Bronze Age - Knowledge

1362: 2668: 1695: 2746: 1378: 2405: 3746: 2504:, Jan Romgard, and An Zhimin to suggest a possible route of transmission from the West eastwards. According to An Zhimin, "It can be imagined that initially, bronze and iron technology took its rise in West Asia, first influenced the Xinjiang region, and then reached the Yellow River valley, providing external impetus for the rise of the Shang and Zhou civilizations." According to Jan Romgard, "bronze and iron tools seem to have traveled from west to east as well as the use of wheeled wagons and the domestication of the horse." There are also possible links to 3899: 2638: 2626: 1259: 4611:. Evidence for theories of independent development and outside introduction are scarce and the subject of active scholarly debate. Scholars have suggested that both the relative dearth of archeological research in sub-Saharan Africa as well as long-standing prejudices have limited or biased our understanding of pre-historic metallurgy on the continent. One scholar characterized the state of historical knowledge: "To say that the history of metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa is complicated is perhaps an understatement." 4090: 3497: 3018: 1021: 2649:(≈300 BC), which saw the introduction of metalworking and agricultural practices brought in by settlers arriving from the continent. Bronze and iron smelting techniques spread to the Japanese archipelago through contact with other ancient East Asian civilizations, particularly immigration and trade from the ancient Korean peninsula, and ancient mainland China. Iron was mainly used for agricultural and other tools, whereas ritual and ceremonial artefacts were mainly made of bronze. 1739: 2611:

inscriptions can commonly be subdivided into four parts: a reference to the date and place, the naming of the event commemorated, the list of gifts given to the artisan in exchange for the bronze, and a dedication. The relative points of reference these vessels provide have enabled historians to place most of the vessels within a certain time frame of the Western Zhou period, allowing them to trace the evolution of the vessels and the events they record.

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Eqwesh. Subsequently, this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms, including the Philistines, who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill (see, e.g., Sandars 1978; Redford 1992, 243, n. 14; for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature, see Woudhuizen 2006). Henceforth the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks.

3007: 3585: 2161: 9048: 9038: 4019: 3104: 2574:, but its use was minimal. Chinese literature dating to the 6th century BC attests to knowledge of iron smelting, yet bronze continues to occupy the seat of significance in the archaeological and historical record for some time after this. Historian W.C. White argues that iron did not supplant bronze "at any period before the end of the Zhou dynasty (256 BC)" and that bronze vessels make up the majority of metal vessels through the 3216: 84: 3336: 2389: 2916:

implications of this. One is the increased contact with bacterial and/or fungal pathogens due to increased population density and land clearing/cultivation. The other one is decreased levels of immunocompetence in the Metal Age due to changes in diet caused by agriculture. The last is that there may have been an emergence of infectious diseases that evolved into a more virulent form in the metal period.

1586: 4695:, it is clear that these civilizations were not only in touch with one another, but also trading. Early long-distance trade was limited almost exclusively to luxury goods like spices, textiles, and precious metals. Not only did this make cities with ample amounts of these products extremely rich, but it also led to an intermingling of cultures for the first time in history. 32: 2865:

fragments of bronze and copper-base bangles. This technology suggested on-site casting from the very beginning. The on-site casting supports the theory that bronze was first introduced in Southeast Asia from a different country. Some scholars believe that copper-based metallurgy was disseminated from northwest and central China south and southwest via areas such as

1454:, often described as a "dark period" in ancient Egyptian history, spanned about 100 years after the end of the Old Kingdom from about 2181 to 2055 BC. Very little monumental evidence survives from this period, especially from the early part of it. The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time when the rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two areas: 5123:

Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, 'eins ist aber sicher: Nach den ägyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer "Völkerwanderung" zu tun.' Thus, the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation.

3051:. The production of complex tin bronzes lasted for about 500 years in the Balkans. The authors reported that evidence for the production of such complex bronzes disappears at the end of the 5th millennium, coinciding with the "collapse of large cultural complexes in north-eastern Bulgaria and Thrace in the late fifth millennium BC". Tin bronzes using 3311:

eruption, as well as the damage wrought by the tsunami to the coastal towns and villages of Crete precipitated the decline of the Minoans. A weakened political entity with a reduced economic and military capability and fabled riches would have then been more vulnerable to conquest. Indeed, the Santorini eruption is usually dated to

3606:, other as fortresses, ovens for metal fusion, prisons, or, finally, temples for a solar cult. Around the end of the 3rd millennium BC, Sardinia exported to Sicily a culture that built small dolmens, trilithic or polygonal shaped, that served as tombs, as in the Sicilian dolmen of "Cava dei Servi". From this region, they reached 2780:, developed new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The Late Harappan culture, which dates from 1900 to 1400 BC, overlapped the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age; thus it is difficult to date this transition accurately. It has been claimed that a 6,000-year-old copper 5961:" Without entering on the vexed question whether or not there ever was a bronze age in any part of the world distinguished by the sole use of that metal, in China and Japan to the present day, amid an iron age, bronze is in constant use for cutting instruments, either alone or in combination with steel." 4077:

stone ships suggest that shipping played an important role. Thousands of rock carvings depict ships, most probably representing sewn plank-built canoes for warfare, fishing, and trade. These may have a history as far back as the neolithic period and continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age, as shown by the

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described Bronze A1 (Bz A1) period (2300–2000 BC: triangular daggers, flat axes, stone wrist-guards, flint arrowheads) and Bronze A2 (Bz A2) period (1950–1700 BC: daggers with metal hilt, flanged axes, halberds, pins with perforated spherical heads, solid bracelets) and phases Hallstatt A and B (Ha A

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The bronzes of the Western Zhou dynasty document large portions of history not found in the extant texts that were often composed by persons of varying rank and possibly even social class. Further, the medium of cast bronze lends the record they preserve a permanence not enjoyed by manuscripts. These

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in Henan represents the earliest large-scale metallurgy industry in the Central Plains of China. The influence of the Saima-Turbino metalworking tradition from the north is supported by a series of recent discoveries in China of many unique perforated spearheads with downward hooks and small loops on

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Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilization

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developed in southern Britain at this time. Additionally, the climate was deteriorating; where once the weather was warm and dry it became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued, forcing the population away from easily defended sites in the hills and into the fertile valleys. Large livestock farms

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Archaeological research in Northern Vietnam indicates an increase in rates of infectious disease following the advent of metallurgy; skeletal fragments in sites dating to the early and mid-Bronze Age evidence a greater proportion of lesions than in sites of earlier periods. There are a few possible

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in the Early Bronze Age was the largest city of the time. The Old Kingdom of the regional Bronze Age is the name given to the period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egyptian civilization attained its first continuous peak of complexity and achievement—the first of three "Kingdom" periods which marked

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First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term 'Sea Peoples' encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). [Footnote: The modern term 'Sea Peoples' refers to peoples

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Archaeological findings, including some on the island of Thera, suggest that the centre of the Minoan civilization at the time of the eruption was actually on Thera rather than on Crete. According to this theory, the catastrophic loss of the political, administrative and economic centre due to the

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tools became more common, the main justification for the tin trade ended, and that trade network ceased to function as it did formerly. The colonies of the Minoan empire then suffered drought, famine, war, or some combination of the three, and had no access to the distant resources of an empire by

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Ban Chiang, however, is the most thoroughly documented site and has the clearest evidence of metallurgy when in Southeast Asia. With a rough date range from the late 3rd millennium BC to the first millennium AD, this site alone has artefacts such as burial pottery (dating from 2100 to 1700 BC) and

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is named after the Korean name for undecorated or plain cooking and storage vessels that form a large part of the pottery assemblage over the entire length of the period, but especially 850–550 BC. The Mumun period is known for the origins of intensive agriculture and complex societies in both the

2446:"), although there is an argument to be made that the "Bronze Age" proper never ended in China, as there is no recognizable transition to an "Iron Age". Significantly, together with the jade art that precedes it, bronze was seen as a "fine" material for ritual art when compared with iron or stone. 4076:

Even though Northern European Bronze Age cultures came relatively late, and came into existence via trade, sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool, wood and imported Central European bronze and gold. Many rock carvings depict ships, and the large stone burial monuments known as

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The civilization's cities were noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin). The

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The Bronze Age in the Near East can be conveniently divided into Early, Middle and Late periods. The dates and phases below apply solely to the Near East, not universally. However, some archaeologists propose a "high chronology", which extends periods such as the Intermediate Bronze Age by 300 to

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across a frontier of some 4,000 mi (6,000 km). This migration took place in just five to six generations and led to peoples from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east employing the same metalworking technology and, in some areas, horse breeding and riding. However, recent genetic

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For many decades, scholars made superficial reference to Central Asia as the "pastoral realm" or alternatively, the "nomadic world", in what researchers have come to call the "Central Asian void": a 5,000-year span that was neglected in studies of the origins of agriculture. Foothill regions and

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The thesis that a great 'migration of the Sea Peoples' occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves, such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the

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1993, 57 for a summary). The use of quotation marks in association with the term 'Sea Peoples' in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term. It is noteworthy that the designation 'of the sea' appears only concerning the Sherden, Shekelesh, and

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over. If the eruption occurred in the late 17th century BC (as most chronologists now believe) then its immediate effects belong to the Middle to Late Bronze Age transition, and not to the end of the Late Bronze Age, but it could have triggered the instability that led to the collapse first of

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Knossos and then of Bronze Age society overall. One such theory highlights the role of Cretan expertise in administering the empire, post-Thera. If this expertise was concentrated in Crete, then the Mycenaeans may have made political and commercial mistakes in administering the Cretan empire.

1994:) during the Late Bronze and early Iron Age. Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia, where they intermingled with the native Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) population. The Aramaeans never had a unified empire; they were divided into independent kingdoms all across the Near East. After the 7029:

Cities on the Sea., Swiny, S., Hohlfelder, R.L., & Swiny, H.W. (1998). Res maritime: Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from prehistory to late antiquity: proceedings of the Second International Symposium "Cities on the Sea", Nicosia, Cyprus, 18–22 October 1994. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars

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and finally into southeast Asia around 1000 BC. Archaeology also suggests that Bronze Age metallurgy may not have been as significant a catalyst in social stratification and warfare in Southeast Asia as in other regions, and that social distribution shifted away from chiefdom-states to a

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with an unusual edge. The treasure was dated to the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Scientists suggest that the Karlovo valley used to be a major crafts centre that exported golden jewellery all over Europe. It is considered one of the largest prehistoric golden treasures in the world.

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lost much of their population to famine and pestilence. This would indicate that the trade network may have failed, preventing the trade that would previously have relieved such famines and prevented illness caused by malnutrition. It is also known that in this era, the

3244:—also suddenly lost much of its population and thus probably some capacity to cultivate crops. Drought and famine in Anatolia may have also led to the Aegean collapse by disrupting trade networks, therefore preventing the Aegean from accessing bronze and luxury goods. 4081:. There are many mounds and rock carving sites from the period. Numerous artefacts of bronze and gold are found. No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age. The rock carvings have been dated through comparison with depicted artefacts. 3934:

and 700 BC. It is marked by economic and cultural exchange. Commercial contacts extend to Denmark and the Mediterranean. The Atlantic Bronze Age was defined by many distinct regional centres of metal production, unified by a regular maritime exchange of products.

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The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying

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and Sumerian traditions played a major role in later Assyrian and Babylonian culture. Despite this, Babylonia, unlike the more militarily powerful Assyria, was founded by non-native Amorites and often ruled by other non-indigenous peoples such as the

3923:-/800/700 cal. BC) that includes different cultures in the contex of the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Andalucía, Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, País Vasco, Navarra and Castilla and León), the Atlantic France, Britain and Ireland, while the 1928:. However, with the ascent of the Hittite empire, Mitanni and Egypt allied to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. At the height of its power during the 14th century BC, Mitanni had outposts centred on its capital, 2317:. It is conjectured that changes in climate in this region around 2000 BC and the ensuing ecological, economic, and political changes triggered a rapid and massive migration westward into northeast Europe, eastward into China, and southward into 3572:

lasted from the early Bronze Age (18th century BC) to the 2nd century AD, when the islands were already Romanized. They take their name from the characteristic Nuragic towers, which evolved from the pre-existing megalithic culture, which built

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to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god-king. Abydos remained the major holy land in the south. The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization, such as art, architecture, and religion, took shape in the Early Dynastic Period.

1044:(even if only by elites in the early years), though the introduction and development of bronze technology were not universally synchronous. Tin bronze technology requires systematic techniques: tin must be mined (mainly as the tin ore 6855: 3695:, where, in the 20th century, some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects were found. The Canegrate culture migrated from the northwest part of the Alps and descended to Pianura Padana from the Swiss Alps passes and the Ticino. 1048:) and smelted separately, then added to hot copper to make bronze alloy. The Bronze Age was a time of extensive use of metals and the development of trade networks. A 2013 report suggests that the earliest tin-alloy bronze was a 2844:

have been discovered dating to 2100 BC. However, according to the radiocarbon dating on the human and pig bones in Ban Chiang, some scholars propose that the initial Bronze Age in Ban Chiang was in the late 2nd millennium. In

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Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people".

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is naturally abundant, the higher temperature required for smelting, 1,250 °C (2,280 °F), in addition to the greater difficulty of working with it, placed it out of reach of common use until the end of the

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1155 BC). The usual tripartite division into an Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age is not used in the context of Mesopotamia. Instead, a division primarily based on art and historical characteristics is more common.

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for official use and as a spoken language. By that time, the Sumerian language was no longer spoken, but was still in religious use in Assyria and Babylonia, and would remain so until the 1st century AD. The

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The archaeological term "Bronze Age" was first introduced for Europe in the 1830s and soon extended to the Near East. By the 1860s, there was some debate as to whether the term should be extended to China

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excavated its first findings (some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects). Remains of the Golasecca culture span an area of about 20,000 km (4,900,000 acres) south to the Alps, between the Po,

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The term "Bronze Age" has been transferred to the archaeology of China from that of Western Eurasia, and there is no consensus or universally used convention delimiting the "Bronze Age" in the context of

3868:). Alloying of copper with zinc or tin to make brass or bronze was practised soon after the discovery of copper itself. One copper mine at Great Orme in North Wales, reached a depth of 70 metres. At 7914: 3953:

The Bronze Age in Ireland commenced around 2000 BC when copper was alloyed with tin and used to manufacture Ballybeg type flat axes and associated metalwork. The preceding period is known as the

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1700–500 BC, with sites as far east as Estonia. Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture, its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources. It was followed by the

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network. Data analyses of sites such as Ban Lum Khao, Ban Na Di, Non-Nok Tha, Khok Phanom Di, and Nong Nor have consistently led researchers to conclude that there was no entrenched hierarchy.

