40:
4237:
4248:
1646:
1633:
621:
1623:
1191:
1280:
Major university presses that have published in the field include those of Oxford, Columbia, Cambridge, Indiana, Princeton, SUNY, and the
Universities of California, Chicago, Hawaii, and Virginia. Non-university presses include E.J. Brill, Equinox, Palgrave, Routledge, Silkworm Books, and Motilal
691:
to mean the "study of
Buddhahood, the nature of the Buddha, and doctrines of a Buddha", but the terms Buddhology and Buddhist studies are generally synonymous in the contemporary context. According to William M. Johnston, in some specific contexts, Buddhology may be viewed as a subset of Buddhist
936:. Prebish cites two surveys by Hart in which the following university programs were found to have produced the most scholars with U.S. university posts: Chicago, Wisconsin, Harvard, Columbia, Yale, Virginia, Stanford, Berkeley, Princeton, Temple, Northwestern, Michigan, Washington, and Tokyo.
931:
The first graduate program in
Buddhist studies in North America started in 1961 at the University of Wisconsin–Madision. According to Prebish, Buddhist studies in the United States prior to 1975 was dominated by the University of Wisconsin, Harvard University and the
1163:
1214:
In addition, many scholars publish in journals devoted to area studies (such as Japan, China, etc.), general
Religious Studies, or disciplines such as history, anthropology, or language studies. Some examples would be:
963:
967:
1034:, states that the Buddhist studies and academics in North American universities include those who are practicing Buddhists, the latter he terms as “scholar-practitioners.”.
1205:
1580:
Swearer, Donald K. and Promta, Somparn. The State of
Buddhist Studies in the World 1972-1997. Bangkok: Center for Buddhist Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 2000,
1239:
1444:
2387:
3302:
1777:
3306:
3530:
102:
833:
751:, the field of Buddhist studies has been dominated by "outsiders" to Buddhist cultures and traditions, hence it is not a direct subfield of
1747:
1198:
1304:
1855:
1590:
1612:
1328:
1149:
1114:
956:
771:
universities have also made major contributions, as have Asian immigrants to
Western countries, and Western converts to Buddhism.
4122:
3574:
1177:
3777:
1757:
999:
987:
1412:
1368:
1940:
1782:
4117:
4014:
3564:
1659:
1309:
651:
97:
54:
1236:
1860:
1585:
1561:
4107:
3792:
3537:
1452:
952:
4184:
4174:
2003:
1556:
de Jong, J. W. A Brief
History of Buddhist Studies in Europe and America. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company, 1997,
1128:
4129:
3782:
3584:
3475:
3420:
1993:
1384:
4099:
3797:
3480:
1772:
1605:
991:
944:
580:
275:
3682:
3554:
3525:
3227:
1299:
1250:
1222:
525:
300:
260:
4278:
3373:
3282:
2752:
2397:
1910:
1805:
2917:
4222:
3702:
3178:
2664:
1787:
1620:
3112:
4273:
4112:
3925:
3915:
3787:
2770:
2350:
2111:
2086:
400:
2136:
1538:
210:
4217:
3569:
3383:
3361:
3354:
3257:
2790:
2410:
2226:
2171:
1792:
1598:
405:
355:
1229:
4154:
4134:
3465:
3445:
3202:
2932:
2176:
805:
688:
565:
1574:
4164:
4004:
3672:
3642:
3415:
3366:
3207:
3155:
3150:
2912:
2733:
2630:
2382:
2377:
2126:
1103:
940:
644:
380:
365:
345:
270:
265:
180:
87:
2494:
4169:
4139:
3720:
3652:
3485:
3400:
3395:
3319:
3314:
3232:
1762:
1282:
1156:
1031:
1003:
995:
933:
585:
575:
530:
2785:
1402:
4192:
4159:
4144:
3662:
3559:
3505:
3390:
3329:
3297:
3292:
3277:
3262:
3252:
3217:
3130:
2822:
2745:
2048:
1988:
1737:
1704:
1654:
1011:
983:
897:
879:
595:
555:
550:
515:
360:
240:
148:
133:
77:
49:
4032:
2647:
2516:
2442:
2318:
2056:
1086:
8:
3999:
3878:
3712:
3687:
3677:
3637:
3614:
3497:
3470:
3430:
3349:
3339:
3267:
3194:
2625:
2482:
2263:
2241:
2193:
2013:
1813:
1669:
1649:
1575:
Buddhists and
Scholars of Buddhism: Blurred Distinctions in Contemporary Buddhist Studies
1019:
919:
915:
865:
849:
Buddhist studies is also studied in universities run by various religious denominations.
