123:. At this time, abortion was illegal in the country except in cases of rape or risk to the woman's health. Following the scandal, leading politicians and monks spoke out to reaffirm their opposition to abortion laws. Phramaha Vudhijaya Vajiramedhi was unequivocal: "In Buddhist view, both having an abortion and performing an abortion amount to murder. Those involved in abortions will face distress in both this life and the next because their sins will follow them." Prime Minister Abhisit announced a crackdown on illegal abortion clinics and refused calls to change the law, saying that current laws were "good enough." However, in October 2022, Thailand's Public Health Ministry legalized abortions up to the 20th week of pregnancy ā an extension of a previous law which allowed termination of pregnancy within the first 12 weeks. Pro-choice advocates in Thailand and around the world celebrated the new rules as a positive development but noted that more needed to be done to ensure doctors were trained and the public was made aware of their rights to an abortion. Experts note that Thailand's move to expand abortion access comes amid a wave of global expansion of abortion rights in recent years.
84:, saw little reason to engage in what they saw as the destruction of innocent life. Though no systematic information is available, abortion appears to be very rare among exiled Tibetans living in areas where abortion is legal. Tibetan Buddhists believe that a person who has had an abortion should be treated compassionately, and guided to atone for the negative act through appropriate good deeds and religious practices; these acts are aimed at improving the karmic outcome for both the mother and the aborted fetus, but authorities warn that they will not be effective if one has undertaken an abortion while planning to 'negate' it by atoning for it later. The
191:. The modern practice emerged in the mid-1970s and grew significantly in popularity in the 1980s, particularly following the full legalization of abortion in 1985. It draws both from traditional antecedents dating back to the Han dynasty, and the Japanese practice. These modern practices emerged in the context of demographic change associated with modernization ā rising population, urbanization, and decreasing family size ā together with changing attitudes towards sexuality, which occurred first in Japan, and then in Taiwan, hence the similar response and Taiwan's taking inspiration from Japan.
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55:. While traditional sources do not seem to be aware of the possibility of abortion as relevant to the health of the mother, modern Buddhist teachers from many traditions- and abortion laws in many Buddhist countries- recognize a threat to the life or physical health of the mother as an acceptable justification for abortion as a practical matter, though it may still be seen as a deed with negative moral or karmic consequences.
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115:...abortion is discussed not in the language of rights ā to life or choice ā but of 'benefit and harm, with the intent of relieving as much human suffering in all its states, stages and situations as circumstances allow', with an emphasis on reducing the circumstances leading women to feel that they need to have an abortion.
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act. Despite the prevalence of illegal abortions in
Myanmar due to economic difficulty, many Buddhists consider it against their religious beliefs. A 1995 survey on women in Myanmar showed that 99% thought abortion was against their religious beliefs.
63:
Views on abortion vary a great deal between different regions, reflecting the influence of the various
Buddhist traditions, as well as the influence of other religious and philosophical traditions and contact with Western thought.
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monks; monks can be expelled for assisting a woman in procuring an abortion. Traditional sources do not recognize a distinction between early- and late-term abortion, but in
111:, it is allegedly also employed with some frequency to prevent out-of-wedlock births. Regarding attitudes towards abortion in Thailand, Peter Harvey notes:
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has said that abortion is "negative," but there are exceptions. He said, "I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance
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In
November 2010, the issue of abortion and Buddhism in Thailand was thrust onto the front pages after 2000 fetuses were discovered stored at a temple in
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are said to be more tolerant of abortion than those who live elsewhere. In Japan, women sometimes participate in the Shinto-Buddhist ritual of
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in the 1950s, Tibetans do not seem to have been familiar with abortion for reasons of medical necessity, and, facing little
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are generally more favourable towards abortion than in Sri Lanka. While abortion is still viewed as negative in
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Inducing or otherwise causing an abortion is regarded as a serious matter in the monastic rules followed by both
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Harvey, Peter. Introduction to
Buddhist Ethics (2000). Cambridge University Press. pg. 329-32
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Harvey, Peter. Introduction to
Buddhist Ethics (2000). Cambridge University Press. pg. 328-29
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Harvey, Peter. Introduction to
Buddhist Ethics (2000). Cambridge University Press. pg. 311-20
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the "moral stigma" associated with an abortion grows with the development of the
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The
Haunting Fetus: Abortion, Sexuality, and the Spirit World in Taiwan.