1518:. The unified kingdom was previously considered to comprise the 11th and 12th Dynasties, but historians now consider at least part of the 13th Dynasty to have belonged to the Middle Kingdom. 2551:

the same or opposite side of the socket, which could be associated with the Seima-Turbino visual vocabulary of southern Siberia. The metallurgical centres of northwestern China, especially

6886: 4623:, Niger that has been dated as early as 2200 BC. However, evidence for copper production in this region before 1000 BC is debated. Evidence of copper mining and smelting has been found at 4156:

have been found in Sintashta burials and there is earlier evidence for chariot use in the Abashevo culture. The Sintashta culture expanded further eastwards into central Asia becoming the

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during the Middle Bronze Age. It lasted for more than a millennium, from the 15th century BC until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BC. It takes its name from the fortified boroughs (

1002:. Tin's lower melting point of 232 °C (450 °F) and copper's moderate melting point of 1,085 °C (1,985 °F) placed both these metals within the capabilities of Neolithic 3602:

The towers are unanimously considered the best-preserved and largest megalithic remains in Europe. Their purpose is still debated: some scholars consider them monumental tombs, others as

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900–700 BC). The bronze daggers lent prestige and authority to the personages who wielded and were buried with them in high-status megalithic burials at south-coastal centres such as the

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dated to before 4000 BC, showing that early tin bronze was more common than previously thought and developed independently in Europe 1500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the

6071:"Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade, with an Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing, Gansu, and Xinjiang" 6107: 2599:

motif, which involves highly stylised animal faces. These appear in three main motif types: those of demons, symbolic animals, and abstract symbols. Many large bronzes also bear

1009:, which date back to 6,000 BC and were able to produce temperatures of at least 900 °C (1,650 °F). Copper and tin ores are rare since there were no tin bronzes in 1462:

in Upper Egypt. These two kingdoms eventually came into conflict, and the Theban kings conquered the north, reunifying Egypt under a single ruler during the second part of the

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Pernicka, E., Eibner, C., Öztunah, Ö., Wagener, G.A. (2003). "Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in the Northeast Aegean", In: Wagner, G.A., Pernicka, E. and Uerpmann, H-P. (eds),

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and widely used both for utilitarian objects and for sculpture. A later appearance of limited bronze smelting in western Mexico suggests either contact of that region with

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defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the "period between about 2000 BC and 771 BC", a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of

1537:. The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the 11th Dynasty, began their climb to power in the 13th Dynasty, and emerged from the Second Intermediate Period in control of 1157: 665: 4599:

There is a longstanding debate about whether both copper and iron metallurgy were independently developed in sub-Saharan Africa or introduced from the outside across the

2589:, which are more elaborate versions in precious materials of everyday vessels, as well as tools and weapons. Examples are the numerous large sacrificial tripods known as 2804:

very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 people, and the civilization itself during its florescence may have contained between one and five million people.

2508:, "a transcultural complex across northern Eurasia," the Eurasian steppe, and the Urals. However, the oldest bronze objects found in China so far were discovered at the 1561:, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, lasted from the 16th to the 11th century BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the 7623:

Chirikure, Shadreck (2010). "On Evidence, Ideas and Fantasy: The Origins of Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa: Thoughts on É. Zagato & A.F.C. Holl's 'On the Iron Front'".

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Bronze Age civilizations gained a technological advantage due to bronze's harder and more durable properties than other metals available at the time. While terrestrial

8025: 3707: 7701: 2950: 2949: 2956: 2955: 8305: 8119: 1664:. Altyndepe was a major centre even then. Pottery was wheel-turned. Grapes were grown. The height of this urban development was reached in the Middle Bronze Age 869: 4183:

have been dated to around the 4th millennium BC. This innovation resulted in the circulation of arsenical bronze technology through southern and eastern Europe.

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One of the characteristic types of artefacts of the Early Bronze Age in Ireland is the flat axe. There are five main types of flat axes: Lough Ravel crannog (

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Trade and industry played a major role in the development of Bronze Age civilizations. With artefacts of the Indus Valley civilization found in ancient

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Bronze Age collapse theories have described aspects of the end of the Bronze Age in this region. At the end of the Bronze Age in the Aegean region, the

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Lancaster, H.O. (1990). Expectations of life: A study in the demography, statistics, and history of world mortality. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 228.

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Copper smelting took place in West Africa prior to the appearance of iron smelting in the region. Evidence for copper smelting furnaces was found near

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was a pre-Iranian ancient civilization located east of Mesopotamia. In the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the

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Oxenham, M.F.; Thuy, N.K.; Cuong, N.L. (2005). "Skeletal evidence for the emergence of infectious disease in bronze and iron age northern Vietnam".

4749: 1147: 695: 3637:. The whole complex was of the nature of a fortified settlement. The Terramare culture was widespread in the Pianura Padana, especially along the 1691:

2500–2000 BC. The economy was agricultural. Dams were found in several places, providing evidence for a highly developed water management system.

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in copper. The period is divided into three phases: Early Bronze Age (2000–1500 BC), Middle Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC), and Late Bronze Age (1200–

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Radivojevic, M.; Rehren, Th.; Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic, J.; Jovanovic, M. (2014). "Context is everything indeed: a response to Sljivar and Boric".

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A few examples of named Bronze Age cultures in Europe in roughly relative order. (Dates are approximate, consult linked articles for details)

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outside Egypt did not experience a distinct Bronze Age. Evidence for iron smelting appears earlier or at the same time as copper smelting in

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around 1600 BC. While some direct information about the Shang dynasty comes from Shang-era inscriptions on bronze artefacts, most comes from

1525:, Ancient Egypt fell into disarray a second time between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom, best known for the 1342:

generally located to its north. It probably bordered it, and may even have been an alternative term for it (at least during some periods).

2861:, was a rich site with over 640 graves excavated that gleaned many complex bronze items that may have had social value connected to them. 2593:

in Chinese; there are many other distinct shapes. Surviving identified Chinese ritual bronzes tend to be highly decorated, often with the

1148: 1146: 8983: 8450: 8385: 6823:"Early Chariots and Religion in South-East Europe and the Aegean During the Bronze Age: A Reappraisal of the Dupljaja Chariot in Context" 2210: 2204: 1669: 1637: 862: 655: 8275: 8152: 5969: 5932: 5359: 5101: 1361: 9084: 8757: 6442: 6173:

Barnard, N.: "Bronze Casting and Bronze Alloys in Ancient China", p. 14. The Australian National University and Monumenta Serica, 1961.

5053: 4522: 3649:, and in the rest of Europe. The civilization developed in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, between the 17th and the 13th centuries BC. 3255:

production on the scale necessary for the bronze production of the late Bronze Age would have exhausted them in less than fifty years.

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The oldest golden artefacts in the world (4600 – 4200 BC) were found in the Necropolis of Varna. These artefacts are on display in the

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There is reason to believe that bronze work developed inside of China apart from outside influence. However, the discovery of Europoid

1963:(15th to 6th centuries BC), and lived in the region in smaller numbers after the fall of the monarchy. The name "Israel" first appears 1895:, and his queen have been discovered. From the 16th to the 13th century BC, Ugarit remained in constant contact with Egypt and Cyprus ( 1155: 670: 8807: 5083:

that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from 'islands' (tables 1–2; Adams and Cohen, this volume; see, e.g.,

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site (Sigwells, Somerset) came much later, dated by globular urn-style pottery to approximately the 12th century BC. The identifiable

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The burials, which until this period had usually been communal, became more individual. For example, whereas in the Neolithic a large

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brought new people to the islands from the continent. Tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around

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Finkelstein, Israel (1996). "Ethnicity and origin of the Iron I settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the real Israel stand up?".

3382:. All in all, cemeteries of this period are small and rare. The Unetice culture was followed by the middle Bronze Age (1600–1200 BC) 3251:

forests causing the end of the bronze trade. These forests are known to have existed in later times, and experiments have shown that

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and have helped historians and archaeologists piece together the history of China, especially during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC).

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of Babylon in the 19th century BC. Over 100 years later, it briefly took over the other city-states and formed the short-lived First

1694: 7732: 6975: 6070: 2957: 1064:, although this culture is not conventionally considered part of the Bronze Age; however, the dating of the foil has been disputed. 6577:

Higham, C.; Higham, T.; Ciarla, R.; Douka, K.; Kijngam, A.; Rispoli, F. (2011). "The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia".

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from over 500 mould fragments included a perfect fit of the hilt of a sword in the Wilburton style held in Somerset County Museum.

3080:. The whole treasure consists of 20,000 gold jewellery items from 18 to 23 carats. The most important of them was a dagger made of 2726: 2945: 4648: 1770: 1158: 8299: 6757: 5220:

Miller, Duncan E.; van der Merwe, Nikolaas J. (1994). "Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research".

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rose to dominate Egyptian popular religion. The period comprises two phases: the 11th Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes, and the

1301:. The kingdom disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived into the 8th century BC. 9224: 6052: 4682: 988: 855: 6294: 2959: 2958: 2948: 2729: 8129: 8005: 7972: 7877: 7478: 7266: 7208: 7137: 7014: 6905: 6871: 6865: 6522: 6484: 6450: 5900: 5868: 5621: 5063: 4825: 4515: 5297: 5058:. Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies. Vol. 15. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 2. 7862: 6342:

Bertrand, L.; Jarrige, J.-F.; Réfrégiers, M.; Robbiola, L.; Séverin-Fabiani, T.; Mille, B.; Thoury, M. (15 November 2016).

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developed in the lowlands and appear to have contributed to economic growth and inspired increasing forest clearances. The

2961: 2960: 2853:, bronze tools have been excavated along with ceramics and stone artefacts. Dating is still currently broad (3500–500 BC). 1156: 473: 8045: 4710:, which led to the growth of cities on the banks of these rivers. The later domestication of camels also helped encourage 3143:

was mined and alloyed with tin to produce bronze. Bronze objects were then exported far and wide and supported the trade.

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Treasures from the Bronze Age of China: An exhibition from the People's Republic of China, the Metropolitan Museum of Art

7709: 6676:

White, J.C. (1995). "Incorporating Heterarchy into Theory on Socio-political Development: The Case from Southeast Asia".

4644: 1960: 6923: 2962: 2954: 1758: 8797: 8345: 8309: 8135: 8039: 7241: 6767: 6278: 6201: 5727:

White, Joyce; Hamilton, Elizabeth (2009). "The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand: New Perspectives".

5369: 1451: 1285:. At its height in the 14th century BC, the Hittite Kingdom encompassed central Anatolia, southwestern Syria as far as 3679:

developed from the mid-Bronze Age (13th century BC) until the Iron Age in the Pianura Padana, in what are now western

1093:

in the mid-4th millennium BC. Cultures in the ancient Near East practised intensive year-round agriculture; developed

9109: 9018: 8475: 7891: 7847: 7833: 7815: 5538: 5486: 5461: 2683:

and southern Manchuria, Korean Bronze Age culture exhibits unique typology and styles, especially in ritual objects.

1263: 1151: 841: 92: 88: 68: 2975:

The chosen cultures overlapped in time and the indicated periods do not fully correspond to their estimated extents.

8031:

2000–800 BC): A research into the preservation of metallurgy related artefacts and the social position of the smith

5860: 1952: 5762:

Lalueza-Fox, C.; Sampietro, M.L.; Gilbert, M.T.; Castri, L.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (2004).

3036: 1057: 8378: 8233: 6147:

Thorp, R.L. (2005). China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.

5917: 3327:

1250 BC) would have been a continuation of the steady encroachment of the Greeks upon the weakened Minoan world.

2037: 806: 3789:

people, and cultural change was significant. Integration is thought to have been peaceful, as many of the early

9448: 9077: 9041: 8750: 8545: 7625: 7353:"Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia" 5884: 5317:

Masson, V. M. "10. Bronze Age in Khorasan and Transoxiana". In Dani, A. H.; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (eds.).

5266:, 1998. p. 17. "The first phase (Middle Bronze Age IIA) runs roughly parallel to the Egyptian Twelfth Dynasty". 5111: 4559: 4141: 2858: 2703: 2680: 1998:

collapse, their political influence was confined to Syro-Hittite states, which were entirely absorbed into the

1406: 405: 6549: 6344:"High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object" 5279:. 1983. p. 137. "... for the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period it is the Middle Bronze Age". 2745: 1436: 816: 6616: 5165:

A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures: An investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre

4906:

Sljivar, D.; Boric, D.; et al. (2014). "Context is everything: comments on Radivojevic et al. (2013)".

4698:

Trade routes were not just on land. The first and most extensive trade routes were along rivers such as the

3876:, carbon dating has established mining at around 2280 to 1890 BC (95% probability). The earliest identified 1565:. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of Egypt's power. The later New Kingdom, i.e. the 1150: 886:

was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC. It was characterized by the use of

8595: 8337: 3706:. It takes its name from Golasecca, a locality next to the Ticino, where, in the early 19th century, abbot 3435: 2104:. The earliest mention of Babylon (then a small administrative town) appears on a tablet from the reign of 1546: 763: 743: 700: 690: 615: 575: 7302:"Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe" 6638:

Higham, C.F.W. (2011). "The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia: New insight on social change from Ban Non Wat".

3822:. Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent. 1253: 9289: 8714: 8684: 8490: 4769: 4764: 4553: 3378:

with grave gifts crafted from gold, point to an increase of social stratification already present in the

3059: 2600: 1925: 1566: 1511: 1370: 1153: 660: 50: 42: 20: 8063:"Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age" 7758: 7048:

A. Bernard Knapp, Steve O. Held, and Sturt W. Manning. The prehistory of Cyprus: Problems and prospects.

8645: 8371: 6216:

Shaughnessy, E.L.: "Sources of Western Zhou History", pp. xv–xvi. University of California Press, 1982.

4661:

independently discovered and developed bronze smelting. Bronze technology was developed further by the

3712: 1805: 1570: 1534: 1530: 1522: 748: 8257: 7585:

Killick, David (2009). "Cairo to Cape: The Spread of Metallurgy Through Eastern and Southern Africa".

1152: 9384: 9070: 8842: 8743: 8530: 8440: 6225:

Shaughnessy, E.L. "Sources of Western Zhou History", pp. 76–83. University of California Press, 1982.