821:
785:
605:
560:
498:
438:
375:
320:
315:
70:
59:
1973:
1900:
1567:
740:, practices, interreligious comparative studies and other subjects related to Buddhism.
4062:
3967:
3809:
3772:
3767:
3697:
3647:
3594:
3589:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3440:
3425:
3410:
3405:
3344:
3324:
3287:
3212:
3017:
2718:
2642:
2520:
2462:
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2131:
2106:
1752:
1682:
1135:
1007:
893:
885:
861:
811:
793:
590:
570:
510:
505:
393:
295:
288:
215:
205:
112:
3861:
4240:
4202:
3898:
3883:
3846:
3831:
3604:
3520:
3435:
3272:
3237:
3222:
2949:
2939:
2620:
2467:
2452:
2323:
2246:
2166:
2101:
2033:
1920:
1677:
1581:
1557:
1408:
1364:
1294:
979:
948:
889:
875:
854:
815:
789:
637:
535:
520:
325:
200:
143:
107:
92:
23:
3184:
1978:
1878:
939:
Other regionally-accredited U.S. institutions with programs in
Buddhism include the
3888:
3841:
3836:
3692:
3657:
3627:
3378:
3334:
3247:
2922:
2578:
2571:
2355:
2345:
2231:
1895:
1767:
1065:
1015:
901:
829:
600:
545:
475:
465:
330:
2967:
1281:
Banarsidass. A number of scholars have published through "dharma presses" such as
4252:
4197:
4149:
4077:
3947:
3745:
3725:
3667:
3579:
3242:
3140:
2987:
2723:
2706:
2691:
2669:
2221:
2091:
1925:
1905:
1358:
1243:
1107:
905:
839:
625:
540:
340:
250:
195:
2997:
2151:
2141:
1185:
The Pure Land: Journal of the
International Association of Shin Buddhist Studies
962:
A number of dharma centers offer semi-academic, unaccredited study, notably the
190:
4207:
3910:
3760:
3542:
3122:
3102:
3022:
2711:
2701:
2635:
2472:
1958:
1821:
836:) are public universities which have specialized Buddhist studies departments.
485:
415:
370:
228:
1533:
Prebish, Charles (1999). "The Academic Study of Buddhism in America: A Silent
1344:, Buddhist-Christian Studies, Vol. 31, University of Hawai'i Press pp. 103-118
1271:
1264:
1079:
4267:
3977:
3826:
3135:
3037:
2895:
2696:
2674:
2610:
2281:
2076:
2071:
1963:
1632:
1121:
842:(non-sect, but associated with the Honganji) a private university founded by
756:
310:
305:
245:
2435:
2425:
1797:
450:
255:
4067:
4052:
4022:
3972:
3962:
3804:
3599:
3092:
2927:
2805:
2593:
2588:
2415:
2286:
2161:
1622:
748:
725:
693:
684:
350:
235:
153:
39:
2850:
2835:
2795:
2492:
2156:
1732:
1184:
1030:
Charles Prebish, a scholar-practitioner and Chair of Religious Studies at
4037:
3866:
3007:
2992:
2775:
2583:
2511:
2291:
2121:
2023:
1870:
1742:
871:
843:
713:
420:
4027:
2487:
1341:
1093:
3982:
3940:
3816:
3622:
3547:
3161:
3145:
3107:
3087:
2982:
2957:
2865:
2800:
2780:
2526:
2457:
2328:
2211:
2181:
2116:
2066:
1724:
1714:
1687:
1170:
737:
425:
185:
82:
3002:
1998:
1164:
Journal of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies
825:
3957:
3930:
3097:
2972:
2684:
2600:
2477:
2367:
2340:
2333:
2296:
2253:
2216:
1983:
1948:
1915:
1890:
1845:
729:
721:
470:
445:
3730:
2566:
2420:
2186:
1968:
1837:
1829:
1150:
Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies / Indogaku Bunkkyogaku Kenkyu
4247:
4087:
4042:
3987:
3952:
3856:
3515:
3082:
3077:
3027:
2962:
2880:
2845:
2840:
2501:
2372:
2360:
2271:
1930:
1627:
1342:
On Doing Theology and Buddhology: A Spectrum of Christian Proposals
