Buffalo Soldier - Knowledge

4844: 815: 2036: 1698: 1658: 1315: 1517: 834: 1154: 1015:, was a mutiny and riot by 156 soldiers from the all-black 24th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army, taking place on August 23, 1917, in Houston, Texas. 118 soldiers were tried in three courts-martial; 110 were convicted, of whom 19 were executed; and 63 sentenced to life imprisonment. The Army announced on November 13, 2023 that the convictions of the 110 soldiers were overturned after a thorough review by the Army Board for Correction of Military Records found that the soldiers were wrongly treated because of their race and not given fair trials. 1686: 1672: 6492: 5434: 97: 826: 549: 300: 2387: 78: 2017: 1982: 1630: 6261: 2008: 1644: 53: 1392: 1226: 662: 689:. Up to 5,000 "Black men" enlisted in volunteer regiments in the Spanish–American War in Alabama, Illinois, Kansas, North Carolina, Ohio and Virginia, and some had all black officers. Several other African-American regiments of United States Volunteer Infantry (USVI) were formed and nicknamed "Immune Regiments", due to having more natural resistance to malaria, yellow fever & other 980:. Although the Buffalo Soldiers were 12% of the U.S. Army infantry force and 20% of the cavalry force in this era, Buffalo Soldiers were awarded less than 4% of all Medals of Honor awarded. Other regiments during the era received a greater number of Medals of Honor but were not distinguished enough to see duty in Cuba for the Spanish–American War. For example, the 308: 1825:. The film starred Strode as Sergeant Rutledge, a Black first sergeant in a colored regiment of the United States Cavalry, the "Buffalo Soldiers". At a U.S. Army fort in the early 1880s, he is being tried by a court-martial for the rape and murder of a white girl as well as for the murder of the girl's father, who was the commanding officer of the fort. 803:. At the time of his death, he was the highest-ranking African American in the U.S. military. He made history in Sequoia National Park in 1903 by becoming Acting Military Superintendent of Sequoia and General Grant National Parks. Young was also the first African American superintendent of a national park. During Young's tenure in the park, he named a 3786:, could not substantiate accusations of militant German agents in the Mexican border community and instead traced the origins of the violence to the abuse of Mexican border crossers in the year before the Battle of Ambos Nogales. The main result of this battle was the building of the first permanent border fence between the two cities of Nogales. 1146:, important strategic assets. As the various factions in Mexico vied for power, the U.S. Army, including the Buffalo Soldier units, was dispatched to the border to maintain security. The Buffalo Soldiers played a key role in U.S.–Mexico relations as the maelstrom that followed the ousting of Díaz and the assassination of his successor 907: 3803:, vol. 43 (Winter 2001), pp. 504-541. Though largely unheard of in the U.S. (and even within most of Mexico), the municipal leaders of Nogales, Sonora, successfully petitioned the Mexican Congress in 1961 to grant the Mexican border city the title of "Heroic City", leading to the community's official name, 762:

U.S. Army regiments had been serving in these national parks since 1891, but until 1899, the soldiers serving were white. Beginning in 1899, and continuing in 1903 and 1904, African American regiments served during the summer in the second and third oldest national parks in the United States (Sequoia

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nearly brought about a war between Mexico and the United States in the summer of 1916. Tensions cooled through diplomacy as the captured Buffalo Soldiers from Carrizal were released. Despite the public outrage over Villa's Columbus raid, Wilson and his cabinet felt that the U.S.'s attention ought to

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with 84 Medals of Honor, were not assigned duty to fight in Cuba in 1898. Scholars have hypothesized that commanders were reticent to award behavior that they expected from soldiers, the bureaucracy impeded awards, and the posting of black soldiers to remote outposts reduced the visibility of black

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Due in part to the heightened hysteria caused by World War I, allegations surfaced that German agents fomented this violence and died fighting alongside the Mexican troops they led. U.S. newspaper reports in Nogales before the August 27, 1918, battle documented the departure of part of the Mexican

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house. After the initial shooting, reinforcements from both sides rushed to the border. On the Mexican side, the majority of the belligerents were angry civilians upset with the killings of Mexican border crossers by the U.S. Army along the vaguely defined border between the two cities during the

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has a camp of former Buffalo Soldiers that have turned to farming (their fighting days behind them). In the series it is explained that the term "Buffalo Soldier" is derived from when John Randall held off 70 Indians with only a pistol, having killed 13 of them while he sustained multiple wounds.

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General DeRosey C. Cabell, "Report on Recent Trouble at Nogales, 1 September 1918", Battle of Nogales 1918 Collection, Pimeria Alta Historical Society (Nogales, AZ). See also DeRosey C. Cabell, "Memorandum for the Adjutant General: Subject: Copy of Records to be Furnished to the Secretary of the

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offered black soldiers in service units an opportunity to volunteer for duty with the infantry. More than 4,500 responded, many taking reductions in grade to meet specified requirements. The 6th Army Group formed these men into provisional companies, while the 12th Army Group employed them as an

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The last commanding officer of the West Point detachment of the Buffalo Soldiers, (9th and 10th Cavalry,) was Lt. Col. John "Duke" Nazzaro. Nazzaro was known and recognized for standing with his detachment on and off the field. He established a college scholarship for descendants of the Buffalo

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to quell the violence and capture the band of hired killers. Soon afterward, however, the 9th Cavalry was specifically called on to replace the 6th. The 6th Cavalry was swaying under the local political and social pressures and was unable to keep the peace in the tense environment. The Buffalo

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was born in the Camp Stephen Little military base in Nogales in 1922, son of a Buffalo Soldier. The African American population, centered on the stationing of Buffalo Soldiers such as the 25th Infantry in Nogales, was a significant factor in the community, though they often faced racial

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initiated a decade-long period of high-intensity military conflict along the U.S.–Mexico border as different political/military factions in Mexico fought for power. The access to arms and customs duties from Mexican communities along the U.S.–Mexico boundary made border towns such as

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The 13 Indians were not killed by Randall, but rather by the soldiers coming to rescue him. While Indians started to use the term Buffalo Soldiers around that time, there is no direct connection to the incident with Randall. See for instance: William H. Leckie, Shirley A. Leckie.

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at the elementary-school level in Nogales's Grand Avenue/Frank Reed School (a school reserved for black children). The redeployment of the Buffalo Soldiers to other areas and the closure of Camp Little in 1933 initiated the decline of the African American community in Nogales.

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that West Point cadets learn their riding skills from the black noncommissioned officers who were considered the best. The 100-man detachment from the 9th, and 10th Cavalry served to teach future officers at West Point riding instruction, mounted drill, and tactics until 1947.

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The U.S.-Mexico border in Nogales in 1898: International Street/Calle Internacional runs through the center of the image between Nogales, Sonora (left), and Nogales, Arizona (right). Note the wide-open international boundary. A Customs House is located near the center of the

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In the Sierra Nevada, the Buffalo Soldiers regularly endured long days in the saddle, slim rations, racism, and separation from family and friends. As military stewards, the African American cavalry and infantry regiments protected the national parks from illegal grazing,

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who gave them that name because of the bison coats they wore in winter. The term Buffalo Soldiers became a generic term for all black soldiers. It is now used for U.S. Army units that trace their direct lineage back to any of the African-American regiments formed in 1866.

392:), who were mostly drawn from USCT veterans. The first draft of the bill that the House Committee on Military Affairs sent to the full chamber on March 7, 1866, did not include a provision for regiments of black cavalry; however, this provision was added by Senator 941:

The Buffalo Soldiers were often confronted with racial prejudice from other members of the U.S. Army. Civilians in the areas where the soldiers were stationed occasionally reacted to them with violence. Buffalo Soldiers were attacked during racial disturbances in

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where black participation was concerned, not engaging in issues that might distract or diminish his command. Even so, Pershing allowed American soldiers (African Americans) to be under the command of a foreign power for the first time in American history.

368:, composed of black soldiers and Native Americans. The USCT was disbanded in the fall of 1865. In 1867 the Regular Army was set at ten regiments of cavalry and 45 regiments of infantry. The Army was authorized to raise two regiments of black cavalry (the 841:

in Leavenworth, Kansas, includes the home of a former black U.S. Army soldier. The museum shares the histories of African Americans living on the Kansas frontier during pioneer days to the present, especially those serving in the U.S. Army as Buffalo

1338:(Arizona). During the war, Ft Huachuca served as the home base of the Black 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions. The 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments were mostly disbanded, and the soldiers were moved into service-oriented units, along with the entire 782:

hat). Although not officially adopted by the Army until 1911, the distinctive hat crease, called a Montana peak, (or pinch) can be seen being worn by several of the Buffalo Soldiers in park photographs dating back to 1899. Soldiers serving in the

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with a Montana "pinch" to better shed water from the torrential tropical rains. Many retained that distinctive crease upon their return to the U.S. The park photographs, in all likelihood, show Buffalo Soldiers who were veterans from that war.

