112:
265:
1498:
191:
The fines included 3 d for having an untidy workbench, talking or having dirty feet—many of the workers were bare-footed as shoes were too expensive; 5 d was deducted for being late; and a shilling for having a burnt match on the workbench. The women and girls involved in boxing up the matches had to pay the boys who brought them the frames from the drying ovens, and had to supply their own glue and brushes. One girl who dropped a tray of matches was fined 6 d.
419:
343:
40:
493:
190:
for three gross of boxes, and the packers got 1s 9d per 100 boxes wrapped up. Those under 14 years of-age received a weekly wage of about 4 s. Most workers were lucky if they took the full amounts home, as a series of fines were levied by the foremen, with the money deducted directly from wages.
171:
In the 1880s Bryant & May employed nearly 5,000 people, most of them female and Irish, or of Irish descent; by 1895 the figure was 2,000 people, of whom between 1,200 and 1,500 were women and girls. The workers were paid different rates for completing a ten-hour day, depending on the type of work
144:
In 1850 the company sold 231,000 boxes; by 1855 this had risen to 10.8 million boxes and to 27.9 million boxes in 1860. Market preference in the UK was for the familiar lucifer match, and by 1880 Bryant & May were also producing them. The same year the company began exporting their goods; in 1884
369:
it is difficult not to feel considerable doubt as to the wisdom of the proposed tax on matches ... will be felt by all classes to whom matches have become a necessity of life. ... this tax which is intended should press on all equally will in fact only be severely felt by the poor which
552:
Wilkinson Match's shares were acquired by US company
Allegheny International from 1978 with Allegheny taking full ownership in 1980. In 1987 Allegheny filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and Swedish Match re-acquired the company. In 1990 Swedish Match sold the Wilkinson Sword business, retaining the
561:
In 1971 the
Northern Ireland factory, Maguire & Patterson closed down following a terrorist attack. The original Bow match factory was closed in 1979, when it still employed 275 people; unlike some of the other match factories little recent investment had taken place. The Bow factory site
324:
as "beyond doubt of the working classes. They ... were accompanied by men and women of their own class, without any admixture of the usual agitators." The marchers were harassed along the way before their progress was blocked by police at
654:
On the dexter side a lion guardant Or incensed Proper and over the sinister shoulder a wreath of laver baldricwise also Proper and on the sinister side a swan its wings elevated and addorsed Proper the underside thereof semy of anchors
329:. Much of the march progressed through the police line, but parts were split off and made their way via alternative routes to the Westminster, by which time the march numbered approximately 10,000. Clashes ensued, and
591:
Some
British match names continue to survive as brands of Swedish Match, but are made outside the UK. Some former shaving products survive, manufactured in Germany and sold under the trade name Wilkinson Sword in
140:-based Bryant and James. The company began production after purchasing the rights in Britain for £100. In line with their religious beliefs, Bryant and May decided to produce only safety matches, rather than
613:
Vitafruit was a confectionery manufactured by the Bryant & May group in 1988. There were three varieties including tropical fruit flavour (Vitafruit), mint (Vitamint) and a throat soother (Vitasooth).
135:
boxes of 100 matches each). The next order was for 50 cases; later orders were for 500. This partnership was successful, so the partners decided to merge the firm with a separate company owned by Bryant,
302:
on the proposal, opined that the tax was "a singularly reactionary proposal" that would affect the poor more heavily. Match-making companies complained about the new levy and arranged a mass-meeting at
81:
William Bryant and
Francis May and survived as an independent concern for over seventy years before undergoing a series of mergers with other matchmakers and later consumer products companies.
156:. The building, an old candle factory, was demolished and a model factory was built in the mock-Venetian style popular at the time. The factory was heavily mechanised and included twenty-five
381:
Bryant and May was involved in three of the most divisive industrial episodes of the nineteenth century, the sweating of domestic out-workers, the wage "fines" that led to the
131:
in order to capture part of the market of the 250 million matches that were used in
Britain each day. Its first order was for 10 or 15 cases of 720,000 matches (composed of 50
333:
described that the police had "by their hard usage of the matchmakers and spectators, converted what was before not an ill-behaved gathering into a resisting, howling mob".
