Steam engine - Knowledge

1262: 1444: 2121: 1578:. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders, with the overall temperature drop within each cylinder reduced considerably. By expanding the steam in steps with smaller temperature range (within each cylinder) the condensation and re-evaporation efficiency issue (described above) is reduced. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, variations of torque can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure cylinder requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and in rare cases the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders, resulting in larger cylinders. 1958:

speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller. In the vast majority of large electric generating stations, turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing. Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the United States with 60 Hertz power, and 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications, the turbines typically run at half these speeds, 1800 RPM and 1500 RPM. A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction. Therefore, a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction.

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temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties..

901: 1489: 2513: 936: 1755: 448: 743: 1411: 1986:(in the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of steam turbines) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80% regime for steam turbines. In electricity production, the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators, which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines. In marine service, (pioneered on the 464: 1541:

exhaust pressure. As high-pressure steam is admitted into the working cylinder, much of the high-temperature steam is condensed as water droplets onto the metal surfaces, significantly reducing the steam available for expansive work. When the expanding steam reaches low pressure (especially during the exhaust stroke), the previously deposited water droplets that had just been formed within the cylinder/ports now boil away (re-evaporation) and this steam does no further work in the cylinder.

2494: 778: 1927: 2031: 1740: 1435:, which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler. Injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used, except in applications such as steam locomotives. It is the pressurization of the water that circulates through the steam boiler that allows the water to be raised to temperatures well above 100 °C (212 °F) boiling point of water at one atmospheric pressure, and by that means to increase the efficiency of the steam cycle. 927:. Many of these vehicles were acquired by enthusiasts for preservation, and numerous examples are still in existence. In the 1960s, the air pollution problems in California gave rise to a brief period of interest in developing and studying steam-powered vehicles as a possible means of reducing the pollution. Apart from interest by steam enthusiasts, the occasional replica vehicle, and experimental technology, no steam vehicles are in production at present. 2247: 1797:" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ( 484: 1966: 440: 2353:, who also advised Watt on experimental procedures. Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure. Otherwise, the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature. The thermodynamic concepts of the Rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine. 1992:), steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century, being more efficient (and requiring far less maintenance) than reciprocating steam engines. In recent decades, reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines, have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications. 2267:

provide a practical heat/power conversion system. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser. The Rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications. In the 1990s, Rankine steam cycles generated about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all

2396:(94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million. 762:

workings at depths originally impractical using traditional means, and for providing reusable water for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable "head". Water that passed over the wheel was pumped up into a storage reservoir above the wheel. In 1780 James Pickard patented the use of a flywheel and crankshaft to provide rotative motion from an improved Newcomen engine.

2317:) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle. In this cycle, a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas. Pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor (as in the 2027:, but were not repeated. Elsewhere, notably in the United States, more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done. 1470:

Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle, which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower. It was routinely used by engineers, mechanics and insurance inspectors. The engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines. See image of indicator diagram below (in

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whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning. The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century.

1647: 1675:. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the four-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the 1953:(static discs) fixed to the turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a 1585:) engines expanded the steam in two stages. The pairs may be duplicated or the work of the large low-pressure cylinder can be split with one high-pressure cylinder exhausting into one or the other, giving a three-cylinder layout where cylinder and piston diameter are about the same, making the reciprocating masses easier to balance. 1395:), is then pumped back up to pressure and sent back to the boiler. A dry-type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Waste heat can also be ejected by evaporative (wet) cooling towers, which use a secondary external water circuit that evaporates some of flow to the air. 858:

applications. Thereafter, technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques (partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application.

1890: 1622:), the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at 90° as for a two-cylinder engine. With the three-cylinder compound arrangement, the LP cranks were either set at 90° with the HP one at 135° to the other two, or in some cases, all three cranks were set at 120°. 2324:

The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is

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had developed the use of high-pressure steam, around 1800, that mobile steam engines became a practical proposition. The first half of the 19th century saw great progress in steam vehicle design, and by the 1850s it was becoming viable to produce them on a commercial basis. This progress was dampened

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The meaning of high pressure, together with an actual value above ambient, depends on the era in which the term was used. For early use of the term Van Reimsdijk refers to steam being at a sufficiently high pressure that it could be exhausted to atmosphere without reliance on a vacuum to enable it to

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A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local

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melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were

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of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production; see link at bottom of article for more details. The major problem is the difficulty

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Reciprocating piston type steam engines were the dominant source of power until the early 20th century. The efficiency of stationary steam engine increased dramatically until about 1922. The highest Rankine Cycle Efficiency of 91% and combined thermal efficiency of 31% was demonstrated and published

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Steam turbines provide direct rotational force and therefore do not require a linkage mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion. Thus, they produce smoother rotational forces on the output shaft. This contributes to a lower maintenance requirement and less wear on the machinery they power

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In a steam engine, a piston or steam turbine or any other similar device for doing mechanical work takes a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of steam at lower pressure and temperature, using as much of the difference in steam energy as possible to do mechanical

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The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam. The

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In more modern times there has been limited use of steam for rocketry – particularly for rocket cars. Steam rocketry works by filling a pressure vessel with hot water at high pressure and opening a valve leading to a suitable nozzle. The drop in pressure immediately boils some of the water and the

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by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred. This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most

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riding on the back of the main slide valve; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear, and the mechanism tended to be complicated. The usual compromise solution has been to provide

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In a simple engine, or "single expansion engine" the charge of steam passes through the entire expansion process in an individual cylinder, although a simple engine may have one or more individual cylinders. It is then exhausted directly into the atmosphere or into a condenser. As steam expands in

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The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London

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was developed by Trevithick and others in the 1810s. It was a compound cycle engine that used high-pressure steam expansively, then condensed the low-pressure steam, making it relatively efficient. The Cornish engine had irregular motion and torque through the cycle, limiting it mainly to pumping.

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described a two-cylinder high-pressure steam engine. The invention was published in his major work "Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum". The engine used two heavy pistons to provide motion to a water pump. Each piston was raised by the steam pressure and returned to its original position by gravity.

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The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production, and uses the phase change of water (boiling water producing steam, condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to

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traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to

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that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam, giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages. Turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high

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Early builders of stationary steam engines considered that horizontal cylinders would be subject to excessive wear. Their engines were therefore arranged with the piston axis in vertical position. In time the horizontal arrangement became more popular, allowing compact, but powerful engines to be

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In practice, a reciprocating steam engine cycle exhausting the steam to atmosphere will typically have an efficiency (including the boiler) in the range of 1–10%. However, with the addition of a condenser, Corliss valves, multiple expansion, and high steam pressure/temperature, it may be greatly

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Before the exhaust phase is quite complete, the exhaust side of the valve closes, shutting a portion of the exhaust steam inside the cylinder. This determines the compression phase where a cushion of steam is formed against which the piston does work whilst its velocity is rapidly decreasing; it

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There are practical limits on the expansion ratio of a steam engine cylinder, as increasing cylinder surface area tends to exacerbate the cylinder condensation and re-evaporation issues. This negates the theoretical advantages associated with a high ratio of expansion in an individual cylinder.

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The dominant efficiency loss in reciprocating steam engines is cylinder condensation and re-evaporation. The steam cylinder and adjacent metal parts/ports operate at a temperature about halfway between the steam admission saturation temperature and the saturation temperature corresponding to the

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The widely used reciprocating engine typically consisted of a cast-iron cylinder, piston, connecting rod and beam or a crank and flywheel, and miscellaneous linkages. Steam was alternately supplied and exhausted by one or more valves. Speed control was either automatic, using a governor, or by a

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exhausted steam into successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double- and triple-expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the

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One principal advantage the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point. By condensing the fluid, the work required by the pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the

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By the 1840s, it was clear that the concept had inherent problems and rotary engines were treated with some derision in the technical press. However, the arrival of electricity on the scene, and the obvious advantages of driving a dynamo directly from a high-speed engine, led to something of a

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The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and

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in which cold water from the river is injected into the exhaust steam from the engine. Cooling water and condensate mix. While this was also applied for sea-going vessels, generally after only a few days of operation the boiler would become coated with deposited salt, reducing performance and

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Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring the working

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respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double-expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the

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were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation

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around 1712. It improved on Savery's steam pump, using a piston as proposed by Papin. Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient, and mostly used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder. It was employed for draining mine

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in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802, and Evans had made several working models before then. These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport

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to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes. When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox.