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declared the arboretum "To provide a great museum of nature for the general public free of cost ..." Unfortunately, the forces of developers, miners, and greed cut the boundaries of Yosemite in 1905 and the arboretum was nearly destroyed.

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The men of the Buffalo Soldiers were the only African Americans that fought in Cuba during the war. Additionally, the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment had a company of African-American soldiers, company L, that saw action in

1362:. Separately, independent Black artillery, tank, and tank destroyer battalions, as well as quartermaster and support battalions served in World War II. All of these units to a degree carried out the traditions of the Buffalo Soldiers. 505:

from 1875 to 1881. At various times from 1873 through 1885, Fort Concho housed 9th Cavalry companies A–F, K, and M, 10th Cavalry companies A, D–G, I, L, and M, 24th Infantry companies D–G, and K, and 25th Infantry companies G and K.

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Baker was cognizant of the many problems of domestic and allied political involvement in military decision-making during wartime, and gave Pershing unmatched authority to run his command as he saw fit, but Pershing practiced careful

1281:). For the Americans, the reinforcements were the 10th Cavalry, off-duty 35th Regiment soldiers, and militia. Hostilities quickly escalated, and several soldiers were killed, and others wounded on both sides, including the mayor of 1770:

like Marley, identified with the "Buffalo Soldiers" as an example of black men who performed with exceeding courage, honor, valor, and distinction in a field that was dominated by whites and persevered despite endemic racism and

586:, participated in two of the largest range conflicts in the American Old West. Range wars were battles fought between large cattle ranchers against smaller ranchers and farmers who competed for land, water, and livestock in the 416:, in April 1869. The two black infantry regiments represented 10 percent of the size of all twenty-five infantry regiments. Similarly, the two black cavalry units represented 20 percent of the size of all ten cavalry regiments. 3707: 1382:

additional platoon in existing rifle companies. The excellent record established by these volunteers, particularly those serving as platoons, presaged major postwar changes in the traditional approach to employing Black troops.

6993: 704:. There was strong opposition to war in the Philippines among African Americans. Many black soldiers established a rapport with "the brown-skinned natives on the islands," and an unusually large number of black troops 1207:

be centered on Germany and World War I, not the apprehension of the "Centauro del Norte". The Punitive Expedition exited Mexico in early 1917, just before the U.S. declaration of war against Germany in April 1917.

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and was the last segregated regiment to engage in combat. The 24th was deactivated in 1951, and its soldiers were integrated into other units in Korea. On December 12, 1951, the last Buffalo Soldier units, the

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to apprehend or kill Villa. The 9th and 10th regiments were deployed to Mexico along with the rest of Pershing's units. Although the manhunt for Villa failed, small-scale confrontations in the communities of

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was distinguished in 1931 by being the last regular army unit to be issued with the M1902 blue dress uniform for all ranks. This parade uniform had ceased to be worn by other regiments after 1917.

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prior to the bill's passing on July 28, 1866. In 1869 the Regular Army was kept at ten regiments of cavalry but cut to 25 regiments of Infantry, reducing the black complement to two regiments (the

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Johnson, Marilynn S. Violence in the West: The Johnson County Range War and Ludlow Massacre: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford Series in History & Culture: First edition (2008). p. 12.

1595:, changed the name of Robert E. Lee Road to Buffalo Soldier Road, recognizing the African-American units that moved through the fort in the 19th century; it also honors them since they protected 1046:

In 1897, Pershing became an instructor at West Point, where he joined the tactical staff. West Point cadets upset over Pershing's disciplinary treatment and high standards took to calling him "

1214:(AEF) during World War I, but experienced noncommissioned officers were provided to other segregated Black units for combat service—such as the 317th Engineer Battalion. The soldiers of the 5743: 4780:

Captain Merrel Moody instructs Privates Enichel Kennedy, Oscar Davis, B. D. Kroninger and Will Johnson of Infantry School Stables, on the proper way to clean a saddle. Date: July 25, 1941.

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regions. They participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the

3699: 5967: 5371: 1250:. This was the only incident in which German military advisers allegedly fought along with Mexican soldiers against United States soldiers on North America soil during World War I. 739:

Another little-known contribution of the Buffalo Soldiers involved eight troops of the 9th Cavalry Regiment and one company of the 24th Infantry Regiment who served in California's

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Despite some official resistance and administrative barriers, Black airmen were trained and played a part in the air war in Europe, gaining a reputation for skill and bravery (see

5386: 5381: 5376: 6968: 4138: 6927: 3026: 997:'s eight campaigns). Historian Thomas Philips counted 2,704 engagements with native tribes during this era, of which the four black regiments participated in 141 or about 4%. 1373:, American forces in Europe experienced a shortage of combat troops, so the embargo on using black soldiers in combat units was relaxed. The American Military History says: 1296:

Despite the Battle of Ambos Nogales controversy, the presence of the Buffalo Soldiers in the community left a significant impact on the border town. The famed jazz musician

4112: 1944:. Set in 1880, the film tells the true story of the black cavalry corps known as the Buffalo Soldiers, who protected the Western territories after the end of the Civil War. 1084:. While earlier a champion of the African-American soldier, at this time he did not defend their full participation on the battlefield, but bowed to the racist policies of 4843: 250: 127: 5422: 2477: 5235: 3383: 1879:, tells the story of a black soldier who, returned from fighting for the Union in the Civil War, becomes a bounty hunter determined to track down his mother's killers. 493:

during the Indian Wars. In addition to the military campaigns, the Buffalo Soldiers served a variety of roles along the frontier, from building roads to escorting the

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Treasury. 30 September 1918", Battle of Nogales 1918 Collection, Pimeria Alta Historical Society (Nogales, AZ). Furthermore, an investigation by Army officials from

4361: 2955: 5997: 723:, where they assisted in forcing the surrender of the federal Mexican and Mexican militia forces. In 1917, after being stationed in Houston, Texas, members of the 5893: 1866:, had the 10th Cavalry, C Company called in to establish martial law at the request of the citizens of Tucson, to help relieve it from the grip of a crime boss. 799:, who served with Troop I, 9th Cavalry Regiment in Sequoia National Park during the summer of 1903. Young was the third African American to graduate from the 3003: 1846: 6032: 5783: 5594: 5561: 5556: 2289: 273: 6027: 5878: 4763:, a website devoted to remembering the contributions of the buffalo soldiers of the Sierra Nevada, by Park Ranger Shelton Johnson, Yosemite National Park 3607: 1222:

infantry divisions were the first Americans to fight in France. The four regiments of the 93rd fought under French command for the duration of the war.

5888: 5634: 5609: 5599: 2279: 1054:, where Pershing served with the 10th for six months in Cuba, the press softened the term to "Black Jack", which they continued to use in World War I. 462:

From 1870 to 1898, the total strength of the US Army totaled 25,000 service members, with black soldiers maintaining their ten percent representation.

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has led some to call for the critical reappraisal of the African American regiments. In the opinion of some, the Buffalo Soldiers were used as mere

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researched and interpreted the history in an attempt to recover and celebrate the contributions of the Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada.

6115: 5929: 5551: 5363: 5358: 4743: 1411:, which desegregated the military and marked the first federal piece of legislation that went against the societal norms implemented through 3729: 2791: 6932: 6817: 4713: 4515: 2564: 4722: 3938: 814: 6019: 2845: 2520: 2371: 811:. Recently, another giant sequoia in Giant Forest was named in Captain Young's honor. Some of Young's descendants attended the ceremony. 4576: 4805: 3447: 2323: 1585: 1490: 3503: 3475: 6547: 6142: 5992: 5472: 5348: 5073: 4142: 3911: 3037: 1697: 233:, and the term eventually became synonymous with all of the African American regiments that were established in 1866, including the 6120: 5982: 5919: 5828: 5353: 5320: 2866: 1657: 6147: 6105: 5803: 5798: 4430: 2343: 1494: 1302: 1061:

rank and commissioned a major of volunteers on August 26, 1898. He fought with the 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) on Kettle and

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Detachment of Cavalry was changed to a colored unit. It had been proposed in 1897 at the "Cavalry and Light Artillery School" at

1685: 5833: 5763: 4875: 4870: 4405: 3968: 3799:(Nogales, AZ), September 2, 1918; Daniel Arreola, "La Cerca y Las Garitas de Ambos Nogales: A Postcard Landscape Exploration", 2338: 2333: 1423: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1235: 1219: 1215: 724: 401: 397: 389: 385: 381: 377: 246: 242: 122: 117: 3418: 2474: 1289:/handkerchief with his cane). A cease-fire was arranged later after the US forces took the heights south of Nogales, Arizona. 6800: 5813: 5748: 5604: 5467: 5286: 4865: 4772: 4735: 4680: 4653: 4639: 4625: 4569: 3767: 3591: 3179: 3154: 3129: 2831: 2768: 2716: 2691: 2419: 2284: 1779: 1554: 1455: 1436: 1432: 1158: 1036: 926: 373: 238: 112: 4004: 3375: 602:

in 1873. Buffalo Soldiers were among the units sent, and on one occasion, some of them had a shootout with a group of Texas

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This list is of other notable African Americans who served in the original units as "Buffalo Soldiers" from 1866 to 1918.

