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International bunkers are subtracted from the energy supplies of a country to calculate its domestic consumption. It is as if international aviation and international shipping did not belong to any country. They are managed by the
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has only limited confidence in ICAO and IMO's ability to reduce air and sea emissions due to international bunkers and thus to comply with the
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International marine bunkers amount to 2,466 TWh/a whereas international aviation bunkers amount to 2,163 TWh/a.
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website iea.org The reference year is 2016. Let us notice that 1 Mtoe/a=11.63 TWh/a
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Marine and aviation bunkers are reported separately from
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Planes and ships can't escape Paris climate commitments
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61:European Federation for Transport and Environment
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45:International Civil Aviation Organization
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49:International Maritime Organization
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158:. You can help Knowledge by
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30:International Energy Agency
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65:Paris Climate Agreement
37:international bunkers
92:Balances definitions
205:Energy in transport
150:This article about
28:as defined by the
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114:Final consumption
18:energy statistics
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26:aviation bunkers
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47:(ICAO) and the
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22:marine bunkers
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71:A few figures
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210:Energy stubs
160:expanding it
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199:Categories
79:References
130:Bunkering
124:See also
55:Critics
51:(IMO).
152:energy
156:stub
59:The
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