581:
with the last B & M match factory in the UK. It shuttered in
December 1994, and was renovated into today’s 'the Matchworks' (grade 2 listed building) and the Matchbox.
463:
names. Bryant & May could not compete, so in 1905 it sold a majority 54.5 per cent of its share capital to the (American) Diamond Match
Company in return for the
1541:
1503:
1556:
617:
When
Swedish Match acquired Bryant & May the confectionery arm of the business was sold and eventually the new owners stopped production of Vitafruit.
307:
on Sunday 23 April; 3,000 match workers attended, the majority of whom were from Bryant & May. It was resolved to march on the following day to the
1536:
1130:
389:". The strike won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce working with the dangerous white phosphorus.
1531:
505:
In 1927 Bryant & May combined with J. John
Masters & Co. Ltd (match importers and owners of the Abbey Match Works, Barking, Essex) and the
111:
1571:
642:
Upon a helm with a wreath Or and Gules upon water barry wavy Azure and Argent an ark Gules and rising behind the same a sun in splendour Gold.
392:
The company rebuilt their Bow factory in 1909-1910, with many modern innovations including two tall towers housing water storage tanks for a
339:
described that "policemen, strong in their sense of officialism, and bullying in their strength, approached the verge of brutality".
1566:
123:
William Bryant and
Francis May to trade in general merchandise. In 1850 the company entered into a relationship with the Swedish
1546:
1491:
446:, and installed a continuous match making machine that could produce 600,000 matches per hour. Its matches were sold under the
375:
1333:
1312:
1273:
716:
1551:
1516:
1156:
1042:
1040:
1038:
358:
1060:
1058:
1035:
249:, they began to manufacture their own safety matches and "other chemical lights". This site was gradually expanded as a
1055:
686:
585:
382:
187:
89:
168:". If a worker complained of having toothache, they were told to have the teeth removed immediately or be sacked.
1437:
164:, the company built a lumber mill to make splints from imported Canadian pine. Bryant & May were aware of "
84:
Bryant & May was involved in three of the most divisive industrial episodes of the nineteenth century: the
17:
1438:"'Ex luce lucellum'? Innovation, class interests and economic returns in the nineteenth century match trade"
1512:
681:
281:
318:
The demonstration comprised mostly girls between the ages of thirteen and twenty, and were described in
66:. The company was formed in the mid-19th century as a dry goods trader, with its first match works, the
1104:
715:£100 in 1850 equates to approximately £13,507 in 2024 pounds, according to calculations based on the
128:
530:
521:
In 1929, the British Match Corporation set up a jointly-owned company with another Quaker company,
229:
In 1861, at the Fairfield Works, a dilapidated site that had once been used for the manufacture of
735:
A rate of wages inadequate to the necessities of the workers or disproportionate to the work done.
74:. It later opened other factories in the United Kingdom, Australia, and other parts of the world.
1408:
Satre, Lowell J. (September 1982). "After the Match Girls' Strike: Bryant and May in the 1890s".
513:(except for major plant in India and elsewhere in Asia) to become the British Match Corporation.
362:
335:
173:
146:
103:
alongside those of many formerly independent companies once within the Bryant & May group.
1350:
526:
1487:
468:
435:
393:
304:
1323:
1233:
995:
993:
691:
562:
consisted of a number of listed buildings, which have subsequently been converted into the
308:
937:
8:
1497:
990:
522:
404:
Bryant & May variously sold itself to, merged with, or took over rivals. These were:
1390:
1046:
264:
1417:
696:
485:
31:
396:. By 1911, it employed more than 2,000 female workers, the largest factory in London.