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resulted in the gradual replacement of steam engines in commercial usage. Steam turbines replaced reciprocating engines in power generation, due to lower cost, higher operating speed, and higher efficiency. Note that small scale steam turbines are much less efficient than large ones.

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allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine. The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal is illegally broken. This arrangement is considerably safer.

892:, the committee said that "no one invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine". In addition to using 30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off, making it well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning. 3188:

Nuvolari, A; Verspagen, Bart; Tunzelmann, Nicholas (2003). "The Diffusion of the Steam Engine in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Applied Evolutionary Economics and the Knowledge-based Economy" (Document). Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies (ECIS).

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Fire-tube boilers were the main type used for early high-pressure steam (typical steam locomotive practice), but they were to a large extent displaced by more economical water tube boilers in the late 19th century for marine propulsion and large stationary applications.

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is considered the inventor of the first commercially used steam powered device, a steam pump that used steam pressure operating directly on the water. The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was developed in 1712 by

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starting in the late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power directly instead of through a

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system or similar means. Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher speed appropriate to generator service, and smooth rotation were advantages. Today most

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by legislation which limited or prohibited the use of steam-powered vehicles on roads. Improvements in vehicle technology continued from the 1860s to the 1920s. Steam road vehicles were used for many applications. In the 20th century, the rapid development of

2403:, in which heat is moved from a high-temperature reservoir to one at a low temperature, and the efficiency depends on the temperature difference. For the greatest efficiency, steam engines should be operated at the highest steam temperature possible ( 606:

made a critical improvement in 1764, by removing spent steam to a separate vessel for condensation, greatly improving the amount of work obtained per unit of fuel consumed. By the 19th century, stationary steam engines powered the factories of the

714:. It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which raised water from below and then used steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic. They had a very limited lift height and were prone to 1406:

Evaporated water cannot be used for subsequent purposes (other than rain somewhere), whereas river water can be re-used. In all cases, the steam plant boiler feed water, which must be kept pure, is kept separate from the cooling water or air.

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is provided by steam turbines. In the United States, 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources. Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century.

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Hot gas is passed through tubes immersed in water, the same water also circulates in a water jacket surrounding the firebox and, in high-output locomotive boilers, also passes through tubes in the firebox itself (thermic syphons and security

2181:) can and have in the past caused great loss of life. While variations in standards may exist in different countries, stringent legal, testing, training, care with manufacture, operation and certification is applied to ensure safety. 1618:). When the double-expansion group is duplicated, producing a four-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other. In one case (the first type of 1063:. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency. Trevithick visited the Newcastle area later in 1804 and the 1236:

The heat required for boiling the water and raising the temperature of the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (e.g.,

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Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such

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The image in this section shows an animation of a triple-expansion engine. The steam travels through the engine from left to right. The valve chest for each of the cylinders is to the left of the corresponding cylinder.

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to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting

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Watt developed his engine further, modifying it to provide a rotary motion suitable for driving machinery. This enabled factories to be sited away from rivers, and accelerated the pace of the Industrial Revolution.

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and results in steam entering the cylinder at high temperature and leaving at lower temperature. This causes a cycle of heating and cooling of the cylinder with every stroke, which is a source of inefficiency.

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during the first century AD. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered engines known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam.

3057:"LXXII. An engine for raising water by fire; being on improvement of saver'y construction, to render it capable of working itself, invented by Mr. De Moura of Portugal, F. R. S. Described by Mr. J. Smeaton". 1180:

Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines.

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These "motor units" are often called 'steam engines' in their own right. Engines using compressed air or other gases differ from steam engines only in details that depend on the nature of the gas although

2442:, for instance, have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °C. Nonetheless, the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern simple cycle gas turbines are fairly well matched. 1650:

An animation of a simplified triple-expansion engine. High-pressure steam (red) enters from the boiler and passes through the engine, exhausting as low-pressure steam (blue), usually to a condenser.

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to avoid the weight and bulk of condensers. Some of the released steam is vented up the chimney so as to increase the draw on the fire, which greatly increases engine power, but reduces efficiency.

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profiled so as to give ideal events; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms.

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turbine (or reciprocating engine) power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle. The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature.

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moreover obviates the pressure and temperature shock, which would otherwise be caused by the sudden admission of the high-pressure steam at the beginning of the following cycle.

2321:). The cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages. 888:, patented in 1849, which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the 734:

in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751. It continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century. At least one engine was still known to be operating in 1820.

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levels for the working fluid, the temperature range over which the cycle can operate is small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the

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increasing the risk of a boiler explosion. Starting about 1834, the use of surface condensers on ships eliminated fouling of the boilers, and improved engine efficiency.

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The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Many however have a reversing

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low-pressure stage. Multiple-expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the

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Most steam boilers have a means to supply water whilst at pressure, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage

846:, p. 22 states that Watt's condensing engines were known, at the time, as low pressure compared to high pressure, non-condensing engines of the same period. 2373:

The efficiency of an engine cycle can be calculated by dividing the energy output of mechanical work that the engine produces by the energy put into the engine.

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Of the few designs that were manufactured in quantity, those of the Hult Brothers Rotary Steam Engine Company of Stockholm, Sweden, and the spherical engine of

809:'s improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen's and Watt's early engines were "atmospheric". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial 589:

As noted, steam-driven devices such as the aeolipile were known in the first century AD, and there were a few other uses recorded in the 16th century. In 1606

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technology led to the demise of the steam engine as a source of propulsion of vehicles on a commercial basis, with relatively few remaining in use beyond the

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With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out of phase with each other (

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in which the waste heat is used for heating a lower boiling point working fluid or as a heat source for district heating via saturated low-pressure steam.

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may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the

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It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the

2743: 1701:, the expansion engine dominated marine applications, where high vessel speed was not essential. It was, however, superseded by the British invention 1001:

As the development of steam engines progressed through the 18th century, various attempts were made to apply them to road and railway use. In 1784,

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inventor, built a model steam road locomotive. An early working model of a steam rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer

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was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier

2061:). These engines are mainly used in toys and models because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full-size working engines, mainly on 5475: 2345:

experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered

1690:, by far the largest number of identical ships ever built. Over 2700 ships were built, in the United States, from a British original design. 1804:

In the 1840s and 1850s, there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate, variable cutoff

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weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of the

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Many boilers raise the temperature of the steam after it has left that part of the boiler where it is in contact with the water. Known as

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and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the

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comprising the ports and the cylinder ends (not part of the piston-swept volume) before the steam begins to exert effort on the piston.

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uses a jet of steam to force water into the boiler. Injectors are inefficient but simple enough to be suitable for use on locomotives.

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in the United States probably during the 1780s or 1790s. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks.

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begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are

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of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.

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Land-based steam engines could exhaust their steam to atmosphere, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during

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was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt's partner Boulton saw one on the equipment of a flour mill

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in fixed buildings may have the boiler and engine in separate buildings some distance apart. For portable or mobile use, such as

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gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with merchant shipping relying increasingly upon

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the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its

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were manufactured. Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in

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passing through a high-pressure engine, its temperature drops because no heat is being added to the system; this is known as

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Sometimes the waste heat from the engine is useful itself, and in those cases, very high overall efficiency can be obtained.

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Watt's patent prevented others from making high pressure and compound engines. Shortly after Watt's patent expired in 1800,

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received patents in 1606 for 50 steam-powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines. Frenchman

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The first experimental road-going steam-powered vehicles were built in the late 18th century, but it was not until after

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etc. will achieve efficiency in the mid 40% range, with the most efficient units approaching 50% thermal efficiency.

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which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the

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either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ

1119: 4284:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

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A method to lessen the magnitude of energy loss to a very long cylinder was invented in 1804 by British engineer

1105: 363: 5535: 691: 590: 5640: 5284: 2554: 1805: 909: 35: 2683:

Landes refers to Thurston's definition of an engine and Thurston's calling Newcomen's the "first true engine".

