Bus rapid transit - Knowledge

2538:, the state of Pennsylvania and Allegheny County. The Port Authority of Allegheny County, a county-owned, state-funded agency, operates the system. The success of the South Busway helped the city leverage funding for the expansion of the network, and in 1983, the Martin Luther King, Jr. East Busway opened. The East Busway began as a 6.8-mile network, with an additional 2.3 miles added in 2003, connecting the eastern suburbs with downtown. Fifteen bus routes run along its corridor. Its current weekday ridership is 25,600, with annual ridership close to 7 million. The East Busway built on the success of its predecessor and offered fundamental BRT features including a dedicated busway, service as frequent as every two minutes during peak period, signal prioritization, and direct service operations (more on that soon). However, there is no off-board fare collection. Instead, passengers pay upon entrance for in-bound trips and upon exit for outbound trips, which helps reduce delays in service because of fare collection. 7040: 1834:-fueled engines. The typical bus diesel engine causes noticeable levels of air pollution, noise and vibration. It is noted however that BRT can still provide significant environmental benefits over private cars. In addition, BRT systems can replace an inefficient conventional bus network for more efficient, faster and less polluting BRT buses. For example, Bogotá previously used 2,700 conventional buses providing transportation to 1.6 million passengers daily, while in 2013 TransMilenio transported 1.9 million passengers using only 630 BRT buses, a fleet less than a quarter in size of the old fleet, that circulates at twice the speed, with a huge reduction in air pollution. 59: 1934: 922: 1766: 464: 907: 617: 278: 698: 1503:

BRT "rather focuses on obtaining and sharing information on projects being pursued by local transit agencies". In spite of this different funding the capital costs of BRT systems were lower in many US communities than those of light rail systems and performance often similar. The GAO stated, BRT systems were generally more flexible compared to light rail and faster. "While transit officials noted a public bias toward Light Rail, research has found that riders have no preference for rail over bus when service characteristics are equal."

71: 667: 44: 706: 533: 1547: 6869: 430: 1872: 324: 742: 559: 407:, Canada, was introduced in 1983. The first element of its BRT system was dedicated bus lanes through the city centre, with platformed stops. The introduction of exclusive separate busways (termed 'Transitway') occurred in 1983. By 1996, all of the originally envisioned 31 km Transitway system was in operation; further expansions were opened in 2009, 2011, and 2014. As of 2019, the central part of the Transitway has been converted to 1614: 1434: 854: 1667: 1904:

dangerous transport for women. The poor quality of the system had occasioned an increment in the number of cars and motorcycles in the city; citizens preferred these transport means over TransMilenio. According to official data, the number of cars increased from approximately 666,000 in 2005 to 1,586,700 in 2016. The number of motorcycles was also growing, with 660,000 sold in Bogota in 2013, two times the number of cars sold.

1710: 1953:'s BRT(2016) and the riots and spontaneous user demonstrations in Bogotá(2016) raised doubts about the ability of BRTs to keep pace with increased ridership. On the other hand the speed of increased BRT ridership confirmed the research finding no general preference for rail over bus, see the end of chapter "Comparison with light rail". Bogota has regained trust and safety according to the Sustainable Transport Award 2022. 2534:

the world's first BRT system, Pittsburgh opened the South Busway, 4.3 miles of exclusive bus lanes, running through previously underserved areas of the city, from the western suburbs to the downtown. The city was concerned about worsening traffic congestion, and, lacking the funds to rehabilitate the city's streetcar lines, took inspiration from Curitiba and created the South Busway. Funding for the system came from the

548: 7290: 5502: 1996: 1021:) when underground. The need to provide electric power in underground environments brings the capital and maintenance costs of such routes closer to those of light rail, and raises the question of building or eventually converting to light rail. In Seattle, the downtown transit tunnel was retrofitted for conversion to a shared hybrid-bus and light-rail facility in preparation for Seattle's Central 1693:

countries will tend to encourage developed world transit operators to prefer operate services with larger but less frequent vehicles. This will allow the service to achieve the same capacity while minimizing the number of drivers. This may come as a hidden cost to passengers in lower demand routes who experience significantly lower frequencies and longer waiting times and limit gain of ridership.