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The
Haunting Fetus: Abortion, Sexuality, and the Spirit World in Taiwan
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The
Haunting Fetus: Abortion, Sexuality, and the Spirit World in Taiwan
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321:"As U.S. Enforces Abortion Restrictions, Thailand Expands Access"
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after an induced abortion or an abortion as the result of a
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Abortion is generally regarded very negatively among ethnic
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279:. (28 November 1993). "The Dalai Lama." The New York Times
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304:Abortion reform is up against Buddhism in Thailand
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27:, although it is generally regarded negatively.
154:
129:relates attitudes towards abortion in Burma to
350:"Abortion: A Public Health Problem in Myanmar"
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520:Shih, Fang-Long (September 2002). "Review of
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1341:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
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99:Laws and views on abortion vary greatly in
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510:H-Buddhism, H-Net Reviews. August, 2002.
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2731:List of Buddhist architecture in China
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31:Scriptural views and the monastic code
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390:Buddhism and the Morality of Abortion
343:
341:
240:
137:' in a religious sense and what is a
3401:Libertarian perspectives on abortion
519:
478:"Appeasing the ghosts of the unborn"
94:
67:
3476:Societal attitudes towards abortion
3396:Legalized abortion and crime effect
13:
3426:Misinformation related to abortion
3336:Beginning of pregnancy controversy
2518:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
338:
223:
14:
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3341:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis
476:Winterton, Bradley (2001-08-12).
76:. Prior to the emergence of the
58:
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2746:Thai temple art and architecture
2491:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
731:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
597:
584:
574:
168:, lit. 'fetus memorial service')
3486:Termination for medical reasons
598:
406:
103:nations. Attitudes and laws in
2736:Japanese Buddhist architecture
2538:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
1618:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
809:Places where the Buddha stayed
505:Review of Moskowitz, Marc L.,
444:. University of Hawaii Press.
401:Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 5.
313:
1:
3331:Beginning of human personhood
2751:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
425:, Retrieved on 29 April 2009.
388:Barnhart, Michael G. (1995).
367:10.1016/s0968-8080(97)90010-0
308:The Guardian Comment is Free.
216:
139:'worldly good' or utilitarian
3441:Paternal rights and abortion
3246:
2508:Buddhism and the Roman world
2484:Decline of Buddhism in India
2479:History of Buddhism in India
579: Topics in
348:Ba-Thike, Katherine (1997).
145:
7:
3366:Ethical aspects of abortion
1706:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
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438:Moskowitz, Marc L. (2001).
354:Reproductive Health Matters
310:Published 25 November 2010.
194:
155:
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3326:Abortion and mental health
2656:The unanswerable questions
237:Retrieved 15 January 2008.
235:BBC Religion & Ethics.
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814:Buddha in world religions
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403:Retrieved 10 August 2006.
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3566:Central African Republic
3351:Abortion under communism
2523:Persecution of Buddhists
1744:Four stages of awakening
1125:Three marks of existence
711:Physical characteristics
395:12 December 2006 at the
4401:Dilation and evacuation
4350:Conscientious objection
4335:History of abortion law
3361:Crisis pregnancy center
3310:Anti-abortion movements
1886:Ten principal disciples
769:(aunt, adoptive mother)
4406:Dilation and curettage
4370:Late-term restrictions
3890:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3466:Sex-selective abortion
3346:Anti-abortion violence
2596:Buddhism and democracy
2109:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2104:Chinese Buddhist canon
1336:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1331:Early Buddhist schools
412:Human Flower Project.