1444:
1372:
1354:
1329:
1308:
1288:
1269:
1064:
152:
In 1861 Bryant relocated the business to a three-acre site, on Fairfield Road, Bow,
1561:
1351:
Fifth Report from the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Sweating System
730:
Fifth Report from the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Sweating System
483:
match maker S.J. Moreland and Sons, who made and sold matches under the trade name
1508:
597:
546:
195:
149:. Dividends of 22.5 per cent in 1885 and 20 per cent in 1886 and 1887 were paid.
85:
1465:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
510:
399:
354:
1349:
943:
258:
1525:
1448:
1358:
506:
432:
326:
63:
1464:
1292:
226:
of boxes. The workers had to provide glue and string from their own funds.
223:
199:
157:
132:
1325:
Striking a Light: The Bryant and May Matchwomen and their Place in History
1300:
1190:
Competition Commission Reports 1987: Bryant & May and Wilkinson Sword
563:
346:
277:
246:
153:
71:
67:
418:
1421:
648:
Gules semy of flames an Inescutcheon Or thereon four flames also Gules.
570:
480:
456:
439:
386:
165:
161:
100:
93:
59:
1305:
The Shocking History of Phosphorus: A Biography of the Devil's Element
342:
741:
The insanitary state of the houses in which the work is carried out."
578:
443:
320:
299:
242:
234:
39:
492:
254:
422:
Swan Vesta matches, originally a brand of the Diamond Match Company
312:
137:
732:
defined "sweating" as "the evils known by that name are ...:
661:
A grassy mount with poplar stumps and saplings thereon all Proper.
588:
closed in the mid-1980s. This was converted into offices in 1989.
311:
to present a petition. Several thousand match-makers set off from
574:
120:
78:
253:. The public were initially unwilling to buy the more expensive
593:
230:
534:
464:
460:
370:
would be very wrong and most impolitic at the present moment.
124:
55:
1504:
Competition commission: Bryant & May and Wilkinson Sword
400:
Sale to, acquisition of, and mergers with other match makers
438:
bought an existing match factory in the United Kingdom, at
238:
194:
The match boxes were made through domestic outwork under a
272:, showing the police clashing with the match makers' march
88:
of domestic out-workers, the wage "fines" that led to the
30:
For the Bryant and May series of crime mystery books, see
1381:
1353:(Report). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1890.
999:
774:
772:
533:, as these two chemicals were used in safety matches and
949:
913:
769:
529:
site which was manufacturing amorphous phosphorus and
1025:
1023:
980:
978:
976:
855:
853:
816:
814:
789:
787:
414:
factories in Stratford, Manchester, York and Glasgow.
1085:
1073:
1008:
901:
1131:"Bryant and May Match Factory, Bow, Greater London"
961:
889:
877:
838:
757:
374:The day following the march, Lowe announced in the
99:Swedish Match owns the registered Bryant & May
1429:
1020:
973:
944:House of Lords Report on the Sweating System. 1890
925:
850:
826:
811:
784:
545:In 1973 the British Match Corporation merged with
525:. It took over that part of Albright and Wilson's
257:so they also made the more profitable traditional
115:Bryant & May "Pearl" safety matches, 1890–1891
865:
353:On the same day as the meeting in Victoria Park,
1523:
1488:"Archival material relating to Bryant & May"
799:
176:per 100 frames completed; the cutters received 2
1266:The Match Makers: The Story of Bryant & May
172:undertaken. The frame-fillers were paid 1
1542:History of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
1509:Documents and clippings about Bryant & May
1557:Manufacturing companies established in 1843
378:that the proposed tax was being withdrawn.
58:manufacturer, which today only exists as a
1496:
1175:
549:to form the new company Wilkinson Match.
27:British match manufacturers, 1843 to 1973
1537:Chemical companies of the United Kingdom
491:
417:
341:
263:
110:
45:Illustrated Guide to the Church Congress
38:
1532:Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
1105:"BRYANT AND MAY FACTORY, MAIN BUILDING"
479:In 1913 Bryant & May took over the
471:of the British Diamond Match Company.