5293: 4414: 4113: 3814:

were major sources of tin for much of western Europe and copper was extracted from sites such as the

2773: 2740: 2273: 1680: 1562: 1503: 1463: 397: 8327:

articles, site-reports and bibliography database concerning the Aegean, Balkans and Western Anatolia

8106: 6690: 4975:

The Near East period dates and phases are unrelated to the bronze chronology of other world regions.

4790: 3944: 3517:(also called Italian Bronze Age) is a technology complex of central and southern Italy spanning the 9479: 9273: 9023: 7435:

Gimbutas (1973). "The Beginning of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Indo- Europeans 3500–2500 BC".

6244: 4375: 3973:

500 BC). Ireland is known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age burials. The country's

3553:, although groups of hunters, shepherds, and farmers are known to have lived in the area since the 3231:

administration of the regional trade empire followed the decline of Minoan primacy. Several Minoan

2987: 2820:

is a significant archaeological site for dating the origin of bronze metallurgy in Southeast Asia.

2749: 2505: 2408: 2383: 2335: 2314: 2296: 2121: 1995: 1924:

created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia. At its beginning, Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the

1766: 1507: 1154: 926: 811: 753: 738: 733: 680: 466: 350: 169: 8358: 8247: 7226:

The Archaeology of Alderley Edge: Survey, excavation and experiment in an ancient mining landscape

5013:"Hazor Eb III City Abandonment and Iba People Return: Radiocarbon Chronology and ITS Implications" 4852:, which makes them the producers of the oldest-known bronze. However, the Maykop culture only had 4718:. This further led to towns sprouting up everywhere there was a pit-stop or caravan-to-ship port. 3347: 2345:

group of languages across Europe and Asia: some 39 languages of this group still exist, including

1730:", a 3rd-millennium-BC culture postulated based on a collection of artefacts confiscated in 2001. 9244: 9181: 9176: 8931: 8925: 8679: 8341: 8186:"Bronze Age volcanic event recorded in stalagmites by combined isotope and trace element studies" 6476: 4117: 3799: 3618: 2813: 2706:

and other bronze artefacts were exchanged as far as the interior part of the Southern Peninsula (

2486: 2287:

According to a 2019 study, the BMAC was not a primary contributor to later South-Asian genetics.

1717: 1499: 1440: 1418: 632: 559: 4356: 3219:

Invasions, destruction and possible population movements during the collapse of the Bronze Age,

8905: 6685: 5764:"Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians" 5708: 5289: 4458: 4324: 4190: 4097: 3299: 3123:

The Aegean Bronze Age began around 3200 BC, when civilizations first established a far-ranging

3112: 2841: 2586: 2501: 2128: 2017: 2011: 1941: 1414: 1102: 783: 768: 728: 710: 605: 511: 504: 158: 6269:

Eckert, Carter J.; Lee, Ki-Baik; Lew, Young Ick; Robinson, Michael; Wagner, Edward W. (1990).

5966: 5929: 5531:

The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts

5180:

Childs, S. Terry; Killick, David (1993). "Indigenous African Metallurgy: Nature and Culture".

4558:

Iron and copper smelting appeared around the same time in most parts of Africa. As such, most

4394: 1377: 9334: 9212: 9171: 8837: 7073:"The great Minoan eruption of Thera volcano and the ensuing tsunami in the Greek Archipelago" 6470: 5375: 5117: 4817: 4728: 4022: 3001: 2404: 1334:

was a confederation of states in western Anatolia defeated by the Hittites under the earlier

1114: 836: 637: 565: 489: 431: 7503:

Holl, Augustin F. C. (2009). "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy".

7127: 5069: 3162:

was well-developed by this time and reached a peak of skill not exceeded (except perhaps by

9453: 9429: 9217: 9188: 9051: 8915: 8910: 8787: 8630: 8560: 8197: 7673: 7364: 7084: 6355: 5650: 5502:

Finkelstein, Israel (1996). "The archaeology of the United Monarchy: an alternative view".

5024: 4666: 4476: 4296: 3589: 3569: 3500: 3343: 3315:

1630 BC, while the Mycenaean Greeks first enter the historical record a few decades later,

2687: 2679:

On the Korean peninsula, the Bronze Age began around 1000–800 BC. Initially centred around

2662: 2490: 2280:, and possibly even indirectly with Mesopotamia; all civilizations were very familiar with 2272:

A wealth of information indicates that the BMAC had close international relations with the

2179:

glacial melt streams supported Bronze Age agropastoralists who developed complex east–west

1558: 1444: 1422: 1312: 1308: 1113:

and nation-states and empires; embarked on advanced architectural projects; and introduced

976: 933: 788: 526: 338: 206: 8331: 8269: 6182:

White, W.C.: "Bronze Culture of Ancient China", p. 208. University of Toronto Press, 1956.

2645:

The Japanese archipelago saw the introduction of bronze during the beginning of the Early

8: 9474: 9314: 8993: 8988: 8555: 8485: 8445: 8425: 7736: 7660:

Killick, David; van der Merwe, Nikolaas J.; Gordon, Robert B.; Grebenart, Danilo (1988).

7463:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

6983: 6081: 5892: 5703: 4471: 4133: 3948: 3924: 3893: 3857: 3745: 3653: 3248: 3206: 3178: 3098: 3010: 2769: 2714:. Bronze was an important element in ceremonies and for mortuary offerings until 100 BC. 2528: 2089: 2081: 1999: 1821: 1668:

2300 BC, corresponding to level V at Namazga-Depe. This Bronze Age culture is called the

1455: 1233: 1106: 773: 705: 459: 370: 326: 314: 306: 275: 146: 142: 8308:[Ancient bronze idol 13 Cent B.C.] (in Russian). Northern Russia. Archived from 8201: 7677: 7368: 7088: 6359: 5028: 4869:

Radivojevic, M; Rehren, T; Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic, J; Jovanovic, M; Northover, JP (2013).

2637: 2338:

eastwards, as this technology had been well known for quite a while in western regions.

1545:. By the 15th Dynasty, they ruled lower Egypt, and they were expelled at the end of the 1478:

started as early as 2300 BC. Egyptians introduced copper smelting to the Nubian city of

9414: 9358: 9319: 9229: 9134: 8870: 8709: 8704: 8455: 8172: 8089: 8062: 7961: 7947: 7642: 7602: 7567: 7559: 7520: 7403: 7352: 7108: 6738: 6703: 6655: 6594: 6384: 6343: 6130: 5837: 5788: 5763: 5744: 5673: 5638: 5583: 5434: 5426: 5245: 5237: 5197: 4958: 4923: 4743: 4445: 4278: 4101: 4070: 3750: 3740: 3167: 3152: 2866: 2438:" period (16th to 11th centuries BC), and the "Later Bronze Age" as equivalent to the " 2431: 2346: 1933: 1910: 1630: 960: 600: 546: 427: 409: 374: 279: 3189:

appears to have coordinated and defended its Bronze Age trade. Ancient empires valued

1801: 9424: 9397: 9329: 9309: 9297: 9139: 9129: 9013: 8978: 8620: 8615: 8570: 8520: 8465: 8460: 8430: 8215: 8176: 8125: 8094: 8035: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7968: 7887: 7873: 7858: 7843: 7829: 7811: 7686: 7661: 7606: 7571: 7524: 7474: 7408: 7390: 7333: 7262: 7237: 7204: 7133: 7112: 7100: 7010: 6861: 6803: 6763: 6742: 6707: 6659: 6598: 6518: 6480: 6446: 6389: 6371: 6274: 6197: 6134: 6001:

Chang, K.C.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology", pp. 6–7, 1. Yale University Press, 1982.

5896: 5864: 5829: 5793: 5678: 5617: 5587: 5575: 5534: 5482: 5457: 5438: 5365: 5249: 5107: 5059: 4962: 4927: 4849: 4821: 4404: 4399: 4351: 4291: 4253: 4215: 4157: 4149: 4062: 4050: 4034: 4013: 3903: 3699: 3676: 3665: 3429: 3287: 3108: 2936: 2354: 2131: 1956: 1698: 1421:, lasting from the Protodynastic Period until about 2686 BC, or the beginning of the 1098: 1073: 1014: 999: 956:, or other metals, or traded other items for bronze from producing areas elsewhere. 915: 829: 675: 520: 378: 362: 358: 354: 334: 298: 290: 271: 267: 154: 123: 8121:

Art of the Bronze Age: southeastern Iran, western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley

7951: 7772:"Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC" 6046: 5841: 5600:

Vidale, Massimo, 2017. Treasures from the Oxus, I.B. Tauris, pp. 8–10 & Table 1.

5193: 4856:. Other regions developed bronze and its associated technology at different periods. 3898: 2581:

The Chinese bronze artefacts generally are either utilitarian, like spear points or

9409: 9302: 9239: 9234: 9156: 9093: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8865: 8802: 8782: 8766: 8694: 8689: 8635: 8600: 8565: 8550: 8500: 8480: 8470: 8435: 8420: 8205: 8164: 8084: 8074: 7937: 7929: 7783: 7681: 7634: 7594: 7551: 7512: 7470: 7466: 7398: 7380: 7372: 7323: 7313: 7229: 7092: 6834: 6795: 6730: 6695: 6647: 6586: 6379: 6363: 6302: 6122: 5821: 5783: 5775: 5748: 5736: 5668: 5660: 5567: 5511: 5418: 5229: 5189: 5032: 4950: 4915: 4886: 4853: 4759: 4430: 4361: 4172: 4161: 4145: 4129: 4121: 4078: 4054: 4042: 3761:, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 750 BC. 3603: 3514: 3413: 3394: 3228: 3073: 3022: 2909: 2887: 2789: 2695: 2560: 2509: 2423: 2350: 2342: 2281: 2238: 1574: 895: 758: 685: 435: 423: 401: 389: 346: 330: 322: 318: 310: 302: 263: 259: 202: 190: 7915:"Smelting and Recycling Evidences from the Late Bronze Age habitat site of Baioes" 6721:

O'Reilly, D.J.W. (2003). "Further evidence of heterarchy in Bronze Age Thailand".

3633:. These villages were built on land, but generally near a stream, with roads that 1258: 1053: 9404: 9166: 9161: 8900: 8890: 8625: 8540: 8525: 8510: 8252: 6508: 6436: 6056: 5973: 5936: 5611: 5303: 4807: 4437: 4389: 4306: 4109: 4094: 4046: 4038: 3927:

as cultural complex of the final phase of the Bronze Age period is dated between

3838: 3826: 3762: 3526: 3452: 3402: 3383: 3379: 3359: 3210: 3065: 2901: 2870: 2711: 2625: 2604: 2547: 2371: 2302: 2277: 2136: 2105: 2073: 1972: 1937: 1917:

population, Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of

1809: 1775:

In modern scholarship, the chronology of the Bronze Age Levant is divided into:

1627: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1324: 1170: 620: 610: 570: 366: 342: 222: 218: 186: 8535: 7963:

The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China

6407: 6024: 5479:

From nomadism to monarchy: archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel

3163: 198: 9419: 9392: 9363: 8847: 8699: 8669: 8640: 8575: 6963:

The end of the Bronze Age: Changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C.

6432: 6324: 6158: 6010:

Chang, K.C.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology", p. 1. Yale University Press, 1982.

5397: 5103:

The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C.

4845: 4841: 4283: 4180: 4176: 3794: 3782: 3638: 3622: 3355: 3339: 3267: 3035:

Radivojevic et al. (2013) reported the discovery of a tin bronze foil from the

2837: 2476: 2458: 2443: 2415: 2101: 1880: 1845: 1837: 1727: 1706: 1702: 1431: 1274: 1182: 1094: 1085:

were the first regions to enter the Bronze Age, beginning with the rise of the

778: 226: 162: 8168: 7933: 7598: 7516: 6887:"Mystery of the Varna Gold: What Caused These Ancient Societies to Disappear?" 6699: 6651: 6590: 6472:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

6126: 5825: 5740: 5571: 5515: 5233: 4954: 4940: 4919: 4891: 4868: 4089: 3412:

culture (1300–700 BC) was characterized by cremation burials. It included the

3274:

1600 BC, 110 km (68 mi) north of Crete. Speculation includes that a

2237:(Oxus River). Its sites were discovered and named by the Soviet archaeologist 2213:(BMAC), also known as the Oxus civilization, was a Bronze Age civilization in 1859:

with Egypt (and the first exact dating of Ugaritic civilization) comes from a

1297:, which is conjectured to have been associated with the sudden arrival of the 9468: 8955: 8674: 8610: 8605: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8505: 7394: 7337: 7175: 7104: 6976:"Middle Bronze Age History, Trade, Notes, Further reading, Knowledge, the 💕" 6504: 6375: 5579: 4733: 4715: 4692: 4658: 4654: 4600: 4409: 4198: 4137: 3966: 3916:

The Atlantic Bronze Age as cultural geographic region is a cultural complex (

3869: 3865: 3758: 3723: 3688: 3484: 3473: 3232: 3148: 3017: 2991: 2897: 2893: 2672: 2590: 2552: 2524: 2497: 2468: 2435: 2393: 2375: 1991: 1905:

was a loosely organized state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia from

1879:

have also been found. However, it is unclear when they got to Ugarit. In the

1876: 1849: 1676: 1623: 1590: 1459: 1426: 1390: 1351: 1331: 972: 234: 210: 138: 7638: 7363:(47). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): eabi7038. 7351:

Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Oliart, Camila; Haak, Wolfgang (19 November 2021).

5664: 5555: 3496: 2313:

have been identified as the point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the

2076:(2335–2154 BC) became the dominant power in the region. After its fall, the 9324: 8942: 8404: 8219: 8098: 8079: 7412: 7376: 7233: 6958: 6807: 6393: 5833: 5797: 5779: 5682: 5084: 4754: 4711: 4608: 4604: 4450: 4338: 4333: 4269: 4100:

ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia, and location of the

3974: 3877: 3630: 3542: 3518: 3286:

in its home harbour, which then lost crucial naval battles; so that in the

3194: 2797: 2755: 2646: 2620: 2571: 2439: 2222: 2214: 2045: 1888: 1872: 1747: 1743: 1723: 1661: 1641: 1382: 1142:

The following dates are approximate. For details, consult linked articles.

1125:, medicine, and religion. Societies in the region laid the foundations for 1049: 911: 891: 531: 242: 214: 113: 7555: 7461:

Childs, S. Terry (2008). "Metallurgy in Africa". In Selin, Helaine (ed.).