117:
4557:Buddhism and abortion
4463:Self-induced abortion
3461:Self-induced abortion
3386:Genetics and abortion
3282:Philosophical aspects
2606:Eight Consciousnesses
716:Life of Buddha in art
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4426:Menstrual extraction
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3837:United Arab Emirates
3451:Prenatal development
3083:East Asian religions
2513:Buddhism in the West
2084:Early Buddhist texts
1699:Four Right Exertions
1165:Ten spiritual realms
658:Noble Eightfold Path
211:Noble Eightfold Path
4436:Abortifacient drugs
4156:Trinidad and Tobago
3471:Sidewalk counseling
3456:Reproductive rights
3421:Minors and abortion
3206:Religion portal
2953:Temple of the Tooth
2832:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
1871:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
1364:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
1147:Two truths doctrine
967:Mahapajapati Gotamī
767:Mahapajapati Gotamī
526:The China Quarterly
82:population pressure
19:There is no single
4330:Constitutional law
4121:Dominican Republic
3446:Post-abortion care
3406:Limit of viability
3391:Late-term abortion
3128:Western philosophy
2726:Dzong architecture
2548:Vipassana movement
2543:Buddhist modernism
1971:Emperor Wen of Sui
1739:PratyekabuddhayÄna
1672:Threefold Training
1474:Vipassana movement
1190:Hungry Ghost realm
1010:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
957:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
706:Great Renunciation
701:Eight Great Events
583:
503:Charles B. Jones,
421:2018-01-08 at the
231:Abortion: Buddhism
151:Buddhists in Japan
101:Theravada Buddhist
16:Aspect of Buddhism
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2558:Women in Buddhism
2474:Buddhist councils
2344:Western countries
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1893:Shaolin Monastery
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884:Metteyya/Maitreya
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794:
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631:Four Noble Truths
186:yingling gongyang
95:Southern Buddhism
74:Tibetan Buddhists
68:Northern Buddhism
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2842:Mahabodhi Temple
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454:. Archived from
451:978-0-82482428-0
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1151:
1110:Taį¹hÄ (Craving)
1045:Five hindrances
996:
888:
818:
672:
617:
589:
572:
542:
541:
518:
514:
502:
495:
486:
484:
474:
470:
461:
459:
452:
436:
429:
423:Wayback Machine
411:
407:
397:Wayback Machine
387:
383:
346:
339:
330:
328:
319:
318:
314:
301:
297:
292:
283:
275:
271:
266:
255:
250:
241:
228:
224:
219:
201:Buddhist Ethics
197:
184:
183:
161:
148:
109:Burma (Myanmar)
97:
70:
61:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4570:
4560:
4559:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4411:Intact D&X
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4080:United Kingdom
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:Czech Republic
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3501:Women's rights
3498:
3493:
3491:Toxic abortion
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2763:Greco-Buddhist
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2714:Burmese pagoda
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2496:Greco-Buddhism
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:United Kingdom
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:Czech Republic
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2138:Abhidharmadīpa
2135:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:B. R. Ambedkar
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Songtsen Gampo
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1655:Eight precepts
1652:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1426:Five Strengths
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:Mental factors
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
917:MahamoggallÄna
914:
909:
904:
898:
896:
890:
889:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
840:
839:
832:AvalokiteÅvara
828:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
811:
806:
805:
804:
796:
788:
780:
772:
764:
756:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
682:
680:
674:
673:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
654:
653:
648:
643:
633:
627:
625:
619:
618:
616:
615:
610:
605:
594:
591:
590:
571:
570:
563:
556:
548:
540:
539:
512:
493:
468:
450:
427:
405:
381:
337:
312:
295:
281:
269:
253:
239:
221:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
208:
203:
196:
193:
177:Similarly, in
147:
144:
96:
93:
69:
66:
60:
59:Regional views
57:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4569:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4537:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:Six-week bans
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:South America
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4161:United States
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:North America
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Liechtenstein
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Malthusianism
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Birth control
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2968:Miscellaneous
2965:
2959:
2958:Vegetarianism
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Buddha in art
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:United States
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Padmasambhava
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1903:Major figures
1900:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:Western tulku
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Five precepts
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Dhamma vicaya
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Enlightenment
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:Dhamma theory
1028:
1026:
1025:Buddha-nature
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
895:
891:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:Samantabhadra
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
829:
827:
825:
821:
815:
812:
810:
807:
803:
797:
795:
789:
787:
781:
779:
773:
771:
765:
763:
757:
755:
749:
748:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
681:
679:
675:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
626:
624:
620:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
596:
595:
592:
587:
582:
577:
569:
564:
562:
557:
555:
550:
549:
546:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
509:
508:
500:
498:
483:
479:
472:
458:on 2012-10-22
457:
453:
447:
443:
442:
434:
432:
424:
420:
417:
416:
409:
402:
398:
394:
391:
385:
377:
373:
368:
363:
360:(9): 94ā100.