1058:
Journals specializing in Buddhist Studies (in alphabetical order):
752:
733:
704:
and Buddha's attributes. Scholars of Buddhist studies focus on the
701:
697:
676:
672:
480:
460:
455:
335:
31:
3072:
3062:
3047:
2870:
2740:
2008:
1478:
3992:
3935:
3920:
3067:
3057:
3032:
2907:
2902:
2860:
2830:
2762:
2728:
2615:
2556:
2551:
2405:
2308:
2146:
2096:
1883:
1709:
1285:, Parallax Press, Shambhala, Snow Lion, and Wisdom Publications.
1142:
744:
709:
705:
160:
2679:
2447:
1389:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
4072:
4057:
3893:
3755:
3735:
3510:
3172:
3052:
3042:
2977:
2605:
2561:
2546:
2536:
2506:
2430:
2313:
2081:
1953:
1697:
1692:
620:
175:
170:
165:
128:
4212:
4047:
3905:
3871:
3851:
3821:
3750:
3167:
3012:
2890:
2885:
2855:
2810:
2657:
2652:
2531:
2236:
2061:
2028:
2018:
1543:
American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship
768:
764:
760:
410:
1157:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
4082:
2875:
2541:
2038:
1257:
1178:
Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies
717:
1115:
International Journal for the Study of Humanistic Buddhism
3740:
2276:
911:
1385:
Modern Japanese Buddhology: Its History and Problematics
1100:
792:
have long been major centers for Buddhist research, and
1072:
1045:
1459:
1025:
810:
Most major universities in Japan have departments of
774:
1101:
The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies
1499:
1421:
1356:
857:(Tendai, Singon-Chizan, Jōdo, Shingon-Buzan, Jishū)
1400:
1171:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
4265:
1199:Thai International Journal of Buddhist Studies
868:(Singon-Chizan, Shingon-Buzan, Shingi-Shingon)
826:Dpt. of Indian Philosophy and Buddhist Studies
1606:
1545:. Surrey, UK: Curzon Press. pp. 183–214.
1438:
1436:
1352:
1350:
1046:International Association of Buddhist Studies
846:, is also renowned for its Buddhist studies.
645:
2388:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
1037:
683:was coined in the early 20th century by the
1305:List of modern scholars in Buddhist studies
1613:
1599:
1568:Fifty years of Buddhist studies in Britain
1433:
1404:North American Buddhists in Social Context
1347:
652:
638:
1573:Rocha, Cristina; Baumann, Martin (2008).
1570:, Buddhist Studies Review 22 (2), 141-154
957:California Institute of Integral Studies
3575:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
1532:
1465:
1442:
1192:Sengokuyama Journal of Buddhist Studies
1087:Dhammadhara Journal of Buddhist Studies
4266:
3778:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1206:Universal Gate Buddhist Journal / 普門學報
988:School of Oriental and African Studies
1594:
1577:, Journal of Global Buddhism 9, 81-82
1523:
1427:
1230:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
1073:Canadian Journal of Buddhist Studies
978:Prominent European programs include
1479:"Barre Center for Buddhist Studies"
1136:Journal of Chinese Buddhist Studies
796:launched a master program at 2016.
13:
3565:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1550:
1524:Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. (1995).