4670: 3769:

indicates that at least some of the migrants came from the area of modern

1020: 9124: 8960: 8774: 8495: 8332:

The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand: New Perspectives

7662:"Reassessment of the Evidence for Early Metallurgy in Niger, West Africa" 7318: 7301: 6108:"A Discussion on Early Metals and the Origins of Bronze Casting in China" 4688: 3833:

housed the dead, Early Bronze Age people buried their dead in individual

3830: 3770: 3477: 3237: 3190: 3052: 2854: 2575: 2536: 2532: 2472: 2218: 2180: 1987: 1967:

1209 BC, at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the

1892: 1797: 1684: 1335: 1298: 1290: 1130: 1086: 1045: 964: 580: 230: 91:

from a pre-Hittite tomb dating to the third millennium BC, from the

8324: 7788: 7771: 7646: 7563: 6924:"Gold treasure from Dabene. Ancient Civilization from 3th millennium BC" 6839: 6822: 6367: 5037: 5012: 4065:

was both a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history,

3629:, and in other parts of Europe. They lived in square villages of wooden 1738: 1338:, around 1400 BC. Arzawa has been associated with the much more obscure 9368: 9146: 9119: 9114: 8880: 8812: 7385: 7096: 6799: 5430: 5201: 4628: 4463: 4311: 4239: 4204: 4112:(c.3300–2600 BC) was a Late Copper Age/Early Bronze Age culture of the 3978: 3954: 3815: 3778: 3766: 3159: 2925: 2875: 2846: 2829: 2543:

that form the first significant corpus of recorded Chinese characters.

2450: 2442:" period (11th to 3rd centuries BC, from the 5th century, also called " 2434:. "Early Bronze Age" in China is sometimes taken as equivalent to the " 2379: 2327: 2230: 2226: 2113: 1948: 1929: 1864: 1542: 1394: 1316: 1206:

Middle Bronze Age (MBA) or Intermediate Bronze Age (IBA): 2100–1550 BC

1110: 1033: 1025: 936:

is deemed to be part of the Bronze Age if it either produced bronze by

914:

serving as a transition. The Bronze Age may have included a widespread

585: 238: 7942: 7539: 7328: 7300:

Kristiansen, Kristian; Allentoft, Morten E.; Willerslev, Eske (2017).

5241: 4870: 3006: 890:, the use of writing in some areas, and other features of early urban 9151: 9101: 8857: 8210: 8185: 7072: 6906:"World's Oldest Gold Object May Have Just Been Unearthed in Bulgaria" 6466: 4813: 4707: 4319: 4246: 3786: 3774: 3692: 3634: 3614: 3584: 3554: 3538: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3279: 3241: 3171: 3048: 2334:

horizon) would rather support spreading of the bronze technology via

2331: 2234: 2117: 1976: 1860: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1619: 1174: 1134: 1126: 1082: 1078: 1010: 968: 907: 899: 595: 516: 7171:"Story of most murderous people of all time revealed in ancient DNA" 5422: 3462: 3397:

tributaries, the early Bronze Age first saw the introduction of the

2630: 9350: 9062: 8950: 8875: 8832: 8822: 8792: 8735: 8726: 8515: 8289: 7659: 6734: 6514: 5655: 5361:

A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation

4738: 4587: 4502: 4381: 4227: 3962: 3873: 3811: 3781:, host to the most complete Bronze Age wheel ever to be found. The 3703: 3684: 3680: 3561: 3550: 3546: 3466: 3442: 3425: 3409: 3282:) destroyed Cretan cities. A tsunami may have destroyed the Cretan 3252: 3136: 3132: 3085: 3077: 3044: 2833: 2785: 2658: 2517: 2322: 2310: 2262: 2254: 2160: 2145: 2141: 2097: 2021: 1983: 1968: 1918: 1914: 1896: 1813: 1790: 1515: 1282: 937: 903: 541: 449: 194: 7842:, Natural science in archaeology, Berlin; London : Springer, 5636: 5321:. Vol. 1: The dawn of civilization: earliest times to 700 BC. 4164:(c.1900–1200 BC) continued the use of chariots in eastern Europe. 4018: 3103: 1479: 1311:, likely extended along southern Anatolia in a belt from near the 8885: 8827: 8268: 7757:

Ambrosetti, El bronze de la región calchaquí, Buenos Aires, 1904.

6341: 6045:

Li-Liu; The Chinese Neolithic, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

5985: 5761: 5167:. Copenhagen: Det Kongelike Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 68. 4624: 4577: 4563: 4153: 3958: 3861: 3853: 3834: 3646: 3565: 3530: 3456: 3417: 3391: 3303: 3275: 3258:

The Aegean collapse has also been attributed to the fact that as

3247:

The Aegean collapse has been attributed to the exhaustion of the

3215: 3182: 3144: 3116: 3069: 2905: 2801: 2777: 2564: 2454: 2318: 2242: 2149: 2109: 2085: 2061: 1921: 1902: 1833: 1660:

developed a proto-urban society. This corresponds to level IV at

1409:, immediately followed the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt, 1278: 1178: 1118: 1003: 953: 590: 439: 83: 8286:

Commented web index, geographically structured (private website)

7223: 6857:

Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World

6678:

Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association

5706:(January 2009). "Scholars crack the code of an ancient enigma". 5364:. Vol. 21. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 57. 4140:

region to the north (c. 3000–2350 BC) spread eastwards with the

3039:

securely dated to c. 4650 BC as well as 14 other artefacts from

9268: 7540:"Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa" 5055:

The Philistines and Other 'Sea Peoples' in Text and Archaeology

4703: 4620: 4573: 4493: 3881: 3657: 3642: 3578: 3574: 3534: 3522: 3446: 3428:. The Central European Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age 3421: 3387: 3371: 3335: 3140: 3040: 2781: 2595: 2422:

In China, the earliest bronze artefacts have been found in the

2388: 2306: 2258: 2246: 2192: 2188: 2057: 1856: 1841: 1825: 1762: 1751: 1538: 1526: 1366: 1339: 1320: 1304: 1294: 1286: 1267: 1262:

Hittite bronze tablet from Çorum-Boğazköy dating from 1235 BC,

1061: 1041: 1029: 941: 887: 166: 96: 7299: 6543:"Bronze from Ban Chiang, Thailand: A view from the Laboratory" 5639:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia" 2944: 2725: 2341:

It is further conjectured that the same migrations spread the

1242: 1145: 8920: 8817: 8363: 7039:

Creevey, B. (1994). The forest resources of Bronze Age Cyprus

5810: 4104:, which has the same genetic characteristics as the Yamnayas. 4004:

1600 BC), and a number of metal ingots in the shape of axes.

3846: 3819: 3807: 3802:

began to emerge in the second half of the Middle Bronze Age (

3790: 3719: 3626: 3607: 3374:

cultures. Some very rich burials, such as the one located at

3295: 3186: 3151:

bronze artefacts suggests that they may have originated from

3124: 2850: 2722:(Dates are approximate, consult linked articles for details) 2556: 2540: 2513: 2250: 2184: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2053: 1932:, which archaeologists have located on the headwaters of the 1868: 1829: 1812:

conquered large areas of the Levant and were followed by the

1487: 1483: 1475: 1090: 945: 8294: 6785: 2217:, dated to c. 2400–1600 BC, located in present-day northern 2072:

in the Late Bronze Age similarly had large populations. The

1990:

people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical

1585: 8290:

Bronze Age Experimental Archeology and Museum Reproductions

8283: 7870:

Archaeological inventory of County Cork, Volume 3: Mid Cork

7822:

Fenland survey : an essay in landscape and persistence

6234:

Shaughnessy, E.L. "Sources of Western Zhou History", p. 107

4699: 4662: 4262: 3842: 3283: 3259: 3081: 2817: 2582: 2539:—turtle shells, cattle scapulae, or other bones—which bear 2471:. Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding 2467:) period, which some historians argue places it within the 2266: 2049: 1615: 1603: 1577:, after the eleven pharaohs who took the name of Ramesses. 1006: 994: 150: 2198: 1936:. Eventually, Mitanni succumbed to the Hittites and later 1779:

Early/Proto Syrian; corresponding to the Early Bronze Age.

5139:

Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Old Kingdom

3525:

were an ancient people of uncertain origin (according to

3362:(2300–1600 BC) includes numerous smaller groups like the 3128: 3055:

tin were reintroduced to the area some 1500 years later.

2788:

in the shape of a wheel spoke is the earliest example of

1122: 1040:

The Bronze Age is characterized by the widespread use of

949: 7425:

Philip L. Kohl. The making of Bronze Age Eurasia. p. 58.

7350: 5011:

Lev, Ron; Bechar, Shlomit; Boaretto, Elisabetta (2021).

4673:

people of northwestern Argentina had bronze technology.

4144:(c.2900–2050 BC), which subsequently developed into the 3793:

sites were seemingly adopted by the newcomers. The rich

2694:

The Middle Mumun pottery period culture of the southern

1622:

lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role in both the

6781: 6779: 6613:"Nyaunggan City – Archaeological Sites in Myanmar" 6576: 6492:

the subcontinent may have contained 4–6 million people.

4806:

McClellan III, James E.; Dorn, Harold (14 April 2006).

2603:

that are the great bulk of the surviving body of early

2041: 1940:

attacks, eventually being reduced to a province of the

894:. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of the 8359:

Divers unearth Bronze Age hoard off the coast of Devon

6160:

Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process

4871:"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, 1614:. From the mid-2nd millennium BC, Elam was centred in 1486:

around 2600 BC. A furnace for bronze casting found in

8150: 6671: 6669: 5333:

Kulli: An exploration of ancient civilization in Asia

3957:

and is characterised by the production of flat axes,

1502:

lasted from 2055 to 1650 BC. During this period, the

8151:

Roberts, B.W.; Thornton, C.P.; Pigott, V.C. (2009).

6776: 6268: 5528: 5357: 5264:

Gods, goddesses, and images of God in ancient Israel

1840:

is usually applied to the region extending north of

1785:

Middle Syrian; corresponding to the Late Bronze Age.

1652:(Oxus). In the Early Bronze Age, the culture of the 979:, developed the earliest practical writing systems. 963:. According to archaeological evidence, cultures in 8105: 6408:"Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT)" 5990:

Monumentality in Early Chinese Art and Architecture

5529:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). 5219: 4033:The Bronze Age in Northern Europe spans the entire 3726:rivers, dating from the 9th to the 4th century BC. 3702:developed starting from the late Bronze Age in the 2998:

Prehistory of Southeastern Europe § Bronze Age

2127:Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia all used the written 1782:

Old Syrian; corresponding to the Middle Bronze Age.