119:Bryant & May was formed in 1843 by
14:
1524:
1435:
1373:"The Government and the Matchmakers".
1299:
1263:
1091:
1079:
1065:"The Government and the Matchmakers".
1014:
984:
955:
919:
907:
895:
859:
844:
820:
793:
778:
763:
523:The A & W Match Phosphorus Company
198:, which left workers uncovered by the
1572:British companies established in 1843
1462:
1407:
967:
883:
832:
805:
1282:
931:
584:The former Australian match factory
1343:
1328:. London: Continuum International.
1321:
1029:
871:
24:
1391:"The Matchmakers' Demonstration".
1047:"The Matchmakers' Demonstration".
284:, attempted to introduce a tax of
160:to power the machinery. On nearby
25:
1583:
1480:
687:Bryant and May Factory, Melbourne
626:Coat of arms of Bryant & May
586:Bryant and May Factory, Melbourne
1366:
383:London matchgirls strike of 1888
90:London matchgirls strike of 1888
1430:Internet and audio-visual media
1252:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1149:
1123:
1097:
722:
347:Bryant & May factory in Bow
77:The firm was formed in 1843 by
1567:1843 establishments in England
709:
13:
1:
1547:Companies established in 1852
1287:. London: The Labour Museum.
750:
496:England's Glory brand matches
294: d per hundred matches.
1377:. 25 April 1871. p. 10.
1285:The Match Girls Strike, 1888
608:
365:, to protest about the tax:
106:
7:
1552:Chemical industry in London
1513:20th Century Press Archives
1401:
1395:. 26 April 1871. p. 6.
1386:. 21 April 1871. p. 9.
682:Bryant and May Factory, Bow
675:
603:
569:In the 1980s, factories in
509:company's interests in the
349:, which was rebuilt in 1910
282:Chancellor of the Exchequer
10:
1588:
738:Excessive hours of labour.
556:
29:
1268:. London: Henry Melland.
202:. Such workers received 2
1443:. University of Exeter.
1264:Beaver, Patrick (1985).
1257:
702:
531:phosphorus sesquisulfide
68:Bryant & May Factory
1463:Clark, Gregory (2019).
1236:. Heraldry of the World
620:
535:strike-anywhere matches
475:S. J. Moreland and Sons
336:The Manchester Guardian
315:in an orderly fashion.
147:publicly-listed company
43:Advertisement from the
1436:Arnold, A. J. (2004).
1199:Building, 11 June 1993
1135:historicengland.org.uk
1109:historicengland.org.uk
636:Granted 4 January 1988
497:
423:
372:
350:
273:
129:Johan Edvard Lundström
116:
48:
1307:. London: Macmillan.
1161:The National Archives
719:measure of inflation.
495:
436:Diamond Match Company
421:
367:
345:
305:Victoria Park, London
267:
114:
42:
1492:UK National Archives
1322:Raw, Louise (2011).
717:Consumer Price Index
692:Mersey Match Factory
385:and the scandal of "
309:Houses of Parliament
92:and the scandal of "
1211:, 23 December 1994.
627:
517:Albright and Wilson
1283:Beer, Reg (1983).
1223:, 3 December 1995.
1163:. Richmond, Surrey
1137:. Historic England
1111:. Historic England
697:Redheads (matches)
625:
498:
424:
351:
274:
117:
49:
32:Christopher Fowler
1410:Victorian Studies
1335:978-1-4411-1426-6
1314:978-0-333-76638-5
1275:978-0-907929-11-6
1157:"J. John Masters"
958:, pp. 88–89.
922:, pp. 92–93.
781:, pp. 80–81.
673:
672:
363:William Gladstone
16:(Redirected from
1579:
1500:
1495:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1467:. MeasuringWorth
1459:
1457:
1455:
1442:
1425:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1362:
1344:Official reports
1339:
1318:
1296:
1279:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1234:"Bryant and May"
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:Threfall (1951).
