:Corrigan 2002 5328: 5319: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5290: 5280: 5271: 5269: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5238: 5229: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5001: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4934: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4855: 4845: 4836: 4834: 4824: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4785: 4776: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4753: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4713:. BBC History 4712: 4706: 4697: 4682:. BBC History 4681: 4674: 4672: 4656:. BBC History 4655: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4588: 4583: 4574: 4572: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4520: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4502:, p. 30. 4501: 4496: 4487: 4479: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4363: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4315: 4308: 4292: 4286: 4278: 4276:9780921560111 4272: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4250: 4244: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4197: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4159: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4109:18th Division 4107:(part of the 4106: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061:Ten Year Rule 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999:Western Front 3996: 3986: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3964:armoured cars 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936:Libyan Desert 3933: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3887:Major General 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869:in 1917, the 3868: 3862: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807:Edward Bulfin 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3791:Harry Chauvel 3788: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558:Scimitar Hill 3555: 3554:29th Division 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3530:10th Division 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448:South African 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3214:Easter Rising 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3156:Generalissimo 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2969:Ernest Brooks 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921:launched the 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2869:Ypres Salient 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841:Great Retreat 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2826:Field Marshal 2821: 2814:Western Front 2811: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2780:H. H. Asquith 2775: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2695: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2643: 2640: 2625: 2616: 2614: 2613:no man's land 2610: 2606: 2600: 2598: 2589: 2584: 2578:Daily routine 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2271:Sopwith Camel 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2144:sound ranging 2141: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093:friendly fire 2089: 2084: 2082: 2081:indirect fire 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1997:George Harper 1993: 1989: 1984: 1975: 1972: 1971:leap frogging 1966: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942:hand grenades 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922:hand grenades 1919: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1884:Finally, the 1882: 1880: 1879:Stokes Mortar 1876: 1871: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Charles Monro 1802: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1724:198th Brigade 1721: 1720:brigade major 1717: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1680:public school 1677: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448:Louis Vaughan 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316:Field Marshal 1313: 1305: 1300: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1190:Second Armies 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:Cavalry Corps 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 983: 973: 972:were formed. 971: 967: 963: 955: 951: 946: 942: 940: 936: 932: 927: 924: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 838: 834: 830: 828: 824: 820: 817:and fourteen 816: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:colonial wars 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 730: 728: 727:Regular Force 724: 720: 716: 712: 706: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616:Scottish Army 613: 609: 605: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 531: 529: 525: 521: 520:Japanese Army 517: 513: 510:, Africa and 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 492:German Empire 489: 485: 481: 480:Western Front 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 425: 424:Ernest Brooks 421: 417: 413: 408: 404: 402: 398: 394: 393:German Armies 390: 387:. Unlike the 386: 382: 370: 365: 363: 358: 356: 351: 350: 348: 347: 342: 339: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317:Victorian Era 315: 313: 310: 309: 308: 305: 301: 298: 297: 296: 293: 292: 291: 290: 287: 283: 282: 272: 267: 265: 260: 258: 253: 252: 250: 249: 246: 243: 242: 236: 235:Installations 233: 232: 230: 229: 225: 224: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 202: 201: 197: 196: 191: 188: 187: 186: 185: 181: 180: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 160: 159: 155: 154: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 124: 123: 119: 118: 113: 110: 109: 108: 107: 103: 102: 97: 94: 87: 84: 82: 78: 77: 75: 71: 70: 69: 68: 64: 63: 58: 51: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 32: 27: 19: 13409: 13379: 13372: 13360: 12967: / 12899: 12734:Conscription 12698:Cryptography 12635:Iraqi Revolt 12069:Siege of Kut 12012: 11590:participants 11539:German Samoa 11473:South Arabia 11240:Railway guns 11157:75 mm AA gun 10240:Welsh Guards 10235:Irish Guards 10230:Scots Guards 10063:Lovat Scouts 9714:20th Hussars 9689:13th Hussars 9491: 9469: 9450: 9431: 9412: 9396:. ABC CLIO. 9393: 9385: 9367: 9348: 9329: 9310: 9291: 9271: 9254:. ABC-CLIO. 9251: 9232: 9210: 9203:. G. Newnes. 