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The song and music of "Soul Saga (Song of the Buffalo Soldier)" has had several renditions. In 1974, it was produced by

1671: 590:. Many of these conflicts resulted in military intervention to pacify and maintain peace. A lesser known action was the 6009: 5977: 5949: 5723: 5624: 5589: 5494: 4482: 2939: 2896: 2230: 796: 277: 178: 3868:

Francisco Castro, "Overcoming Prejudice: Limitations Against Blacks in Nogales Did Not Stop Them from Accomplishments"

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in the southern section of the park. This arboretum had pathways and benches, and some plants were identified in both

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Carlos F. Parra, "Valientes Nogalenses: The 1918 Battle Between the U.S. and Mexico That Transformed Ambos Nogales",

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Wilberforce, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 428; Us, OH 45384 Phone: 937 352-6757 Main park information line Contact.

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During the peacetime formation years (1865–1870), the black infantry and cavalry regiments were composed of black

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After most of the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s, the regiments continued to serve and participated in the 1898

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with locals. Nevertheless, the 9th Cavalry remained in Wyoming for nearly a year to quell tensions in the area.

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This article is about the nickname given to African American U.S. Army personnel. For the Bob Marley song, see

5068: 6315: 6067: 6057: 2026: 1211: 1077: 838: 526: 5063: 4766: 1845:("Incident at Seven Fingers", season 6, episode 30, aired May 7, 1964) was about a top sergeant of Troop F, 850:, the highest mountain in the contiguous United States. They also built the first wagon road into Sequoia's 6922: 6917: 6328: 6235: 5934: 5914: 5728: 5713: 5452: 5313: 4976: 4901: 4828: 2631: 2365: 2140: 2060: 1884: 1177:, who had previously courted U.S. recognition and thus felt betrayed, then attacked the rural community of 1050:

Jack", because he had learned to have full respect for black soldiers while leading them. Later during the

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in the St. James Hotel. Three soldiers died during the shootout and a few months later one of the cowboys,

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during the campaign, some of whom joined the Filipino rebels, of whom the most famous was the celebrated

697: 288: 173: 4286: 1853:) who is accused of being a coward and a deserter. Other Buffalo Soldiers and an officer track him down. 1465:

to Fort Leavenworth, was guest speaker for the unveiling of the Fort Leavenworth monument in July 1992.

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garrison in Nogales, Sonora, to points south that August in an attempt to quell armed political rebels.

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used the same term ("We called them 'buffalo soldiers,' because they had curly, kinky hair ... like

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Randy Steffen, page 72 "The Horse Soldier, Volume IV, 1917-1943", University of Oklahoma Press 1979

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received diplomatic recognition from the U.S. government as the legitimate ruling force in Mexico.

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Bak, Richard, Editor. "The Rough Riders" by Theodore Roosevelt. Page 172. Taylor Publishing, 1997.

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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualties and Other Figures, 1494-2007

2437:"Buffalo Soldiers - Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)" 1461:, who initiated the project to get a statue to honor the Buffalo Soldiers when he was posted as a 6771: 6761: 6062: 5306: 5202: 5192: 5151: 5098: 3733: 3254:. Park Histories: Sequoia NP (and Kings Canyon NP), National Park Service. Retrieved: 2007-05-18. 2795: 2500: 1498: 1359: 1278: 1259: 1247: 1182: 1062: 716: 674: 622: 226: 4769:

Liberation Day and the Liberation of America, Buffalo Soldiers in Lunigiana and Versilia, Italy.

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Soldiers responded within about two weeks from Nebraska, and moved the men to the rail town of

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rangers. In 1899, Buffalo Soldiers from Company H, 24th Infantry Regiment briefly served in

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in which soldiers mutinied and marched on the city of Houston, killing over a dozen whites.

629:. It culminated in a lengthy shootout between local farmers, a band of hired killers, and a 6894: 6889: 6879: 6874: 6602: 6343: 5848: 5040: 4991: 3497: 3469: 3441: 2391: 2305: 2220: 2200: 2155: 2055: 1521: 1408: 1378: 1178: 1012: 1006: 981: 973: 951: 878: 808: 740: 728: 686: 568:

natives. In total, 23 Buffalo Soldiers received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars.

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American Patriots: The Story of Blacks in the Military from the Revolution to Desert Storm

8: 6850: 6215: 5462: 5103: 4896: 3917: 3808: 3027:""We are an orderly body of men": Virginia's Black "Immunes" in the Spanish–American War" 2496: 2376: 1990: 1972: 1959: 1830: 1629: 1486: 1370: 1203: 1170: 1153: 412:, in November 1869. The 39th and 40th were reorganized as the 24th, with headquarters at 4748: 833: 327:

translation being "Wild Buffalo". However, writer Walter Hill documented the account of

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Buffalo Soldiers and Officers of the Ninth Cavalry, 1867–1898: Black and White Together

4139:"Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument celebrated | www.daytondailynews.com" 3812: 2870: 2080: 1941: 1871: 1858: 1767: 1604: 1558: 1474: 1162: 1126: 1073: 947: 918: 701: 618: 444: 361: 261: 206: 102: 4732: 3075: 1643: 497:. On April 17, 1875, regimental headquarters for the 10th Cavalry was transferred to 6942: 6745: 6735: 6476: 6404: 6126: 5156: 5093: 4753: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4649: 4635: 4621: 4565: 4339: 4184: 4035: 3892: 3763: 3673: 3587: 3556: 3269: 3209: 3175: 3150: 3125: 3085: 2935: 2892: 2837: 2827: 2764: 2712: 2687: 2659: 2455: 2415: 2215: 2205: 1953: 1929: 1801: 1649: 1327: 1199: 1190: 1099: 1058: 882: 637: 595: 522: 448: 432: 413: 328: 324: 214: 210: 4539:"Red Dead Redemption Legends and Killers Pack Available for Download on August 10th" 3974: 1377:

Faced with a shortage of infantry replacements during the enemy's counteroffensive,

6595: 6368: 6353: 6095: 5001: 3608:"Army sets aside convictions of 110 Black Soldiers convicted in 1917 Houston Riots" 3414: 3297:, vol. XXX, Number 9, Yosimite Natural History Association, Inc., p. 83, 2311: 2248: 2165: 2040: 1897: 1814: 1596: 1542: 1447: 1396: 1265: 1239: 1194: 1147: 1040: 1032: 1024: 870: 825: 690: 405: 218: 6491: 2025:

Memorial to Medal of Honor recipient Corporal Clinton Greaves, 9th US Cavalry, at

1862:("The Buffalo Soldiers", season 2, episode 10, aired November 22, 1968), starring 1130: 1057:

At the start of the Spanish–American War, First Lieutenant Pershing was offered a

649:" despite a hostile local population. One soldier was killed and two wounded in a 481:

From 1867 to the early 1890s, these regiments served at a variety of posts in the

6682: 6512: 6431: 6378: 6323: 6210: 6072: 5118: 4996: 4986: 4961: 4936: 4739: 4717: 4580: 4461: 4450: 4426: 4392: 4369: 4365: 4319: 4274: 4247: 3996: 3874: 3362: 3251: 2979: 2959: 2664: 2492: 2481: 2412:

Harvest of Barren Regrets: The Army Career of Frederick William Benteen 1834–1898

2318: 2264: 2235: 2160: 2150: 2125: 2100: 1967: 1901: 1876: 1789: 1569: 1366: 1282: 1243: 1174: 1143: 1095: 895: 720: 650: 642: 548: 530: 509:

From 1879 to 1881, portions of all four of the Buffalo Soldier regiments were in

347:") a claim supported by other sources. Another possible source could be from the 299: 6625: 315:

Sources disagree on how the nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" began. According to the

225:. The nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" was purportedly given to the regiments by the 6720: 6672: 6552: 6532: 6522: 6393: 6348: 5738: 5174: 5108: 4981: 4885: 4113:"Presidential Proclamation -- Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument" 2145: 2048: 1948: 1925: 1889: 1810: 1611: 1297: 1114: 1088: 977: 490: 440: 348: 4696:

Smith, Sherry L. "Lost Soldiers: Re-searching the Army in the American West."

