268:, was the beginning of favoring permanent settlements and altering the land to grow crops and farm animals. This can be thought of as the start of the built environment, the first attempt to make permanent changes to the surrounding environment for human needs. The first appearance of cities was around 7500 BCE, dotted along where land was fertile and good for agricultural use. In these early communities, a priority was to ensure basic needs were being met. The built environment, while not as extensive as it is today, was beginning to be cultivated with the implementation of buildings, paths, farm land, domestication of animals and plants, etc. Over the next several thousand years, these smaller cities and villages grew into larger ones where trade, culture, education, and economics were driving factors. As cities began to grow, they needed to accommodate more people, as well as shifted from focusing on meeting survival needs to prioritizing comfort and desires – there are still many individuals today who do not have their basic needs met and this idea of a shift is within the framework of the evolution of society. This shift caused the built aspect of these cities to grow and expand to meet the growing population needs.
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systems opened up the possibility and ease of transportation outside a person's city. This allowed ease of travel not previously found and changed the fabric of the built environment. New streets were being built within cities to accommodate cars as they became increasingly popular, railway lines were being built to connect areas not previously connected, for both public transportation as well as goods transportation. With these changes, the scope of a city began to expand outside its borders. The widespread use of cars and public transportation allowed for the implementation of suburbs; the working individual was able to commute long distances to work everyday. Suburbs blurred the line of city "borders", the day-to-day life that may have originally been relegated to a pedestrian radius now encompassed a wide range of distances due to the use of cars and public transportation. This increased accessibility allowed for the continued expansion of the built environment.
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allowed to continue. What is referred to as "nature" today can be seen as only a commodity that is placed into an environment that is constructed to fulfill the human will and desire. This commodity allows humans to enjoy the view and experience of nature without it inconveniencing their day-to-day life. It can be argued that the forests and wild-life parks that are held on a pedestal and are seemingly natural are in reality curated and allowed to exist for the enjoyment of the human experience. The planet has been irrevocably changed by human interaction. Wildlife has been hunted, harvested, brought to the brink of extinction, modified to fit human needs, the list goes on. This argument juxtaposes the argument that the built environment is only what is built, that the forests, oceans, wildlife, and other aspects of nature are their own entity.
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neighborhoods. Access to parks and green space has been proven to be good for mental health which puts these communities at a disadvantage. The historical segregation has contributed to environmental injustice, as these neighborhoods suffer from hotter summers since urban asphalt absorbs more heat than trees and grass. The effects of spatial segregation initiatives in the built environment, such as redlining in the 1930s and 1940s, are long lasting. The inability to feasibly move from forcibly economically depressed areas into more prosperous ones creates fiscal disadvantages that are passed down generationally. With proper public education access tied to the economic prosperity of a neighborhood, many formerly redlined areas continue to lack educational opportunities for residents and, thus, job and higher-income opportunities are limited.
377:, and coronary vascular disease, along with many others. There is evidence to suggest that chronic disease can be reduced through healthy behaviors like a proper active lifestyle, good nutrition, and reduced exposure to toxins and pollutants. Yet, the built environment is not always designed to facilitate those healthy behaviors. Many urban environments, in particular suburbs, are automobile reliant, making it difficult or unreasonable to walk or bike to places. This condition not only adds to pollution, but can also make it hard to maintain a proper active lifestyle. Public health research has expanded the list of concerns associated with the built environment to include
293:. The City Beautiful movement emerged in the 1890s as a result of the disorder and unhealthy living conditions within industrial cities. The movement promoted improved circulation, civic centers, better sanitation, and public spaces. With these improvements, the goal was to improve the quality of life for those living in them, as well as make them more profitable. The City Beautiful movement, while declined in popularity over the years, provided a range of urban reforms. The movement highlighted city planning, civic education, public transportation, and municipal housekeeping.