2254:. 1) Feedwater pump 2) Boiler or steam generator 3) Turbine or engine 4) Condenser; where 2090:; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient. Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the 2052:

An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require

1686:. It is noted, however, that triple-expansion reciprocating steam engines were used to drive the World War II 5529: 4928: 2287: 730:

introduced an improvement of Savery's construction "to render it capable of working itself", as described by

373: 5516: 5304: 2791: 1774:– admission, expansion, exhaust, compression. These events are controlled by valves often working inside a 1451:

For safety reasons, nearly all steam engines are equipped with mechanisms to monitor the boiler, such as a

1126: 320: 300: 257: 247: 172: 132: 5654: 4373: 2194:

buildup of sediment and scale which cause local hot spots, especially in riverboats using dirty feed water

1067:

in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives.

6066: 5372: 5344: 5228: 4840: 4783: 3320:"The Pictorial History of Steam Power" J.T. Van Reimsdijk and Kenneth Brown, Octopus Books Limited 1989, 2449:

A modern, large electrical power station (producing several hundred megawatts of electrical output) with

2410:

The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching

2381: 2008: 644: 217: 5243: 6061: 5122: 4682: 4573: 4520: 2895: 2722: 1867:, it has been found advantageous since the late 1830s to advance the admission phase, giving the valve 1864: 972: 920: 628: 547: 305: 1219:) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the 6071: 5674: 5663: 5521: 5220: 4833: 3468: 2559: 2418:

limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical

2062: 2004: 1676: 1175: 563: 1999:

plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an

1016: 5448: 5380: 4640: 4510: 2423: 2074: 2016: 1496: 1431:; however, other types are used. Another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an 1273: 1194: 1024: 753:

The first commercially successful engine that could transmit continuous power to a machine was the

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Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790–1865

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Steam locomotives continued to be manufactured until the late twentieth century in places such as

6076: 5740: 5684: 5679: 5600: 5469: 5324: 5269: 4991: 4947: 4553: 4090:"Remarks on the Duty of the Steam Engines employed in the Mines of Cornwall at different periods" 4061: 3494: 2649: 2549: 1387:

as a cold sink. The condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by

1266: 1212:

Engines equipped with a condenser are a separate type than those that exhaust to the atmosphere.

1198: 875: 727: 663: 583: 452: 189: 116: 5487: 5248: 4035: 30:"Steam machine" and "Steam-powered" redirect here. For the video game distribution service, see 6051: 5994: 5689: 5587: 5461: 5428: 5309: 5011: 4960: 4898: 3297: 3291: 1983: 1949: 1943: 1823: 1743: 1714: 1706: 1242: 1110: 667: 456: 340: 325: 285: 267: 162: 68: 61: 4325: 4089: 635:

As of 2023, large reciprocating piston steam engines are still being manufactured in Germany.

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so that admission occurs a little before the end of the exhaust stroke in order to fill the

1391:

which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal. The resulting condensed hot water (

1327:'. It avoids the steam condensing in the engine cylinders, and gives a significantly higher 5963: 5299: 5238: 5099: 4965: 4913: 4850: 4803: 4635: 4515: 4119: 3614:

Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact

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rotates due to the steam escaping from the arms. No practical use was made of this effect.

1122:

opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains.

1070:

Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives, concluding with the

8: 5869: 5811: 5775: 5608: 5142: 5016: 4933: 4923: 4729: 4655: 4630: 3338: 2564: 2539: 2415: 2098:

revival in interest in the 1880s and 1890s, and a few designs had some limited success..

953: 940: 330: 262: 4485: 4474: 4215: 4123: 3123:. Collected Papers of Rhys Jenkins, Former Senior Examiner in the British Patent Office. 5104: 4600: 4455: 4447: 4199:] (in French). Translated by Carpenter, George W. Camden Miniature Steam Services. 4145: 3074: 2377: 2362: 2310: 2158: 1778:

adjacent to the cylinder; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam

1766:

In most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each

1246: 1238: 1085: 1064: 1036: 935: 915: 850: 754: 659: 157: 103: 1762:

showing the four events in a double piston stroke. See: Monitoring and control (above)

1610:: The cylinders are arranged in a V (usually at a 90° angle) and drive a common crank. 1373:

The simplest cold sink is to vent the steam to the environment. This is often used on

447: 5405: 5253: 5192: 5147: 5127: 5114: 5094: 5076: 5021: 4975: 4845: 4788: 4491: 4459: 4331: 4310: 4287: 4265: 4258: 4233: 4200: 4175: 4149: 4137: 3904: 3816: 3745: 3618: 3595: 3370: 3346: 3321: 3301: 3263: 3112: 3078: 3007: 2974: 2822: 2797: 2419: 2330: 2110: 2087: 1954: 1759: 1746:

stationary engine. This was the common mill engine of the mid 19th century. Note the

1619: 1533: 1512: 1483: 1463: 1384: 1324: 1293: 1095: 1091: 1020: 866:

Cornish engines were used in mines and for water supply until the late 19th century.

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A Brief History of the Age of Steam: From the First Engine to the Boats and Railways

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pressure vessel failure of the boiler due to inadequate construction or maintenance.

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improved. Historically into the range of 10–20%, and very rarely slightly higher.

1570:

in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a

1108:. This was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829, he built 742: 443:

A model of a beam engine featuring James Watt's parallel linkage for double action

5947: 5885: 5796: 5770: 5387: 5329: 5137: 5132: 5046: 5001: 4677: 4605: 4303: 4190: 4022: 3422: 2654: 2594: 2170: 2148: 2102: 2024: 2012: 1839: 1279: 1250: 1115: 1100: 1088: 1002: 992: 944: 758: 719: 710:

The first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump, developed in 1698 by

687: 599: 593:

patented his invention of the first steam-powered water pump for draining mines.

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powering textile machinery. One advantage of Savery's engine was its low cost.

5973: 5916: 5755: 5573: 5422: 5394: 5071: 4893: 4883: 4793: 4615: 4356: 4015: 3872:"Stirling | Internal Combustion Engine | Cylinder (Engine) | Free 30-day Trial" 3516: 2906: 2634: 2599: 2534: 2431: 2389: 2237: 2117:. They were eventually replaced in these niche applications by steam turbines. 1819: 1602: 1452: 1410: 1363: 1351: 1283: 1162: 1157: 1134: 1081: 1052: 1044: 968: 862: 699: 624: 616: 550:, where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products. The ideal 523: 503: 476: 335: 4443: 463: 6045: 5890: 5806: 5791: 5361: 5334: 5233: 5152: 4988: 4687: 4665: 4650: 4548: 4141: 3374: 3260:

The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention

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to regulate the speed of the engine without the need for human interference.

1399: 1388: 1209:

manual valve. The cylinder casting contained steam supply and exhaust ports.

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Near the end of the 19th century, compound engines came into widespread use.

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as "steam engines". The essential feature of steam engines is that they are

5989: 5942: 5765: 5760: 5562: 5319: 5066: 5051: 5006: 4860: 4855: 4700: 4401: 4279: 4062:"GEOTHERMAL BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT PRINCIPLES, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE" 3070: 2727: 2644: 2624: 2589: 2477: 2461: 2450: 2400: 2350: 2338: 2318: 2298: 2214: 2206: 2138: 1831: 1687: 1560: 1316: 1130: 854: 814: 806: 771: 731: 612: 472: 88: 4528: 4490:. The International Scientific Series. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 3669: 1658:. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as 1151:

The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam

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any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.

2120: 1935: 1926: 1747: 1739: 1710: 1698: 1456: 1224: 1220: 723: 695: 579: 499: 137: 3194: 1947:(rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of 1074:

in 1808. Only four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive

5493: 5436: 5061: 4996: 4980: 4918: 4875: 4865: 4645: 4620: 4451: 2604: 2579: 2481: 2454: 2302: 2276: 2246: 2191:

insufficient water in the boiler causing overheating and vessel failure

2114: 2086:

of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and

2082: 2053: 2030: 1889: 1835: 1783: 1500: 1367: 1048: 603: 538:

as just described, although some authorities have also referred to the

514:. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a 142: 93: 4430:

Robinson, Eric H. (March 1974). "The Early Diffusion of Steam Power".