1307:in Western Anatolia, during the second half of the 906:. Worldwide, the Bronze Age generally followed the 8295:Umha Aois – Reconstructed Bronze Age metal casting 7993: 7960: 7228:. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd. p. 396. 6666: 6273:. Korea Institute, Harvard University. p. 9. 6194:Ancient Chinese Bronzes: Terminology and Iconology 5613:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective 5477:Finkelstein, Israel; Naʼaman, Nadav, eds. (1994). 5476: 5335:. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. 2453:in China originated in what is referred to as the 1789:The term Neo-Syria is used to designate the early 1589:Late 3rd Millennium BC silver cup from Marvdasht, 1327:, at times a rival and, at other times, a vassal. 8014: 7855:Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily 6965:Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 6438:The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society 6048:Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China 5950:China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization 5854: 5010: 4805: 2096:1800–1600 BC), became a regional power under the 1425:. With the First Dynasty, the capital moved from 1163: 9466: 7293: 5288: 4750:Middle Bronze Age migrations (ancient Near East) 3319:1600 BC. The later Mycenaean assaults on Crete ( 1863:bead identified with the Middle Kingdom pharaoh 7201:Bronze Age Copper Mining in Britain and Ireland 7198: 7009:. New York: Thames and Hudson Inc. p. 63. 5883: 2772:began around 3300 BC with the beginning of the 2691:Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago. 2567:, played an intermediary role in this process. 2183:between Central Asia and China that introduced 1759:History of the ancient Levant § Bronze Age 45:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 8117: 7618: 7616: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7490: 6615:. Myanmartravelinformation.com. Archived from 3625:(in northern Italy) before the arrival of the 3166:sailors) until 1730 when the invention of the 1413:3100 BC. It is generally taken to include the 1277:was established during the 18th century BC in 9078: 8751: 8379: 7730: 7465:. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 1596–1601. 7344: 7261:. Stroud: The History Press. pp. 61–69. 5726: 5637:Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (2019). 5556:"Agriculture in the Central Asian Bronze Age" 5215: 5213: 5211: 5179: 5175: 5173: 4669:or separate discovery of the technology. The 4523: 3860:, with the most important finds recovered in 3852:The greatest quantities of bronze objects in 3837:(commonly known and marked on modern British 1293:. After 1180 BC, amid general turmoil in the 1169:500–600 years, based on material analysis of 863: 467: 8300:Umha Aois – ancient bronze casting videoclip 8284:Links to the Bronze Age in Europe and beyond 8124:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 8027:Bronze Age metalworking in the Netherlands ( 8019:. Leiden, Netherlands; New York: E.J. Brill. 7967:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 7763: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7125: 7070: 7059:Societies, Networks, and Transitions: To 600 6720: 5106:Princeton University Press. pp. 48–61. 4905: 4864: 4862: 4714:overland, linking the Indus Valley with the 3785:displayed different behaviours from earlier 3610:and other countries of Mediterranean basin. 2253:), in what is now northern Afghanistan, and 2040:housed several tens of thousands of people. 1836:. From the 15th century BC onward, the term 7769: 7613: 7487: 6191: 6068: 5889:Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations 5501: 5454:The archaeology of the Israelite settlement 5451: 5408: 4984:Piotr Bienkowski, Alan Ralph Millard, eds. 4840:Bronze was independently discovered in the 3806:1400–1100 BC) to exploit these conditions. 3240:of the Minoan empire—the area north of the 2290: 2269:, in modern-day southeastern Turkmenistan. 1913:ruling class that governed a predominantly 1796:The old Syrian period was dominated by the 9085: 9071: 9047: 9037: 8758: 8744: 8386: 8372: 7912: 7840:Troia and the Troad: scientific approaches 7828:, London : English Heritage, 170 p., 7770:Kristiansen, Kristian (26 November 2015). 7250: 7164: 7162: 6938:Encyclopedia of European peoples: Volume 1 6510:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 5952:, University of Pennsylvania Press (2013). 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5208: 5170: 4799: 4530: 4516: 1493: 1052:dated to the mid-5th millennium BC from a 929:, although the extent of this is debated. 870: 856: 474: 460: 8209: 8190:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 8088: 8078: 7958: 7941: 7857:. Abingdon (GB): Brazen Head Publishing, 7787: 7685: 7622: 7447: 7402: 7384: 7327: 7317: 7259:Cadbury Castle: A hillfort and landscapes 7224:Timberlake, S. and Prag A.J.N.W. (2005). 7126:Rackham, Oliver; Moody, Jennifer (1996). 6838: 6788:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6689: 6383: 5787: 5672: 5654: 5456:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. 5051: 5036: 4890: 4859: 4783: 3691:. It takes its name from the township of 3386:, characterized by inhumation burials in 3278:from Thera (more commonly known today as 2152:, as well as by its Assyrian neighbours. 1871:and a statuette of the Egyptian pharaohs 1356: 69:Learn how and when to remove this message 9377: 9282: 9197: 8023: 7988: 7808:The hoards of the Irish later Bronze Age 7434: 7312:(356). Antiquity Publications: 334–347. 6503: 6021:"Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two" 5857:Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases 5554:Spengler, Robert N. (1 September 2015). 5553: 5319:History of civilizations of Central Asia 5302:. London: British Museum. Archived from 5133: 5131: 4088: 4017: 3897: 3744: 3621:civilization in the area of what is now 3583: 3495: 3334: 3214: 3102: 3016: 3005: 2908:and Southern China. These relate to the 2744: 2666: 2636: 2624: 2403: 2387: 2159: 1959:who inhabited part of Canaan during the 1737: 1693: 1584: 1552: 1376: 1369:with a female human figure at the base, 1360: 1257: 1254:Prehistory of Anatolia § Bronze Age 1019: 82: 8984:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 8183: 7584: 7159: 5689: 5609: 5150:Lukas de Blois and R. J. van der Spek. 5093: 4809:Science and Technology in World History 4649:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica 4120:. It was followed on the steppe by the 2776:. Inhabitants of the Indus Valley, the 2527:(also known as the Yin dynasty) of the 2500:has caused some archaeologists such as 2481: 2463: 2326:testings of sites in south Siberia and 2211:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 2205:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 2199:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 2020:began about 3500 BC and ended with the 1771:List of archaeological periods (Levant) 1670:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 1435:the high points of civilization in the 9467: 8153:"Development of Metallurgy in Eurasia" 7903: 7884:The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland 7810:, Dublin: University College, 331 p., 7776:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 7537: 7460: 7168: 6853: 6820: 6755: 6637: 6431: 5045: 4683:Tin sources and trade in ancient times 4152:(c. 2200–1750 BC). The earliest known 4132:(c.2800–2200 BC). The closely-related 3887: 3424:(1300–500 BC) that continues into the 2120:Empire during what is also called the 1986:were a Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic 1648:2300–1700 BC and centred on the upper 1013:before trading in bronze began in the 989:Tin sources and trade in ancient times 959:Bronze Age cultures were the first to 9066: 8739: 8367: 7735:. Incas.homestead.com. Archived from 7256: 6675: 6572: 6570: 6465: 6301:. Columbia University. Archived from 5720: 5616:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 215–232. 5262:Othmar Keel and Christoph Uehlinger. 5128: 5099: 4999:The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BC 4631:that suggests small scale production 4547: 3945:Prehistoric Ireland § Bronze Age 3170:enabled the precise determination of 3068:was unearthed from 2004 to 2007 near 2896:, the first bronze drums, called the 2698:gradually adopted bronze production ( 2641:2nd-century BC Yayoi bronze spearhead 1726:is associated with the hypothesized " 1573:(1292–1069 BC), is also known as the 1189:Early Bronze Age (EBA): 3300–2100 BC 1117:, economic and civil administration, 9092: 8765: 8279:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. 7820:Hall, David and Coles, John (1994). 7502: 7004: 6156: 5702: 5152:An Introduction to the Ancient World 1223:Late Bronze Age (LBA): 1550–1200 BC 25: 7886:, Galway University Press, 433 p., 7275: 7071:Antonopoulos, John (1 March 1992). 6821:Molloy, Barry; et al. (2023). 6105: 4986:Dictionary of the ancient Near East 4645:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America 2981: 2900:, were uncovered in and around the 2257:was the Greek name for the Persian 2245:was the Greek name for the area of 16:Historical period (c. 3300–1200 BC) 13: 8798:List of Paleolithic sites in China 8346:National Museum of Natural History 8060: 7908:. New York: The Macmillan Company. 7897: 7129:The Making of the Cretan Landscape 6854:Grande, Lance (15 November 2009). 6762:. University of California Press. 6567: 6548:. Museum.upenn.edu. Archived from 5316: 4007: 3672:) that characterized the culture. 3635:crossed each other at right angles 3491: 3200: 2173: 1580: 1452:First Intermediate Period of Egypt 1036:—the darkest areas are the oldest. 14: 9491: 9019:List of Bronze Age sites in China 8227: 8111:The history of social development 8109:; Lake, E.C.; Lake, H.A. (1921). 7922:Journal of Archaeological Science 7666:Journal of Archaeological Science 6903: 6884: 4084: 3841:maps as tumuli), or sometimes in 3330: 3263:which they could easily recover. 2807: 2702:700–600? BC) after a period when 2671:Bronze artefacts from Daegok-ri, 2426:site (between 3100 and 2700 BC). 1867:, dating back to 1971–1926 BC. A 1593:, with linear-Elamite inscription 1264:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 842:Outline of prehistoric technology 749:History of electrical engineering 93:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 9046: 9036: 7751: 7724: 7702:"El bronce y el horizonte medio" 7694: 7653: 7578: 7531: 7437:Journal of Indo-European Studies 7428: 7419: 6640:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6196:. Siebenbad-Verlag. p. 20. 5768:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 3734: 1323:was the western neighbor of the 30: 8017:Iron and Steel in Ancient China 7284: 7217: 7192: 7183: 7169:Barras, Colin (27 March 2019). 7146: 7132:. Manchester University Press. 7119: 7064: 7051: 7042: 7033: 7023: 6998: 6968: 6952: 6943: 6936:Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason. 6930: 6916: 6897: 6878: 6860:. University of Chicago Press. 6847: 6827:European Journal of Archaeology 6814: 6749: 6714: 6631: 6605: 6535: 6497: 6459: 6425: 6400: 6335: 6317: 6287: 6262: 6237: 6228: 6219: 6210: 6192:von Erdberg, Elizabeth (1993). 6185: 6176: 6167: 6150: 6141: 6099: 6062: 6039: 6013: 6004: 5995: 5979: 5955: 5942: 5909: 5877: 5848: 5804: 5755: 5630: 5603: 5594: 5547: 5522: 5495: 5470: 5445: 5402: 5390: 5351: 5338: 5325: 5310: 5282: 5277:Ancient Egypt: A Social History 5269: 5256: 5194:10.1146/annurev.anthro.22.1.317 5157: 5144: 5004: 4812:(2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: 4116:, and is associated with early 3981:were built during this period. 3127:network. This network imported 2734: 2168: 2080:enjoyed a renaissance with the 2038:cities of the Ancient Near East 1975:raised by the Egyptian pharaoh 1953:ancient Semitic-speaking people 1325:Middle and New Hittite Kingdoms 925:and 1150 BC, known as the 807:Timeline of historic inventions 9449:List of archaeological periods 8546:Liaoning bronze dagger culture 8393: 8000:. New York: Ballantine Books. 7626:Journal of African Archaeology 7471:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8776 5346:Prehistoric India to 1000 B.C. 5222:The Journal of African History 5137:Karin Sowada and Peter Grave. 4991: 4978: 4969: 4934: 4899: 4834: 4614: 4366: 3729: 2414:bronze vessel with interlaced 2005: 1855:The earliest-known contact of 1407:Early Dynastic Period of Egypt 1393:, the Bronze Age began in the 1164:Near East Bronze Age divisions 1: 9359:History of ferrous metallurgy 8184:Siklosy; et al. (2009). 8028: 7800: 6756:Taylor, Keith Weller (1991). 6271:Korea, Old and New: A History 5358:Mogens Herman Hansen (2000). 5182:Annual Review of Anthropology 4872: 4632: 4590: 4580: 4566: 4125: 4066: 4058: 4026: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3970: 3928: 3917: 3907: 3803: 3593: 3504: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3291: 3271: 3220: 3026: 2759: 2717: 2707: 2704:Liaoning-style bronze daggers 2699: 2570:Iron has been found from the 2093: 2060:in the Middle Bronze Age and 2029: 2025: 1964: 1906: 1884: 1820:2000–1600 BC, which arose in 1817: 1710: 1688: 1665: 1645: 1410: 1398: 919: 784:History of nuclear technology 128: 8596:South-Western Iberian Bronze 8338:Human Timeline (Interactive) 8325:Aegean and Balkan Prehistory 8258:Resources in other libraries 8113:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 7687:10.1016/0305-4403(88)90036-2 6080:(185): 30–32. Archived from 5610:Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). 5452:Finkelstein, Israel (1988). 4000:2000–1600 BC), Derryniggin ( 2360: 2108:in the 23rd century BC. The 1961:tribal and monarchic periods 1909:1500–1300 BC. Founded by an 1742:Chalcolithic copper mine in 1529:, whose reign comprised the 1490:dated back to 2300–1900 BC. 1067: 982: 764:History of materials science 744:History of computer hardware 701:Arab Agricultural Revolution 616:Fourth Industrial Revolution 576:Second Industrial Revolution 89:Alaca Höyük bronze standards 7: 8871:Early Neolithic settlements 8034:. Leiden: Sidestone Press. 7872:. Stationery Office, 1992. 7853:Piccolo, Salvatore (2013). 7587:Journal of World Prehistory 7538:Alpern, Stanley B. (2005). 7505:Journal of World Prehistory 6579:Journal of World Prehistory 5729:Journal of World Prehistory 5560:Journal of World Prehistory 4770:Tollense valley battlefield 4765:Timeline of human evolution 4721: 4638: 4554:Copper metallurgy in Africa 4167: 3521:and Bronze Age proper. The 3405:and Gyulavarsand cultures. 3060:Varna Archaeological Museum 3037:Pločnik archaeological site 3030: 13th-12th century BC 2823: 2265:, the capital of which was 2164:Map of the world in 2000 BC 1371:Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt 1247: 601:Third Industrial Revolution 566:First Industrial Revolution 21:Bronze Age (disambiguation) 10: 9496: 8646:Wilburton-Wallington Phase 8015:Wagner, Donald B. (1993). 7203:. Shire Publications Ltd. 7189:Hall and Coles, pp. 81–88. 7061:. Wadsworth Pub Co. p. 96. 7057:Lockard, Craig A. (2009). 6443:Cambridge University Press 6295:"1000 BC to 300 AD: Korea" 5855:Martini, I. Peter (2010). 5411:The Biblical Archaeologist 5052:Killebrew, Ann E. (2013). 