425:, for instance, play a large role in how people can feasibly navigate their environment. This can result in the isolation of certain communities from various resources and from each other. The placement of roads, highways, and sidewalks also determines what access people have to jobs and childcare close to home, especially in areas where most people do not own vehicles. Walkability directly influences community, so the way a neighborhood is built affects the outcomes and opportunities of the community that lives there. Even less physically imposing features, such as
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256:, the progression of the built environment into what it is today has been able to be examined. When people are able to travel outside of urban centers and areas where the built environment is already prominent, it pushes the boundaries of said built environment into new areas. While there are other factors that influence the built environment, like advancements in architecture or agriculture, transportation allowed for the spread and expansion of the built environment.
369:'s comprehensive plans for urban Paris in the 1850s, concern for lack of air-flow and sanitary living conditions has inspired many strong city planning efforts. During the 19th century in particular, the connection between the built environment and public health became more apparent as life expectancy decreased and diseases, as well as epidemics, increased. Today, the built environment can expose individuals to pollutants or toxins that cause chronic diseases like
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404:. Designing areas of cities with good public health is linked to creating opportunities for physical activity, community involvement, and equal opportunity within the built environment. Urban forms that encourage physical activity and provide adequate public resources for involvement and upward mobility are proven to have far healthier populations than those that discourage such uses of the built environment.
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rapid growth in population in cities led to issues of noise, sanitation, health problems, traffic jams, pollution, compact living quarters, etc. In response to these issues, mass transit, trolleys, cable cars, and subways, were built and prioritized in an effort to improve the quality of the built environment. An example of this during the industrial revolution was the
252:"Built environment" as a term was coined in the 1980s, becoming widespread in the 1990s and places the concept in direct contrast to the supposedly "unbuilt" environment. The term describes a wide range of fields that form an interdisciplinary concept that has been accepted as an idea since classical antiquity and potentially before. Through the study of
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Buildings are used for a multitude of purposes: residential, commercial, community, institutional, and governmental. Building interiors are often designed to mediate external factors and provide space to conduct activities, whether that is to sleep, eat, work, etc. The structure of the building helps
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The built environment expands along with factors like population and consumption which directly impact the output of greenhouse gases. As cities and urban areas grow, the need for transportation and structures grows as well. In 2006, transportation accounted for 28% of total greenhouse gas emissions
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refer to this variation in geographic context as "spatial opportunity structure", and claim that the built environment influences socioeconomic outcomes and general welfare. For instance, the history of redlining and housing segregation means that there is less green space in many Black and
Hispanic
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advances in the assembly line production. With this new burst of personal transportation, new infrastructure was built to accommodate. Freeways were first built in 1956 to attempt to eliminate unsafe roads, traffic jams, and insufficient routes. The creation of freeways and interstate transportation
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field that encompasses the design, construction, management, and use of human-made physical influence as an interrelated whole. The concept also includes the relationship of these elements of the built environment with human activities over time—rather than a particular element in isolation or at a
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There are some in modern academia who look at the built environment as all-encompassing, that there is no natural environment left. This argument comes from the idea that the built environment not only refers to that which is built, arranged, or curated, but also to what is managed, controlled, or
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due to the demand for jobs created by the rise in factories. Cities rapidly grew from the 1880s to the early 1900s within the United States. This demand led individuals to move from farms to cities which resulted in the need to expand city infrastructure and created a boom in population size. This
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are pockets of higher temperature areas, typically within cities, that effect the environment, as well as quality of life. Urban Heat
Islands are caused by reduction of natural landscape in favor of urban materials like asphalt, concrete, brick, etc. This change from natural landscape to urban
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in that they circulate people and materials throughout a city similar to how veins distribute energy and materials to the cells. Pedestrian circulation is vital for the walkability of a city and general access on a human scale. The quality of sidewalks and walkways have an impact on safety and
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The built environment is made up of physical features. However, when studied, the built environment often highlights the connection between physical space and social consequences. It impacts the environment and how society physically maneuvers and functions, as well as less tangible aspects of
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The invention of cars, as well as train usage, became more accessible to the general masses due to the advancements in the steel, chemicals, and fuel generated production. In the 1920s, cars became more accessible to the general public due to
109:, among others. These curated spaces provide the setting for human activity and were created to fulfill human desires and needs. The term can refer to a plethora of components including the traditionally associated buildings,
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The built environment can heavily impact the public's health. Historically, unsanitary conditions and overcrowding within cities and urban environments have led to infectious diseases and other health threats. Dating back to
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in the U.S. Building's design, location, orientation, and construction process heavily influence greenhouse gas emissions. Commercial, industrial, and residential buildings account for roughly 43% of U.S. CO
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accounts for roughly 52% of U.S. land use. Not only does population growth cause an expansion of cities, it also necessitates more agriculture to accommodate the demand for food for an expanding population.