3894: 3892: 1447:

Richard's indicator instrument of 1875. See: Indicator diagram (below)

5921: 5911: 5843: 5838: 5289: 5274: 4670: 4251:. Vol. 2: Steam Power. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. 3111:. Cambridge: The Newcomen Society at the Cambridge University Press. 2891: 2609: 2144: 2125: 2015:

set with propulsion provided by electric motors. A limited number of

1320: 1056: 655: 543: 488: 152: 73: 2422:

of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern

1965: 1682:), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free 534:

force for work. The term "steam engine" is most commonly applied to

483: 5178: 4405: 3889: 3109:

Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times

2504: 2291: 2058: 1988: 1970: 1904: 1432: 1415: 1216: 1035:

The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by

1006: 818: 531: 98: 4543: 3776:, p. 123, 'The Steam Engine Indicator' Stillman, Paul (1851). 2407:), and release the waste heat at the lowest temperature possible. 1907:

at the top. High-pressure steam enters, red, and exhausts, yellow.

439: 5801: 4286:. Cambridge; NY: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 3245:

Duty comparison was based on a carefully conducted trial in 1778.

2485: 2430:) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in 2272: 2173:

that contain a great deal of potential energy. Steam escapes and

1790: 1152: 825:

had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was

147: 4738: 4554:

Video of the 1900 steam engine aboard paddle steamer Unterwalden

4108:"A review of gas turbine engine with inter-stage turbine burner" 3963:. Chicago: Farm Implement News Company. 1928. pp. 108–109 . 3961:

The Tractor Field Book: With Power Farm Equipment Specifications

3742:

The Coming of the Comet: The Rise and Fall of the Paddle Steamer

1705:

where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the

1197:, and the "motor unit", referred to itself as a "steam engine". 654:

As noted, one recorded rudimentary steam-powered engine was the

5294: 5031: 4558: 4264:. Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 3967: 3671:

Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research

3369:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. xvi. 3038: 2674:

This model was built by Samuel Pemberton between 1880 and 1890.

2393: 2020: 1190: 810: 575: 515: 3387:

The American Car since 1775, Pub. L. Scott. Baily, 1971, p. 18

1184: 4813: 4260:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930

4249:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930

3296:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2178: 1060: 1028: 507: 3903:. Penrhyn, UK: Atlantic Transport Publishers. pp. 2–3. 2169:

Steam engines possess boilers and other components that are

2155:

steam leaves through a nozzle, creating a propulsive force.

1462:

Many engines, stationary and mobile, are also fitted with a

3200: 3187: 2987: 2772:(6th ed.). USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 405. 2218: 2109:

to drive lighting dynamos on their locomotives, and by the

1189:

There are two fundamental components of a steam plant: the

702:

in 1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690.

4345:

Payton, Philip (2004). "Trevithick, Richard (1771–1833)".

4230:

Power from Steam: A history of the stationary steam engine

3565:(reprint of 1923 ed.). Lewes, UK: the Book Guild Ltd. 2913:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 2842: 2297:

The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical

1834:

gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by

4375:

Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines

3698: 3696: 3646:, pp. 495–96 Description of the Colt portable engine 3520: 3390: 3365:

Dickinson, Henry W; Titley, Arthur (1934). "Chronology".

3059:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2793:

Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use

2744:"The History and Future of High Efficiency Steam Engines" 1782:

communicating with the cylinder end(s) and are driven by

479:

of engine was built in 1942–1950 and operated until 1988.

4509: 3854: 3852: 3755: 2309:(constant pressure) processes in the Rankine cycle and 3693: 2973:. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia. pp. 443–54. 2426:. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a 1249:

and a few full scale cases, the heat source can be an

1215:

Other components are often present; pumps (such as an

4423:

Watt's Perfect Engine: Steam and the Age of Invention

3849: 3491:"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive | Rhagor" 3436: 3434: 3414: 3402: 3217:. London: B. Steill, Paternoster-Row. pp. 23–24. 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3126: 3090: 3088: 2200:

escape of steam from pipework/boiler causing scalding

2041: 562:

can refer to either complete steam plants (including

4106:

Yin, Feijia; Rao, Arvind Gangoli (1 February 2020).

3681: 3592:

Baureihe 52.80 – Die rekonstruierte Kriegslokomotive

3138: 2707:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2460:

It is also possible to capture the waste heat using

2094:, is also a serious problem with many such designs. 1859:

The above effects are further enhanced by providing

1298:

Water is passed through tubes surrounded by hot gas.

4544:

Animated engines – Illustrates a variety of engines

2950: 1814:purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler 1282:that contain water to be boiled, and features that 4302: 4257: 4094:Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers 3431: 3150: 3085: 2821:(7th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 29–24. 2704: 2250:Flow diagram of the four main devices used in the 619:, and steam locomotives operated on the railways. 4416:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 818–850. 3938:"Valves and Steamchest - Advanced Steam Traction" 3345:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 74, 2757:(8): 24–25 – via engineersaustralia.org.au. 2349:, which was confirmed by the original discoverer 2161:'s carriage was powered by an aeolipile in 1679. 1601:: The cylinders are end to end, driving a common 554:cycle used to analyze this process is called the 16:Engine that uses steam to perform mechanical work 6043: 4069:Orkustofnun (Islandic National Energy Authority) 3979: 3846:Basic Mechanical Engineering by Mohan Sen p. 266 3012:Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 2301:because, when an efficient turbine is used, the 4171:Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700–1850 3457:. London: Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 7–9. 3420: 3364: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 2711:(4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 1354:has been used in steam engines without change. 869: 3716:"Fossil Energy: How Turbine Power Plants Work" 3580:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 24–30. 3575: 2399:No heat engine can be more efficient than the 2113:for driving dynamos on board the ships of the 2105:are notable. Tower's engines were used by the 1878: 623:in 1921 and 1928. Advances in the design of 5730: 5716: 4754: 4574: 3990:. London: Virtue and Company. pp. 61–63. 3898: 3539: 2911:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 2262:=work. Most of the heat is rejected as waste. 2073:It is possible to use a mechanism based on a 1633: 1383:Steam engines in stationary power plants use 522:. This pushing force can be transformed by a 420: 4351:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4305:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology 4255: 3925:Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland 3773: 3367:Richard Trevithick, the engineer and the man 3276: 3262:. University of Chicago Press. p. 185. 3242: 2620:Steam power during the Industrial Revolution 2337:. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a 4487:A History of the Growth of the Steam-engine 4005:. London: Charles Griffin. pp. 56–108. 3610: 3424:New England Manufacturers and Manufactories 2376:The historical measure of a steam engine's 1854: 1588:Two-cylinder compounds can be arranged as: 1185:Components and accessories of steam engines 805:'s early engines used half as much coal as 5723: 5709: 4761: 4747: 4581: 4567: 4256:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). 3813:A History of Control Engineering 1800–1930 3708: 3569: 3554: 3026: 1362:As with all heat engines, the majority of 904:Steam powered road-locomotive from England 884:The acme of the horizontal engine was the 427: 413: 4476:A Descriptive History of the Steam Engine 4232:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4131: 3201:Nuvolari, Verspagen & Tunzelmann 2003 2894:(1st century BC), published 17, June, 08 2879: 1750:with concave, almost D-shaped, underside. 1438: 1340: 770:The two pistons shared a common four-way 4549:Howstuffworks – "How Steam Engines Work" 4516:The Steam Turbine: The Rede Lecture 1911 4483: 4429: 4188: 3973: 3253: 3251: 3212: 2920: 2767: 2741: 2245: 2119: 2029: 1964: 1962:than a comparable reciprocating engine. 1941:A steam turbine consists of one or more 1925: 1888: 1753: 1738: 1669:Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing "system" 1645: 1487: 1442: 1409: 1260: 1015: 934: 899: 836: 776: 741: 482: 462: 446: 438: 6031:Glossary of steam locomotive components 5636:Glossary of steam locomotive components 4420: 4371: 4348:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4217:The Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines 3835: 3810: 3702: 3617:, Oxford University Press, p. 62, 3545: 3343:A Social History of American Technology 3289: 3227: 3106: 2934:. History.rochester.edu. Archived from 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2068: 1728: 1723: 1574:and then enters one or more subsequent 1519: 737: 690:in Italy in 1629. The Spanish inventor 6044: 4472: 4344: 4300: 4278: 4246: 4105: 4060:Parada, Angel Fernando Monroy (2013). 4059: 4000: 3858: 3785: 3761: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3578:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 3452: 3440: 3408: 3396: 3175: 3132: 3094: 3044: 2968: 2900: 2151:, although not for direct propulsion. 1982:The main use for steam turbines is in 1169: 774:connected directly to a steam boiler. 578:or turbine machinery alone, as in the 5704: 4742: 4562: 4400: 4391: 4224: 4213: 4167: 3687: 3560: 3337: 3257: 3248: 3144: 3032: 2993: 2932:online history resource, chapter one" 2816: 2789: 2742:Mierisch, Robert Charles (May 2018). 2697: 2369:Engine efficiency § Steam engine 979:, and warships on the steam turbine. 843: 718:. Savery's engine was used in mines, 4096:, Volume 3 (14 January 1840), p. 457 3985: 3658:See description of steam locomotives 3604: 3563:Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive 3005: 2999: 2890:from "Ten Books on Architecture" by 2819:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook 2776: 2005:Nuclear-powered ships and submarines 1683: 982: 649: 4466:Rose, Joshua. (1887, reprint 2003) 4323: 3793:. pp. xxv–xxvi. Archived from 3718:. Fossil.energy.gov. Archived from 3493:. Museumwales.ac.uk. Archived from 3427:. volume 1. Van Slyck. p. 198. 2956: 2147:represents the use of steam by the 2065:where their compactness is valued. 1863:: as was later discovered with the 1581:Double-expansion (usually known as 1548: 13: 5488:National Museum of Scotland engine 4719:Timeline of heat engine technology 4384: 3236: 2042:Oscillating cylinder steam engines 2017:steam turbine railroad locomotives 1915: 789:The next major step occurred when 705: 14: 6088: 4768: 4537: 4479:. London: J. Knight and H. Lacey. 4040:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame 3550:. Cannwood Press. pp. 18–19. 2188:over-pressurisation of the boiler 2048:Oscillating cylinder steam engine 2036:oscillating cylinder steam engine 2025:express passenger work in Britain 1786:, of which there are many types. 1595:: The cylinders are side by side. 1140: 1114:which was entered in and won the 930: 399:Outline of prehistoric technology 306:History of electrical engineering 5670:List of steam technology patents 4588: 4504:Pictorial History of Steam Power 4214:Ewing, Sir James Alfred (1894). 3815:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. 3517:"Steam train anniversary begins" 3230:Theatri Machinarum Hydraulicarum 2723:"Who Invented the Steam Engine?" 2575:List of steam technology patents 2511: 2503:bicycle by John van de Riet, in 2492: 2469: 1526: 1265:An industrial boiler used for a 1205:, the two are mounted together. 1120:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1031:"Northern" type steam locomotive 895: 4484:Thurston, Robert Henry (1878). 4432:The Journal of Economic History 4099: 4082: 4053: 4028: 4009: 3994: 3952: 3930: 3917: 3864: 3840: 3829: 3804: 3779: 3734: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3584: 3509: 3483: 3461: 3446: 3381: 3358: 3331: 3314: 3221: 3206: 3181: 3100: 3050: 2962: 2677: 1903:are controlled by the rotating 1673:marine triple-expansion engines 1370:at relatively low temperature. 1289:The two most common types are: 1106:Stockton and Darlington Railway 821:of expanding steam. The engine 364:Timeline of historic inventions 5655:Murdoch's model steam carriage 5641:History of steam road vehicles 4372:Peabody, Cecil Hobart (1893). 4330:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 4220:. Cambridge: University Press. 4133:10.1016/j.paerosci.2020.100695 4112:Progress in Aerospace Sciences 3590:Michael Reimer, Dirk Endisch: 2930:The growth of the steam engine 2928:"University of Rochester, NY, 2873:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2861: 2835: 2810: 2761: 2735: 2715: 2668: 2555:History of steam road vehicles 2225: 2132: 2081:in place of the cylinders and 1845: 1626:limited space afforded by the 1334: 1284:transfer the heat to the water 1231: 910:History of steam road vehicles 36:Steam machine (disambiguation) 1: 5582:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine 4378:. New York: Wiley & Sons. 3744:, Seaforth Publishing, 2012, 3455:Our Home Railways, volume one 3006:Lira, Carl T. (21 May 2013). 2770:Steam Power Plant Engineering 2690: 2522:with steam-powered water pump 2356: 2288:William John Macquorn Rankine 1576:lower-pressure (LP) cylinders 1422: 1398:River boats initially used a 797:of Newcomen's engine, with a 558:. In general usage, the term 341:History of nuclear technology 23:. For the steam turbine, see 5305:Return connecting rod engine 4502:Van Riemsdijk, J. T. (1980) 4425:. Columbia University Press. 4365:UK public library membership 4003:Manual of Marine Engineering 3899:van Riemsdijk, John (1994). 3232:. Leipzig: Christoph Zunkel. 2971:Mas alla de la Leyenda Negra 2333:is the working fluid in the 1459:to monitor the water level. 1357: 1286:as effectively as possible. 