1500:"Sati Center for Buddhist Studies"
1310:Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
1026:Scholars and scholar-practitioners
775:University programs and institutes
692:studies, with a focus on Buddhist
103:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
98:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
4290:
1407:. BRILL Academic. pp. 4–13.
964:Barre Center for Buddhist Studies
4246:
4236:
4235:
3793:Thai temple art and architecture
3538:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1778:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
1644:
1631:
1621:
1443:Prebish, Charles (Spring 2006).
1258:Journal of the Pali Text Society
968:Sati Center for Buddhist Studies
953:Dharma Realm Buddhist University
814:, including Buddhist studies or
619:
38:
1645:
1541:; Christopher S. Queen (eds.).
1492:
1363:. Routledge. pp. 225–226.
1053:
3783:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3585:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2665:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1856:Places where the Buddha stayed
1528:. University of Chicago Press.
1471:
1394:
1377:
1334:
1322:
1129:Journal of Buddhist Philosophy
1:
3798:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1315:
992:Humboldt University of Berlin
945:Institute of Buddhist Studies
3555:Buddhism and the Roman world
3531:Decline of Buddhism in India
3526:History of Buddhism in India
1626: Topics in
1357:William M. Johnston (2013).
1300:Buddhist Publication Society
1251:Journal of Indian Philosophy
1237:Journal of Chinese Religions
743:In contrast to the study of
301:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
2753:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2493:
1401:Paul David Numrich (2008).
1360:Encyclopedia of Monasticism
1331:, Oxford English Dictionary
1288:
10:
4295:
3703:The unanswerable questions
1566:Gombrich, Richard (2005).
1517:
1272:Buddhist-Christian Studies
1143:Journal of Global Buddhism
1122:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
926:
803:
16:Academic study of Buddhism
4231:
4183:
4098:
4013:
3788:Buddhist temples in Korea
3711:
3613:
3496:
3193:
3121:
2948:
2821:
2761:
2396:
2351:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2262:
2254:Three planes of existence
2202:
2047:
1939:
1869:
1861:Buddha in world religions
1723:
1668:
1640:
1038:Professional associations
973:
3570:Persecution of Buddhists
2791:Four stages of awakening
2172:Three marks of existence
1758:Physical characteristics
1265:Philosophy East and West
1004:University of Heidelberg
834:Dpt. of Buddhist Studies
799:
2933:Ten principal disciples
1816:(aunt, adoptive mother)
1383:Minoru Kiyota (1984), "
1066:Buddhist Studies Review
779:
689:Joseph Estlin Carpenter
321:Philosophical reasoning
3643:Buddhism and democracy
3156:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3151:Chinese Buddhist canon
2383:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2378:Early Buddhist schools
1539:Duncan Ryuken Williams
1526:Curators of the Buddha
941:University of the West
88:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3653:Eight Consciousnesses
1763:Life of Buddha in art
1080:Contemporary Buddhism
1032:Utah State University
996:University of Hamburg
934:University of Chicago
356:Aids to Enlightenment
181:Dependent Origination
4130:East Asian religions
3560:Buddhism in the West
3131:Early Buddhist texts
2746:Four Right Exertions
2212:Ten spiritual realms
1705:Noble Eightfold Path
1223:Indo-Iranian Journal
1094:The Eastern Buddhist
1012:University of Vienna
1000:University of Munich
984:Cambridge University
326:Devotional practices
149:Noble Eightfold Path
4253:Religion portal
4000:Temple of the Tooth
3879:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2918:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
2411:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2194:Two truths doctrine
2014:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1814:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1455:on January 4, 2013.