359:
355:
351:
344:
342:
326:
322:
316:
309:
305:
299:
290:
288:
286:
278:
273:
264:
262:
260:
258:
248:
246:
244:
236:
232:
226:
222:
212:
209:
207:
206:Five Precepts
204:
202:
199:
198:
192:
190:
187:
180:
175:
173:
159:
158:
152:
143:
140:
136:
135:ultimate good
132:
131:Melford Spiro
128:
124:
122:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
92:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
65:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
28:
26:
22:
4491:Christianity
4485:
4446:Mifepristone
4441:Methotrexate
4421:Instillation
4345:Buffer zones
3817:Saudi Arabia
3646:South Africa
3641:Sierra Leone
3546:Burkina Faso
3416:Men's rights
3376:Fetal rights
3289:Abortion law
3146:Bodhisattvas
3066:Christianity
3061:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
2926:Dharmachakra
2916:Prayer wheel
2906:Prayer beads
2674:Architecture
2553:969 Movement
2337:Saudi Arabia
2315:Central Asia
2308:South Africa
2130:
2113:
2046:Panchen Lama
1951:BuddhapÄlita
1547:Satipatthana
1542:Mindful Yoga
1455:Recollection
1369:Brahmavihara
1240:Japanese Zen
1235:Chinese Chan
1195:Animal realm
1002:Key concepts
824:Bodhisattvas
636:Three Jewels
525:
521:
515:
506:
485:. Retrieved
482:Taipei Times
481:
471:
460:. Retrieved
456:the original
440:
414:
408:
400:
384:
357:
353:
329:. Retrieved
327:. 2022-10-27
324:
315:
307:
298:
272:
234:
225:
182:
176:
149:
127:Peter Harvey
125:
118:
114:
98:
89:
71:
62:
34:
18:
4518:Scientology
4496:Catholicism
4451:Misoprostol
4416:Hysterotomy
4202:New Zealand
4126:El Salvador
4070:Switzerland
4005:Netherlands
3807:Philippines
3777:South Korea
3772:North Korea
3687:Afghanistan
3262:Definitions
3255:Main topics
2991:Dharma talk
2820:Asalha Puja
2616:Eschatology
2419:Switzerland
2399:New Zealand
2327:Middle East
2236:Philippines
2156:Afghanistan
1961:Bodhidharma
1946:Buddhaghosa
1866:Householder
1776:Monasticism
1729:Bodhisattva
1584:Prostration
1537:Mindfulness
1465:Anapanasati
1448:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
1245:Korean Seon
1185:Asura realm
1180:Human realm
1120:Ten Fetters
1075:Parinirvana
977:Uppalavanna
942:MahÄkaccana
927:MahÄkassapa
859:Kį¹£itigarbha
854:ÄkÄÅagarbha
751:SuddhodÄna
696:Four sights
623:Foundations
415:Mizuko Jizo
172:miscarriage
157:mizuko kuyÅ
4182:Micronesia
4111:Costa Rica
4040:San Marino
4000:Montenegro
3980:Luxembourg
3960:Kazakhstan
3767:Kazakhstan
3737:East Timor
3707:Bangladesh
3697:Azerbaijan
3616:Madagascar
3586:The Gambia
3561:Cape Verde
3510:By country
3108:Psychology
3088:Gnosticism
3076:Comparison
3071:Influences
3053:Comparison
2936:Bhavacakra
2894:Kushinagar
2869:Pilgrimage
2815:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
2770:Bodhi Tree
2586:Buddhology
2576:Abhidharma
2568:Philosophy
2501:Menander I
2369:Costa Rica
2320:Uzbekistan
2161:Bangladesh
2115:Dhammapada
2099:Pali Canon
2061:Ajahn Chah
2041:Dalai Lama
1941:KumÄrajÄ«va
1936:Vasubandhu
1911:The Buddha
1819:Zen master
1754:Sakadagami
1734:Buddhahood
1665:Pratimokį¹£a
1480:Shikantaza
