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218:, and other agencies began to recognize the need for action. Greater water quality awareness, improved pollution controls, and an economic downturn all served to improve conditions in the 1980s. In the 1990s, beautification and ecological control were well underway. These measures included sealing the Lax Lands, contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants, under a cap of clay; landscaping
326:($ 14 million). On March 9, 2022, Environment and Climate Change Canada announced the completion of the clean-up project where over 615,000 m of contaminated sediment was managed. The final stage of the project, the installation of the environmental cap, will be completed by 2025, which will provide new port land that will be managed by the Hamilton–Oshawa Port Authority.
360:(nicknamed "The Skyway") bridge, part of the QEW, crosses the border between Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario. The 403, York Street and a number of railways cross Hamilton Harbour on a glacial sandbar (similar in formation to the present day beach strip to the east) and separates Cootes Paradise from Hamilton Harbour. The harbour also houses the
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The waterways in
Hamilton have not always been polluted. The north-end of the Harbour used to be a regular swimming spot for working-class families. The pollution of Hamilton Harbour waterways is caused by industrialization and, by proxy, urbanization, which came to be a major problem by 1917. Many
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that, "As early as the 1860s, a fishery inspector at
Hamilton Harbour discovered that fish found along the shore tasted of coal oil and that dead ducks and muskrats were coated with oil from two refineries." By the 1950s, city officials had deemed Hamilton Harbour unfit for any recreation use and
182:
residents. Constant infilling, particularly in the North End of
Hamilton, damaged fresh water streams and the wildlife they supported. Channel dredging tended to stir up natural and unnatural sediments, further disrupting the ecological land balance in the area. Chemical, industrial and thermal
256:
reported that numerous goldfish had been found, presumed to have come from the dumping of pet fish by the public. One expert stated that the goldfish "is the ultimate survivor of difficult conditions ... it can feed on blue-green algae blooms that native species cannot—blooms that appear with
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Randle Reef, a site in the southeast corner of the harbour, is considered the most dire of identified water pollution issues awaiting remediation in Canada. The environmental containment facility, about 7.5 hectares in size, covers in-situ about 130,000 m of sediments contaminated with
298:, wickdrains, and surface materials (asphalt and/or concrete), placed sequentially from bottom to top in order to contain toxic sediment in the facility. The clean-up project had an estimated cost of $ 138.9 million, with the containment expected to have a 200-year lifespan.
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278:. Later in 2018, contaminated sediment surrounding the containment facility was dredged and placed inside the facility. The wastewater will be treated by an on-site water treatment system using sand filtration and
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working-class families were overcome by health hazards when dumping sewage into the inlets and the bay itself became a regular occurrence. Laurel Sefton MacDowell writes in her book
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Cruikshank, K., and N. B. Bouchier. 1998. "Dirty Spaces: Environment, the State, and
Recreational Swimming in Hamilton Harbour, 1870-1946". SPORT HISTORY REVIEW. 29 (1): 59-64
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from entering Cootes
Paradise. The visible and measurable improvement in water quality in Burlington Bay was showcased in 1994 by the very public swim of
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in The Great Lakes Water
Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada. Part of the remediation plan is to reclaim the harbour's wetlands.
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In July 1994, then deputy prime minister and
Hamilton East MP Sheila Copps put on a wetsuit and plunged in "to mark the rebirth of the waterfront."
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The opening from
Hamilton Harbour to Lake Ontario is referred to as the Burlington Shipping Canal. It was proposed in 1824 and opened in 1826.
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Communications, Government of Canada, Public
Services and Procurement Canada, Ontario Region, Corporate Services, Strategic Management and.
242:. Access and recreational use of the bayfront has improved, and swimming is now allowed at two beaches in the harbour: Bayfront and Pier 4.
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Fish that were dispersed over all of Cootes
Paradise were suddenly in this tight ball, the kind of thing you'd imagine in the ocean.