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1018:
1012:
1006:
997:
988:
982:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
809:
803:
797:
791:
782:
776:
767:
761:
744:
726:
720:
713:
628:
624:
577:closed, leaving
553:match business.
537:, respectively.
415:
394:sprinkler system
376:House of Commons
293:
292:
288:
270:The Day's Doings
221:
220:
216:
211:
210:
206:
185:
184:
180:
143:
52:Bryant & May
21:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1522:
1521:
1486:
1483:
1470:
1468:
1453:
1451:
1440:
1432:
1404:
1369:
1346:
1336:
1315:
1276:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1063:
1056:
1045:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1009:
998:
991:
983:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
942:
938:
930:
926:
918:
914:
906:
902:
894:
890:
882:
878:
870:
866:
858:
851:
843:
839:
831:
827:
819:
812:
804:
800:
792:
785:
777:
770:
762:
758:
753:
748:
747:
727:
723:
714:
710:
705:
678:
623:
611:
606:
566:flats complex.
559:
547:Wilkinson Sword
541:Wilkinson Sword
486:England's Glory
413:
402:
290:
286:
285:
241:, close to the
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
196:sweating system
182:
178:
177:
141:
109:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1585:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1506:
1501:
1482:
1481:External links
1479:
1478:
1477:
1460:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1319:
1313:
1297:
1280:
1274:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1148:
1122:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1054:
1034:
1032:, p. 144.
1019:
1007:
989:
972:
960:
948:
936:
924:
912:
900:
888:
876:
864:
849:
837:
825:
810:
798:
783:
768:
755:
754:
752:
749:
746:
745:
743:
742:
739:
736:
721:
707:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
677:
674:
671:
670:
669:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
622:
619:
610:
607:
605:
602:
558:
555:
543:
542:
519:
518:
511:British Empire
503:
502:
477:
476:
429:
428:
410:
409:
408:Bell and Black
401:
398:
359:prime minister
355:Queen Victoria
255:safety matches
145:they became a
108:
105:
54:was a British
26:
18:Bryant and May
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1584:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1466:
1461:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:News articles
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1094:, p. 51.
1093:
1088:
1082:, p. 47.
1081:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1017:, p. 48.
1016:
1011:
1004:
1003:
996:
994:
986:
981:
979:
977:
970:, p. 10.
969:
964:
957:
952:
945:
940:
934:, p. 32.
933:
928:
921:
916:
910:, p. 39.
909:
904:
897:
892:
886:, p. 12.
885:
880:
874:, p. 93.
873:
868:
861:
856:
854:
847:, p. 83.
846:
841:
835:, p. 11.
834:
829:
822:
817:
815:
807:
802:
795:
790:
788:
780:
775:
773:
766:, p. 25.
765:
760:
756:
740:
737:
734:
733:
731:
725:
718:
712:
708:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
666:
663:
660:
657:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
630:
629:
618:
615:
601:
599:
595:
589:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
554:
550:
548:
540:
539:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
516:
515:
514:
512:
508:
507:Swedish Match
501:Swedish Match
500:
499:
494:
490:
488:
487:
482:
474:
473:
472:
470:
466:
462:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
427:Diamond Match
426:
425:
420:
416:
407:
406:
405:
397:
395:
390:
388:
384:
379:
377:
371:
366:
364:
360:
357:wrote to the
356:
348:
344:
340:
338:
337:
332:
328:
327:Mile End Road
323:
322:
316:
314:
310:
306:
301:
297:
283:
279:
271:
268:Cartoon from
266:
262:
260:
259:lucifer match
256:
252:
251:model factory
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
201:
197:
192:
189:
175:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:steam engines
155:
150:
148:
139:
134:
130:
126:
122:
113:
104:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
75:
73:
70:, located in
69:
65:
64:Swedish Match
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1469:. Retrieved
1452:. Retrieved
1413:
1409:
1393:The Guardian
1392:
1383:
1374:
1324:
1304:
1301:Emsley, John
1284:
1265:
1253:Bibliography
1238:. Retrieved
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1160:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1134:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1066:
1049:The Guardian
1048:
1010:
1001:
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
898:, p. 9.