369:. Initially just dedicated bus lanes in the center of major arterial roads, in 1980 the Curitiba system added a feeder bus network and inter-zone connections, and in 1992 introduced off-board fare collection, enclosed stations, and platform-level boarding. Other systems made further innovations, including platooning (three buses entering and leaving bus stops and traffic signals at once) in 1087:(PPHPD) for a single traffic lane is some 150,000 passengers per hour (250 passengers per vehicle, one vehicle every 6 seconds). In real world conditions BRT Rio (de Janeiro, BRS Presidente Vargas) with 65.000 PPHPD holds the record, TransMilenio Bogotá and Metrobus Istanbul perform 49,000 – 45,000 PPHPD, most other busy systems operating in the 15,000 to 25,000 range. 1887:, the average of the system is six passengers per square meter (5/sq yd) inside vehicles. Users have reported days where the buses take too long to arrive, and are too overcrowded to accept new passengers. As of June 2017, the system has an approval rating of 15% among commuters, and it has lost 27% of its passengers, who have turned mostly to cars. 1491:

of Istanbul Metrobus had been frequently blocked by Phileas buses breaking down, causing delays for all the buses in a single direction. After focusing on Mercedes-Benz buses, capacity increased to 45,000 pph. Light rail, by comparison, has reported passenger capacities between 3,500 pph (mainly street running) to 19,000 pph (fully

1681:(GAO) from 2000 found that the average capital cost per mile for busways was $ 13.5 million while light rail average cost was $ 34.8 million. The total investment varies considerably due to factors such as cost of the roadway, amount of grade separation, station structures and traffic signal systems. 1502:

The United States Government Accountability Office (U.S. GAO) summarized in the report "Mass Transit – Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise", the U.S. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) provided funding for the construction of heavy rail and of light rail at that time, but not of BRT. The FTA funding of

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The MIO system in Santiago de Cali, Colombia, pioneered in 2009 the use of dual buses, with doors on the left side of the bus that are located at the height of high-level platforms, and doors on the right side that are located at curb height. These buses can use the main line with its exclusive lanes

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Fare prepayment at the station, instead of on board the bus, eliminates the delay caused by passengers paying on board. Fare machines at stations also allow riders to purchase multi-ride stored-value cards and have multiple payment options. Prepayment also allows riders to board at all doors, further

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had been experiencing issues, with complaints of overcrowding in buses and stations and low frequency of the routes. There were extensive safety concerns as well; rampant sexual harassment has been reported, and the fire safety of the buses has been under scrutiny after one of the buses, a Zhongtong

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could be offset by the environmental benefits and potential for savings from centrally generated electricity, especially in cities where electricity is less expensive than other fuel sources. Trolleybus electrical systems can be potentially reused for future light rail conversion. TransJakarta buses

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When TransMilenio opened in 2000, it changed the paradigm by giving buses a passing lane at each station stop and introducing express services within the BRT infrastructure. These innovations increased the maximum achieved capacity of a BRT system to 35,000 passengers per hour. The single-lane roads

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Pittsburgh's leadership on the urban sustainability front is not a recent phenomenon – in fact, it was the first city in the United States to implement elements of bus rapid transit, and it paved the way for more robust U.S. BRT systems. In 1977, only three years after Curitiba, Brazil implemented

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At the end of 2018 Transmilenio ordered 1383 new buses as a replacement of the older ones in service. 52% were compressed natural gas (CNG) buses made by Scania with Euro 6 emission rating, 48% were diesel engine made by Volvo with Euro 5 emission rating. More (or renewed?) orders have produced an

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An ambitious light rail system runs partly grade separated (e.g. underground), which gives free right-of-way and much faster traffic compared to passing the traffic signals needed in a surface level system. Underground BRT was suggested as early as 1954. As long as most buses still run on diesel,