1436:Meditation
1411:Deity yoga
1282:Madhyamaka
1175:Deva realm
1070:Mindstream
1020:Bodhicitta
932:Aį¹
gulimÄla
799:Devadatta
775:YaÅodharÄ
678:The Buddha
668:Middle Way
487:2012-10-14
462:2012-10-14
331:2023-05-21
217:References
86:Dalai Lama
4303:Venezuela
4248:Argentina
4177:Australia
4146:Nicaragua
4131:Guatemala
3975:Lithuania
3822:Singapore
3481:Socialism
3298:Movements
3176:Festivals
3156:Buddhists
3118:Theosophy
2921:Symbolism
2911:Hama yumi
2884:Bodh Gaya
2651:Socialism
2626:Evolution
2601:Economics
2439:Venezuela
2354:Australia
2349:Argentina
2273:Sri Lanka
2268:Singapore
2186:Indonesia
2148:Countries
2089:Tripiį¹aka
2051:Ajahn Mun
1926:Nagarjuna
1921:AÅvaghoį¹£a
1804:AnagÄrika
1799:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
1794:ÅrÄmaį¹era
1789:Bhikkhunī
1749:SotÄpanna
1638:Passaddhi
1579:Offerings
1554:Nekkhamma
1431:Iddhipada
1351:Practices
1321:Theravada
1294:Vajrayana
1287:Yogachara
1257:Pure Land
1170:Six Paths
1157:Cosmology
937:Anuruddha
912:SÄriputta
902:Kaundinya
894:Disciples
869:VajrapÄį¹i
721:Footprint
686:TathÄgata
146:East Asia
45:Sri Lanka
37:Theravada
4551:Category
4536:Category
4503:Hinduism
4486:Buddhism
4478:Religion
4456:Oxytocin
4325:Case law
4293:Suriname
4283:Paraguay
4268:Colombia
4192:Kiribati
4136:Honduras
4055:Slovenia
4050:Slovakia
4025:Portugal
3895:Bulgaria
3792:Malaysia
3722:Cambodia
3671:Zimbabwe
3651:Tanzania
3581:Eswatini
3556:Cameroon
3541:Botswana
3431:Natalism
3371:Eugenics
3248:Abortion
3194:Category
3123:Violence
3093:Hinduism
3041:Sanskrit
2996:Hinayana
2981:AmitÄbha
2941:Swastika
2810:Uposatha
2800:Holidays
2785:Calendar
2631:Humanism
2469:Kanishka
2459:Timeline
2283:Thailand
2251:Kalmykia
2246:Buryatia
2231:Pakistan
2216:Mongolia
2211:Maldives
2206:Malaysia
2171:Cambodia
2036:Shamarpa
2031:Nichiren
1981:Xuanzang
1916:Nagasena
1834:Rinpoche
1564:PÄramitÄ
1406:Devotion
1326:Navayana
1314:Dzogchen
1277:Nichiren
1225:Mahayana
1217:Branches
1095:Saį¹
khÄra
844:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
801:(cousin)
793:(cousin)
761:(mother)
753:(father)
741:Miracles
691:Birthday
608:Glossary
581:Buddhism
419:Archived
393:Archived
195:See also
105:Thailand
49:Thailand
41:Mahayana
25:abortion
21:Buddhist
4513:Judaism
4389:Methods
4298:Uruguay
4273:Ecuador
4253:Bolivia
4232:Vanuatu
4170:Oceania
4096:Bahamas
4075:Ukraine
4030:Romania
3990:Moldova
3950:Ireland
3945:Iceland
3940:Hungary
3930:Germany
3920:Finland
3915:Estonia
3910:Denmark
3900:Croatia
3885:Belgium
3880:Belarus
3875:Austria
3870:Andorra
3865:Albania
3842:Vietnam
3787:Lebanon
3742:Georgia
3702:Bahrain
3692:Armenia
3636:Senegal
3631:Nigeria
3626:Namibia
3611:Liberia
3606:Lesotho
3551:Burundi
3526:Algeria
3272:Methods
3267:History
3171:Temples
3151:Buddhas
3113:Science
3103:Judaism
3098:Jainism
3016:Lineage
2976:AbhijƱÄ
2946:Thangka
2889:Sarnath
2874:Lumbini
2795:Funeral
2790:Cuisine
2666:Culture
2641:Reality
2591:Creator
2581:Atomism
2451:History
2424:Ukraine
2384:Germany
2303:Senegal
2293:Vietnam
2221:Myanmar
2021:Shinran
2011:Karmapa