112:. Within Hamilton itself, it is referred to as "Hamilton Harbour", "The Harbour" and "The Bay". The bay is naturally separated from
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704:"Great Lakes Wetlands Conservation Action Plan, Environment Canada contains five paragraphs about the harbour project"
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Access to the bay was important for the early water transportation and industrial development of the area, including
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930:"Cleaning up Lake Ontario: the final stage begins for the Randle Reef Remediation Project in Hamilton Harbour"
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Early Settlers to the area called the bay Lake Geneva. The bay was formally renamed Burlington Bay in 1792 by
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which is the busiest Canadian Great Lakes port and handles in excess of 10 million tonnes of cargo per year.
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PAH contaminated sediments. The containment facility was constructed in 2018 using two walls of steel
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MacDowell, Laurel Sefton. 2012. An environmental history of Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press. 192.
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904:"A cleaner Hamilton Harbour: All contaminated sediment removed or capped at Randle Reef"
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825:. The Randle Reef Sediment Remediation Project Technical Task Group. October 30, 2012.
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1057:"Diver Drowns on Low-Budget Film Shoot in Hamilton Harbour, CBC News, August 22, 2005"
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While most of the carp in the harbour had been eradicated by early 2021,
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104:) and Burlington Beach (north of the channel). It is joined to
852:"Watch the dredging of toxic Randle Reef explained using Lego"
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458:(University of Toronto Press), Toronto-Buffalo-London,1997,
426:"Lake Geneva is what early visitors called Hamilton Harbour"
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Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program
513:
762:"At Last, Clean Water, National Post, November 13, 2007"
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In 1919, a Federal Order-In-Council changed the name of
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will be built of layers of several materials including
983:"Burlington Canal Lift Bridge - Ontario Region - PSPC"
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The bay is thought by some to host a North American
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Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers
100:, and on the east by Hamilton Beach (south of the
1611:Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board
475:
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1902:
1090:Hamilton Harbour (1826-1901), by Ivan S. Brookes
1363:Spencer Gorge/Webster's Falls Conservation Area
569:Weinberg, Paul (Dec 2017). "Beautiful Cities".
478:"Burlington Bay, Beach and Heights, in History"
282:and discharged back into the harbour. Last, an
108:by a narrow channel formerly excavated for the
304:Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change
2587:Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
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1811:John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
1011:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
329:
27:Bay in western Lake Ontario, Ontario, Canada
729:"The goldfish invasion of Hamilton Harbour"
544:Treaty Texts - Upper Canada Land Surrenders
402:Hamilton Street Names: An Illustrated Guide
340:is a lift bridge the spans over the canal.
257:increasing frequency in Hamilton Harbour".
163:. Prior to this, the bay was also known as
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1027:"Daily News (Kingston, ON), Aug. 17, 1877"
980:
820:"Randle Reef Sediment Remediation Project"
395:
393:
348:The bay today is crossed by two highways:
92:, bounded on the northwest by the City of
880:. Government of Canada. 29 October 2019.
814:
812:
1616:Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board
1031:images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca
956:images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca
568:
540:"Text of the Between the Lakes purchase"
399:
124:is on the Hamilton side of the harbour.
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514:"Between the Lakes Treaty No. 3 (1792)"
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169:Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation
77:bridges the waters of Hamilton Harbour.
14:
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858:from the original on November 11, 2020
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618:
550:from the original on 21 September 2013
1876:
1481:List of tallest buildings in Hamilton
1269:Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway
1115:
832:from the original on October 24, 2019
520:from the original on 10 February 2022
494:from the original on 12 November 2020
300:Environment and Climate Change Canada
151:, for the former name of the town of
132:Hamilton Harbour was known among the
884:from the original on 4 November 2019
739:from the original on 3 February 2021
358:Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway
102:Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway
75:Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway
2635:Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac
1852:Hamilton–Brantford–Cambridge Trails
1067:from the original on 7 January 2008
962:from the original on 4 October 2017
659:from the original on 14 August 2022
436:from the original on 14 August 2022
214:, which governs water usage in the
149:lieutenant governor of Upper Canada
24:
1580:McMaster University Medical Centre
1037:from the original on 18 April 2018
910:from the original on March 9, 2022
193:An Environmental History of Canada
25:
2805:
2784:Environmental disasters in Canada
2382:Isle Royale National Park Islands
1684:Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum
1338:Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area
1083:
993:from the original on 29 June 2018
797:from the original on 11 June 2011
343:
270:, and contain about 500,000 m of
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1585:St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton
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268:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
245:Hamilton Harbour is listed as a
30:For the harbour in Bermuda, see
1709:List of Attractions in Hamilton
1239:List of National Historic Sites
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878:"Great Lakes: Areas of Concern"
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404:. James Lorimer & Co. Ltd.