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The term built environment encompasses a broad range of categories, all of which have potential impacts. When looking at these potential impacts, the environment, as well as people, are heavily affected.
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Roberto, Elizabeth and
Jackelyn Hwang. 2017. "Barriers to Integration: Physical Boundaries and the Spatial Structure of Residential Segregation." Working paper, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
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Roads and highways are an important feature of the built environment that enable vehicles to access a wide range of urban and non urban spaces. They are often compared to veins within a
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Agriculture, the cultivation of soil to grow crops and animals to provide food as well as products, was first developed about 12,000 years ago. This switch, also called the
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Ghimire, Ramesh; Ferreira, Susana; Green, Gary T.; Poudyal, Neelam C.; Cordell, H. Ken; Thapa, Janani R. (June 2017). "Green Space and Adult
Obesity in the United States".
1368:"City Life in the Late 19th Century | Rise of Industrial America, 1876-1900 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress"
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The built environment has a multitude of impacts on the planet, some of the most prominent effects are greenhouse gas emissions and Urban Heat Island Effect.
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There are multiple different components that make up the built environment. Below are some prominent examples of what makes up the urban fabric:
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Assari, A Birashk, B Nik, M Mousavi
Naghdbishi, R (2016). "IMPACT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT ON MENTAL HEALTH: REVIEW OF TEHRAN CITY IN IRAN".
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emissions in energy usage. In 2005, agricultural land use accounted for 10–12% of total human-caused greenhouse gas emissions worldwide.
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society such as socioeconomic inequity and health. Various aspects of the built environment contribute to scholarship on
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Boncinelli, Fabio; Riccioli, Francesco; Marone, Enrico (May 2015). "Do forests help to keep my body mass index low?".
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single moment in time, these aspects act together via the multiplier effect. The field today draws upon areas such as
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is essential in urban areas, particularly in cities and areas that have a diverse population and income range.
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Built
Environment : Identifying, Developing, and Moving Sustainable Communities Through Renewable Energy
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The segregation of communities is significant because the qualities of any given space directly impact the
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covers a variety of things like roads, highways, pedestrian circulation, public transportation, and parks.
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High-rise structures and major highway infrastructure as an example of the built environment in Dubai, UAE
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Younger, Margalit; Morrow-Almeida, Heather R.; Vindigni, Stephen M.; Dannenberg, Andrew L. (2008-11-01).
1774:"The Built Environment and Human Activity Patterns: Exploring the Impacts of Urban Form on Public Health"
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The Built
Environment Interdiscipline: A Theoretical Model for Decision Makers in Research and Teaching
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define the space around it, giving form to how individuals move through the space around the building.
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Rahman, T; Cushing RA; Jackson RJ (2011). "Contributions of built environment to childhood obesity".
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Features in the built environment present physical barriers which constitute the boundaries between
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1821:"Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis"
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1748:"Strategies for Enhancing the Built Environment to Support Healthy Eating and Active Living"
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Sallis, James F.; Floyd, Myron F.; Rodriguez, Daniel A.; Saelens, Brian E. (February 2012).
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Handy, Susan L.; Boarnet, Marlon G.; Ewing, Reid; Killingsworth, Richard E. (2002-08-01).
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1556:"The Built Environment and Its Relationship to the Public's Health: The Legal Framework"
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2248:"Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods"
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844:(2nd ed.). Canada and Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5–6.