4312: 4267: 6957: 6781: 6542: 6527: 6411: 6338: 5768: 5078: 4931: 4691:

Buffalo Soldiers, Braves, and the Brass: The Story of Fort Robinson, Nebraska

4331: 4278: 4039: 3783: 3650: 2210: 2095: 1775: 1738: 1615: 1412: 1335: 1035:

is a controversial figure regarding the Buffalo Soldiers. He served with the

906: 847: 744: 556:

Buffalo Soldiers fought in the last engagement of the Indian Wars, the small

420: 393: 332: 284: 83: 4474: 610:, who was involved, was killed by the local sheriffs. Notorious gunfighter, 6994:

African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement

6730: 6692: 6562: 6557: 6333: 6225: 5718: 4906: 4308: 4251: 3530: 2294: 2065: 1933: 1905: 1863: 1835: 1822: 1818: 1724: 1703: 1573: 1546: 1482: 1458: 1404: 1323: 1269: 866: 851: 775: 646: 611: 565: 518: 486: 436: 344: 188: 3838: 1419:, black and white troops operated in integrated units for the first time. 6677: 6456: 6451: 6436: 6363: 6276: 5265: 5212: 5088: 5021: 4971: 4956: 4282: 2253: 2185: 2135: 2120: 1921: 1753: 1635: 1478: 1107: 1069: 854:, the most famous grove of giant sequoia trees in Sequoia National Park. 779: 709: 498: 476: 183: 4727: 4632:

Black and Brown: African Americans and the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920

2738: 2372:

Tangipahoa African American Heritage Museum & Black Veteran Archives

1989:, depicting CPL John Ross, I Troop, 9th Cavalry, in an encounter in the 1981: 881:. The NPS cites a 1904 report, where Yosemite superintendent (Lt. Col.) 6537: 6517: 6446: 6398: 6358: 6100: 4966: 4733:

Photograph Gallery of Buffalo Soldiers On the Eve of War (World War II)

4240: 3352: 2130: 2016: 1986: 1909: 1784: 1749: 1717: 1592: 1427: 1416: 1286: 846:

In 1903, 9th Cavalrymen in Sequoia built the first trail to the top of

587: 510: 452: 404:. The 38th and 41st were reorganized as the 25th, with headquarters in 272:

as the first all-black Army regiments in peacetime. The regiments were

257: 4028:"As Confederate statues come down, West Point honors Buffalo Soldiers" 3760:

Blood on the Border: The United States Army and the Mexican Irregulars

3329: 2972: 2826:, Fort Huachuca, AZ: Huachuca Museum Society, p. Vol. 2, part 6, 2007: 545:(illegally occupying) native lands in the late 1880s and early 1890s. 287:, the last surviving Buffalo Soldier, died aged 111. He was buried at 6984:

Military units and formations of the United States in the Indian Wars

6667: 6417: 6388: 5298: 4611:

Buffalo Soldiers: African American Troops in the US Forces, 1866–1945

2485: 1893: 1806: 1443:, in April 1944 in North Africa, and marked the end of the regiment. 862: 705: 661: 577: 542: 163: 4773:

Engagements by the Buffalo Soldiers and Seminole-Black Indian Scouts

4062:"West Point will unveil a statue honoring a group of Black soldiers" 2315:, memoirs of James H. Daugherty of the 92nd Infantry in World War II 993:

participated in nineteen campaigns during this era, compared to the

614:, shot and killed a black sergeant in a bar where he was drinking. 52: 6776: 4783: 4510: 4206:"El Paso to rename Robert E. Lee Road in honor of Buffalo Soldiers" 1720:, there is Buffalo Soldier Gate and Buffalo Soldier Visitor Center. 1473:

In the 21st century, the employment of the Buffalo Soldiers by the

1334:

Before World War II, the black 25th Infantry Regiment was based at

1318:

With colors flying and guidons down, the lead troops of the famous

891: 877:. Yosemite's arboretum is considered to be the first museum in the 514: 336: 320: 4660:

The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West

4562:

The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West

3266:

The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West

1391: 2841: 1888:

directed by Charles Haid and starring an ensemble cast including

1763: 1440: 1439:, were disbanded. The 28th Cavalry was inactivated at Assi-Okba, 1301:

discrimination in the binational border community in addition to

1139: 819: 788: 626: 561: 538: 217:. On September 21, 1866, the 10th Cavalry Regiment was formed at 3526:

The Officer Down Memorial Page (Police Officer Rufus E. Daniels)

3273: 1591:

On February 20, 2014, officials at the United States Army post,

1181:, directly leading to further border tensions as U.S. President 525:. The 9th Cavalry spent the winter of 1890 to 1891 guarding the 4672:

Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898

4304:

Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals

4230:

https://home.army.mil/bliss/about/Garrison/DES/gate-information

3579:

Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898

2761:

Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898

2709:

Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898

2684:

Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870–1898

2051:

for service with the original units called "Buffalo Soldiers".

1225: 1047: 603: 340: 222: 6928:

National Register of Historic Places in Yosemite National Park

3877:, In the Steps of Esteban, Tucson's African American Heritage. 1796:. This version was produced by David Dashev and Eric Malamud. 617:

The 9th cavalry had a much larger participation in the fabled

3913:

The 28th Cavalry: The U.S. Army's Last Horse Cavalry Regiment

3670:

Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing – Volume I

2973:

The Suggs Affray: The Black Cavalry in the Johnson County War

1043:

when he took command of a troop of the 10th in October 1895.

966: 874: 665:

Buffalo Soldiers who participated in the Spanish–American War

1115:

The Punitive Expedition, U.S.–Mexico border, and World War I

307: 3172:

An African American Renegade in the Philippine-American War

678: 331:, who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871 4338:. Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research, Inc. p. 227. 3889:

Buffalo Soldiers in Italy: Black Americans in World War II

3000:"The Black "Immune" Regiments in the Spanish–American War" 2934:. University of Nebraska Press (October 1, 1983). p. 102. 27:

African-American regiments of the US Army, created in 1866

3807:, a distinction shared with other Mexican cities such as 1947:

A character named Buffalo Soldier makes an appearance in

894:, timber thieves, and forest fires. Yosemite Park Ranger 431:. These included the first commander of the 10th Cavalry 213:

soldiers, formed during the 19th century to serve on the

4618:

Buffalo Soldiers in the West: A Black Soldiers Anthology

2823:

Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: The Battle of Ambo Nogales

1997: 774:

A lasting legacy of the soldiers as park rangers is the

763:

and Yosemite). Because these soldiers served before the

3672:(Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977) 3555:. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 131–132. 3376:"Honoring Buffalo Soldiers legacy with annual ceremony" 2629: 1618:

Road in east-central El Paso as Buffalo Soldiers Road.

693:, but only the 9th Immunes served overseas in the war. 6969:

African-American history of the United States military

3891:, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2953:

Historic Contexts for the American Military Experience

2047:

This list is of the officers and men who received the

1534:

by American sculptor Eddie Dixon was installed at the

1346:, the "Buffalo Division", served in combat during the 795:

One particular Buffalo Soldier stands out in history:

57:

Buffalo Soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment in 1890

1322:

pass in review at the regiment's new home in rebuilt

3795:"Military Commanders Hold Final Conference Sunday", 3461: 3245:

Invisible Men: Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada

3200:

Wharfield, Harold B., Colonel, USAF retired (1965),

3080:. Freeport, NY: Books For Libraries Press. pp. 2290:

Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces

925:

The West Point "Escort of Honour" detachment of the

696:

The Buffalo Soldier regiments also took part in the

364:, the U.S. government formed regiments known as the 4723:

Buffalo Soldier Monument – Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

3886: 1963:

Legends and Killers pack as a returnable character.