2779:Landforms of Hamilton, Ontario
2602:International Joint Commission
2592:Great Lakes Fishery Commission
1679:Canadian Football Hall of Fame
1626:Columbia International College
1513:Hamilton, Ontario City Council
932:. canada.ca. September 6, 2023
787:"Erreur HTTP 404 - Non trouvé"
619:McNeil, Mark (June 17, 2019).
603:
532:
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469:
448:
418:
260:
212:International Joint Commission
140:simply meaning "at the Bay".
96:, on the south by the City of
13:
1:
1621:Hillfield Strathallan College
383:
280:granular activated adsorption
88:) lies on the western tip of
2562:Great Lakes Areas of Concern
2552:Alliance for the Great Lakes
1575:McMaster Children's Hospital
1095:Burlington Canal Lift Bridge
906:. canada.ca. March 9, 2022.
338:Burlington Canal Lift Bridge
247:Great Lakes Areas of Concern
7:
2428:Province of Ontario Islands
1816:List of streets in Hamilton
1646:Redeemer University College
400:Houghton, Margaret (2002).
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1744:Westfield Heritage Village
476:Holden, Mary Rose (1898).
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854:. cbc.ca. June 14, 2018.
485:Queens University Library
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330:Burlington Shipping Canal
32:Hamilton Harbour, Bermuda
2516:Midcontinent Rift System
1842:Confederation Beach Park
1669:Around the Bay Road Race
1565:Juravinski Cancer Centre
1476:Head offices in Hamilton
1471:Hamilton Health Sciences
157:East Riding of Yorkshire
134:Mississauga Anishinaabek
2337:Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal
1784:Hamilton Street Railway
1674:Art Gallery of Hamilton
1606:Hamilton Public Library
1539:Hamilton Police Service
1518:List of Hamilton Mayors
1358:Royal Botanical Gardens
320:Hamilton Port Authority
196:shut down all beaches.
2685:Marine protected areas
2675:Lake Michigan Triangle
2577:Great Lakes Commission
2320:Sault Ste. Marie Canal
1724:Power Play (TV series)
1689:Dundas Cactus Festival
1205:Battle of Stoney Creek
952:"The Burlington Canal"
625:The Hamilton Spectator
456:Place Names of Ontario
78:
2526:Nipissing Great Lakes
2471:Glacial Lake Iroquois
2377:Detroit River Islands
2342:Trent–Severn Waterway
1220:Grand Lodge of Canada
987:www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca
72:
2789:Bays of Lake Ontario
2536:Wisconsin glaciation
2511:Last Glacial Maximum
2271:Great Lakes Waterway
1590:St. Peter's Hospital
1534:City of Hamilton EMS
1244:List of royal visits
1167:Notable Hamiltonians
380:on August 21, 2005.
322:($ 14 million), and
310:($ 14 million), the
2670:Lake Michigan–Huron
2582:Great Lakes Compact
2572:Great Lakes Charter
2531:Scotch Bonnet Ridge
2332:Straits of Mackinac
2308:St. Lawrence Seaway
1806:Hamilton Bike Share
1699:Hamilton Tiger-Cats
1664:African Lion Safari
1636:McMaster University
1570:Juravinski Hospital
735:. 3 February 2021.