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Cognitive architecture : designing for how we respond to the built environment
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2094:"The Built Environment, Climate Change, and Health: Opportunities for Co-Benefits"
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615:"How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from urban planning"
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2382:, link to nonprofit organization and public television documentary of same name
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Perdue, Wendy
Collins; Stone, Lesley A.; Gostin, Lawrence O. (September 2003).
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1691:"Varying age-gender associations between body mass index and urban greenspace"
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718:"Spatial Foundations of Inequality: A Conceptual Model and Empirical Overview"
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Human-made space in which people live, work and recreate on a day-to-day basis
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The Built
Environment and Health: 11 Profiles of Neighborhood Transformation
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Aaronson, Daniel; Hartley, Daniel; Mazumder, Bhashkar (November 2021).
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International
Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering
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The Built Environment: A Collaborative Inquiry into Design and Planning
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The Built Environment: A Collaborative Inquiry into Design and Planning
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662:"The Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and CVD"
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332:
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Sander, Heather A.; Ghosh, Debarchana; Hodson, Cody B. (August 2017).
1036:(2md ed.). Canada and Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
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1149:"Conceptualizing the built environment as a social–ecological system"
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materials is the epitome of the built environment and its expansion.
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102:
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Jackson, Richard J.; Dannenberg, Andrew L.; Frumkin, Howard (2013).
1947:"How Decades of Racist Housing Policy Left Neighborhoods Sweltering"
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1320:"Industrial Revolution and Technology | National Geographic Society"
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Currently, the built environment is typically used to describe the
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Welcome to the urban revolution: how cities are changing the world
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1063:"Cities as organisms: Allometric scaling of urban road networks"
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RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
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RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
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1242:"The Development of Agriculture | National Geographic Society"
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813:"The Built Environment Assessment Tool Manual | DNPAO | CDC"
1945:
Plumer, Brad; Popovich, Nadja; Palmer, Brian (2020-08-24).
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to create a large umbrella that is the built environment.
117:, open space, as well as more conceptual components like
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Australian Sustainable Built Environment Council (ASBEC)
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1977:
873:. e-book: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp. xxix.
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International Association of People-Environment Studies
1293:"The History of Cities | National Geographic Society"
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refers to human-made conditions and is often used in
1944:
1772:
Frank, Lawrence D.; Engelke, Peter O. (2001-11-01).
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1746:Lee, V; Mikkelsen, L; Srikantharajah, J; Cohen, L.
2326:Advanced Research Methods in the Built Environment
2205:"Health and the Built Environment: 10 Years After"
1147:Moffatt, Sebastian; Kohler, Niklaus (2008-06-01).
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2039:. Princeton, NJ: The Princeton University Press.
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2373:Faculty of Built Environment, UTM, Skudai, Johor
1980:"The Effects of the 1930s HOLC "Redlining" Maps"
1399:Oxford research encyclopedia of American history
1344:"modernization - Population change | Britannica"
1372:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
1137:
2037:Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism
1121:"USDA ERS - Land Use, Land Value & Tenure"
1061:Samaniego, Horacio; Moses, Melanie E. (2008).
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1446:"1920s consumption (article) | 1920s America"
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2317:The Death and Life of Great American Cities
765:Lawrence, Denise L.; Low, Setha M. (1990).
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767:"The Built Environment and Spatial Form"
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2098:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
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619:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
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1032:McClure, Bartuska, Wendy, Tom (2007).
840:McClure, Bartuska, Wendy, Tom (2007).
3800:Environmental social science concepts
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1890:"In the Nickel, Houston's Fifth Ward"
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1153:Building Research & Information
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2255:American Journal of Public Health
2209:American Journal of Public Health
2062:"Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect"
1560:American Journal of Public Health
1204:"Hippodamus and the Planned City"
1067:Journal of Transport and Land Use
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830:
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716:Galster, George; Sharkey (2017).