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Bus service along 34th Street is among the slowest in the city. Buses travel at an average of 4.5 miles per hour (7.2 km/h), only slightly faster than walking. Despite these slow speeds, 34th Street is a major east-west bus corridor, carrying over 33,000 bus riders a day on local and express

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In 2013, the analysis of a database of nineteen LRT projects, twenty-six HRT projects, and forty-two BRT projects specified "In higher income countries ... an HRT alternative is likely to cost up to 40 times as much as a BRT alternative". and a surface LRT alternative about 4 times that of a BRT

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Fjellstrom/Wright distributed a map of the mid-term goal to expand Bogota's BRT system, TransMilenio, so that 85% of the city's 7 million inhabitants live within 500m distance to a TransMileneo line. Such an expansion program would be unrealistic for a rail-based MRT-system, according to Bogota's

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system should be built. Several cases of sexual assault had been reported by female users in TransMilenio. According to a 2012 survey made by the secretary of the woman of Bogota, 64% of women said they had been victims of sexual assault in the system. The system had even been ranked as the most

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After the first BRT system opened in 1971, cities were slow to adopt BRT because they believed that the capacity of BRT was limited to about 12,000 passengers per hour traveling in a given direction during peak demand. While this is a capacity rarely needed in the US (12,000 is more typical as a

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are examples of apps that are available in many cities around the world. Some operators of bus rapid transit systems have developed their own apps, like Transmilenio. These apps even include all the schedules and live arrival times and stations for buses that feed the BRT, like the SITP (Sistema

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Large cities usually have big bus networks. A map showing all bus lines might be incomprehensible, and cause people to wait for low-frequency buses that may not even be running at the time they are needed. By identifying the main bus lines having high-frequency service, with a special brand and

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Operational cost of running a BRT system is generally lower than light rail, though the exact comparison varies, and labor costs depend heavily on wages, which vary between countries. For the same level of ridership and demand, higher labor costs in the developed world relative to developing

320:, Runcorn Development Corporation's Master Planner, said that he had invented the concept while sketching on the back of an envelope. The town was designed around the transport system, with most residents no more than five minutes walking distance, or 500 yards (460 m), from the Busway. 1790:

is a phenomenon commonly defined as a bus rapid transit (BRT) system that fails to meet the requirements to be considered "true BRT". These systems are often marketed as a fully realized bus rapid transit system, but end up being described as more of an improvement to regular bus service by

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and high level platforms, located on the center of the street and thus, boarding and leaving passengers on the left side. These buses can exit the main line and use normal lanes that share with other vehicles and stop at regular stations located on sidewalks on the right side of the street.

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There are conditions that favor light rail over BRT, but they are fairly narrow. These conditions are a corridor with only one available lane in each direction, more than 16,000 passengers per direction per hour but less than 20,000, and a long block length, because the train cannot block

172:, where about 19.6 million passengers ride daily, and which has the most cities with BRT systems, with 54, led by Brazil with 21 cities. The Latin American countries with the most daily ridership are Brazil (10.7 million), Colombia (3.0 million), and Mexico (2.5 million). 1696:

In the study done by the U.S. GAO, BRT systems usually had lower cost as well based on "operating cost per vehicle hour", as on "operating cost per revenue mile", and on "operating cost per passenger trip", mainly because of lower vehicle cost and lower infrastructure cost.

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High-level platforms for high-floored buses makes it difficult to have stops outside dedicated platforms, or to have conventional buses stop at high-level platforms, so these BRT stops are distinct from street-level bus stops. Similar to rail vehicles, there is a risk of a

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will often be provided at signalized intersections to reduce delays by extending the green phase or reducing the red phase in the required direction compared to the normal sequence. Prohibiting turns may be the most important measure for moving buses through intersections.