822:University of Tokyo
786:University of Tokyo
626:Buddhism portal
499:Buddhism by country
261:Sanskrit literature
4279:Buddhist education
4175:Western philosophy
3773:Dzong architecture
3595:Vipassana movement
3590:Buddhist modernism
3018:Emperor Wen of Sui
2786:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2719:Threefold Training
2521:Vipassana movement
2237:Hungry Ghost realm
2057:Avidyā (Ignorance)
2004:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1753:Great Renunciation
1748:Eight Great Events
1630:
1445:"The New Panditas"
1340:Amos Yong (2000),
1242:2016-01-25 at the
1106:2014-12-17 at the
1008:University of Bonn
812:Eastern philosophy
794:Nalanda University
113:Buddhist modernism
4261:
4260:
3899:Om mani padme hum
3605:Women in Buddhism
3521:Buddhist councils
3391:Western countries
3179:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
2940:Shaolin Monastery
2517:Samatha-vipassanā
2127:Pratītyasamutpāda
1931:Metteyya/Maitreya
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1678:Four Noble Truths
1414:978-90-04-16826-8
1370:978-1-136-78716-4
1295:Pali Text Society
980:Oxford University
949:Naropa University
816:Indian philosophy
790:Rissho University
662:
661:
144:Four Noble Truths
4286:
4274:Buddhist studies
4251:
4250:
4239:
4238:
4078:Sacred languages
3926:Maya Devi Temple
3889:Mahabodhi Temple
3693:Secular Buddhism
3658:Engaged Buddhism
2498:
2346:Tibetan Buddhism
2297:Vietnamese Thiền
1896:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1648:
1647:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1546:
1529:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1451:. Archived from
1440:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1354:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1016:Ghent University
860:Esoteric sects:
830:Kyoto University
667:, also known as
665:Buddhist studies
654:
647:
640:
624:
623:
351:Sublime abidings
42:
19:
18:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4245:
4227:
4179:
4094:
4009:
3746:Ordination hall
3707:
3609:
3580:Buddhist crisis
3492:
3189:
3141:Mahayana sutras
3117:
3113:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2944:
2817:
2757:
2707:Bodhisattva vow
2392:
2258:
2198:
2157:Taṇhā (Craving)
2092:Five hindrances
2043:
1935:
1865:
1719:
1664:
1636:
1619:
1553:
1551:Further reading
1520:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1291:
1244:Wayback Machine
1108:Wayback Machine
1056:
1040:
1028:
976:
929:
840:Toyo University
808:
802:
782:
777:
658:
618:
611:
610:
501:
491:
490:
441:
431:
430:
396:
386:
385:
291:
281:
280:
251:Mahayana Sutras
231:
221:
220:
161:Five Aggregates
139:
138:
118:
117:
108:Later Buddhists
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4292:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4243:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3810:Greco-Buddhist
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3761:Burmese pagoda
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3543:Greco-Buddhism
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:United Kingdom
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Czech Republic
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3185:Abhidharmadīpa
3182:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:B. R. Ambedkar
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Songtsen Gampo
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Eight precepts
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2473:Five Strengths
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Mental factors