702:
678:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022
3734:
3733:
3722:
3410:decline in amphibian populations
3115:Deforestation and climate change
2905:
2904:
2894:
2510:
1324:education.nationalgeographic.org
1297:education.nationalgeographic.org
1246:education.nationalgeographic.org
479:Center for the Built Environment
448:
220:
23:
3544:Land surface effects on climate
3001:Environmental impact assessment
2977:Human impact on the environment
2679:Science, technology and society
2168:
2053:
2028:
1971:
1916:. University of Chicago Press.
1903:
1812:
1765:
1739:
1682:
1637:
1604:
1487:
1470:"The Interstate Highway System"
1462:
1438:
1360:
1336:
1258:
1234:
1195:
1113:
897:Carmona, Matthew (2019-01-02).
67:Part of the built environment:
2319:, Random House, New York, 1961
1778:Journal of Planning Literature
971:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.02.002
862:
805:
606:
571:
200:
1:
3415:decline in insect populations
2380:Designing Healthy Communities
2345:Designing Healthy Communities
916:10.1080/13574809.2018.1472523
869:Omer, Abdeen Mustafa (2015).
771:Annual Review of Anthropology
631:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00475-0
565:
2423:Environmental social science
2110:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.017
1658:10.1016/j.forpol.2015.02.003
494:Environmental sustainability
341:environmental sustainability
280:1914 proposed street drawing
168:
7:
2462:Environmental communication
1646:Forest Policy and Economics
471:
160:
10:
3816:
2447:Environmental anthropology
2175:US EPA, OAR (2014-06-17).
2152:"Learn About Heat Islands"
2150:US EPA, OAR (2014-06-17).
1910:Small, Mario Luis (2004).
1707:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.05.016
212:
76:Colorado Springs, Colorado
3785:Health effects by subject
3775:Architectural terminology
3717:
3652:Environmental engineering
3602:
3499:Environmental degradation
3390:
3276:fishing down the food web
3053:
2983:
2890:
2739:
2519:
2508:
2429:
2060:US EPA, OW (2015-10-01).
1790:10.1177/08854120122093339
1173:10.1080/09613210801928131
407:
359:
350:
260:Pre–industrial Revolution
113:, public infrastructure,
3657:Environmental mitigation
3514:Greenhouse gas emissions
3474:Environmental insecurity
2477:Environmental psychology
2310:, Bloomsbury Press, 2009
2246:Leyden, Kevin M (2003).
2221:10.2105/ajph.2013.301482
1897:Houston History Magazine
1888:Pando, Patricia (2011).
1528:Martha Schwartz Partners
1396:Jon Butler, ed. (2013).
584:. Taylor & Francis.
524:National Building Museum
489:Environmental psychology
367:Georges-Eugene Haussmann
3704:Sustainable consumption
3045:Social ecology (ethics)
2482:Environmental sociology
2457:Environmental economics
2437:Ecological anthropology
1855:10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.04
1838:10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.04
1522:Michelbach, Christian.
903:Journal of Urban Design
735:10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.01
554:Vernacular architecture
413:Housing and segregation
291:City Beautiful movement
206:Agricultural production
3647:Ecological engineering
3427:runaway climate change
2472:Environmental politics
2328:, Wiley-Blackwell 2008
2267:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1546
1572:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1390
1266:"Neolithic Revolution"
1202:Burns, Alfred (1976).
281:
137:
91:landscape architecture
78:
3030:List of global issues
2567:Ecological humanities
2467:Environmental history
2177:"Heat Island Impacts"
1819:Kramer, Rory (2017).
578:Sussman, Ann (2014).
286:Industrial Revolution
279:
272:Industrial Revolution
195:Public transportation
190:cardiovascular system
183:Public infrastructure
178:Public infrastructure
135:
66:
3632:Community resilience
3432:in the United States
3400:Biodiversity threats
3073:cannabis cultivation
3040:Planetary boundaries
3006:Environmental issues
2996:Ecological footprint
2659:Integrated geography
2537:Behavioral geography
2442:Ecological economics
1996:10.1257/pol.20190414
1752:Prevention Institute
1080:10.5198/jtlu.v1i1.29
951:Ecological Economics
499:Healing environments
427:architectural design
266:Neolithic Revolution
155:environmental racism
127:domesticated animals
40:improve this article
3795:Cultural landscapes
3694:Restoration ecology
3627:Climate engineering
3564:Ocean acidification
3554:Loss of green belts
3524:Holocene extinction
3519:Habitat destruction
3194:Environmental crime
2930:Research institutes
2452:Environmental crime
2035:Case, Anne (2020).