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A lack of permanence of BRT has been criticized, with some arguing that BRT systems can be used as an excuse to build roads that others later try to convert for use by non-BRT vehicles. Examples of this can be found in Delhi, where a BRT system was scrapped, and in

1757:, the ITDP not only established a proposed "standard" for BRT system implementation, but developed intensive lobby activities around the world to convince local governments to select BRT systems over rail-based transportation models (subways, light trains, etc.). 944:

structures. Since the areas where the demand for an exclusive bus right-of-way are apt to be in dense downtown areas where an above-ground structure may be unacceptable on historic, logistic, or environmental grounds, use of BRT in tunnels may not be avoidable.

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to charge batteries when the bus stops and then use electric motors to propel the bus up to 40 km/h, then automatically switching to the diesel engine for higher speeds, which allows for considerable savings in fuel consumption and pollutant dispersion.

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The vehicle headway is the average time interval between vehicles on the same line. Buses can operate at headways of 10 seconds or less, but average headways on TransMilenio at busy intersections are 13 seconds, 14 seconds for the busiest section of the

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was introduced in 2003, the average traffic speed was indeed 14 kilometres per hour (8.7 mph) which was the highest speed since the 1970s. By way of contrast, typical speeds of BRT systems range from 17 to 30 miles per hour (27 to 48 km/h).

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New Town, England, which entered service in 1971. As of March 2018, a total of 166 cities in six continents have implemented BRT systems, accounting for 4,906 km (3,048 mi) of BRT lanes and about 32.2 million passengers every day.

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Public transit apps are more convenient than a static map, featuring services like trip planning, live arrival and departure times, up-to-date line schedules, local station maps, service alerts, and advisories that may affect one's current trip.

1538:, which was damaged due to torrential rain in 2017. In both cases, ridership had dropped considerably since the lines opened, and the higher capacity of a rail line is no longer needed or cost-effective compared to buses on the same alignments. 1907:

impressive result: "To improve public and environmental health, the City of Bogotá has assembled a fleet of 1,485 electric buses for its public transportation system - placing the city among the three largest e-bus fleets outside of China."

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Moreover, buses are more flexible than rail vehicles, because a bus route can be altered, either temporarily or permanently, to meet changing demand or contend with adverse road conditions with comparatively little investment of resources.

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is an example of using hybrid buses, which switch to overhead electric propulsion while they are underground, eliminating diesel emissions and reducing fuel usage. Alternatives are elevated busways or - more expensive - elevated railways.

1519:, due to infrastructure damage, reduced ridership, or a combination of both where lower maintenance costs are desired while taking advantage of an existing dedicated right of way. One such system in Japan consists of portions of the 1898:

was eight passengers per square meter (7/sq yd). Only 29% felt satisfied with the system. The data also showed that 23% of the citizens agreed with building more TransMilenio lines, in contrast of the 42% who considered that a

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The effectiveness of the stations to handle passenger demand. High volumes of passengers on vehicles require large bus stations and more boarding areas at busy interchange points. This is the standard bottleneck of BRT (and heavy

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In 2003, a study edited by the German GTZ compared various MRT systems all over the world and concluded ″Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) can provide high-quality, metro-like transit service at a fraction of the cost of other options″.

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A unique and distinctive identity can contribute to BRT's attractiveness as an alternative to driving cars, (such as Viva, Max, TransMilenio, Metropolitano, Metronit, Select) marking stops and stations as well as the buses.

1534:, and later repaired as a bus lane over the same right of way, providing improved service with much lower restoration and maintenance costs. Another system set to open in August 2023 is a portion of the JR Kyushu 1913:, an award given out by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, which is partially funded by bus manufacturers. Reasons stated include the TransMilenio system and its urban cycling strategy. 1584:(New York City's version of a bus rapid transit system), dedicated bus lanes, and traffic cameras on the 34th Street corridor, buses on the corridor were still found to travel at an average of 4.5 mph. 634:

The station platforms for BRT systems should be level with the bus floor for quick and easy boarding, making it fully accessible for wheelchairs, disabled passengers and baby strollers, with minimal delays.