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Mahamoggallāna
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1879:Avalokiteśvara
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1530:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1491:
1470:
1468:, p. 194.
1458:
1432:
1430:, p. 159.
1420:
1413:
1393:
1376:
1369:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1233:
1226:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1024:
975:
972:
928:
925:
924:
923:
909:
883:
869:
858:
801:
798:
781:
778:
776:
773:
660:
659:
657:
656:
649:
642:
634:
631:
630:
629:
628:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
502:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
418:
416:Pratyekabuddha
413:
408:
403:
397:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
378:
373:
371:Buddhist chant
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
229:Buddhist texts
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
157:
156:
146:
140:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
74:
69:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4291:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4015:Miscellaneous
4012:
4006:
4005:Vegetarianism
4003:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Buddha in art
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:United States
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Padmasambhava
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2950:Major figures
2947:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2896:Western tulku
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Five precepts
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Dhamma vicaya
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Buddhābhiṣeka
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
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2100:
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2090:
2088:
2087:Enlightenment
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Dhamma theory
2075:
2073:
2072:Buddha-nature
2070:
2068:
2065:
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1562:4-333-01762-9
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1283:BPS Pariyatti
1274:
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766:
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757:Asian studies
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390:
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381:Vegetarianism
379:
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344:
342:
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336:Recollections
334:
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309:
307:
306:Five precepts
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
285:
284:
277:
274:
272:
271:Chinese canon
269:
267:
266:Tibetan canon
264:
262:
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53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4193:Bodhisattvas
4113:Christianity
4108:Baháʼí Faith
3973:Dharmachakra
3963:Prayer wheel
3953:Prayer beads
3721:Architecture
3632:
3600:969 Movement
3384:Saudi Arabia
3362:Central Asia
3355:South Africa
3177:
3160:
3093:Panchen Lama
2998:Buddhapālita
2594:Satipatthana
2589:Mindful Yoga
2502:Recollection
2416:Brahmavihara
2287:Japanese Zen
2282:Chinese Chan
2242:Animal realm
2049:Key concepts
1871:Bodhisattvas
1683:Three Jewels
1542:
1534:
1525:
1503:. Retrieved
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1473:
1466:Prebish 1999
1461:
1453:the original
1449:Buddhadharma
1448:
1423:
1403:
1396:
1391:7 (1), 17–33
1388:
1379:
1359:
1336:
1324:
1279:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1054:Publications