9200: 9178: 9159: 9140: 9121: 9099: 9077: 9066: 9048: 9029: 9010: 8988: 8969: 8950: 8931: 8912: 8893: 8866: 8847: 8828: 8809: 8796: 8774: 8761: 8758:Falls, Cyril 8737: 8715: 8694: 8675: 8672:Keegan, John 8653: 8650:Keegan, John 8631: 8612: 8593: 8574: 8555: 8536: 8514: 8492: 8470: 8451: 8432: 8413: 8394: 8375: 8356: 8337: 8318: 8299: 8279: 8260: 8241: 8222: 8201: 8178: 8155: 8136: 8117: 8098: 8079: 8060: 8041: 8019: 8011: 7993: 7974: 7955: 7916: 7894: 7886: 7868: 7849: 7830: 7811: 7792: 7773: 7754: 7733: 7729:Bean, C.E.W. 7717:. Retrieved 7711: 7707:Bean, C.E.W. 7688: 7669: 7650: 7629: 7618: 7599: 7580: 7571: 7562: 7553: 7544: 7535: 7526: 7505: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7466:. Retrieved 7456: 7447: 7438: 7426:. Retrieved 7416: 7407: 7398: 7389: 7377:. Retrieved 7372: 7362: 7353: 7341:. Retrieved 7337:the original 7327: 7318: 7306:. Retrieved 7302:the original 7243: 7231:. 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Penguin. 9181:. Penguin. 8850:. Penguin. 8797:War Monthly 8489:Hogg, Ian V 8139:. Cassell. 7943:|work= 7831:Amiens 1918 6687:18 February 5376:26 February 5351:26 February 5049:"No. 30559" 4011:French Army 3966:led by the 3739:. With the 3599:Mesopotamia 3575:Mesopotamia 3506:Dardanelles 3452:Indian Army 3420:East Africa 3367:Piave River 3333:Lake Doiran 3224:Easter Week 3101:Julian Byng 3035:of General 3027:of General 3025:Fourth Army 3015:seized the 2919:German Army 2873:infantrymen 2865:First Ypres 2740:shell shock 2738:(known as " 2716:Mesopotamia 2653:Other ranks 2609:barbed wire 2559:trench foot 2537:water table 2188:switchboard 2116:box barrage 2069:open sights 1962:Skirmishers 1918:barbed wire 1886:Mark I tank 1814:Black Watch 1732:Crimean War 1542:Fourth Army 1507:Dardanelles 1499:Julian Byng 1397:Second Army 1390:Henry Horne 1384:by General 1319:John French 1205:Fourth Army 1152:other ranks 948:Men of the 939:German Army 935:French Army 703:Crimean War 578:. When the 568:trench foot 526:during the 512:Mesopotamia 508:Middle East 410:Men of the 329:World War I 217:Recruitment 13416:Categories 13214:Agreements 13014:War crimes 12890:Luxembourg 12783:Casualties 11661:Montenegro 11496:South West 11376:Technology 11366:Propaganda 11356:Opposition 11230:RML 9-inch 10686:of Regular 6235:. BBC h2g2 4500:SMEBE 1922 4407:7 February 4352:0969651716 4234:0950820512 4129:North Sea. 3875:War Office 3776:War Office 3686:Suez canal 3615:John Nixon 3607:Royal Navy 3295:, Salonika 3097:Third Army 3033:Fifth Army 2927:poison gas 2778:Minister) 2689:Executions 2628:Discipline 2542:duckboards 2506:other rank 2474:VC and Bar 2376:Tank Corps 2370:Tank Corps 2302:parachutes 2204:heliograph 2192:Morse code 2142:developed 2058:War Office 1992:Tank Corps 1847:The heavy 1598:, General 1476:Third Army 1382:First Army 1376:, and the 1294:Commanders 1213:Fifth Army 1201:Third Army 1128:Army corps 980:See also: 970:Royal Navy 857:Coldstream 853:Battalions 764:regimental 634:under the 632:War Office 614:, and the 556:Tank Corps 401:conscripts 65:Components 29:See also: 13111:Diplomacy 12818:Olympians 12741:Australia 12708:Logistics 12641:Vlora War 12570:(1918–19) 12546:(1918–19) 12540:(1918–19) 12528:(1918–19) 12475:(1916–17) 12457:(1916–17) 12408:Zaian War 12398:(1914–15) 12125:first day 12013:Lusitania 11841:(1912–13) 11835:(1911–12) 11823:(1908–09) 11817:(1905–06) 11799:(1870–71) 11588:Principal 11448:Gallipoli 11351:Memorials 11336:Geography 11326:Aftermath 10797:artillery 8913:Gallipoli 8885:220072268 8511:Hogg, Ian 8214:314227387 7945:ignored ( 7935:cite book 4478:Stand To! 4322:cite book 4204:cite book 4155:Footnotes 4145:armistice 4113:Montauban 4054:Armistice 3989:Lechelle. 3974:Aftermath 3896:'s novel 3823:Jerusalem 3803:XXI Corps 3678:Jerusalem 3676:, enters 3644:River War 3526:Suvla Bay 3498:Gallipoli 3474:Gallipoli 3411:HMS 3337:armistice 3271:Ashbourne 3220:rebellion 3153:was made 3068:Champagne 3021:attrition 3003:captured 2997:Montauban 2571:frostbite 2502:& Bar 2495:& Bar 2286:air power 2282:Jan Smuts 2164:telegraph 1974:support. 1930:companies 1867:Lewis gun 1854:High Wood 1704:The Buffs 1667:the war. 1484:Palestine 1446:, Percy, 1271:(1938)). 1167:the Aisne 1163:Le Cateau 988:artillery 976:Divisions 968:from the 910:Shillings 851:, with 3 849:Grenadier 825:into the 804:divisions 802:of seven 749:Dominions 472:divisions 324:1900–1999 307:1800–1899 295:1700–1799 182:Equipment 156:Personnel 13399:Category 12986:Refugees 12952:Italians 12941:Germans 12901:Ober Ost 12681:Aviation 11782:Timeline 11753:Bulgaria 11534:Tsingtao 11511:Togoland 11458:Caucasus 11393:European 11385:Theatres 9795:Yeomanry 9623:Dragoons 9231:(2001). 9199:(1936). 9120:(2000). 9098:(2007). 9009:(2008). 8760:(1928). 8652:(1998). 8535:(2004). 8491:(1971). 8340:. 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British Army during the First World War

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