1446:Monuments to the Buffalo Soldiers are in Kansas at 1234:On August 27, 1918, the 10th Cavalry supported the 3433: 3263: 2280:List of African-American Medal of Honor recipients 1957:. Buffalo Soldier also makes an appearance in the 1210:The Buffalo Soldiers did not participate with the 2737:, San Angelo, TX: Fort Concho NHL, archived from 2562: 2039:Sgt. John Harris of the 10th U.S. Cavalry with a 1584:also has an exhibit on African American soldier, 976:from 1866 to 1891, 416 soldiers were awarded the 6955: 3489: 3443:Handbook of Texas Online: Rio Grande City, Texas 2599:Brief History (Buffalo Soldiers National Museum) 2516:Oldest Buffalo Soldier to be Buried at Arlington 1737:contained another variation and was released by 1566:Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument 1129:in 1910 against the long-time rule of President 564:which occurred in 1918 between U.S. cavalry and 335:. Hill attributed the origin of the name to the 4616:Glasrud, Bruce A, and Michael N. Searles, eds. 4166:"Ft. Bliss renames street Buffalo Soldier Road" 2867:"Medal of Honor Recipients: Indian Wars Period" 1977:This explanation however is largely fictitious. 1561:that were once only made up of black soldiers. 1386: 681:, where five more Medals of Honor were earned. 74: 4536: 3204:, El Cajon, CA: Self published, pp. 85–97 1541:A monument dedicated to the Buffalo Soldiers, 311:Image taken in 1898 of the 9th U.S. Cavalry. 268:), "Buffalo Soldiers" were established by the 6292: 5314: 4799: 4744:United States Army Center of Military History 2414:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 331. 1039:from October 1895 to May 1897, starting as a 989:participated in twenty-one campaigns and the 537:. Cavalry regiments were also used to remove 3471:Handbook of Texas Online: Brownsville, Texas 3268:, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 3214:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3195: 3193: 3191: 1264:The 35th Infantry Regiment was stationed at 1238:in a border skirmish in the border towns of 933:Soldiers in his son, Thomas Nazzaro's name. 829:Entrance to Buffalo Soldiers National Museum 376:) and four regiments of black infantry (the 4658:Leckie, William H., and Shirley A. Leckie. 4189:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3988: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3365:, Random House; 1st edition (May 22, 2001). 3229:"17 Killed; 21 Are Injured in Wild Night". 2677: 2675: 2673: 2512: 2460:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1169:By late 1915, the political faction led by 323:warriors in the winter of 1877, the actual 6306: 6299: 6285: 5423:Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces 5321: 5307: 4806: 4792: 4609:Field, Ron, and Alexander M. Bielakowski. 3700:"Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916-1917" 3348: 3346: 3109:. University of Missouri Press. p. 5. 3055: 3024: 2997: 2988:, Vol. 4, No. 1 (January 1973), pp. 57–68. 2633:The Price of Freedom: Printable Exhibition 2302:, also known as the "Staked Plains Horror" 2191: 1572:was designated by United States President 1545:, were initiated and dedicated in 1992 by 1253: 1102:with its "separate but equal" philosophy. 5473:Reorganization plan of United States Army 5413:House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces 3754: 3748: 3467: 3439: 3199: 3188: 2998:Cunningham, Roger D. (October 16, 2015). 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2686:. Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. 4–5. 2513:Shaughnessy, Larry (September 19, 2005), 2434: 1614:City Council voted unanimously to rename 1011:The Camp Logan Mutiny, also known as the 435:, the first commander of the 9th Cavalry 4665: 4597:New Mexico's Buffalo Soldiers, 1866–1900 4503: 4330: 4059: 3963: 3961: 3931: 3730:"317th Engineer Battalion Insignia Page" 3657: 3600: 3575: 3499:Handbook of Texas Online: Houston, Texas 2758: 2706: 2681: 2670: 2623: 2556: 2034: 1985:Buffalo Soldier Memorial of El Paso, in 1980: 1828:A 1961 episode of the television series 1515: 1390: 1313: 1224: 1152: 905: 832: 824: 813: 715:In 1918, the 10th Cavalry fought at the 660: 552:Buffalo Soldier in the 9th Cavalry, 1890 547: 306: 298: 4620:(Texas A&M University Press, 2007) 4604:The Buffalo Soldiers in the Indian Wars 4386:'Buffalo Soldier' by The Persuasions on 4268:Soul Saga (Song of the Buffalo Soldier) 4241:Soul Saga (Song of the Buffalo Soldier) 4026:Ruane, Michael E. (September 8, 2021). 3550: 3386:from the original on September 23, 2018 3368: 3343: 3144: 3122:A People's History of the United States 3104: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2763:. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 73. 2711:. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 41. 2590: 2506: 582:The Buffalo Soldiers, specifically the 14: 6956: 5328: 4564:. University of Oklahoma Press, 2012, 4485:from the original on February 10, 2007 4203: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3618:from the original on November 16, 2023 3495: 3468:Christian, Garna (February 17, 2005), 3285: 3073: 2819: 2802: 2734:Fort Concho National Historic Landmark 2368:, used by the Military Sealift Command 2261:– one of the first combats of the 10th 1691:Buffalo Soldiers serving at Fort Davis 6280: 5302: 5287:Military history of African Americans 4787: 4693:(White Mane Publishing Company, 1993) 4648:(University of Oklahoma Press, 1990) 4418:"Incident of the Buffalo Soldier" on 4409:film review; April 16, 1960; page 64. 4372:, 1971, Capitol Records. 1993, Album 4163: 4087:"Buffalo Soldier Monument | Visit KC" 4025: 4007:from the original on October 14, 2007 3958: 3904: 3169: 3006:from the original on October 18, 2015 2640:from the original on February 7, 2005 2553:, Von Boeckmann-Jones Company, p. 121 2409: 2285:Military history of African Americans 1998:Medal of Honor recipients (1866–1918) 1710: 1621: 1456:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1065:in Cuba and was cited for gallantry. 4813: 4662:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2012) 4599:(University Press of Colorado, 1991) 4060:Asmelash, Leah (September 5, 2021). 3880: 3582:. Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. 3517: 3440:Christian, Garna (August 17, 2001), 3257: 3119: 2777: 2551:9 Years Among the Indians, 1870-1879 1856:A 1968 episode of television series 1782:. The song was a minor hit in 1970. 1504: 1000: 818:Buffalo Soldiers National Museum in 633:. The 6th Cavalry was ordered in by 339:, due to Grierson's assertions. The 303:Buffalo Soldier sites from 1860–1900 6633:Steck-Salathé Route (Sentinel Rock) 5557:Surface Deployment and Distribution 3940:Services – Buffalo Soldier Monument 3732:. December 31, 2006. Archived from 3630: 3553:Florida in the Spanish-American War 3506:from the original on April 19, 2013 3321: 3170:Morey, Michael (February 5, 2019). 2991: 2657:DVD cover of the 1960 Western film 2523:from the original on March 27, 2007 1756:, first appeared on the 1983 album 1161:who were taken prisoner during the 1121:Punitive Expedition (United States) 1018: 256:Although numerous African American 229:who fought against them during the 24: 6856:El Portal & Arch Rock Entrance 6490: 5419:Senate Committee on Armed Services 4842: 4634:(New York University Press, 2005) 4589: 4412: 3994: 3710:from the original on June 15, 2023 3478:from the original on March 2, 2013 3450:from the original on April 3, 2016 3120:Zinn, Howard (November 17, 2015). 3077:The Spanish–American War volunteer 1538:in West Point, New York, in 2021. 778:they wore (popularly known as the 209:regiments composed exclusively of 25: 7005: 6964:African–Native American relations 6687: 6241:United States Army Hospital Corps 5399:Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer 4711:Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill 4704: 4537:Rockstar Games (August 3, 2010). 4475:"The High Chaparral Episode 2.36" 4307:– Bogues, Anthony, Page 198, via 4164:Abc-7, Kvia (February 21, 2014). 3970:The shame of the Buffalo Soldiers 3849:from the original on July 8, 2023 3421:from the original on May 18, 2022 3304:from the original on June 6, 2011 3025:Cunningham, Roger (Summer 2001). 2907: 2848:from the original on July 5, 2011 2612:from the original on June 1, 2009 1678:Fort Davis National Historic Site 1285:, Felix B. Peñaloza (killed when 276:, as the U.S. military would not 264:(referred to collectively as the 260:regiments were raised during the 6349:Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias 6260: 6259: 5432: 4518:from the original on May 4, 2014 3704:U.S. Department of State Archive 3496:Haynes, Robert (April 6, 2004), 3286:Wallis, O. L. (September 1951), 3174:. University of Wisconsin Pres. 3107:Brothers to the Buffalo Soldiers 2985:The Western Historical Quarterly 2910:"Buffalo Soldiers in New Mexico" 2385: 2015: 2006: 1696: 1684: 1670: 1656: 1642: 1628: 767:was created in 1916, they were " 317:Buffalo Soldiers National Museum 95: 76: 51: 36:Buffalo Soldier (disambiguation) 6190:Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra 5610:Military District of Washington 5600:Criminal Investigation Division 4728:Buffalo Soldier National Museum 4553: 4530: 4497: 4467: 4442:"Incident at Seven Fingers" on 4436: 4398: 4379: 4352: 4324: 4296: 4261: 4234: 4223: 4197: 4157: 4141:. March 9, 2014. Archived from 4131: 4105: 4079: 4053: 4019: 3861: 3831: 3828:, Vol. 51 (Spring 2010), p. 26. 