1986:Shandao
1956:DignÄga
1881:ÅrÄvaka
1861:Donchee
1856:Kappiya
1814:Sayadaw
1784:Bhikkhu
1759:AnÄgÄmi
1716:Nirvana
1682:Samadhi
1569:Paritta
1510:Tonglen
1505:Mandala
1460:Smarana
1441:Mantras
1389:Upekkha
1359:Bhavana
1309:Shingon
1262:Tiantai
1115:TathÄtÄ
1105:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
1100:Skandha
1090:Saį¹sÄra
1085:Rebirth
1060:Kleshas
1050:Indriya
952:Subhūti
837:Guanyin
791:Änanda
783:RÄhula
663:Nirvana
603:Outline
534:4618793
376:3775140
121:Bangkok
4278:Guyana
4258:Brazil
4227:Tuvalu
4151:Panama
4141:Mexico
4106:Canada
4101:Belize
4065:Sweden
4045:Serbia
4035:Russia
4020:Poland
4015:Norway
3995:Monaco
3965:Latvia
3935:Greece
3925:France
3857:Europe
3832:Turkey
3827:Taiwan
3757:Israel
3732:Cyprus
3717:Brunei
3712:Bhutan
3666:Zambia
3661:Uganda
3621:Malawi
3596:Guinea
3531:Angola
3518:Africa
3319:Issues
3166:Sutras
3161:Suttas
3026:Siddhi
3011:Koliya
2986:BrahmÄ
2901:Poetry
2847:Mantra
2837:Kasaya
2709:Pagoda
2689:Kyaung
2684:VihÄra
2679:Temple
2621:Ethics
2464:Ashoka
2414:Sweden
2409:Poland
2404:Norway
2394:Mexico
2379:France
2364:Canada
2359:Brazil
2298:Africa
2278:Taiwan
2241:Russia
2166:Bhutan
2126:Vinaya
2006:Naropa
1996:Saraha
1931:Asanga
1687:PrajƱÄ
1596:Refuge
1559:Nianfo
1520:Tertƶn
1515:Tantra
1500:Ganana
1490:Tukdam
1416:DhyÄna
1384:Mudita
1379:Karuį¹Ä
1272:Risshū
1267:Huayan
1200:Naraka
1140:AnattÄ
1135:Dukkha
1130:Anicca
1035:Dharma
987:Channa
922:Änanda
907:Assaji
874:Skanda
777:(wife)
746:Family
726:Relics
651:Sangha
646:Dharma
641:Buddha
532:
448:
374:
179:Taiwan
4508:Islam
4263:Chile
4222:Tonga
4212:Samoa
4060:Spain
3985:Malta
3955:Italy
3847:Yemen
3812:Qatar
3797:Nepal
3762:Japan
3747:India
3727:China
3601:Kenya
3591:Ghana
3576:Egypt
3536:Benin
3138:Lists
3006:Kalpa
3001:Iddhi
2864:Music
2859:Mudra
2825:Vassa
2805:Vesak
2775:Budai
2721:Candi
2704:Stupa
2636:Logic
2389:Italy
2288:Tibet
2226:Nepal
2196:Korea
2191:Japan
2181:India
2176:China
2121:Sutra
2076:Texts
2026:DÅgen
2016:HÅnen
2001:AtiÅa
1966:Zhiyi
1876:Achar
1844:Tulku
1839:Geshe
1824:RÅshi
1809:Ajahn
1764:Arhat
1724:Bodhi
1694:VÄ«rya
1611:Sacca
1606:Satya
1601:SÄdhu
1589:Music
1532:Merit
1525:Terma
1485:Zazen
1421:Faith
1374:MettÄ
1055:Karma
1015:Bardo
982:Asita
972:Khema
962:UpÄli
947:Nanda
785:(son)
759:MÄyÄ
736:Films
613:Index
530:JSTOR
372:JSTOR
53:fetus
4288:Peru
4187:Fiji
4116:Cuba
3782:Laos
3752:Iran
3680:Asia
3656:Togo
3571:Chad
3036:PÄįø·i
3021:MÄra
2931:Flag
2332:Iran
2256:Tuva
2201:Laos
1829:Lama
1677:ÅÄ«la
1645:ÅÄ«la
1633:PÄ«ti
1623:Sati
1574:Puja
1495:Koan
1401:DÄna
992:Yasa
879:TÄrÄ
446:ISBN
325:Time
165:ę°“åä¾é¤
47:and
39:and
4317:Law
2758:Art
2694:Wat
1230:Zen
524:".
362:doi
306:."
233:."
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2260:ru
496:^
480:.
430:^
399:.
370:.
356:.
352:.
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284:^
256:^
242:^
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567:e
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490:.
465:.
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