354:Queen Elizabeth Way
318:($ 2 million), the
84:(formerly known as
55:43.2900°N 79.8350°W
51: /
2521:Niagara Escarpment
2450:Potawatomi Islands
2438:Lake Huron Islands
2303:St. Lawrence River
2089:Grand Traverse Bay
2068:St. Joseph Channel
2058:Potagannissing Bay
1857:Mohawk Sports Park
1729:Sports in Hamilton
1704:Labour Day Classic
1508:Hamilton City Hall
1353:Niagara Escarpment
1313:List of waterfalls
1264:Timeline of events
1100:2010-07-03 at the
430:Hamilton Spectator
312:City of Burlington
302:, and the Ontario
290:of various sizes,
210:By the 1970s, the
145:John Graves Simcoe
79:
2761:
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2690:Marysburgh vortex
2399:Manitoulin Island
2394:Lake Erie Islands
2244:
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2104:Little Bay de Noc
1870:
1869:
1714:Media in Hamilton
1694:Hamilton Bulldogs
1368:Twenty Mile Creek
1249:Studebaker Canada
1200:Battlefield House
1148:Hamilton, Ontario
314:($ 2.3 million),
284:environmental cap
216:Great Lakes Basin
60:43.2900; -79.8350
16:(Redirected from
2801:
2755:Lakes portal
2753:
2752:
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2660:Lake-effect snow
2459:Historic geology
2137:Hamilton Harbour
2010:Presque Isle Bay
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1994:
1906:of North America
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1777:Confederation GO
1555:Chedoke Hospital
1461:Economic history
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122:Port of Hamilton
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2665:Lake freighter
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2623:Related topics
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2607:Municipalities
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2476:Lake Admiralty
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2213:Batchawana Bay
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2099:Big Bay de Noc
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2048:Munuscong Lake
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1754:Transportation
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1719:Pride Hamilton
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1210:Dundurn Castle
1207:
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1197:
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1187:
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1109:
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1092:
1085:
1084:External links
1082:
1079:
1078:
1048:
1018:
973:
943:
921:
895:
869:
843:
808:
778:
753:
720:
695:
670:
649:"Swim Guide -"
640:
611:
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588:
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531:
505:
487:. p. 10.
468:
454:Rayburn, Alan
447:
417:
410:
388:
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378:Marina Monster
369:
366:
345:
344:Infrastructure
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331:
328:
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226:; and keeping
201:Burlington Bay
129:
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86:Burlington Bay
26:
18:Burlington Bay
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2545:Organizations
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2404:Lake Kagawong
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2281:Niagara River
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2276:Chicago River
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2256:Detroit River
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2208:Whitefish Bay
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2053:North Channel
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1832:Bayfront Park
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1789:BLAST network
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767:
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738:
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730:
724:
710:on 2012-02-09
709:
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699:
685:on 2007-12-04
684:
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464:0-8020-7207-0
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427:
421:
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411:1-55028-773-7
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316:Halton Region
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269:
258:
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220:Bayfront Park
217:
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99:
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91:
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76:
71:
67:
64:
33:
19:
2794:Lake Ontario
2680:Lake surfing
2506:Lake Stanley
2491:Lake Chicago
2481:Lake Agassiz
2409:Lake Manitou
2266:French River
2198:Superior Bay
2193:Pokegama Bay
2188:Keweenaw Bay
2173:Au Train Bay
2136:
2114:Sturgeon Bay
2031:Georgian Bay
2015:Sandusky Bay
1837:Beasley Park
1794:Hamilton LRT
1429:Stoney Creek
1384:Ainslie Wood
1348:Lake Ontario
1342:
1283:
1275:
1232:
1069:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1030:
1021:
995:. Retrieved
986:
976:
964:. Retrieved
955:
946:
936:September 6,
934:. Retrieved
924:
912:. Retrieved
898:
886:. Retrieved
872:
860:. Retrieved
846:
834:. Retrieved
799:. Retrieved
791:www.ec.gc.ca
790:
781:
769:. Retrieved
765:
756:
748:
741:. Retrieved
732:
723:
712:. Retrieved
708:the original
698:
687:. Retrieved
683:the original
673:
661:. Retrieved
652:
643:
635:
628:. Retrieved
624:
614:
605:
577:(6): 30–37.