891:
879:
867:
862:, p. 7.
840:
828:
823:, p. 6.
801:
796:, p. 5.
759:
729:
724:
711:
616:
612:
590:
583:
568:
560:
551:
544:
520:
504:
484:
478:
455:
451:
448:Captain Webb
447:
431:In 1901 the
430:
411:
403:
391:
380:
373:
368:
352:
334:
330:
319:
317:
295:
275:
269:
250:
228:
222: d per
200:Factory Acts
193:
170:
151:
118:
98:
83:
76:
51:
50:
44:
36:
1416:(1): 7–31.
1141:27 February
1115:27 February
1092:Beaver 1985
1080:Beaver 1985
1015:Beaver 1985
985:Arnold 2004
956:Emsley 2000
920:Emsley 2000
908:Beaver 1985
896:Arnold 2004
860:Arnold 2004
845:Emsley 2000
821:Arnold 2004
794:Arnold 2004
779:Emsley 2000
764:Beaver 1985
658:Compartment
600:elsewhere.
564:Bow Quarter
278:Robert Lowe
154:east London
72:Bow, London
1526:Categories
1471:28 January
1382:"Leader".
1221:Sunday Age
1167:14 October
1000:"Leader".
968:Satre 1982
884:Satre 1982
833:Satre 1982
806:Clark 2019
751:References
651:Supporters
645:Escutcheon
596:, and the
571:Gloucester
481:Gloucester
457:Swan Vesta
440:Litherland
412:In 1885 -
387:phossy jaw
212: to 2
166:phossy jaw
162:Bow Common
101:trade name
94:phossy jaw
60:brand name
1449:1473-2904
1384:The Times
1375:The Times
1359:976630092
1209:The Times
1067:The Times
1002:The Times
932:Beer 1983
609:Vitafruit
579:Liverpool
444:Liverpool
331:The Times
321:The Times
296:The Times
243:River Lea
235:crinoline
142:lucifers.
107:Formation
62:owned by
1402:Journals
1303:(2000).
1293:16612310
1240:18 March
1030:Raw 2011
872:Raw 2011
676:See also
667:Fiat Lux
604:Products
469:goodwill
433:American
313:Bow Road
276:In 1871
174:shilling
138:Plymouth
86:sweating
1562:Matches
1515:of the
1511:in the
1422:3827491
575:Glasgow
557:Closure
527:Oldbury
442:, near
298:, in a
289:⁄
231:candles
217:⁄
207:⁄
181:⁄
121:Quakers
79:Quakers
1454:30 May
1447:
1420:
1397:-->
1357:
1332:
1311:
1291:
1272:
655:Azure.
598:Schick
594:Europe
465:assets
300:leader
280:, the
186:
127:maker
1441:(PDF)
1418:JSTOR
1258:Books
703:Notes
664:Motto
639:Crest
633:Notes
461:brand
224:gross
133:gross
125:match
56:match
1473:2019
1456:2019
1445:ISSN
1355:OCLC
1330:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1289:OCLC
1270:ISBN
1242:2022
1169:2016
1143:2021
1117:2021
728:The
621:Arms
573:and
467:and
454:and
452:Puck
239:rope
237:and
96:".
47:1897
1517:ZBW
247:Bow
245:in
1528::
1490:.
1412:.
1159:.
1133:.
1107:.
1057:^
1037:^
1022:^
992:^
975:^
852:^
813:^
786:^
771:^
489:.
450:,
361:,
261:.
233:,
1494:.
1475:.
1458:.
1424:.
1414:6
1361:.
1338:.
1317:.
1295:.
1278:.
1244:.
1171:.
1145:.
1119:.
1070:.
1052:.
1005:.
987:.
946:.
808:.
291:2
287:1
219:2
215:1
209:4
205:1
188:d
183:4
179:3
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