1245:, furnace). In the case of 870:Horizontal stationary engine 698:did some useful work on the 692:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 591:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 487:A steam ploughing engine by 321:History of materials science 301:History of computer hardware 258:Arab Agricultural Revolution 173:Fourth Industrial Revolution 133:Second Industrial Revolution 19:For the railway engine, see 7: 5229:Condensing steam locomotive 4519:(1st ed.), Cambridge: 3471:. Nps.gov. 14 February 2002 3215:History of the Steam Engine 3014:. Michigan State University 2796:. Birkhäuser. p. 190. 2527: 2184:Failure modes may include: 2011:, where the steam drives a 2009:turbo-electric transmission 1879:Uniflow (or unaflow) engine 1664:quadruple-expansion engines 1572:high-pressure (HP) cylinder 1477: 1341:§ Types of motor units 973:internal combustion engines 943:on the 1907 oceangoing tug 645:History of the steam engine 629:internal combustion engines 548:external combustion engines 542:and devices such as Hero's 158:Third Industrial Revolution 123:First Industrial Revolution 10: 6093: 5536:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive" 4521:Cambridge University Press 2888:: Chapter VI (paragraph 2) 2790:Wiser, Wendell H. (2000). 2432:combined-cycle gas turbine 2366: 2360: 2235: 2229: 2136: 2045: 1919: 1882: 1865:internal combustion engine 1732: 1639: 1634:Multiple-expansion engines 1552: 1481: 1338: 1271: 1256: 1247:model or toy steam engines 1173: 1144: 986: 951: 921:internal combustion engine 907: 881:fitted in smaller spaces. 873: 642: 638: 29: 18: 6023: 6003: 5982: 5956: 5930: 5899: 5878: 5857: 5831: 5824: 5784: 5748: 5739: 5628: 5599: 5572: 5553: 5542:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive 5507: 5460: 5413: 5404: 5371: 5352: 5343: 5262: 5219: 5211:Single- and double-acting 5191: 5161: 5113: 5085: 5039: 5030: 4946: 4874: 4821: 4812: 4776: 4727: 4714: 4696: 4596: 4444:10.1017/S002205070007964X 4247:Hunter, Louis C. (1985). 4189:Chapelon, André (2000) . 3213:Galloway, Elajah (1828). 2969:Garcia, Nicholas (2007). 2480:No.1744 at Weybourne nr. 2392:delivered by burning one 2164: 2149:rocket-reaction principle 1656:multiple-expansion engine 1497:Boulton & Watt engine 1176:Advanced steam technology 664:Hellenistic mathematician 611:. Steam engines replaced 374:Complete list by category 336:History of simple machine 5381:Newcomen Memorial Engine 4511:Charles Algernon Parsons 4174:. Taylor & Francis. 4160: 4021:24 November 2019 at the 3774:Hunter & Bryant 1991 3534:iron master's tram rails 3421:Van Slyck, J.D. (1879). 3243:Hunter & Bryant 1991 2661: 2424:coal-fired power station 2384:. Duty is the number of 2327:thermodynamic properties 2075:pistonless rotary engine 1855:Lead in the valve timing 1274:Boiler (steam generator) 1251:electric heating element 1199:Stationary steam engines 678:device was described by 518:back and forth inside a 369:Technological revolution 311:History of manufacturing 296:History of communication 291:History of biotechnology 6057:18th-century inventions 5685:Timeline of steam power 5680:Stationary steam engine 5563:Woolf's compound engine 5470:Soho Manufactory engine 5325:Steeple compound engine 4992:straight line mechanism 4473:Stuart, Robert (1824). 4413:Encyclopædia Britannica 4327:Power Plant Engineering 4168:Brown, Richard (2002). 4036:"William J. M. Rankine" 3976:, pp. 56–72, 120-. 3576:Hamilton Ellis (1968). 3258:Rosen, William (2012). 3228:Leupold, Jacob (1725). 3107:Jenkins, Ryhs (1971) . 2768:Gebhardt, G.F. (1928). 2650:Timeline of steam power 2550:Geared steam locomotive 2476:A steam locomotive – a 1707:dreadnought battleships 1267:stationary steam engine 876:Stationary steam engine 728:Bento de Moura Portugal 722:and supplying water to 584:stationary steam engine 566:etc.), such as railway 117:Proto-industrialization 5995:steam-powered aircraft 5825:Transport applications 5690:Water-returning engine 5664:Lean's Engine Reporter 5437:Chacewater Mine engine 5310:Six-column beam engine 4392:Crump, Thomas (2007). 4357:10.1093/ref:odnb/27723 4192:La locomotive à vapeur 3788:"The Engine Indicator" 3668:Jerome, Harry (1934). 3561:Young, Robert (2000). 3546:Garnett, A.F. (2005). 3290:Thomson, Ross (2009). 3071:10.1098/rstl.1751.0073 2996:, pp. 15, 16, 33. 2560:Lean's Engine Reporter 2263: 2129: 2038: 2034:Operation of a simple 1984:electricity generation 1979: 1938: 1908: 1763: 1751: 1651: 1504: 1448: 1439:Monitoring and control 1419: 1269: 1032: 949: 905: 817:steam, instead of the 793:developed (1763–1775) 786: 750: 574:, or may refer to the 491: 480: 460: 457:Stott Park Bobbin Mill 444: 326:History of measurement 286:History of agriculture 253:Medieval Islamic world 163:Digital transformation 34:. For other uses, see 5530:London Steam Carriage 4661:Steam (reciprocating) 4421:Marsden, Ben (2004). 4309:. London: Routledge. 3786:Walter, John (2008). 3453:Gordon, W.J. (1910). 2570:List of steam museums 2335:mercury vapor turbine 2249: 2123: 2107:Great Eastern Railway 2033: 1968: 1929: 1892: 1757: 1742: 1649: 1642:Compound steam engine 1555:Compound steam engine 1491: 1446: 1413: 1339:Further information: 1264: 1223:of vaporisation, and 1019: 938: 903: 842:perform useful work. 837:High-pressure engines 780: 749:'s steam engine, 1720 745: 609:Industrial Revolution 536:reciprocating engines 486: 466: 450: 442: 394:Outline of technology 280:By type of technology 207:By historical regions 195:Emerging technologies 55:By technological eras 47:History of technology 5969:steam tank (wheeled) 5964:Steam tank (tracked) 5476:Bradley Works engine 5300:Reciprocating engine 5123:Babcock & Wilcox 4966:Centrifugal governor 4468:Modern Steam Engines 4407:"Steam Engine" 4301:McNeil, Ian (1990). 4197:The Steam Locomotive 4001:Seaton, A E (1918). 3901:Compound Locomotives 3811:Bennett, S. (1979). 3611:Vaclav Smil (2005), 3339:Cowan, Ruth Schwartz 2915:University of Aleppo 2518:British horse-drawn 2286:. It is named after 2069:Rotary steam engines 2001:electrical generator 1930:A rotor of a modern 1895:uniflow steam engine 1885:Uniflow steam engine 1735:Reciprocating engine 1729:Reciprocating piston 1724:Types of motor units 1565:Woolf high-pressure 1520:Engine configuration 1509:centrifugal governor 1493:Centrifugal governor 1472:Types of motor units 886:Corliss steam engine 827:atmospheric pressure 738:Piston steam engines 358:Technology timelines 346:History of transport 84:Neolithic Revolution 5870:fireless locomotive 5017:Sun and planet gear 4730:Thermodynamic cycle 4641:Pistonless (Rotary) 4631:Photo-Carnot engine 4402:Ewing, James Alfred 4324:Nag, P. K. (2002). 4124:2020PrAeS.12100695Y 3986:Bell, A.M. (1950). 3399:, pp. 601–628. 2897:accessed 2009-07-07 2843:"Spilling Products" 2817:Green, Don (1997). 2565:List of steam fairs 2540:Compound locomotive 1563:, who patented his 1534:adiabatic expansion 1366:must be emitted as 1170:Present development 954:Marine steam engine 941:marine steam engine 939:A triple-expansion 795:an improved version 331:History of medicine 316:History of maritime 223:Indian subcontinent 6067:English inventions 5741:Stationary engines 5517:Richard Trevithick 5115:Water-tube boilers 4929:Gresley conjugated 3764:, pp. 341–43. 3677:. pp. 166–67. 3523:. 21 February 2004 2363:Thermal efficiency 2264: 2159:Ferdinand Verbiest 2130: 2039: 1980: 1939: 1909: 1764: 1752: 1652: 1513:Boulton & Watt 1505: 1449: 1420: 1385:surface condensers 1270: 1239:combustion chamber 1037:Richard Trevithick 1033: 950: 916:Richard Trevithick 906: 851:Richard Trevithick 799:separate condenser 787: 755:atmospheric engine 751: 660:Hero of Alexandria 492: 481: 461: 459:, Cumbria, England 445: 268:Renaissance Europe 6062:Energy conversion 6039: 6038: 6019: 6018: 5820: 5819: 5698: 5697: 5624: 5623: 5503: 5502: 5187: 5186: 5087:Fire-tube boilers 4942: 4941: 4736: 4735: 4363:(Subscription or 4337:978-0-07-043599-5 4316:978-0-415-14792-7 4293:978-0-521-09418-4 4271:978-0-262-08198-6 4239:978-0-521-34356-5 4226:Hills, Richard L. 4206:978-0-9536523-0-3 4181:978-0-203-40252-8 3910:978-0-906899-61-8 3822:978-0-86341-047-5 3800:on 10 March 2012. 3722:on 12 August 2011 3624:978-0-19-516874-7 3352:978-0-19-504606-9 3307:978-0-8018-9141-0 3269:978-0-226-72634-2 3118:978-0-8369-2167-0 3065:: 436–438. 1752. 3008:"The Savery Pump" 2980:978-84-370-6791-9 2886:"De Architectura" 2803:978-0-387-98744-6 2585:Mechanical stoker 2420:Carnot efficiency 2405:superheated steam 2378:energy efficiency 2175:boiler explosions 2088:thermal expansion 1955:surface condenser 1760:Indicator diagram 1671:was used on some 1620:Vauclain compound 1484:Governor (device) 1429:centrifugal pumps 1375:steam locomotives 1325:superheated steam 1294:Water-tube boiler 1203:steam locomotives 1096:George Stephenson 1092:Middleton Railway 1065:colliery railways 1021:Union Pacific 844 983:Steam locomotives 853:and, separately, 716:boiler explosions 650:Early experiments 568:steam locomotives 437: 436: 238:Hellenistic world 233:Maya civilization 6084: 6072:Gas technologies 5865:Steam locomotive 5829: 5828: 5797:pumping stations 5746: 5745: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5648:fardier à vapeur 5482:Whitbread Engine 5443:Smethwick Engine 5411: 5410: 5350: 5349: 5169:Feedwater heater 5037: 5036: 4819: 4818: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4740: 4739: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4531: 4499: 4480: 4463: 4426: 4417: 4409: 4397: 4379: 4368: 4360: 4341: 4320: 4308: 4297: 4280:Landes, David S. 4275: 4263: 4252: 4243: 4221: 4210: 4185: 4154: 4153: 4135: 4103: 4097: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4032: 4026: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3934: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3792: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3608: 3602: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3497:on 15 April 2011 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3429: 3428: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3335: 3329: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3287: 3274: 3273: 3255: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3054: 3048: 3047:, p. 62, Note 2. 