574:
570:
564:
552:. Retrieved
543:
534:
522:. Retrieved
508:
496:. Retrieved
484:
471:
455:
450:
438:. Retrieved
429:
420:
401:
377:
371:
347:
336:
333:
276:sheet piling
264:
251:
244:
238:and federal
232:Sheila Copps
209:
204:
200:
198:
192:
189:
173:
164:
147:, the first
142:
137:
131:
114:Lake Ontario
90:Lake Ontario
85:
81:
80:
36:
2732:Third Coast
2695:Megalopolis
2655:Lake breeze
2640:Circle Tour
2501:Lake Maumee
2387:Isle Royale
2352:First canal
2218:Goulais Bay
2203:Thunder Bay
2157:Wellers Bay
2152:Toronto Bay
2073:Thunder Bay
2063:Saginaw Bay
2043:Lake George
1980:Couchiching
1904:Great Lakes
1862:Pier 4 Park
1767:Hamilton GO
1409:Flamborough
1377:Communities
1318:Bruce Trail
1290:War of 1812
1254:Tim Hortons
1107:Randle Reef
888:18 November
862:October 24,
836:October 24,
356:(QEW). The
261:Randle Reef
228:common carp
224:Pier 4 Park
165:Washquarter
153:Bridlington
58: /
2768:Categories
2722:Shipwrecks
2650:Great Loop
2261:Erie Canal
2236:Anchor Bay
2142:Humber Bay
2005:Maumee Bay
1912:Main lakes
1762:GO Transit
1734:Supercrawl
1486:U.S. Steel
1231:HMCS
743:3 February
714:2008-01-10
689:2008-01-10
653:Swim Guide
630:August 13,
384:References
292:geotextile
288:aggregates
234:, a local
138:Wiikwedong
94:Burlington
46:79°50′06″W
43:43°17′24″N
2715:Laurentia
2645:Crossings
2445:Populated
2325:Soo Locks
2249:Waterways
2229:St. Clair
2183:Huron Bay
2147:Sodus Bay
2094:Green Bay
1975:Winnebago
1970:St. Clair
1960:Nipissing
1847:Gore Park
1599:Education
1548:Hospitals
1424:North End
1414:Glanbrook
1305:Geography
1295:Whitehern
1282:USS
1274:USS
733:Maclean's
583:1920-9894
254:Maclean's
185:pollution
171:in 1792.
2737:Treaties
2166:Superior
2082:Michigan
1991:channels
1989:Bays and
1939:Superior
1929:Michigan
1500:Politics
1434:Westdale
1399:Binbrook
1389:Ancaster
1276:Hamilton
1155:Features
1098:Archived
1071:17 April
1065:Archived
1041:17 April
1035:Archived
1007:cite web
997:17 April
991:Archived
966:17 April
960:Archived
914:March 9,
908:Archived
882:Archived
856:Archived
827:Archived
801:17 April
795:Archived
771:17 April
737:Archived
663:17 April
657:Archived
548:Archived
546:. 1792.
518:Archived
489:Archived
466:), pg.48
434:Archived
180:littoral
118:sand bar
98:Hamilton
2364:Islands
2130:Ontario
1955:Nipigon
1934:Ontario
1656:Culture
1456:Dofasco
1444:Economy
1394:Beasley
1284:Scourge
1190:Auchmar
1177:History
374:cryptid
296:geogrid
272:dredged
161:England
155:in the
128:History
2727:Storms
2710:Region
2612:Cities
1965:Simcoe
1799:A-Line
1490:Stelco
1419:Lynden
1404:Dundas
1061:cbc.ca
581:
524:10 May
462:
440:10 May
408:
368:Legend
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324:Stelco
2705:Ports
2630:Basin
2286:Falls
2024:Huron
1924:Huron
1825:Parks
1233:Haida
1227:(NHL)
830:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
554:4 May
498:4 May
492:(PDF)
481:(PDF)
116:by a
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1919:Erie
1162:Flag
1073:2018
1043:2018
1013:link
999:2018
968:2018
938:2023
916:2022
890:2019
864:2019
838:2019
803:2018
773:2018
745:2021
665:2018
632:2022
579:ISSN
556:2019
526:2022
500:2019
460:ISBN
442:2022
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136:as
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