3818: 3789: 3775: 3722: 3692: 3683: 3569: 3544: 3407: 3398: 3315: 3288:"Yosemite's Pioneer Arboreetum" 3279: 3237: 3222: 3202:Tenth Cavalry and Border Fights 3163: 3138: 3113: 3098: 3067: 3018: 2965: 2944: 2924: 2901: 2885: 2859: 2792:"10th Cavalry Squadron History" 2752: 2725: 2700: 2651: 2300:Buffalo Soldier tragedy of 1877 1993:during the American Indian Wars 1792:remade the song on their album 1485:or accessories to the forceful 1309: 734: 700:from 1899 to 1903 and the 1916 6767:1996 Yosemite Valley landslide 5784:Judge Advocate General's Corps 5409:House Armed Services Committee 3124:. HarperCollins. p. 319. 2543: 2534: 2468: 2428: 2403: 1774:The song "Buffalo Soldier" by 1536:United States Military Academy 1468: 915:United States Military Academy 801:United States Military Academy 771:" before the term was coined. 470: 13: 1: 6068:Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps 5945:Military Academy (West Point) 4254:, 1974, A&M. 1988, Album 4204:Parker, Jim (June 23, 2020). 3325:Shadows in the Range of Light 3233:. August 24, 1917. p. 1. 3034:Historic Alexandria Quarterly 2630:The Smithsonian Institution, 2396: 1212:American Expeditionary Forces 901: 839:Richard Allen Cultural Center 571: 521:and their Apache warriors in 319:the name originated with the 6923:Geology of the Yosemite area 6918:History of the Yosemite area 6236:United States Colored Troops 5714:Air Defense Artillery Branch 4829:United States Colored Troops 4761:shadowsoldier.wilderness.net 4698:Western Historical Quarterly 4504:Ian Jane (August 16, 2011). 3887:Hargrove, Hondon B. (1985), 3797:Nogales Evening Daily Herald 3145:Hoffman, Phillip W. (2017). 2366:maritime prepositioning ship 1603:during the aftermath of the 1520:Buffalo Soldier monument in 1395:Buffalo Soldier Monument on 1387:Korean War and Desegregation 1369:). In early 1945, after the 1185:unilaterally dispatched the 1078:American Expeditionary Force 936: 656: 366:United States Colored Troops 294: 266:United States Colored Troops 7: 6716:Yosemite Lodge at the Falls 6169:The Army Goes Rolling Along 6158:U.S. Army Regimental System 5809:Military Intelligence Corps 5349:Under Secretary of the Army 4778:Buffalo Soldiers during WW2 4675:. Scholarly Resources Inc. 4506:"Cut-Throats Nine / Joshua" 3809:Heroica Huamantla, Tlaxcala 3576:Schubert, Frank N. (1997). 3264:Leckie, William H. (1967), 2759:Schubert, Frank N. (1997). 2707:Schubert, Frank N. (1997). 2682:Schubert, Frank N. (1997). 2503:. Retrieved March 26, 2012. 2241: 1778:specifically refers to the 1165:, Chihuahua, Mexico in 1916 857:In 1904, 9th Cavalrymen in 289:Arlington National Cemetery 10: 7010: 6116:Center of Military History 5874:United States and overseas 5630:Acquisition Support Center 5404:Sergeant Major of the Army 5226:Second Battle of the Marne 4579:November 12, 2023, at the 4433:. Retrieved June 13, 2012. 4273:December 19, 2015, at the 4246:November 17, 2023, at the 3826:Journal of Arizona History 3813:Heroica Veracruz, Veracruz 3361:November 17, 2023, at the 3149:. American History Press. 3147:David Fagen: Turncoat Hero 2978:November 18, 2018, at the 2950:Fields, Elizabeth Arnett. 2475:Chap. CCXCIX. 14 Stat. 332 2410:Mills, Charles K. (2011). 2324:1st Louisiana Native Guard 2259:Battle of the Saline River 1588:and the Buffalo Soldiers. 1257: 1159:U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment 1118: 1022: 1004: 575: 483:Southwestern United States 474: 465: 355: 333:campaign against Comanches 29: 6908: 6841: 6790: 6754: 6706: 6660: 6626:Salathé Wall (El Capitan) 6589:Half Dome, Northwest Face 6582:Fairview Dome, North Face 6571: 6501: 6488: 6377: 6314: 6254: 6198: 6111:Army of the United States 6081: 6046: 6018: 5958: 5902: 5866: 5779:Inspector General's Corps 5696: 5648: 5595:Intelligence and Security 5575: 5562:Space and Missile Defense 5513: 5482: 5441: 5430: 5336: 5274: 5248: 5221:Third Battle of the Aisne 5211: 5183: 5165: 5127: 5039: 5030: 4884: 4853: 4840: 4821: 4738:January 27, 2021, at the 4700:(1998): 149–163. in JSTOR 4464:. Retrieved May 16, 2014. 4391:October 18, 2015, at the 4336:Top Pop Singles 1955-1999 3250:October 10, 2006, at the 2820:Finely, James P. (1996), 2794:. US Army. Archived from 2480:October 18, 2015, at the 1882:The 1997 television film 1287:waving a white truce flag 1100:Southern Democratic Party 865:on the South Fork of the 600:Colfax County, New Mexico 529:during the events of the 329:Colonel Benjamin Grierson 151: 143: 135: 90: 70: 62: 50: 45: 6246:U.S. Sanitary Commission 5829:Psychological operations 5804:Medical Specialist Corps 5709:Adjutant General's Corps 4834:Bureau of Colored Troops 4595:Billington, Monroe Lee. 4479:www.thehighchaparral.com 3801:Journal of the Southwest 3074:Coston, Hilary (1971) . 2958:August 29, 2002, at the 2540:Mills, Charles K. p. 332 2392:United States portal 1543:Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1532:Buffalo Soldier Monument 1175:Francisco "Pancho" Villa 1157:Buffalo Soldiers of the 594:'s participation in the 429:noncommissioned officers 402:25th (Colored) Infantry) 283:. On September 6, 2005, 6772:1997 Merced River flood 6762:1938 Yosemite TWA crash 5635:Installation Management 5231:Meuse–Argonne offensive 5193:Pancho Villa Expedition 5167:Philippine–American War 4876:25th Infantry Regiment 4716:August 3, 2010, at the 4374:Street Corner Symphony. 4364:March 16, 2016, at the 3762:, New York: Macmillan, 3105:Glasrud, Bruce (2011). 2663:(Issued in 2016 by the 2563:National Park Service, 2501:Law Library of Congress 2344:366th Infantry Regiment 2192:Other prominent members 1570:Antiquities Act of 1906 1564:On March 25, 2013, the 1497:done at the expense of 1495:Federal U.S. government 1260:Battle of Ambos Nogales 1254:Battle of Ambos Nogales 1248:Battle of Ambos Nogales 913:On March 23, 1907, the 787:began to re-crease the 717:Battle of Ambos Nogales 698:Philippine–American War 675:Battle of San Juan Hill 390:41st (Colored) Infantry 174:Philippine–American War 6782:2022 Washburn Wildfire 6495: 6482:Yosemite Valley Chapel 6462:Little Yosemite Valley 6308:Yosemite National Park 5968:Awards and decorations 5764:Field Artillery Branch 5256:Wham Paymaster Robbery 5017:William Othello Wilson 4871:24th Infantry Regiment 4847: 4425:March 7, 2014, at the 3873:March 5, 2016, at the 3784:Fort Huachuca, Arizona 3653:on September 15, 2007. 3382:. September 10, 2018. 2491:June 27, 2020, at the 2339:93rd Infantry Division 2334:92nd Infantry Division 2306:"Colonel" Charles Long 2226:Edward W. Pearson, Sr. 2181:William Othello Wilson 2044: 1994: 1847:110th Cavalry Regiment 1794:Street Corner Symphony 1733:. In 1975, the album 1610:On June 23, 2020, The 1527: 1499:American Indian tribes 1426:saw combat during the 1424:24th Infantry Regiment 1400: 1384: 1356:25th Infantry Regiment 1352:93rd Infantry Division 1344:92nd Infantry Division 1331: 1236:35th Infantry Regiment 1231: 1166: 944:Rio Grande City, Texas 910: 843: 830: 822: 749:Yosemite National Park 725:24th Infantry Regiment 666: 553: 527:Pine Ridge Reservation 410:New Orleans, Louisiana 374:10th (Colored) Cavalry 312: 304: 251:38th Infantry Regiment 247:25th Infantry Regiment 243:24th Infantry Regiment 227:American Indian tribes 128:38th Infantry Regiment 123:25th Infantry Regiment 118:24th Infantry Regiment 34:. For other uses, see 32:Buffalo Soldier (song) 6647:The Nose (El Capitan) 6494: 6121:Institute of Heraldry 5814:Military Police Corps 5799:Medical Service Corps 5505:Training and Doctrine 5344:Secretary of the Army 5129:Spanish–American War 4917:George Ritter Burnett 4866:10th Cavalry Regiment 4846: 4460:May 20, 2014, at the 4449:May 20, 2014, at the 3977:on September 29, 2007 3643:"Black Jack Pershing" 3614:. November 13, 2023. 3551:Knetsch, Joe (2011). 3533:on September 27, 2007 3353:Buckley, Gail Lumet, 3295:Yosemite Nature Notes 3061:Clodfelter, Micheal. 2798:on November 27, 2005. 2275:Black Seminole Scouts 2086:Powhatan Henry Clarke 2076:George Ritter Burnett 2038: 1984: 1780:10th Cavalry Regiment 1578:National Park Service 1549:to the memory of the 1519: 1491:westward expansionist 1394: 1375: 1317: 1228: 1195:General John Pershing 1156: 1136:Matamoros, Tamaulipas 1037:10th Cavalry Regiment 1030:General of the Armies 909: 836: 828: 817: 797:Captain Charles Young 765:National Park Service 753:Sequoia National Park 743:as some of the first 664: 558:Battle of Bear Valley 551: 535:Wounded Knee Massacre 425:commissioned officers 310: 302: 239:10th Cavalry Regiment 113:10th Cavalry Regiment 6989:Spanish–American War 6603:Lost Arrow Spire Tip 5849:Transportation Corps 5236:Oise-Aisne Offensive 5041:American Indian Wars 4992:William H. Thompkins 4861:9th Cavalry Regiment 4318:May 5, 2014, at the 4313:Accessed 2008-06-28. 