4795:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 4680: 4642: 4551: 4011: 3942: 3938: 3891: 3773:. Another example site is 3738: 3588:Bronze votive boat model, 3390:(barrows). In the eastern 3204: 3096: 2995: 2985: 2934: 2923: 2919: 2885: 2881: 2738: 2656: 2618: 2369: 2294: 2202: 2009: 1756: 1683:, was located in southern 1596: 1523:Second Intermediate Period 1349: 1251: 1121:, and practised organized 1071: 986: 18: 9444: 9349: 9259: 9100: 9032: 8969: 8941: 8856: 8773: 8723: 8654: 8531:Indus Valley Civilisation 8441:Armorican Tumulus culture 8411: 8401: 8253:Resources in your library 8169:10.1017/S0003598X00099312 8024:Kuijpers, M.H.G. (2008). 7934:10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.023 7913:Figueiredo, Elin (2010). 7760:, accessed 28 March 2015. 7599:10.1007/s10963-009-9025-3 7517:10.1007/s10963-009-9030-6 7007:Greek Art and Archaeology 7005:Neer, Richard T. (2012). 6700:10.1525/ap3a.1995.6.1.101 6652:10.1017/s0959774311000424 6591:10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6 6127:10.1515/char.2003.3.1.157 6023:. Nga.gov. Archived from 5826:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0 5741:10.1007/s10963-009-9029-z 5572:10.1007/s10963-015-9087-3 5516:10.1179/lev.1996.28.1.177 5234:10.1017/s0021853700025949 4955:10.1017/s0003598x00115492 4920:10.1017/s0003598x00115480 4892:10.1017/S0003598X0004984X 4542: 4148:(c.2200–1850 BC) and the 3545:—in what is now northern 3092: 2930: 2774:Indus Valley Civilization 2741:Indus Valley Civilisation 2418:design (c. 770 to 481 BC) 1733: 1681:Indus Valley civilisation 1679:, similar to that of the 1563:Third Intermediate Period 1403:Early Bronze Age of Egypt 817:Complete list by category 779:History of simple machine 398:Indus Valley Civilisation 9024:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 8061:Li; et al. (2010). 7824:, Archaeological report 6055:10 February 2015 at the 5972:23 November 2022 at the 5935:23 November 2022 at the 5928:No. 2121, 20 June 1868, 5331:Possehl, G. L. (1986)., 5299:The treasure of the Oxus 4776: 4676: 3147:analysis of tin in some 2988:Old Europe (archaeology) 2652: 2614: 2531:rose to power after the 2409:Spring and Autumn period 2384:Lower Xiajiadian culture 2365: 2336:Indo-European migrations 2315:Seima-Turbino Phenomenon 2305:in what is now southern 2297:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 2291:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 2112:dynasty established the 1767:Prehistory of the Levant 1469: 1345: 1105:(usually in the form of 927:Late Bronze Age collapse 812:Technological revolution 754:History of manufacturing 739:History of communication 734:History of biotechnology 351:Proto-Villanovan culture 170:Late Bronze Age collapse 9182:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 9177:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 8932:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 8926:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 8808:Paleolithic Mesopotamia 8491:Deverel–Rimbury culture 8276:Encyclopædia Britannica 8118:Pittman, Holly (1984). 7959:Fong, Wen, ed. (1980). 7639:10.3213/1612-1651-10156 7257:Tabor, Richard (2008). 6477:Oxford University Press 6245:"Kyoto National Museum" 5665:10.1126/science.aat7487 3996:2000 BC), Ballyvalley ( 3800:Deverel-Rimbury culture 3708:Giovanni Battista Giani 3358:, the early Bronze Age 3294:1450 BC) the cities of 2487:National Gallery of Art 2233:, centred on the upper 2155: 2018:Mesopotamian Bronze Age 2002:by the 8th century BC. 1883:, messages from Ugarit 1718:National Museum of Iran 1500:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 1494:Middle Bronze dynasties 1103:centralized governments 560:Proto-industrialization 9110:Prehistoric technology 9042:Archaeological periods 8080:10.1186/1741-7007-8-15 7882:Waddell, John (1998). 7806:Eogan, George (1983). 7377:10.1126/sciadv.abi7038 7234:10.30861/9781841717159 6106:Bai, Yunxiang (2003), 5963:The Rectangular Review 5780:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698 5533:. Simon and Schuster. 5296:; Read, C. H. (1905). 5163:Hansen, M.;H. (2000). 5100:Drews, Robert (1993). 4459:Post-classical history 4325:Cradle of civilization 4128:2800–2200 BC) and the 4105: 4030: 3913: 3754: 3599: 3510: 3351: 3300:Mycenaean civilization 3224: 3120: 3113:Mycenaean civilization 3111:' produced during the 3032: 3021:Bronze chariot wheel, 3014: 2768:The Bronze Age on the 2765: 2676: 2642: 2634: 2502:Johan Gunnar Andersson 2419: 2401: 2165: 2012:History of Mesopotamia 1942:Middle Assyrian Empire 1806:Mariote second kingdom 1754: 1720: 1594: 1439:(the others being the 1386: 1374: 1357:Early Bronze dynasties 1270: 1109:), written law codes, 1037: 769:History of measurement 729:History of agriculture 696:Medieval Islamic world 606:Digital transformation 406:Ochre Coloured Pottery 99: 9172:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 8838:South Asian Stone Age 7904:Childe, V.G. (1930). 7556:10.1353/hia.2005.0003 6348:Nature Communications 6249:Kyoto National Museum 6059:Retrieved 13 May 2010 5481:. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. 5120:on 23 November 2022. 4729:Dover Bronze Age Boat 4560:African civilizations 4114:Pontic-Caspian steppe 4093:Bronze Age spread of 4092: 4023:Trundholm sun chariot 4021: 3902:'Sword of Jutphaas', 3901: 3748: 3587: 3499: 3338: 3218: 3197:, leading to famine. 3106: 3020: 3009: 3002:Bronze Age in Romania 2996:Further information: 2886:Further information: 2748: 2670: 2640: 2629:2nd century BC Yayoi 2628: 2506:Seima-Turbino culture 2407: 2391: 2163: 2122:Old Babylonian Period 1798:Eblaite first kingdom 1757:Further information: 1741: 1697: 1597:Further information: 1588: 1553:Late Bronze dynasties 1401:3150 BC. The archaic 1380: 1364: 1261: 1252:Further information: 1232:1300–1200: LBA II B ( 1115:social stratification 1107:hereditary monarchies 1023: 987:Further information: 837:Outline of technology 723:By type of technology 650:By historical regions 638:Emerging technologies 498:By technological eras 490:History of technology 86: 9454:List of time periods 9189:Neolithic Revolution 8916:Neolithic South Asia 8911:Neolithic Revolution 8788:Japanese Paleolithic 8561:Mumun pottery period 7319:10.15184/aqy.2017.17 7199:O'Brien, W. (1997). 7152:Piccolo, Salvatore, 6910:Smithsonian Magazine 6891:Smithsonian Magazine 6759:The Birth of Vietnam 6723:Current Anthropology 6619:on 27 September 2007 6445:. pp. 115–125. 6078:Sino-Platonic Papers 6069:Jan Romgard (2008). 5924:(1868), cited after 5709:BBC History Magazine 5344:Piggott, S. (1961). 5306:on 23 November 2022. 4848:as early as the mid- 4297:Behavioral modernity 3988:2200 BC), Ballybeg ( 3604:Houses of the Giants 3570:Nuragic civilization 3503:figurine, Sardinia, 3483:German prehistorian 3408:The late Bronze Age 3013:from 1600 to 1100 BC 2904:regions of Northern 2688:Mumun pottery period 2663:Mumun pottery period 2485:) dynasty. The U.S. 1559:New Kingdom of Egypt 1504:Osiris funerary cult 1395:Protodynastic Period 1313:Turkish Lakes Region 1309:second millennium BC 1000:second millennium BC 934:ancient civilization 801:Technology timelines 789:History of transport 527:Neolithic Revolution 253:Eurasia and Siberia 19:For other uses, see 9274:Bronze Age collapse 8994:Bronze Age Caucasus 8989:Bronze Age Anatolia 8556:Minoan civilization 8486:Deer stones culture 8446:Atlantic Bronze Age 8426:Aegean civilization 8202:2009RCMS...23..801S 8138:on 26 December 2013 7789:10.1017/ppr.2015.17 7731:Antonio Gutierrez. 7678:1988JArSc..15..367K 7369:2021SciA....7.7038V 7281:Power (1992), p. 23 7089:1992NatHa...5..153A 6874:on 1 November 2022. 6840:10.1017/eaa.2023.39 6368:10.1038/ncomms13356 6360:2016NatCo...713356T 6157:Peng, Peng (2020). 6115:Chinese Archaeology 6027:on 13 February 2008 5965:, Volume 1 (1871), 5893:Infobase Publishing 5348:Baltimore: Penguin. 5072:on 3 September 2015 5038:10.1017/RDC.2021.76 5029:2021Radcb..63.1453L 4376:Bronze Age collapse 4134:Corded Ware culture 4063:Northern Bronze Age 3992:2000 BC), Killaha ( 3949:Atlantic Bronze Age 3925:Atlantic Bronze Age 3894:Atlantic Bronze Age 3888:Atlantic Bronze Age 3858:East Cambridgeshire 3856:were discovered in 3654:Castellieri culture 3323:1450 BC) and Troy ( 3207:Bronze Age collapse 3179:Minoan civilization 3099:Aegean civilization 3011:Valchitran Treasure 2892:Dating back to the 2770:Indian subcontinent 2529:Yellow River Valley 2498:mummies in Xinjiang 2396:two-handled bronze 2090:Old Assyrian Empire 2082:Neo-Sumerian Empire 2000:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1887:1350 BC written by 1633:that succeeded it. 1458:in Lower Egypt and 1234:Bronze Age collapse 1229:1400–1300: LBA II A 1218:1650–1550: MBA II C 1215:1750–1650: MBA II B 1212:2000–1750: MBA II A 774:History of medicine 759:History of maritime 666:Indian subcontinent 390:Indian subcontinent 371:Atlantic Bronze Age 327:Bell Beaker culture 276:Mezhovskaya culture 9135:Middle Paleolithic 8881:Trialetian culture 8705:Leyla-Tepe culture 8662:and Transcaucasia) 8476:Chinese Bronze Age 8456:Bronze Age Britain 8270:"Bronze Age" 8048:on 5 February 2013 7990:Kelleher, Bradford 7850:, pp. 143–172 7739:on 31 January 2009 7097:10.1007/BF00127003 6800:10.1002/ajpa.20048 6329:KoreanHistory.info 6325:"Bronze Age Korea" 6305:on 12 October 2011 6299:Asia for Educators 6087:on 6 February 2012 6050:Heilbrunn Timeline 5275:Bruce G. Trigger. 4949:(342): 1315–1319. 4914:(342): 1310–1315. 4885:(338): 1030–1045. 4744:Langdon Bay (Kent) 4548:Sub-Saharan Africa 4279:Middle Paleolithic 4106: 4102:Afanasievo culture 4098:steppe pastoralist 4071:Pre-Roman Iron Age 4031: 3914: 3755: 3741:Bronze Age Britain 3600: 3511: 3401:, followed by the 3352: 3225: 3121: 3033: 3015: 2867:Guangdong province 2766: 2677: 2643: 2635: 2546:The production of 2432:Chinese prehistory 2420: 2402: 2166: 1755: 1721: 1631:Achaemenid dynasty 1595: 1474:The Bronze Age in 1387: 1375: 1271: 1198:2700–2200: EBA III 1173:in cities such as 1038: 711:Renaissance Europe 375:Bronze Age Britain 280:Cherkaskul culture 100: 49:You can assist by 9462: 9461: 9440: 9439: 9345: 9344: 9255: 9254: 9140:Upper Paleolithic 9130:Lower Paleolithic 9060: 9059: 9014:Bronze Age Levant 8979:Andronovo culture 8886:Nemrikian culture 8733: 8732: 8616:Terramare culture 8571:Nordic Bronze Age 8521:Hallstatt culture 8466:Canegrate culture 8461:Bronze Age Europe 8431:Andronovo culture 8312:on 4 October 2010 8234:Library resources 8131:978-0-87099-365-7 8107:Müller-Lyer, F.C. 8007:978-0-87099-230-8 7974:978-0-87099-226-1 7878:978-0-7076-4933-7 7733:"Inca Metallurgy" 7544:History in Africa 7480:978-1-4020-4425-0 7268:978-0-7524-4715-5 7210:978-0-7478-0321-8 7139:978-0-7190-3647-7 7016:978-0-500-28877-1 6867:978-0-226-30511-0 6524:978-1-57607-907-2 6486:978-0-19-882905-8 6452:978-0-521-57219-4 5948:Robert L. Thorp, 5922:Prehistoric Times 5902:978-0-8160-4640-9 5870:978-90-481-9412-4 5774:(1542): 941–947. 5623:978-0-7591-0172-2 5065:978-1-58983-721-8 4850:4th millennium BC 4827:978-0-8018-8360-6 4540: 4539: 4292:Upper Paleolithic 4254:Lower Paleolithic 4175:artefacts of the 4158:Andronovo culture 4150:Sintashta culture 4142:Fatyanovo culture 4051:Terramare culture 4035:2nd millennium BC 4014:Nordic Bronze Age 3818:mine in northern 3700:Golasecca culture 3677:Canegrate culture 3430:Hallstatt culture 3344:Aunjetitz culture 3185:on the island of 3119:, Greece, 1550 BC 3109:Mask of Agamemnon 2976: 2937:Bronze Age Europe 2814:Vilabouly Complex 2601:cast inscriptions 2195:to Central Asia. 2132:Akkadian language 2088:, along with the 1957:Ancient Near East 1699:Master of Animals 1644:culture dated to 1640:was a Bronze Age 1638:Oxus civilization 1437:lower Nile Valley 1201:2200–2100: EBA IV 1195:3000–2700: EBA II 1074:Ancient Near East 1015:3rd millennium BC 916:societal collapse 910:period, with the 880: 879: 681:Hellenistic world 676:Maya civilization 484: 483: 393:(c. 3300–1200 BC) 379:Nordic Bronze Age 363:Golasecca culture 359:Canegrate culture 355:Hallstatt culture 335:Terramare culture 272:Andronovo culture 268:Sintashta culture 79: 78: 71: 9487: 9375: 9374: 9280: 9279: 9195: 9194: 9157:Middle Stone Age 9094:Three-age system 9087: 9080: 9073: 9064: 9063: 9050: 9049: 9040: 9039: 9009:Bronze Age Korea 9004:Bronze Age India 8999:Bronze Age China 8876:Khiamian culture 8866:Fertile Crescent 8803:Natufian culture 8783:Dmanisi hominins 8767:Prehistoric Asia 8760: 8753: 8746: 8737: 8736: 8663: 8636:Urnfield culture 8601:Srubnaya culture 8566:Mycenaean Greece 8551:Lusatian culture 8501:Ewart Park Phase 8481:Cycladic culture 8471:Catacomb culture 8436:Apennine culture 8421:Abashevo culture 8388: 8381: 8374: 8365: 8364: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8306:"Галичский клад" 8280: 8272: 8223: 8213: 8211:10.1002/rcm.3943 8180: 8163:(322): 112–122. 8147: 8145: 8143: 8134:. Archived from 8114: 8102: 8092: 8082: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8044:. Archived from 8030: 8020: 8011: 7999: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7966: 7955: 7945: 7928:(7): 1623–1634. 7919: 7909: 7863:978-09565106-2-4 7794: 7793: 7791: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7712:on 17 April 2009 7708:. Archived from 7698: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7620: 7611: 7610: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7500: 7485: 7484: 7458: 7445: 7444: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7406: 7388: 7357:Science Advances 7348: 7342: 7341: 7331: 7321: 7297: 7291: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7166: 7157: 7156:, pp. 1 onwards. 7150: 7144: 7143: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7068: 7062: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6986:on 31 March 2022 6982:. Archived from 6972: 6966: 6956: 6950: 6947: 6941: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6870:. Archived from 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6693: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6555:on 27 April 2011 6554: 6547: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6412:ccrtindia.gov.in 6404: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6163:. Cambria Press. 