1029:
977:
961:
938:
930:
900:(Honganji),
896:(Honganji),
878:(Nichiren),
848:
838:
820:
809:
783:
749:Christianity
742:
726:anthropology
694:hermeneutics
680:
668:
664:
663:
331:Merit making
296:Three Jewels
236:Buddhavacana
166:Impermanence
154:Dharma wheel
4038:Dharma talk
3867:Asalha Puja
3663:Eschatology
3466:Switzerland
3446:New Zealand
3374:Middle East
3283:Philippines
3203:Afghanistan
3008:Bodhidharma
2993:Buddhaghosa
2913:Householder
2823:Monasticism
2776:Bodhisattva
2631:Prostration
2584:Mindfulness
2512:Anapanasati
2495:Kammaṭṭhāna
2292:Korean Seon
2232:Asura realm
2227:Human realm
2167:Ten Fetters
2122:Parinirvana
2024:Uppalavanna
1989:Mahākaccana
1974:Mahākassapa
1906:Kṣitigarbha
1901:Ākāśagarbha
1798:Suddhodāna
1743:Four sights
1670:Foundations
872:Lotus Sutra
864:(Shingon),
853:Intersect:
844:Inoue Enryo
759:. However,
714:archaeology
679:. The term
566:New Zealand
421:Bodhisattva
406:Four Stages
361:Monasticism
341:Mindfulness
311:Perfections
241:Early Texts
4268:Categories
4155:Psychology
4135:Gnosticism
4123:Comparison
4118:Influences
4100:Comparison
3983:Bhavacakra
3941:Kushinagar
3916:Pilgrimage
3862:Māgha Pūjā
3817:Bodhi Tree
3633:Buddhology
3623:Abhidharma
3615:Philosophy
3548:Menander I
3416:Costa Rica
3367:Uzbekistan
3208:Bangladesh
3162:Dhammapada
3146:Pali Canon
3108:Ajahn Chah
3088:Dalai Lama
2988:Kumārajīva
2983:Vasubandhu
2958:The Buddha
2866:Zen master
2801:Sakadagami
2781:Buddhahood
2712:Pratimokṣa
2527:Shikantaza
2483:Meditation
2458:Deity yoga
2329:Madhyamaka
2222:Deva realm
2117:Mindstream
2067:Bodhicitta
1979:Aṅgulimāla
1846:Devadatta
1822:Yaśodharā
1725:The Buddha
1715:Middle Way
1428:Lopez 1995
1329:Buddhology
1316:References
1018:, and the
882:(Nichiren)
804:See also:
738:philosophy
681:Buddhology
669:Buddhology
439:Traditions
376:Pilgrimage
316:Meditation
276:Post-canon
256:Pāli Canon
186:Middle Way
83:The Buddha
4223:Festivals
4203:Buddhists
4165:Theosophy
3968:Symbolism
3958:Hama yumi
3931:Bodh Gaya
3698:Socialism
3673:Evolution
3648:Economics
3486:Venezuela
3401:Australia
3396:Argentina
3320:Sri Lanka
3315:Singapore
3233:Indonesia
3195:Countries
3136:Tripiṭaka
3098:Ajahn Mun
2973:Nagarjuna
2968:Aśvaghoṣa
2851:Anagārika
2846:Śrāmaṇerī
2841:Śrāmaṇera
2836:Bhikkhunī
2796:Sotāpanna
2685:Passaddhi
2626:Offerings
2601:Nekkhamma
2478:Iddhipada
2398:Practices
2368:Theravada
2341:Vajrayana
2334:Yogachara
2304:Pure Land
2217:Six Paths
2204:Cosmology
1984:Anuruddha
1959:Sāriputta
1949:Kaundinya
1941:Disciples
1916:Vajrapāṇi
1768:Footprint
1733:Tathāgata
904:(Ōtani),
898:Musashino
886:Pure Land
784:In Asia,
730:sociology
722:philology
687:minister
685:Unitarian
675:study of
671:, is the
586:Sri Lanka
576:Singapore
531:Indonesia
471:Vajrayāna
446:Theravāda
401:Awakening
289:Practices
246:Tripiṭaka
216:Cosmology
191:Emptiness
171:Suffering
4241:Category
4170:Violence
4140:Hinduism
4088:Sanskrit
4043:Hinayana
4028:Amitābha
3988:Swastika
3857:Uposatha
3847:Holidays
3832:Calendar
3678:Humanism
3516:Kanishka
3506:Timeline
3330:Thailand
3298:Kalmykia
3293:Buryatia
3278:Pakistan
3263:Mongolia
3258:Maldives
3253:Malaysia
3218:Cambodia
3083:Shamarpa
3078:Nichiren
3028:Xuanzang
2963:Nagasena
2881:Rinpoche
2611:Pāramitā
2453:Devotion
2373:Navayana
2361:Dzogchen
2324:Nichiren
2272:Mahayana
2264:Branches
2142:Saṅkhāra
1891:Mañjuśrī
1848:(cousin)
1840:(cousin)
1808:(mother)
1800:(father)
1788:Miracles
1738:Birthday
1655:Glossary
1628:Buddhism
1289:See also
1240:Archived
1104:Archived
1020:Sorbonne
966:and the
955:and the
922:(Rinzai)
920:Hanazono
918:(Sōtō),
916:Komazawa
892:(Jōdo),
880:Minobsan