3042: 3036: 3035:, pp. 16–20 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2924: 2918: 2904: 2898: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2849:. 5 October 2023 2839: 2833: 2832: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2787: 2774: 2773: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2748: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2731:. 19 March 2014. 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2515: 2496: 2473: 2434:power stations. 2382:Newcomen designs 2171:pressure vessels 1873:clearance volume 1599:Tandem compounds 1549:Compound engines 1302:Fire-tube boiler 1280:pressure vessels 1084:was used by the 1072:Catch Me Who Can 1051:ironworks, near 989:Steam locomotive 960:Compound engines 925:Second World War 803:Boulton and Watt 720:pumping stations 666:and engineer in 572:portable engines 469:steam locomotive 429: 422: 415: 248:Byzantine Empire 43: 42: 21:steam locomotive 6092: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6015: 5999: 5978: 5952: 5948:portable engine 5926: 5895: 5886:Traction engine 5874: 5853: 5816: 5780: 5771:portable engine 5756:Winding engines 5735: 5729: 5699: 5694: 5620: 5595: 5568: 5549: 5499: 5456: 5400: 5388:Fairbottom Bobs 5373:Newcomen engine 5367: 5339: 5285:Expansion valve 5258: 5244:Watt's separate 5215: 5183: 5157: 5109: 5081: 5026: 5002:Parallel motion 4938: 4889:Stephenson link 4870: 4808: 4777:Operating cycle 4772: 4767: 4737: 4732: 4723: 4710: 4692: 4592: 4587: 4540: 4535: 4387: 4385:Further reading 4382: 4362: 4338: 4317: 4294: 4272: 4240: 4207: 4182: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4104: 4100: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4023:Wayback Machine 4014: 4010: 3999: 3995: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3897: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3609: 3605: 3589: 3585: 3574: 3570: 3559: 3555: 3544: 3540: 3526: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3432: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3336: 3332: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3288: 3277: 3270: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3226: 3222: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3151: 3147:, pp. 60-. 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3086: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2967: 2963: 2959:, p. 432–. 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2938:on 24 July 2011 2926: 2925: 2921: 2905: 2901: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2875:. 18 July 2007. 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2847:www.spilling.de 2841: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2788: 2777: 2766: 2762: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2655:Traction engine 2595:Salomon de Caus 2530: 2523: 2516: 2507: 2497: 2488: 2474: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2244: 2234: 2228: 2167: 2141: 2135: 2103:Beauchamp Tower 2071: 2050: 2044: 2013:turbo generator 1924: 1918: 1916:Turbine engines 1898: 1893:Animation of a 1887: 1881: 1857: 1848: 1836:trip mechanisms 1806:expansion valve 1737: 1731: 1726: 1644: 1636: 1608:Angle compounds 1593:Cross compounds 1567:compound engine 1557: 1551: 1529: 1522: 1486: 1480: 1441: 1425: 1360: 1343: 1337: 1276: 1259: 1234: 1195:steam generator 1187: 1178: 1172: 1149: 1143: 1137:was produced). 1129:and the former 1116:Rainhill Trials 1089:rack and pinion 1003:William Murdoch 999: 993:Traction engine 987:Main articles: 985: 969:electric motors 956: 933: 912: 898: 878: 872: 839: 759:Thomas Newcomen 740: 708: 706:Pumping engines 688:Giovanni Branca 686:in 1551 and by 652: 647: 641: 625:electric motors 617:paddle steamers 613:sails for ships 600:Thomas Newcomen 504:mechanical work 433: 404: 403: 389: 387:Article indices 379: 378: 359: 351: 350: 281: 273: 272: 263:Medieval Europe 208: 200: 199: 190:Post-industrial 178:Imagination Age 168:Information Age 128:Standardization 56: 39: 32:Steam (service) 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6090: 6080: 6079: 6077:Piston engines 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6004:Miscellaneous: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5983:Space and air: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5974:steam catapult 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5917:steam tricycle 5914: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5812:cable tramways 5809: 5807:cable railways 5804: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5776:marine engines 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5728: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5705: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5652: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5585: 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4999: 4994: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4971:Connecting rod 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4825: 4823: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4683:Thermoacoustic 4680: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4538:External links 4536: 4534: 4533: 4507: 4500: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4427: 4418: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4369: 4342: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4298: 4292: 4276: 4270: 4253: 4244: 4238: 4222: 4211: 4205: 4186: 4180: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4098: 4081: 4052: 4027: 4008: 3993: 3978: 3966: 3959:"Backfiring". 3951: 3929: 3923:Brooks, John. 3916: 3909: 3888: 3863: 3861:, p. 445. 3848: 3839: 3828: 3821: 3803: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3733: 3707: 3705:, p. 384. 3692: 3690:, p. 248. 3680: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3623: 3603: 3583: 3568: 3553: 3538: 3508: 3482: 3460: 3445: 3430: 3413: 3411:, p. 601. 3401: 3389: 3380: 3357: 3351: 3330: 3313: 3306: 3275: 3268: 3247: 3235: 3220: 3205: 3193: 3180: 3149: 3137: 3135:, p. 101. 3125: 3117: 3099: 3084: 3049: 3037: 3025: 2998: 2986: 2979: 2961: 2949: 2919: 2907:Ahmad Y Hassan 2899: 2878: 2860: 2834: 2827: 2809: 2802: 2775: 2760: 2734: 2714: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2676: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2635:Steam tricycle 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2600:Steam aircraft 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2508: 2498: 2491: 2489: 2475: 2468: 2361:Main article: 2358: 2355: 2238:Thermodynamics 2230:Main article: 2227: 2224: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2166: 2163: 2137:Main article: 2134: 2131: 2070: 2067: 2046:Main article: 2043: 2040: 1995:Virtually all 1920:Main article: 1917: 1914: 1883:Main article: 1880: 1877: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1733:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1684:turbine engine 1640:Main article: 1635: 1632: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1603:connecting rod 1596: 1553:Main article: 1550: 1547: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1482:Main article: 1479: 1476: 1453:pressure gauge 1440: 1437: 1424: 1421: 1389:cooling towers 1364:primary energy 1359: 1356: 1352:compressed air 1336: 1333: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1272:Main article: 1258: 1255: 1233: 1230: 1186: 1183: 1174:Main article: 1171: 1168: 1163:electric power 1158:connecting rod 1145:Main article: 1142: 1141:Steam turbines 1139: 1135:DR Class 52.80 1082:Matthew Murray 1053:Merthyr Tydfil 1041:United Kingdom 984: 981: 977:diesel engines 952:Main article: 932: 931:Marine engines 929: 908:Main article: 897: 894: 874:Main article: 871: 868: 863:Cornish engine 838: 835: 785:pumping engine 757:, invented by 739: 736: 707: 704: 700:steam digester 674:A rudimentary 651: 648: 643:Main article: 640: 637: 524:connecting rod 502:that performs 435: 434: 432: 431: 424: 417: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 396: 390: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 371: 366: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 213:Ancient Africa 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 181: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 112: 111: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 71: 65: 64: 62:Pre-industrial 57: 54: 53: 50: 49: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6089: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052:Steam engines 6050: 6049: 6047: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931:Construction: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5891:steam tractor 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792:Power station 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:steam donkeys 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5721: 5719: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523:Puffing Devil 5520: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5509:High-pressure 5506: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5462:Rotative beam 5459: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5362:Savery Engine 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5335:Working fluid 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5012:Rotative beam 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989:hypocycloidal 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4770:Steam engines 4764: 4759: 4757: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4689: 4688:Manson engine 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4666:Steam turbine 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4601:Carnot engine 4599: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4438:(1): 91–107. 