6154: 6148: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6112: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6075: 6066: 6060: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5993: 5983: 5977: 5959: 5953: 5946: 5940: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5791: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5700: 5687: 5686: 5676: 5658: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5374:. Archived from 5355: 5349: 5342: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5286: 5280: 5273: 5267: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5217: 5206: 5205: 5177: 5168: 5161: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5126: 5125: 5116:. Archived from 5097: 5091: 5090: 5079: 5077: 5068:. Archived from 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5008: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4874: 4866: 4857: 4854:arsenical bronze 4838: 4832: 4831: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4787: 4760:Shropshire bulla 4657:civilization of 4634: 4595: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4571: 4568: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4492: 4446:Earliest records 4431:Recorded history 4232: 4231: 4225: 4214: 4207: 4186: 4185: 4173:Arsenical bronze 4162:Srubnaya culture 4146:Abashevo culture 4130:Poltavka culture 4127: 4122:Catacomb culture 4079:Hjortspring boat 4068: 4060: 4057:) lasting until 4055:Lusatian culture 4043:Urnfield culture 4028: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3972: 3933: 3930: 3922: 3919: 3912: 3909: 3805: 3716: 3598: 3595: 3515:Apennine culture 3509: 3506: 3414:Lusatian culture 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3293: 3273: 3222: 3074:Plovdiv Province 3031: 3028: 2982:Southeast Europe 2974: 2910:Dong Son culture 2888:Dong Son culture 2796:large cities of 2790:lost-wax casting 2784:manufactured in 2764: 2761: 2709: 2701: 2696:Korean Peninsula 2587:"ritual bronzes" 2578:, or to 221 BC. 2576:Later Han period 2483: 2465: 2424:Majiayao culture 2282:lost wax casting 2239:Viktor Sarianidi 2095: 2031: 2027: 1966: 1908: 1886: 1819: 1814:Amorite kingdoms 1716:, Bronze Age I, 1715: 1712: 1690: 1667: 1647: 1575:Ramesside period 1464:Eleventh Dynasty 1419:Second Dynasties 1412: 1400: 1226:1550–1400: LBA I 1209:2100–2000: MBA I 1192:3300–3000: EBA I 1089:civilization of 924: 921: 896:three-age system 872: 865: 858: 691:Byzantine Empire 486: 485: 476: 469: 462: 424:Arsenical bronze 402:Bronze Age India 394: 347:Urnfield culture 331:Apennine culture 323:Srubnaya culture 319:Catacomb culture 295: 294:(c. 3200–900 BC) 264:Abashevo culture 260:Poltavka culture 256: 255:(c. 2700–700 BC) 183: 182:(c. 3100–300 BC) 135: 133: 130: 102: 101: 74: 67: 63: 60: 54: 34: 33: 26: 9495: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9480:Historical eras 9465: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9436: 9373: 9341: 9278: 9251: 9193: 9162:Later Stone Age 9096: 9091: 9061: 9056: 9028: 8965: 8937: 8906:Neolithic Korea 8901:Neolithic Tibet 8896:Neolithic China 8891:Zarzian culture 8852: 8769: 8764: 8734: 8729: 8719: 8715:Khojaly–Gadabay 8685:Shulaveri-Shomu 8661: 8660:(North Caucasus 8659: 8658: 8650: 8631:Únětice culture 8626:Tumulus culture 8541:Karasuk culture 8526:Helladic period 8516:Argaric culture 8511:Glazkov culture 8407: 8397: 8392: 8315: 8313: 8304: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8242: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8141: 8139: 8132: 8051: 8049: 8042: 8008: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7917: 7900: 7898:Further reading 7803: 7798: 7797: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7742: 7740: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7700: 7699: 7695: 7672:(4): 367–3944. 7658: 7654: 7621: 7614: 7583: 7579: 7536: 7532: 7501: 7488: 7481: 7459: 7448: 7433: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7349: 7345: 7298: 7294: 7290:Waddell; Eogan. 7289: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7269: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7167: 7160: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7124: 7120: 7077:Natural Hazards 7069: 7065: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940:. 2006. p. 524. 6935: 6931: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6902: 6898: 6885:Curry, Andrew. 6883: 6879: 6868: 6852: 6848: 6819: 6815: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6719: 6715: 6691:10.1.1.522.1061 6674: 6667: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6575: 6568: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6525: 6517:. p. 387. 6502: 6498: 6487: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6433:Wright, Rita P. 6430: 6426: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6340: 6336: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6110: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6057:Wayback Machine 6044: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5984: 5980: 5974:Wayback Machine 5960: 5956: 5947: 5943: 5937:Wayback Machine 5914: 5910: 5903: 5895:. p. 200. 5885:Higham, Charles 5882: 5878: 5871: 5863:. p. 310. 5853: 5849: 5809: 5805: 5760: 5756: 5725: 5721: 5701: 5690: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5527: 5523: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5450: 5446: 5423:10.2307/3210562 5407: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5378:on 20 June 2015 5372: 5356: 5352: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5315: 5311: 5287: 5283: 5274: 5270: 5261: 5257: 5218: 5209: 5178: 5171: 5162: 5158: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5129: 5114: 5098: 5094: 5075: 5073: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5009: 5005: 4996: 4992: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4939: 4935: 4904: 4900: 4875:6500 years ago" 4867: 4860: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4804: 4800: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4724: 4685: 4679: 4667:Andean cultures 4651: 4641: 4635:800 to 400 BC. 4617: 4593: 4583: 4569: 4556: 4550: 4545: 4536: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4455: 4438:Ancient history 4433: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4371: 4316: 4307:Epipalaeolithic 4275: 4242: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4212: 4202: 4201: 4170: 4110:Yamnaya culture 4087: 4047:Tumulus culture 4039:Unetice culture 4016: 4010: 4008:Northern Europe 3951: 3943:Main articles: 3941: 3931: 3920: 3910: 3896: 3890: 3839:Ordnance Survey 3827:chambered cairn 3749:Bronze shield, 3743: 3737: 3732: 3710: 3641:river, between 3596: 3590:Nuragic culture 3541:) who lived in 3533:; according to 3527:Pliny the Elder 3507: 3494: 3492:Southern Europe 3436:Important sites 3384:tumulus culture 3380:Unetice culture 3360:Unetice culture 3333: 3298:burned and the 3213: 3211:Greek Dark Ages 3205:Main articles: 3203: 3201:Aegean collapse 3193:in contrast to 3101: 3095: 3066:Dabene Treasure 3029: 3004: 2994: 2986:Main articles: 2984: 2970: 2968: 2939: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2902:Red River Delta 2890: 2884: 2871:Yunnan province 2857:, excavated by 2826: 2810: 2762: 2743: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2720: 2712:Igeum-dong site 2665: 2657:Main articles: 2655: 2623: 2617: 2605:Chinese writing 2516:rather than at 2386: 2372:Erlitou culture 2370:Main articles: 2368: 2363: 2303:Altai Mountains 2299: 2293: 2278:Iranian Plateau 2207: 2201: 2176: 2174:Agropastoralism 2171: 2158: 2106:Sargon of Akkad 2074:Akkadian Empire 2014: 2008: 1973:Merneptah Stele 1773: 1736: 1713: 1608:Iranian Plateau 1601: 1599:Iranian Plateau 1583: 1581:Iranian plateau 1555: 1496: 1472: 1405:, known as the 1381:Sphinx-lion of 1359: 1354: 1348: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1171:southern Levant 1166: 1161: 1159: 1097:; invented the 1095:writing systems 1076: 1070: 991: 985: 961:develop writing 922: 876: 847: 846: 832: 830:Article indices 822: 821: 802: 794: 793: 724: 716: 715: 706:Medieval Europe 651: 643: 642: 633:Post-industrial 621:Imagination Age 611:Information Age 571:Standardization 499: 480: 443: 442: 421: 413: 412: 395: 392: 382: 381: 367:Argaric culture 343:Tumulus culture 339:Únětice culture 296: 293: 283: 282: 257: 254: 246: 245: 184: 181: 173: 172: 136: 131: 126: 75: 64: 58: 55: 48: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9493: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9451: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9395: 9387: 9381: 9379: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9364:Iron meteorite 9361: 9355: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9292: 9286: 9284: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9265: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9227: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9201: 9199: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9169: 9167:Epipaleolithic 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9106: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9090: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9067: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9044: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8975: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8947: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8862: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8848:Xiaochangliang 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8763: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8740: 8731: 8730: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8700:Maykop culture 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8666: 8664: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8641:Wessex culture 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8576:Okunev culture 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8391: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8349: 8348:(August 2016). 8335: 8328: 8322: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228:External links 8226: 8225: 8224: 8196:(6): 801–808. 8181: 8148: 8130: 8115: 8103: 8058: 8041:978-9088900150 8040: 8021: 8012: 8006: 7986: 7973: 7956: 7910: 7906:The bronze age 7899: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7880: 7868:Power, Denis. 7866: 7851: 7836: 7818: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7762: 7750: 7723: 7693: 7652: 7612: 7593:(4): 399–414. 7577: 7530: 7511:(4): 415–438. 7486: 7479: 7446: 7427: 7418: 7343: 7292: 7283: 7274: 7267: 7249: 7243:978-1841717159 7242: 7216: 7209: 7191: 7182: 7158: 7145: 7138: 7118: 7083:(2): 153–168. 7063: 7050: 7041: 7032: 7022: 7015: 6997: 6967: 6951: 6942: 6929: 6915: 6904:Daley, Jason. 6896: 6877: 6866: 6846: 6833:(2): 149–169. 6813: 6794:(4): 359–376. 6775: 6769:978-0520074170 6768: 6748: 6735:10.1086/367973 6729:(2): 300–306. 6713: 6684:(1): 101–123. 6665: 6646:(3): 365–389. 6630: 6604: 6585:(4): 227–274. 6566: 6534: 6523: 6505:McIntosh, Jane 6496: 6485: 6479:. p. 29. 6458: 6451: 6424: 6399: 6334: 6316: 6286: 6280:978-0962771309 6279: 6261: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6203:978-3877470633 6202: 6184: 6175: 6166: 6149: 6140: 6121:(1): 157–165, 6098: 6061: 6038: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5978: 5954: 5941: 5908: 5901: 5876: 5869: 5847: 5820:(3): 395–410. 5814:Human Genetics 5803: 5754: 5735:(4): 357–397. 5719: 5688: 5656:10.1101/292581 5629: 5622: 5602: 5593: 5566:(3): 215–253. 5546: 5539: 5521: 5510:(1): 177–187. 5494: 5487: 5469: 5462: 5444: 5417:(4): 198–212. 5401: 5398:Shamshi-Adad I 5389: 5371:978-8778761774 5370: 5350: 5337: 5324: 5309: 5281: 5268: 5255: 5207: 5169: 5156: 5143: 5127: 5112: 5092: 5064: 5044: 5003: 4990: 4977: 4968: 4933: 4898: 4858: 4846:North Caucasus 4842:Maykop culture 4833: 4826: 4798: 4792:The Metal Ages 4781: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4678: 4675: 4640: 4637: 4616: 4613: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4503:Holocene epoch 4487: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4464:Modern history 4461: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4405:Southeast Asia 4402: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4266: 4258: 4256: 4249: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4228:Pliocene epoch 4209: 4208: 4195: 4194: 4181:North Caucasus 4177:Maykop culture 4169: 4166: 4118:Indo-Europeans 4086: 4085:Eastern Europe 4083: 4012:Main article: 4009: 4006: 3940: 3937: 3911: 1500 BC 3892:Main article: 3889: 3886: 3795:Wessex culture 3783:Beaker culture 3753:, 1300–1000 BC 3739:Main article: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3623:Pianura Padana 3597: 1000 BC 3508: 1000 BC 3493: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3470: 3460: 3450: 3432:(700–450 BC). 3356:Central Europe 3350:, 1800–1600 BC 3340:Nebra sky disc 3332: 3331:Central Europe 3329: 3268:Thera eruption 3202: 3199: 3097:Main article: 3094: 3091: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2943: 2935:Main article: 2932: 2929: 2924:Main article: 2921: 2918: 2898:Dong Son drums 2883: 2880: 2859:Charles Higham 2838:Southeast Asia 2825: 2822: 2809: 2808:Southeast Asia 2806: 2792:in the world. 2763: 2500 BC 2739:Main article: 2736: 2733: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2654: 2651: 2619:Main article: 2616: 2613: 2400:(1600–1046 BC) 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2295:Main article: 2292: 2289: 2203:Main article: 2200: 2197: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2157: 2154: 2102:Shamshi-Adad I 2010:Main article: 2007: 2004: 1881:Amarna letters 1787: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1735: 1732: 1728:Jiroft culture 1714: 2500 BC 1707:Jiroft culture 1582: 1579: 1571:20th Dynasties 1554: 1551: 1535:16th dynasties 1512:13th Dynasties 1495: 1492: 1482:in modern-day 1471: 1468: 1441:Middle Kingdom 1373:(1540–1296 BC) 1358: 1355: 1350:Main article: 1347: 1344: 1275:Hittite Empire 1249: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1165: 1162: 1144: 1099:potter's wheel 1072:Main article: 1069: 1066: 984: 981: 898:, between the 878: 877: 875: 874: 867: 860: 852: 849: 848: 845: 844: 839: 833: 828: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 814: 809: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 656:Ancient Africa 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 635: 629: 628: 624: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 555: 554: 550: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 514: 508: 507: 505:Pre-industrial 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 482: 481: 479: 478: 471: 464: 456: 453: 452: 445: 444: 422: 419: 418: 415: 414: 396: 388: 387: 384: 383: 297: 289: 288: 285: 284: 258: 252: 251: 248: 247: 185: 179: 178: 175: 174: 137: 121: 120: 117: 116: 109: 108: 77: 76: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9492: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9443: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9088: 9083: 9081: 9076: 9074: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9053: 9045: 9043: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8956:Halaf culture 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8934:(Mesopotamia) 8933: 8930: 8928:(Mesopotamia) 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8756: 8754: 8749: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8606:Tagar culture 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8591:Samus culture 8589: 8587: 8586:Penard Period 8584: 8582: 8581:Ordos culture 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8506:Ezero culture 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8396: 8389: 8384: 8382: 8377: 8375: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8271: 8266: 8265: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8137: 8133: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8022: 8018: 8013: 8009: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7991: 7987: 7976: 7970: 7965: 7964: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7901: 7893: 7892:1-901421-10-4 7889: 7885: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7848:3-540-43711-8 7845: 7841: 7837: 7835: 7834:1-85074-477-7 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7817: 7816:0-901120-77-4 7813: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7688: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7619: 7617: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7482: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7287: 7278: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7186: 7178: 7177: 7176:New Scientist 7172: 7165: 7163: 7155: 7149: 7141: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7054: 7045: 7036: 7026: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6946: 6939: 6933: 