1165:2008BuRI...36..248M
963:2017EcoEc.136..201G
529:Natural environment
123:wildlife management
3709:Waste minimization
3667:Mitigation banking
3662:Industrial ecology
3622:Cleaner production
3574:Resource depletion
3110:Corporate behavior
3068:animal agriculture
2900:Environment portal
2654:Industrial ecology
2352:Russell P. Lopez,
1951:The New York Times
1348:www.britannica.com
539:Social environment
509:Indoor air quality
465:Urban heat islands
282:
232:. You can help by
138:
79:
3762:
3761:
3584:Water degradation
3459:Ecological crisis
3405:biodiversity loss
3204:Industrialisation
3189:Genetic pollution
3035:Impact assessment
2943:
2942:
2782:Green criminology
2542:Community studies
2497:Political ecology
1931:978-0-226-76292-0
1495:"City and Suburb"
1409:978-0-19-932917-5
1006:10.1002/msj.20235
880:978-1-63463-339-0
591:978-0-367-46860-6
386:community gardens
331:, public health,
312:interdisciplinary
250:
249:
121:, dammed rivers,
83:built environment
61:
60:
3807:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3559:Phosphorus cycle
3539:Land consumption
3534:Land degradation
3509:Freshwater cycle
3308:Overexploitation
3281:marine pollution
3088:cocoa production
2970:
2963:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2908:
2907:
2898:
2830:natural resource
2514:
2502:Regional science
2416:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2333:Paul Chynoweth,
2302:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2287:. Archived from
2278:
2261:(9): 1546–1551.
2252:
2242:
2232:
2215:(9): 1542–1544.
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1840:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1566:(9): 1390–1394.
1551:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1421:
1402:. New York, NY.
1393:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1333:
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1252:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1125:www.ers.usda.gov
1117:
1111:
1110:
1092:
1082:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1018:
1017:
989:
983:
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946:
937:
936:
918:
894:
885:
884:
866:
860:
859:
853:
845:
837:
828:
827:
825:
824:
809:
803:
802:
762:
756:
755:
737:
713:
700:
699:
689:
657:
651:
650:
610:
604:
603:
575:
504:Healthy building
402:cycling mobility
245:
242:
224:
217:
56:
53:
47:
27:
26:
19:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3790:Human geography
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3713:
3672:Organic farming
3598:
3589:Water pollution
3569:Ozone depletion
3549:Loss and damage
3449:Desertification
3386:
3298:Overconsumption
3219:cleaning agents
3120:Energy industry
3083:meat production
3049:
2979:
2974:
2944:
2939:
2886:
2735:
2706:Systems ecology
2690:Sustainability
2684:science studies
2669:Rural sociology
2515:
2506:
2492:Human geography
2425:
2420:
2364:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2250:
2199:
2197:Further reading
2194:
2185:
2183:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2148:
2141:
2090:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2033:
2029:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1908:
1904:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1817:
1813:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1744:
1740:
1687:
1683:
1642:
1638:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1552:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1524:"I Hate Nature"
1520:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1444:
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1439:
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1410:
1394:
1385:
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1342:
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1318:
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1301:
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1129:
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1114:
1059:
1055:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1021:
990:
986:
947:
940:
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888:
881:
867:
863:
847:
846:
838:
831:
822:
820:
811:
810:
806:
763:
759:
714:
703:
658:
654:
611:
607:
592:
576:
572:
568:
563:
474:
460:
451:
442:Patrick Sharkey
415:
410:
394:physical health
362:
353:
299:
274:
262:
246:
240:
237:
230:needs expansion
215:
203:
180:
171:
163:
57:
51:
48:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3813:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3730:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3699:Sustainability
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3594:Water scarcity
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Nitrogen cycle
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3494:Forest dieback
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3422:Climate change
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:nanotechnology
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3023:on marine life
3015:
3014:
3013:
3011:list of issues
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:Environmental
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2362:External links
2360:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2306:Jeb Brugmann,
2303:
2243:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2167:
2139:
2104:(5): 517–526.