4093:. September 26, 2019 3920:on December 20, 2007 3736:on December 31, 2006 3043:on February 12, 2017 3036:: 12. Archived from 2971:Schubert, Frank N. " 2912:. New Mexico History 2379:, a motorcycle club. 2354:784th Tank Battalion 2349:761st Tank Battalion 2329:2nd Cavalry Division 2221:Henry Ossian Flipper 2201:John Hanks Alexander 2156:William H. Thompkins 2056:Edward L. Baker, Jr. 1522:West Point, New York 1479:American Indian Wars 1437:28th (Horse) Cavalry 1409:Executive Order 9981 1340:2nd Cavalry Division 1277:did not exist until 1179:Columbus, New Mexico 1125:The outbreak of the 1052:Spanish–American War 1013:Houston riot of 1917 1007:Houston riot of 1917 982:8th Cavalry Regiment 959:Spanish–American War 879:National Park System 809:Booker T. Washington 785:Spanish–American War 755:, and General Grant 729:Houston riot of 1917 727:participated in the 671:Spanish–American War 235:9th Cavalry Regiment 231:American Indian Wars 169:Spanish–American War 159:American Indian Wars 108:9th Cavalry Regiment 6216:Army Service Forces 6033:Crew-served weapons 5834:Quartermaster Corps 5744:Civil Affairs Corps 5615:Test and Evaluation 5463:Army National Guard 5359:Vice Chief of Staff 4897:Edward L. Baker Jr. 4689:Schubert, Frank N. 4644:Kenner, Charles L. 4613:(Osprey Pub., 2008) 4606:(McGraw-Hill, 1969) 3756:Clendenen, Clarence 3706:. August 20, 2008. 3668:Frank E. Vandiver, 3002:. ArmyHistory.org. 2667:Archive Collection. 2549:Lehmann, H., 1927, 2497:Library of Congress 2377:Buffalo Soldiers MC 1991:Guadalupe Mountains 1960:Red Dead Redemption 1580:. The 19th-century 1487:settler-colonialist 1403:In 1948, President 1371:Battle of the Bulge 1273:previous year (the 1187:Punitive Expedition 1171:Venustiano Carranza 1072:, Pershing was the 541:(whites), who were 423:commanded by white 274:racially segregated 6933:List of waterfalls 6698:Ahwahnechee people 6619:Royal Arches Route 6612:Midnight Lightning 6496: 6472:Bracebridge Dinner 6221:Women's Army Corps 6175:Division nicknames 6028:Individual weapons 5749:Corps of Engineers 5605:Corps of Engineers 5552:Special Operations 5330:United States Army 5280:United States Army 5261:Brownsville Affair 4922:Louis H. Carpenter 4848: 4667:Schubert, Frank N. 4406:Harrison's Reports 4258:. ASIN: B000W0248E 3839:"Mingus Biography" 3322:Johnson, Shelton, 2908:Wroth, William H. 2579:on January 4, 2007 2081:Louis H. Carpenter 2045: 1995: 1942:Mykelti Williamson 1859:The High Chaparral 1841:A 1964 episode of 1741:and his Orchestra. 1711:In popular culture 1622:Historical markers 1605:American Civil War 1559:United States Army 1528: 1475:United States Army 1401: 1379:General Eisenhower 1332: 1303:racial segregation 1275:U.S. Border Patrol 1232: 1167: 1163:Battle of Carrizal 1140:Ojinaga, Chihuahua 1127:Mexican Revolution 1074:Commander-in-Chief 948:Brownsville, Texas 919:Fort Riley, Kansas 911: 844: 831: 823: 759:) National Parks. 702:Mexican Expedition 667: 619:Johnson County War 554: 445:Louis H. Carpenter 313: 305: 207:United States Army 179:Mexican Border War 139:"Buffalo Soldiers" 103:United States Army 6979:American frontier 6951: 6950: 6943:California Portal 6938:Yosemite Category 6777:2013 Rim Wildfire 6755:Natural disasters 6741:High Sierra Camps 6736:Housekeeping Camp 6673:Stephen T. Mather 6656: 6655: 6477:Yosemite Firefall 6274: 6273: 6148:West Point Museum 5862: 5861: 5704:Acquisition Corps 5296: 5295: 5244: 5243: 5094:Victorio Campaign 5054:Texas–Indian wars 4754:Handbook of Texas 4682:978-0-8420-2586-7 4654:978-0-8061-3158-0 4640:978-0-8147-3673-9 4626:978-1-58544-620-9 4602:Downey, Fairfax. 4570:978-0-8061-8389-3 4455:The Rawhide Trail 4431:The Rawhide Trail 4001:The Dread Library 3995:Mullin, Matthew. 3843:CharlesMingus.com 3769:978-0-02-526110-5 3593:978-0-8420-2586-7 3415:"Mission-History" 3243:Johnson, Shelton 3231:Houston Chronicle 3181:978-0-299-31940-3 3156:978-1-939995-25-4 3131:978-0-06-239734-8 2932:The Negro Cowboys 2930:Durnham, Philip. 2873:on August 3, 2013 2833:978-0-929757-96-4 2770:978-0-8420-2586-7 2741:on August 2, 2009 2718:978-0-8420-2586-7 2693:978-0-8420-2586-7 2660:Sergeant Rutledge 2421:978-0-8032-3684-4 2216:Charles C. Dawson 2206:Allen Allensworth 1966:The 2017 Netflix 1954:Red Dead Revolver 1802:Sergeant Rutledge 1748:", co-written by 1597:American settlers 1576:as a unit of the 1557:Regiments in the 1547:Gen. Colin Powell 1505:Legacy and honors 1493:ambitions of the 1463:brigadier general 1328:Ft. Riley, Kansas 1191:Chihuahua, Mexico 1001:Camp Logan mutiny 883:John Bigelow, Jr. 691:tropical diseases 638:Benjamin Harrison 596:Colfax County War 449:Nicholas M. Nolan 433:Benjamin Grierson 421:enlisted soldiers 414:Fort Clark, Texas 215:American frontier 197: 196: 16:(Redirected from 7001: 6974:Buffalo Soldiers 6797:Nearby airports 6688:Buffalo Soldiers 6640:Separate Reality 6596:Lost Arrow Spire 6375: 6374: 6369:Chilnualna Falls 6354:Tuolumne Meadows 6329:Yosemite Village 6301: 6294: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6263: 6262: 6206:Buffalo Soldiers 6133:Army Art Program 6096:Continental Army 5854:Veterinary Corps 5789:Logistics Branch 5620:Military Academy 5576:Direct reporting 5480: 5479: 5436: 5435: 5368:3-star generals 5323: 5316: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5152:San Juan Heights 5104:Bannock Uprising 5037: 5036: 5031:Notable battles 5002:George H. Wanton 4815:Buffalo Soldiers 4808: 4801: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4749:Buffalo Soldiers 4686: 4583: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4541:. Rockstar Games 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4471: 4465: 4440: 4434: 4416: 4410: 4402: 4396: 4383: 4377: 4376:ASIN: B0000008N7 4356: 4350: 4349: 4328: 4322: 4300: 4294: 4265: 4259: 4238: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4188: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4145:on March 9, 2014 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4119:. March 25, 2013 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3973:, archived from 3965: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3947:on June 27, 2007 3943:, archived from 3935: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3916:, archived from 3908: 3902: 3901: 3884: 3878: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3816: 3793: 3787: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3666: 3655: 3654: 3649:. 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Flipper 406:Jackson Barracks 219:Fort Leavenworth 211:African American 203:Buffalo Soldiers 101: 99: 98: 86: 82: 80: 79: 55: 46:Buffalo Soldiers 43: 42: 21: 18:Buffalo soldiers 7009: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6910: 6904: 6843: 6837: 6786: 6750: 6708: 6702: 6683:Shelton Johnson 6652: 6573: 6567: 6513:John Muir Trail 6504: 6497: 6486: 6432:Bridalveil Fall 6381: 6373: 6324:Yosemite Valley 6310: 6305: 6275: 6270: 6250: 6211:Army Air Forces 6194: 6185:Service numbers 6163:Soldier's Creed 6143:National Museum 6083: 6077: 6073:West Point Band 6058:Army Field Band 6049: 6042: 6014: 5960: 5954: 5898: 5858: 5774:Infantry Branch 5724:Aviation Branch 5692: 5644: 5577: 5571: 5515: 5509: 5478: 5475: 5445: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5364:4-star generals 5332: 5327: 5297: 5292: 5270: 5240: 5207: 5179: 5161: 5123: 5119:Meeker Massacre 5032: 5026: 4997:Augustus Walley 4987:Freddie Stowers 4962:William McBryar 4937:Clinton Greaves 4889: 4880: 4849: 4838: 4817: 4812: 4767:A Path to Lunch 4740:Wayback Machine 4718:Wayback Machine 4707: 4683: 4630:Horne, Gerald. 4592: 4590:Further reading 4587: 4586: 4581:Wayback Machine 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4462:Wayback Machine 4451:Wayback Machine 4441: 4437: 4427:Wayback Machine 4417: 4413: 4403: 4399: 4393:Wayback Machine 4384: 4380: 4370:The Persuasions 4366:Wayback Machine 4359:Buffalo Soldier 4357: 4353: 4346: 4329: 4325: 4320:Wayback Machine 4301: 4297: 4275:Wayback Machine 4266: 4262: 4248:Wayback Machine 4239: 4235: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4202: 4198: 4182: 4181: 4174: 4172: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4091:www.visitkc.com 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4032:Washington Post 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3993: 3989: 3980: 3978: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3950: 3948: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3921: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3885: 3881: 3875:Wayback Machine 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3823: 3819: 3805:Heroica Nogales 3794: 3790: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3667: 3658: 3641: 3640: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3534: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3451: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3363:Wayback Machine 3351: 3344: 3335: 3333: 3332:on May 12, 2007 3320: 3316: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3262: 3258: 3252:Wayback Machine 3242: 3238: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3207: 3206: 3198: 3189: 3182: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3118: 3114: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2996: 2992: 2980:Wayback