6925: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6850: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6780: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6670: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6571: 6551: 6544: 6538: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6428: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6282: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6231: 6222: 6213: 6205: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6179: 6170: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6042: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6007: 5998: 5992:. pp. 11, 13 5991: 5987: 5982: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5926:The Athenaeum 5923: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5606: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5540:0-684-86913-6 5536: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5488:965-217-117-4 5484: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5463:965-221-007-2 5459: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5347: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5294:Franks, A. W. 5291: 5290:Dalton, O. M. 5285: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5174: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5132: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5096: 5089: 5086: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4997:Amélie Kuhr. 4994: 4987: 4981: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4865: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4802: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4782: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4734:Ferriby Boats 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4719: 4717: 4716:Mediterranean 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4659:South America 4656: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4601:Sahara Desert 4597: 4594: 300 BC 4589: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4235: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4199:Human history 4197: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4160:, whilst the 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4138:forest-steppe 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4005: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3975:stone circles 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3926: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3870:Alderley Edge 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3845:covered with 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759:Great Britain 3752: 3747: 3742: 3735:Great Britain 3727: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3656:developed in 3655: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619:Indo-European 3617:was an early 3616: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3486: 3485:Paul Reinecke 3479: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3233:client states 3230: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3158:Knowledge of 3156: 3154: 3153:Great Britain 3150: 3149:Mediterranean 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3024: 3019: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2992:Varna culture 2989: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2942: 2938: 2927: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894:Neolithic Age 2889: 2879: 2877: 2876:heterarchical 2872: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2723: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:Shang dynasty 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469:Shang dynasty 2466: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436:Shang dynasty 2433: 2427: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2394:Shang dynasty 2390: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:Shang dynasty 2373: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2191:to China and 2190: 2186: 2182: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1877:Amenemhet III 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1850:Orontes River 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677:Kulli culture 1673: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1642:Central Asian 1639: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624:Gutian Empire 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610:, centred in 1609: 1605: 1600: 1592: 1587: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1514:, centred on 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:Heracleopolis 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1391:Ancient Egypt 1384: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1353: 1352:Ancient Egypt 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:Assuwa league 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:Vinča culture 1051: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024:Diffusion of 1022: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1001: 996: 990: 980: 978: 975:, which used 974: 970: 967:, which used 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 873: 868: 866: 861: 859: 854: 853: 851: 850: 843: 840: 838: 835: 834: 831: 826: 825: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 798: 797: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 720: 719: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 671:Ancient China 669: 667: 664: 662: 661:Ancient Egypt 659: 657: 654: 653: 647: 646: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 626: 625: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 561: 557: 556: 552: 551: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 522: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 506: 502: 501: 495: 494: 491: 488: 487: 477: 472: 470: 465: 463: 458: 457: 455: 454: 451: 447: 446: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 417: 416: 411: 407: 403: 399: 391: 386: 385: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 292: 287: 286: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 250: 249: 244: 240: 236: 235:Shang dynasty 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 177: 176: 171: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 125: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 107: 104: 103: 98: 94: 90: 85: 81: 73: 70: 62: 52: 46: 44: 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The 4032: 3983: 3952: 3915: 3878:metalworking 3851: 3824: 3756: 3697: 3674: 3669: 3661: 3651: 3631:stilt houses 3612: 3601: 3592:, Sardinia, 3559: 3549:—during the 3543:Val Camonica 3537:, they were 3529:, they were 3519:Chalcolithic 3512: 3482: 3434: 3407: 3399:Mako culture 3353: 3309: 3265: 3257: 3246: 3226: 3195:staple foods 3191:luxury goods 3176: 3157: 3122: 3063: 3057: 3034: 2973: 2966: 2940: 2914: 2912:of Vietnam. 2891: 2863: 2827: 2811: 2798:Mohenjo-daro 2794: 2767: 2756:Mohenjo-daro 2751:Dancing girl 2750: 2735:Indus Valley 2721: 2693: 2685: 2678: 2647:Yayoi period 2644: 2621:Yayoi period 2609: 2594: 2580: 2572:Zhou dynasty 2569: 2561:Kexingzhuang 2545: 2537:oracle bones 2522: 2495: 2491:Western Zhou 2480: 2462: 2448: 2440:Zhou dynasty 2428: 2421: 2411: 2398:gefuding gui 2397: 2340: 2309:and central 2300: 2286: 2274:Indus Valley 2271: 2229:and western 2223:Turkmenistan 2215:Central Asia 2208: 2181:trade routes 2177: 2169:Central Asia 2129:East Semitic 2126: 2035: 2015: 1981: 1946: 1934:Khabur River 1901: 1889:Ammittamru I 1873:Senusret III 1854: 1795: 1788: 1774: 1748:Negev Desert 1744:Timna Valley 1724:Konar Sandal 1722: 1674: 1662:Namazga-Tepe 1635: 1602: 1556: 1547:17th Dynasty 1520: 1497: 1473: 1449: 1402: 1388: 1385:1479–1425 BC 1383:Thutmose III 1329: 1303: 1289:, and upper 1272: 1167: 1141: 1139: 1087:Mesopotamian 1077: 1039: 992: 971:script, and 958: 931: 912:Chalcolithic 892:civilization 883: 881: 686:Roman Empire 558: 536: 503:Premodern / 243:Zhou dynasty 114:Chalcolithic 105: 80: 65: 59:January 2024 56: 43:copy editing 41:may require 40: 9430:Scandinavia 9125:Paleolithic 8961:Uruk period 8775:Paleolithic 8680:Kura–Araxes 8611:Tarim Basin 8496:Elp culture 8342:Smithsonian 8316:21 December 8067:BMC Biology 7782:: 361–392. 7386:10810/54399 6990:24 February 5704:Keys, David 5228:(1): 1–36. 5188:: 317–337. 5023:(5): 1453. 5017:Radiocarbon 4689:Mesopotamia 4615:West Africa 4415:West Africa 4025:, Denmark, 3932: 1350 3921: 2100 3904:Netherlands 3866:6500 pieces 3864:(more than 3831:long barrow 3771:Switzerland 3730:West Europe 3711: [ 3662:Castellieri 3560:Located in 3478:Switzerland 3472:Zug-Sumpf, 3416:in eastern 3238:breadbasket 3168:chronometer 3053:cassiterite 2855:Ban Non Wat 2633:bronze bell 2563:culture in 2533:Xia dynasty 2464:Erh-li-t'ou 2225:, southern 2219:Afghanistan 2006:Mesopotamia 1893:Niqmaddu II 1687:(Gedrosia) 1685:Balochistan 1521:During the 1445:New Kingdom 1423:Old Kingdom 1336:Tudhaliya I 1299:Sea Peoples 1291:Mesopotamia 1281:, northern 1183:Beit She'an 1131:mathematics 1111:city-states 1046:cassiterite 977:hieroglyphs 965:Mesopotamia 923: 1200 581:Machine Age 512:Prehistoric 231:Xia dynasty 159:Mesopotamia 132: 3300 87:One of the 9475:Bronze Age 9469:Categories 9369:Metallurgy 9261:Bronze Age 9147:Mesolithic 9120:Flint tool 9115:Stone tool 8971:Bronze Age 8813:Peking Man 8710:Jar-Burial 8656:Bronze Age 8536:Late Jomon 8413:Bronze Age 8395:Bronze Age 8239:Bronze Age 8052:2 February 7943:10451/9795 7801:References 7706:lablaa.org 7329:1887/70150 6467:Dyson, Tim 5113:0691025916 4816:. p. 4706:, and the 4681:See also: 4643:See also: 4629:Mauretania 4584: 700 4570: 900 4552:See also: 4400:South Asia 4362:South Asia 4344:Bronze Age 4339:Copper Age 4312:Mesolithic 4240:Prehistory 4205:prehistory 3979:stone rows 3955:Copper Age 3816:Great Orme 3779:Whittlesey 3767:Stonehenge 3683:, eastern 3164:Polynesian 3160:navigation 3076:, central 2926:Nyaung-gan 2830:Ban Chiang 2718:South Asia 2585:heads, or 2477:Wade–Giles 2459:Wade–Giles 2451:metallurgy 2380:Sanxingdui 2328:Kazakhstan 2231:Tajikistan 2227:Uzbekistan 2221:, eastern 2118:Babylonian 2114:city-state 2028:1500 BC – 1996:Bronze Age 1949:Israelites 1930:Washukanni 1926:Thutmosids 1911:Indo-Aryan 1865:Senusret I 1844:as far as 1656:oases and 1101:, created 1034:Asia Minor 1026:metallurgy 884:Bronze Age 586:Atomic Age 537:Bronze Age 532:Copper Age 432:literature 410:Cemetery H 239:Sanxingdui 180:East Asia 106:Bronze Age 51:editing it 9415:Pre-Roman 9378:Continent 9283:Continent 9198:Continent 9152:Neolithic 9102:Stone Age 8858:Neolithic 8621:Trzciniec 8353:Seafaring 8177:163062746 8157:Antiquity 7607:162458882 7572:162880295 7550:: 41–94. 7525:161611760 7395:2375-2548 7338:0003-598X 7306:Antiquity 7113:129836887 7105:1573-0840 6959:Drews, R. 6743:145310194 6708:129026022 6686:CiteSeerX 6660:162729367 6599:162300712 6530:capacity. 6376:2041-1723 6354:: 13356. 6135:164920328 5588:161968192 5580:1573-7802 5439:164201705 5250:162330270 4963:163091248 4943:Antiquity 4928:163137272 4908:Antiquity 4879:Antiquity 4814:JHU Press 4708:Euphrates 4671:Calchaquí 4572:–800 BC, 4410:East Asia 4395:Near East 4367:East Asia 4357:Near East 4320:Neolithic 4247:Stone Age 3787:Neolithic 3775:Must Farm 3763:Migration 3693:Canegrate 3670:cjastelir 3615:Terramare 3555:Neolithic 3539:Rhaetians 3438:include: 3392:Hungarian 3376:Leubingen 3368:Adlerberg 3364:Straubing 3288:LMIB/LMII 3280:Santorini 3270:occurred 3242:Black Sea 3229:Mycenaean 3181:based in 3172:longitude 3049:Near East 2847:Nyaunggan 2842:artefacts 2840:) bronze 2778:Harappans 2361:East Asia 2347:Hungarian 2332:Andronovo 2235:Amu Darya 2150:Chaldeans 2146:Aramaeans 2078:Sumerians 1977:Merneptah 1971:, on the 1861:carnelian 1810:Akkadians 1658:Altyndepe 1654:Kopet Dag 1650:Amu Darya 1620:Khuzestan 1135:astrology 1127:astronomy 1083:Near East 1079:West Asia 1068:Near East 1011:West Asia 983:Metal use 969:cuneiform 908:Neolithic 904:Iron Ages 596:Space Age 517:Stone Age 311:Mycenaean 134:–1200 BC) 124:Near East 9425:Germanic 9351:Iron Age 9315:Atlantic 8951:Daimabad 8843:Ubeidiya 8833:Solo Man 8823:Sangiran 8793:Java Man 8727:Iron Age 8695:Trialeti 8690:Colchian 8220:19219896 8099:20163704 7992:(1980). 7952:53316689 7716:22 March 7647:43135498 7564:20065735 7413:34788096 7154:op. cit. 6961:(1993). 6808:15386222 6515:ABC-Clio 6507:(2008). 6469:(2018). 6435:(2010). 6394:27843139 6254:2 August 6053:Archived 5988:(1995). 5970:Archived 5933:Archived 5887:(2004). 5861:Springer 5842:21347353 5834:19449030 5798:15255049 5683:31488661 5649:(6457). 5154:. p. 14. 4988:. p. 60. 4739:Hillfort 4722:See also 4639:Americas 4588:Tanzania 4382:Iron Age 4191:a series 4189:Part of 4168:Caucasus 4154:chariots 3963:halberds 3874:Cheshire 3812:Cornwall 3704:Po plain 3685:Piedmont 3681:Lombardy 3666:Friulian 3562:Sardinia 3551:Iron Age 3547:Lombardy 3488:and B). 3467:Slovakia 3443:Biskupin 3426:Iron Age 3410:Urnfield 3253:charcoal 3145:Isotopic 3139:, where 3133:charcoal 3086:platinum 3078:Bulgaria 3045:Bulgaria 2834:Thailand 2824:Thailand 2786:Mehrgarh 2681:Liaoning 2659:Gojoseon 2518:Xinjiang 2512:site in 2510:Majiayao 2444:Iron Age 2355:Estonian 2323:Thailand 2311:Mongolia 2255:Margiana 2249:(modern 2241:(1976). 2142:Kassites 2137:Akkadian 2024:period ( 1988:pastoral 1984:Arameans 1969:Iron Age 1951:were an 1938:Assyrian 1897:Alashiya 1804:and the 1791:Iron Age 1703:chlorite 1672:(BMAC). 1626:and the 1541:and the 1516:el-Lisht 1443:and the 1283:Anatolia 1248:Anatolia 1081:and the 1056:site in 948:it with 946:alloying 940:its own 938:smelting 918:between 542:Iron Age 450:Iron Age 315:Caucasus 303:Cycladic 203:Majiayao 195:Gojoseon 191:Erligang 147:Caucasus 143:Anatolia 122:Africa, 9410:British 9335:Romania 9320:British 9245:British 8828:Soanian 8198:Bibcode 8142:17 July 8090:2838831 7674:Bibcode 7404:8597998 7365:Bibcode 7085:Bibcode 6385:5116070 6356:Bibcode 5986:Wu Hung 5789:1691686 5749:9400588 5716:(1): 9. 5674:6822619 5651:bioRxiv 5643:Science 5431:3210562 5202:2155851 5076:20 June 5025:Bibcode 5001:. p. 9. 4844:of the 4625:Akjoujt 4607:or the 4578:Burundi 4564:Nigeria 4216:before 4179:in the 4136:in the 4095:Yamnaya 4029:1500 BC 3959:daggers 3939:Ireland 3862:Isleham 3854:England 3835:barrows 3751:Britain 3647:Bologna 3579:menhirs 3575:dolmens 3566:Corsica 3531:Euganei 3501:Nuragic 3457:Germany 3418:Germany 3403:Otomani 3348:Germany 3304:Knossos 3290:event ( 3276:tsunami 3249:Cypriot 3223:1200 BC 3183:Knossos 3117:Mycenae 3115:, from 3070:Karlovo 3023:Romania 2920:Myanmar 2906:Vietnam 2882:Vietnam 2802:Harappa 2675:, Korea 2565:Shaanxi 2548:Erlitou 2455:Erlitou 2449:Bronze 2351:Finnish 2319:Vietnam 2259:satrapy 2243:Bactria 2110:Amorite 2098:Amorite 2086:Assyria 2062:Babylon 2022:Kassite 1955:of the 1922:Babylon 1919:Kassite 1915:Hurrian 1903:Mitanni 1848:on the 1834:Assyria 1628:Iranian 1618:in the 1432:Memphis 1365:Bronze 1319:coast. 1315:to the 1279:Hattusa 1179:Jericho 1123:warfare 1119:slavery 1058:Pločnik 1004:pottery 954:arsenic 591:Jet Age 547:Ancient 440:Chariot 428:writing 223:Xindian 219:Wucheng 187:Erlitou 9405:Europe 9389:Asian 9385:Africa 9330:Nordic 9310:Europe 9298:Levant 9290:Africa 9269:Bronze 9240:Nordic 9235:Poland 9230:Europe 9225:Africa 8670:Kurgan 8236:about 8218: 8175: 8128: 8097: 8087: 8073:: 15. 8038: 8004: 7971: 7950: 7890: 7876: 7861: 7846: 7832: 7814: 7645: 7605: 7570: 7562: 7523: 7477: 7443:: 177. 7411: 7401: 7393: 7336: 7265: 7240: 7207: 7136: 7111: 7103: 7030:Press. 7013: 6864: 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