2077:
2052:
2045:
2027:
1990:(4): 355–392.
1970:
1937:
1930:
1913:Villa Victoria
1902:
1880:
1868:
1811:
1784:(2): 202–218.
1764:
1738:
1681:
1636:
1603:
1539:
1511:
1486:
1461:
1437:
1408:
1383:
1359:
1335:
1308:
1281:
1257:
1233:
1214:(4): 414–428.
1194:
1159:(3): 248–268.
1136:
1112:
1053:
1019:
994:Mt Sinai J Med
984:
938:
886:
879:
861:
829:
804:
757:
701:
652:
605:
590:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:
559:Weatherization
556:
551:
549:Urban planning
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
475:
473:
470:
458:
450:
447:
438:George Galster
414:
411:
409:
406:
361:
358:
352:
349:
298:
295:
273:
270:
261:
258:
248:
247:
227:
225:
214:
211:
202:
199:
179:
176:
170:
167:
162:
159:
151:climate change
115:transportation
95:urban planning
59:
58:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3812:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
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3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:Reforestation
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Cultured meat
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Birth control
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
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3547:
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3537:
3535:
3532:
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3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:Deforestation
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
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3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:Manufacturing
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:nuclear power
3160:
3158:
3157:fracking (US)
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
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241:December 2021
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99:public health
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72:tract housing
70:
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55:
45:
41:
35:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3375:urban sprawl
3370:Urbanization
3318:Particulates
3303:Overdrafting
3018:Human impact
2991:Anthropocene
2800:occupational
2795:epidemiology
2766:Engineering
2664:Permaculture
2627:Ethnobiology
2379:
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2334:
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2296:. Retrieved
2289:the original
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2184:. Retrieved
2180:
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2159:. Retrieved
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2069:. Retrieved
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2030:
2005:10419/200568
1987:
1983:
1973:
1962:. Retrieved
1950:
1940:
1912:
1905:
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1883:
1828:
1824:
1814:
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1777:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:
1741:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1667:11568/936732
1649:
1645:
1639:
1625:cite journal
1619:(26): 81–87.
1616:
1612:
1606:
1563:
1559:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1503:. Retrieved
1501:. 2017-02-28
1498:
1489:
1478:. Retrieved
1473:
1464:
1453:. Retrieved
1450:Khan Academy
1449:
1440:
1398:
1375:. Retrieved
1371:
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:
1338:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:
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1269:
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1245:
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1211:
1207:
1197:
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1152:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1090:11299/170551
1073:(1): 21–39.
1070:
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1056:
1033:
1000:(1): 49–57.
997:
993:
987:
954:
950:
906:
902:
870:
864:
841:
821:. Retrieved
819:. 2019-02-05
816:
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721:
669:
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655:
625:(2): 64–73.
622:
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580:
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463:
455:
452:
431:
421:. Roads and
416:
363:
354:
345:
329:anthropology
309:
304:Henry Ford's
300:
283:
263:
254:anthropology
251:
238:
234:adding to it
229:
204:
187:
181:
172:
164:
139:
107:anthropology
87:architecture
82:
80:
52:January 2015
49:
38:Please help
33:
3489:Externality
3484:Coral reefs
3444:Defaunation
3313:Overgrazing
3286:overfishing
3266:Marine life
3140:electricity
3063:Agriculture
2811:Management
2755:sustainable
2527:Agroecology
2181:www.epa.gov
2156:www.epa.gov
2066:www.epa.gov
957:: 201–212.
909:(1): 1–48.
817:www.cdc.gov
777:: 453–505.