866:Shuchiin
765:Japanese
753:Indology
734:theology
702:ontology
698:exegesis
677:Buddhism
673:academic
596:Thailand
556:Mongolia
551:Malaysia
516:Cambodia
481:Navayana
461:Hinayana
456:Mahāyāna
366:Lay life
196:Morality
176:Not-self
134:Concepts
93:Councils
78:Timeline
50:Glossary
32:Buddhism
24:a series
22:Part of
4218:Temples
4198:Buddhas
4160:Science
4150:Judaism
4145:Jainism
4063:Lineage
4023:Abhijñā
3993:Thangka
3936:Sarnath
3921:Lumbini
3842:Funeral
3837:Cuisine
3713:Culture
3688:Reality
3638:Creator
3628:Atomism
3498:History
3471:Ukraine
3431:Germany
3350:Senegal
3340:Vietnam
3268:Myanmar
3068:Shinran
3058:Karmapa
3033:Shandao
3003:Dignāga
2928:Śrāvaka
2908:Donchee
2903:Kappiya
2861:Sayadaw
2831:Bhikkhu
2806:Anāgāmi
2763:Nirvana
2729:Samadhi
2616:Paritta
2557:Tonglen
2552:Mandala
2507:Smarana
2488:Mantras
2436:Upekkha
2406:Bhavana
2356:Shingon
2309:Tiantai
2162:Tathātā
2152:Śūnyatā
2147:Skandha
2137:Saṃsāra
2132:Rebirth
2107:Kleshas
2097:Indriya
1999:Subhūti
1884:Guanyin
1838:Ānanda
1830:Rāhula
1710:Nirvana
1650:Outline
1518:Sources
927:America
914:sects:
908:(Ōtani)
894:Ryukoku
888:sects:
874:sects:
862:Koyasan
806:ja:仏教学部
761:Chinese
745:Judaism
710:culture
706:history
606:Vietnam
561:Myanmar
476:Tibetan
466:Chinese
394:Nirvāṇa
211:Saṃsāra
206:Rebirth
71:History
60:Outline
4213:Sutras
4208:Suttas
4073:Siddhi
4058:Koliya
4033:Brahmā
3948:Poetry
3894:Mantra
3884:Kasaya
3756:Pagoda
3736:Kyaung
3731:Vihāra
3726:Temple
3668:Ethics
3511:Ashoka
3461:Sweden
3456:Poland
3451:Norway
3441:Mexico
3426:France
3411:Canada
3406:Brazil
3345:Africa
3325:Taiwan
3288:Russia
3213:Bhutan
3173:Vinaya
3053:Naropa
3043:Saraha
2978:Asanga
2734:Prajñā
2643:Refuge
2606:Nianfo
2567:Tertön
2562:Tantra
2547:Ganana
2537:Tukdam
2463:Dhyāna
2431:Mudita
2426:Karuṇā
2319:Risshū
2314:Huayan
2247:Naraka
2187:Anattā
2182:Dukkha
2177:Anicca
2082:Dharma
2034:Channa
1969:Ānanda
1954:Assaji
1921:Skanda
1824:(wife)
1793:Family
1773:Relics
1698:Sangha
1693:Dharma
1688:Buddha
1584:
1560:
1537:". In
1535:Sangha
1505:8 July
1484:8 July
1411:
1367:
974:Europe
890:Bukkyo
876:Rissho
855:Taisho
828:) and
769:Korean
591:Taiwan
571:Russia
511:Brazil
506:Bhutan
426:Buddha
346:Wisdom
129:Dharma
4185:Lists
4053:Kalpa
4048:Iddhi
3911:Music
3906:Mudra
3872:Vassa
3852:Vesak
3822:Budai
3768:Candi
3751:Stupa
3683:Logic
3436:Italy
3335:Tibet
3273:Nepal
3243:Korea
3238:Japan
3228:India
3223:China
3168:Sutra
3123:Texts
3073:Dōgen
3063:Hōnen
3048:Atiśa
3013:Zhiyi
2923:Achar
2891:Tulku
2886:Geshe
2871:Rōshi
2856:Ajahn
2811:Arhat
2771:Bodhi
2741:Vīrya
2658:Sacca
2653:Satya
2648:Sādhu
2636:Music
2579:Merit
2572:Terma
2532:Zazen
2468:Faith
2421:Mettā
2102:Karma
2062:Bardo
2029:Asita
2019:Khema
2009:Upāli
1994:Nanda
1832:(son)
1806:Māyā
1783:Films
1660:Index
902:Otani
800:Japan
601:Tibet
541:Korea
536:Japan
526:India
521:China
486:Newar
411:Arhat
201:Karma
55:Index
4083:Pāḷi
4068:Māra
3978:Flag
3379:Iran
3303:Tuva
3248:Laos
2876:Lama
2724:Śīla
2692:Śīla
2680:Pīti
2670:Sati
2621:Puja
2542:Koan
2448:Dāna
2039:Yasa
1926:Tārā
1582:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1507:2024
1486:2024
1409:ISBN
1365:ISBN
982:and
906:Doho
788:and
780:Asia
767:and
718:arts
546:Laos
451:Pāli
3805:Art
3741:Wat
2277:Zen
1387:",
959:.
912:Zen
755:or
747:or
4270::
3307:ru
1447:.
1435:^
1349:^
1022:.
1014:,
1010:,
1006:,
1002:,
998:,
994:,
990:,
986:,
970:.
951:,
947:,
943:,
818:.
763:,
736:,
732:,
728:,
724:,
720:,
716:,
712:,
708:,
700:,
696:,
581:US
26:on
3309:)
3305:(
2523:)
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1509:.
1488:.
1417:.
1373:.
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