Machine 2970: 2966: 2960:Wayback Machine 2949: 2945: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2834: 2818: 2803: 2790: 2789: 2778: 2771: 2757: 2753: 2744: 2742: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2680: 2671: 2665:Warner Brothers 2656: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2511: 2507: 2493:Wayback Machine 2482:Wayback Machine 2473: 2469: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2361:Buffalo Soldier 2319:Tuskegee Airmen 2265:Black Seminoles 2244: 2236:Cathay Williams 2194: 2161:Augustus Walley 2151:Freddie Stowers 2126:William McBryar 2101:Clinton Greaves 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2012: 2011: 2000: 1914:Keith Jefferson 1902:Gabriel Casseus 1877:Fred Williamson 1790:The Persuasions 1746:Buffalo Soldier 1713: 1706: 1701: 1692: 1689: 1680: 1675: 1666: 1661: 1652: 1647: 1638: 1633: 1624: 1512: 1507: 1471: 1389: 1367:Tuskegee Airmen 1360:Pacific theater 1358:—served in the 1354:—including the 1312: 1283:Nogales, Sonora 1262: 1256: 1244:Nogales, Sonora 1144:Nogales, Sonora 1123: 1117: 1096:Newton D. Baker 1027: 1021: 1009: 1003: 950:, in 1906, and 939: 904: 896:Shelton Johnson 737: 721:First World War 673:(including the 659: 631:sheriff's posse 580: 574: 531:Ghost Dance War 479: 473: 468: 358: 297: 200: 193: 96: 94: 77: 75: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7007: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6845: 6844:municipalities 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6794: 6792: 6791:Transportation 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6592: 6585: 6577: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6553:Mariposa Grove 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 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4397: 4378: 4351: 4344: 4332:Whitburn, Joel 4323: 4295: 4291:Symphonic Soul 4279:Mancini, Henry 4260: 4233: 4222: 4196: 4156: 4130: 4117:whitehouse.gov 4104: 4078: 4052: 4018: 3987: 3957: 3930: 3903: 3897: 3879: 3860: 3830: 3817: 3788: 3774: 3768: 3747: 3721: 3691: 3682: 3656: 3629: 3599: 3592: 3568: 3561: 3543: 3516: 3488: 3460: 3432: 3406: 3397: 3367: 3342: 3314: 3278: 3256: 3236: 3221: 3187: 3180: 3162: 3155: 3137: 3130: 3112: 3097: 3090: 3066: 3054: 3017: 2990: 2964: 2943: 2940:978-0803265608 2923: 2900: 2897:978-0312445799 2884: 2858: 2832: 2801: 2776: 2769: 2751: 2724: 2717: 2699: 2692: 2669: 2650: 2622: 2589: 2555: 2542: 2533: 2505: 2467: 2427: 2420: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2381: 2380: 2374: 2369: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2262: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2176:Moses Williams 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 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623:Johnson County 576:Main article: 573: 570: 523:Victorio's War 491:Medal of Honor 475:Main article: 472: 469: 467: 464: 441:Medal of Honor 357: 354: 349:Plains Indians 296: 293: 198: 195: 194: 192: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 155: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 131: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 92: 88: 87: 72: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7006: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6861:Yosemite West 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 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6302: 6297: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6267: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106:National Army 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867:Installations 5865: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5794:Medical Corps 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5769:Finance Corps 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5567:Cyber Command 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5407: 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4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947:George Jordan 4945: 4943: 4942:Henry Johnson 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4932:Pompey Factor 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4540: 4533: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4407: 4401: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4367: 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3416: 3410: 3401: 3390:September 23, 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3318: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3091:9780836988437 3087: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2626: 2608: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2575: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2537: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2509: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2463: 2457: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2231:Charles Young 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2211:Lewis Broadus 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2111:George Jordan 2109: 2107: 2106:Henry Johnson 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2096:Pompey Factor 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2042: 2037: 2028: 2018: 2009: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809:and starring 1808: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1776:The Flamingos 1773: 1769: 1766:, especially 1765: 1761: 1760: 1759:Confrontation 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739:Henry Mancini 1736: 1732: 1731: 1727:in the album 1726: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1705: 1699: 1694: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1664:Fort McKavett 1659: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1616:Robert E. Lee 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1586:Charles Young 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452:Junction City 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1415:. During the 1414: 1413:Jim Crow laws 1410: 1406: 1398: 1393: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1150:intensified. 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1131:Porfirio Díaz 1128: 1122: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082:Western Front 1080:(AEF) on the 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1008: 998: 996: 992: 988: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 934: 930: 928: 923: 920: 916: 908: 899: 897: 893: 887: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 848:Mount Whitney 840: 835: 827: 821: 816: 812: 810: 806: 805:giant sequoia 802: 798: 793: 790: 786: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 760: 758: 757:(Kings Canyon 754: 750: 746: 745:national park 742: 741:Sierra Nevada 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 682: 680: 676: 672: 663: 654: 652: 648: 644: 639: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 608:Davy Crockett 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 579: 569: 567: 563: 559: 550: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 478: 463: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:Benjamin Wade 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 353: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 309: 301: 292: 290: 286: 285:Mark Matthews 282: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 199:Military unit 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 104: 93: 89: 85: 84:United States 73: 69: 65: 61: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6731:Wawona Hotel 6721:The Ahwahnee 6693:Chief Tenaya 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6563:Lembert Dome 6558:Wapama Falls 6424:To the Limit 6423: 6416: 6410: 6405: 6334:Hetch Hetchy 6258: 6231:U.S. Cavalry 6226:Rough Riders 6205: 6125: 6003:World War II 5959:Uniforms and 5839:Signal Corps 5759:Dental Corps 5754:Cyber Branch 5719:Armor Branch 5650:Field armies 5468:Active Units 5458:Army Reserve 5453:Regular Army 5392:2020–present 5285: 5278: 5137:Las Guasimas 5069:Beaver Creek 5049:Saline River 4907:Thomas Boyne 4822:Predecessors 4814: 4752: 4697: 4690: 4671: 4659: 4645: 4631: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4561: 4555: 4545:September 9, 4543:. Retrieved 4532: 4520:. Retrieved 4509: 4499: 4487:. Retrieved 4478: 4469: 4438: 4414: 4404: 4400: 4381: 4373: 4354: 4335: 4326: 4309:Google Books 4302: 4298: 4290: 4287:Quadraphonic 4263: 4255: 4236: 4225: 4213:. Retrieved 4209: 4199: 4173:. Retrieved 4169: 4159: 4147:. Retrieved 4143:the original 4133: 4121:. Retrieved 4116: 4107: 4095:. Retrieved 4090: 4081: 4069:. Retrieved 4065: 4055: 4043:. Retrieved 4031: 4021: 4011:November 25, 4009:. Retrieved 4000: 3990: 3979:, retrieved 3975:the original 3969: 3949:, retrieved 3945:the original 3939: 3933: 3922:, retrieved 3918:the original 3912: 3906: 3888: 3882: 3863: 3853:November 17, 3851:. Retrieved 3842: 3833: 3825: 3820: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3777: 3759: 3750: 3738:. Retrieved 3734:the original 3724: 3712:. Retrieved 3703: 3694: 3685: 3669: 3651:the original 3646: 3622:November 17, 3620:. 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