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4377: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4016:Steam Rockets 4012: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3974:Chapelon 2000 3970: 3962: 3955: 3940:. 3 June 2017 3939: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3893: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3843: 3837: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3796: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3750:1-4738-1328-X 3747: 3743: 3740:Nick Robins, 3737: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3689: 3684: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3607: 3601: 3600:3-7654-7101-1 3597: 3593: 3587: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3470: 3464: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3326:0-7064-0976-0 3323: 3317: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3244: 3239: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2828:0-07-049841-5 2824: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2680: 2671: 2667: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2640:Steam turbine 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2630:Steam tractor 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2521: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2501:steam-powered 2495: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412:supercritical 2408: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2290:, a Scottish 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:Rankine cycle 2248: 2243: 2242:Heat transfer 2239: 2233: 2232:Rankine cycle 2223: 2220: 2216: 2215:fusible plugs 2211: 2208: 2207:safety valves 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2079:Wankel engine 2076: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:nuclear power 1993: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1978:-powered ship 1977: 1976:steam turbine 1973: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1932:steam turbine 1928: 1923: 1922:Steam turbine 1913: 1906: 1902: 1901:poppet valves 1896: 1891: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830:, and later, 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1756: 1749: 1745: 1744:Double acting 1741: 1736: 1721: 1719: 1718: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:steam turbine 1700: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1688:Liberty ships 1685: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1631: 1629: 1628:loading gauge 1623: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1527:Simple engine 1524: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1445: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1400:jet condenser 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1307:circulators). 1305: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1268: 1263: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1177: 1167: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1147:Steam turbine 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 998: 997:Steam tractor 994: 990: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 965:steam turbine 961: 955: 948: 947: 942: 937: 928: 926: 922: 917: 911: 902: 896:Road vehicles 893: 891: 890:Rumford Medal 887: 882: 877: 867: 864: 859: 856: 852: 847: 845: 834: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 813:generated by 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 784: 779: 775: 773: 768: 767:Jacob Leupold 763: 760: 756: 748: 747:Jacob Leupold 744: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712:Thomas Savery 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:Ottoman Egypt 681: 677: 676:steam turbine 672: 669: 665: 661: 658:described by 657: 646: 636: 633: 630: 626: 620: 618: 614: 610: 605: 601: 596: 595:Thomas Savery 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 556:Rankine cycle 553: 552:thermodynamic 549: 545: 541: 540:steam turbine 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 512:working fluid 509: 505: 501: 497: 490: 485: 478: 474: 470: 465: 458: 454: 449: 441: 430: 425: 423: 418: 416: 411: 410: 408: 407: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 388: 383: 382: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 355: 354: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 277: 276: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 228:Ancient China 226: 224: 221: 219: 218:Ancient Egypt 216: 214: 211: 210: 204: 203: 196: 193: 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 118: 114: 113: 109: 108: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 79: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 52: 51: 48: 45: 44: 41: 37: 33: 26: 25:steam turbine 22: 5990:Steam rocket 5943:steam shovel 5938:Steam roller 5879:Agriculture: 5761:rolling mill 5734:applications 5732:Steam engine 5731: 5675:Modern steam 5662: 5647: 5609:Porter-Allen 5588: 5522: 5449: 5429: 5386: 5320:Safety valve 5249:"Pickle-pot" 5143:Thimble tube 4769: 4701:Beale number 4660: 4656:Split-single 4590:Heat engines 4514: 4503: 4486: 4475: 4467: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4411: 4393: 4374: 4346: 4326: 4304: 4283: 4259: 4248: 4229: 4216: 4196: 4191: 4170: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4093: 4084: 4072:. 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Retrieved 2846: 2837: 2818: 2812: 2792: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2751:EHA Magazine 2750: 2737: 2728:Live Science 2726: 2717: 2706: 2699: 2679: 2670: 2645:Still engine 2625:Steam shovel 2590:James Rumsey 2478:GNR N2 Class 2462:cogeneration 2459: 2451:steam reheat 2448: 2444: 2440:Gas turbines 2436: 2409: 2401:Carnot cycle 2398: 2375: 2372: 2351:Joseph Black 2343: 2339:binary cycle 2323: 2319:Carnot cycle 2299:Carnot cycle 2296: 2284:power plants 2265: 2259: 2255: 2212: 2203: 2183: 2168: 2157: 2153: 2142: 2139:Steam rocket 2100: 2096: 2077:such as the 2072: 2051: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1974:– the first 1969: 1960: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1934:, used in a 1910: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1858: 1849: 1832:poppet valve 1810: 1803: 1798: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1716: 1711:ocean liners 1696: 1692: 1677: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1637: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1607: 1598: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1561:Arthur Woolf 1558: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1523: 1506: 1471: 1468: 1461: 1450: 1426: 1405: 1397: 1392: 1382: 1379: 1372: 1361: 1348: 1344: 1317:superheating 1314: 1310: 1288: 1278:Boilers are 1277: 1235: 1225:superheaters 1214: 1211: 1207: 1188: 1179: 1150: 1131:East Germany 1124: 1109: 1099: 1075: 1069: 1049:Pen-y-darren 1034: 1000: 957: 945: 913: 883: 879: 860: 855:Oliver Evans 848: 840: 831: 807:John Smeaton 788: 772:rotary valve 764: 752: 732:John Smeaton 724:water wheels 709: 673: 653: 634: 621: 588: 560:steam engine 559: 496:steam engine 495: 493: 473:East Germany 243:Roman Empire 115: 60:Premodern / 40: 6011:Steam clock 5907:Steam wagon 5849:steam yacht 5406:Watt engine 5206:Oscillating 5162:Boiler feed 5007:Plate chain 4986:Tusi couple 4899:Walschaerts 4784:Atmospheric 4706:West number 4626:Minto wheel 4611:Gas turbine 4088:John Enys, 4074:13 December 4045:13 December 3988:Locomotives 3859:Hunter 1985 3762:Hunter 1985 3752:, Chapter 4 3656:McNeil 1990 3644:Hunter 1985 3441:Payton 2004 3409:Hunter 1985 3397:Hunter 1985 3176:Hunter 1985 3133:Landes 1969 3095:Landes 1969 3045:Landes 1969 2615:Steam crane 2535:Boyle's law 2520:fire engine 2428:gas turbine 2386:foot-pounds 2347:latent heat 2315:temperature 2226:Steam cycle 2177:(typically 2133:Rocket type 1936:power plant 1846:Compression 1824:Walschaerts 1799:"kick back" 1776:steam chest 1748:slide valve 1717:Dreadnought 1699:World War I 1457:sight glass 1335:Motor units 1232:Heat source 1221:latent heat 1133:(where the 1086:edge railed 696:Denis Papin 680:Taqi al-Din 668:Roman Egypt 580:beam engine 500:heat engine 453:mill engine 138:Machine Age 69:Prehistoric 6046:Categories 5785:Continuous 5749:Reversible 5615:Ljungström 5601:High-speed 5494:Lap Engine 5450:Resolution 5354:Precursors 5239:Kirchweger 5201:Locomotive 5148:Three-drum 5128:Field-tube 5095:Locomotive 5077:Lancashire 4997:Link chain 4981:Crankshaft 4948:Mechanisms 4876:Valve gear 4646:Rijke tube 4367:required.) 4118:: 100695. 4025:Tecaeromax 3688:Hills 1989 3501:3 November 3475:3 November 3189:p. 3. 3145:Brown 2002 3033:Hills 1989 2994:Hills 1989 2942:3 February 2691:References 2605:Steam boat 2580:Live steam 2482:Sheringham 2455:economizer 2367:See also: 2357:Efficiency 2313:(constant 2311:isothermal 2303:TS diagram 2258:=heat and 2236:See also: 2115:Royal Navy 2083:valve gear 1816:Stephenson 1784:valve gear 1758:Schematic 1501:Lap Engine 1474:section). 1423:Water pump 1393:condensate 1368:waste heat 1329:efficiency 1319:it turns ' 1111:The Rocket 1101:Locomotion 1098:built the 1094:. 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