666:Circulation
398:walkability
382:food access
201:Agriculture
147:segregation
125:, and even
3769:Categories
3754:mitigation
3749:assessment
3744:by country
3642:Decoupling
3604:Mitigation
3333:Reservoirs
3254:pesticides
3199:Explosives
3177:reservoirs
3078:irrigation
2770:ecological
2724:metabolism
2674:Sexecology
2571:Economics
2555:ecological
2547:Demography
2375:, Malaysia
2298:2014-02-26
2186:2022-12-16
2161:2022-12-16
2071:2024-01-24
1964:2021-03-29
1533:2022-12-16
1505:2022-12-16
1480:2022-12-16
1455:2022-12-16
1418:1258269397
1377:2022-12-16
1353:2022-12-16
1329:2022-12-16
1302:2022-12-16
1275:2022-12-16
1251:2022-12-16
1130:2022-12-16
823:2021-03-29
600:1224041975
566:References
333:management
42:by adding
3677:Recycling
3343:Transport
3328:Quarrying
3323:Pollution
3182:transport
3172:petroleum
3167:oil shale
3130:biodiesel
2841:Planning
2820:fisheries
2750:landscape
2719:geography
2590:education
2118:0749-3797
2022:204505153
2014:1945-7731
1959:0362-4331
1863:149167954
1847:2377-8253
1806:153978150
1798:0885-4122
1715:1618-8667
1676:1389-9341
1652:: 11–17.
1580:0090-0036
1426:cite book
1220:0018-2311
1189:111275156
1181:0961-3218
1099:1938-7849
1042:cite book
979:0921-8009
933:115751848
925:1357-4809
850:cite book
791:0084-6570
752:131768289
744:2377-8253
639:0749-3797
434:wellbeing
337:geography
325:sociology
317:economics
169:Buildings
119:farmlands
103:sociology
81:The term
3739:Category
3363:shipping
3348:aviation
3234:plastics
3224:concrete
3209:Land use
3125:biofuels
3093:palm oil
2935:Scholars
2925:Journals
2915:Concepts
2910:Category
2855:regional
2850:land use
2649:Forestry
2285:12948978
2239:23865699
2134:35151432
2126:18929978
1757:29 April
1733:29225562
1701:: 1–10.
1598:12948949
1107:26201607
1014:21259262
728:(2): 1.
696:22311885
647:12133739
544:Urbanism
472:See also
423:railways
375:diabetes
161:Features
69:suburban
3728:Commons
3504:Erosion
3454:Ecocide
3392:Effects
3338:Tourism
3271:fishing
3229:fashion
3152:fashion
3105:Bitcoin
2984:General
2920:Degrees
2871:Policy
2860:spatial
2786:Health
2740:Applied
2729:studies
2714:ecology
2699:studies
2694:science
2642:zoology
2637:ecology
2615:justice
2610:studies
2605:science
2551:Design
2520:Related
2276:1448008
2230:3780695
1724:5716478
1589:1447979
1474:HISTORY
1270:HISTORY
1228:4435519
1161:Bibcode
959:Bibcode
799:2155973
687:3315587
379:healthy
319:, law,
213:History
143:housing
3732:
3721:
3293:Mining
3147:energy
3055:Causes
2875:energy
2825:forest
2805:public
2710:Urban
2632:botany
2620:racism
2595:ethics
2580:thermo
2575:energy
2430:Fields
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400:, and
371:asthma
360:Health
351:Impact
153:, and
111:cities
105:, and
3687:urban
3358:roads
3249:paper
3244:paint
2865:urban
2835:waste
2292:(PDF)
2251:(PDF)
2130:S2CID
2018:S2CID
1893:(PDF)
1859:S2CID
1851:JSTOR
1802:S2CID
1224:JSTOR
1185:S2CID
1103:JSTOR
929:S2CID
795:JSTOR
748:S2CID
3353:rail
3135:coal
3098:(US)
2281:PMID
2235:PMID
2122:PMID
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2041:ISBN
2010:ISSN
1955:ISSN
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1794:ISSN
1759:2012
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596:OCLC
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440:and
145:and
3382:War
2600:law
2271:PMC
2263:doi
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2217:doi
2213:103
2106:doi
2000:hdl
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