578:. A median alignment bus-only keeps buses away from busy curb-side side conflicts, where cars and trucks are parking, standing and turning. Separate rights of way may be used such as the completely elevated 5049: 232:

Critics have charged that the term "bus rapid transit" has sometimes been misapplied to systems that lack most or all the essential features which differentiate it from conventional bus services. The term

449:, Colombia, opening in 2000, was the first BRT system to combine the best elements of Curitiba's BRT with other BRT advances, and achieved the highest capacity and highest speed BRT system in the world. 1389:(ITDP) shows a capacity ranking of MRT modes, based on reported performance of 14 light rail systems, 14 heavy rail systems (just 1-track + 3 2-track-systems "highest capacity") and 56 BRT systems. 2731:

Venter, Christoffel (2016). "Assessing the potential of bus rapid transit-led network restructuring for enhancing affordable access to employment – The case of Johannesburg's Corridors of Freedom".

312:, England. First conceived in the Runcorn New Town Masterplan in 1966, it opened for services in October 1971 and all 22 kilometres (14 mi) were operational by 1980. The central station is at 654:

with a low step at the door, which can allow easy boarding at low-platform stops compatible with other buses. This intermediate design may be used with some low- or medium-capacity BRT systems.

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total daily ridership), in the developing world this capacity constraint (or rumor of a capacity constraint) was a significant argument in favor of heavy rail metro investments in some venues.

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Experts have considered a failure of BRT to land use structure. Some cities that are sprawled and have no mixed use have insufficient ridership to make BRT economically viable. In Africa, the

1580:, which carried 33,000 bus riders a day on local and express routes, traveled at 4.5 miles per hour (7.2 km/h), only slightly faster than walking pace. Even despite the implementation of 3568: 2512: 3733: 359:, but it would not be considered BRT itself. Many of the elements that have become associated with BRT were innovations first suggested by Carlos Ceneviva, within the team of 570:, north of Toronto, Canada, demonstrates many features of BRT; elaborate stations, comfortable express buses, unique branding, and coloured 'lines' rather than route numbers. 5093: 1806:

The most extreme versions of BRT creep lead to systems that cannot even truly be recognized as "Bus Rapid Transit". For example, a rating from the ITDP determined that the

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Bottleneck BRT stations typically provide loading areas for simultaneous boarding and alighting of buses through multiple doors coordinated via displays and loudspeakers.

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The expression "BRT" is mainly used in the Americas and China; in India, it is called "BRTS" (BRT System); in Europe it is often called a "busway" or a "BHLS" (stands for

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trolleybus system (BHNS De Marrakesh) trolleybuses Corridors of 8 km (5.0 mi), of which 3 km (1.9 mi) of overhead wiring for operation as trolleybus.

499:, Colombia, opened 2009) were the first two systems to combine full BRT with some services that also operated in mixed traffic, then joined the BRT trunk infrastructure. 3597: 2447: 4960: 4727: 4282: 1010:

on freeways and streets. Boston is using a similar approach, after initially using trolleybuses pending delivery of the dual-mode vehicles that was completed in 2005.

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65,400 PPHPD in 600 buses in the corridor Presidente Vargas in Rio de Janeiro for the years 2012 resp. 2014, which means 10 buses per minute or a bus every 6 seconds.

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The study concludes, that BRT-"capacity on TransMilenio exceeds all but the highest capacity heavy rail systems, and it far exceeds the highest light rail system."

3648:"Residential property value impacts of proximity to transport infrastructure: An investigation of bus rapid transit and heavy rail networks in Brisbane, Australia" 5239:"Bus Rapid Transit and Transit Oriented Development: Case Studies on Transit Oriented Development Around Bus Rapid Transit Systems in North America and Australia" 2243:, Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Retrieved 2022-10-10, impact of vertical alignment on cost see chapter 4.1 table 5 1673:

in Japan damaged in 2011 tsunami. JR converted sections of the line into a dedicated bus rapid transit (BRT) route due to the cost of reconstructing the railway.

351:, Brazil, in 1974. The Rede Integrada de Transporte was inspired by the previous transport system of the National Urban Transport Company of Peru (In Spanish: 4442: 3704: 2240: 265:

needs to be laid, bus drivers typically require less training and less pay than rail operators, and bus maintenance is less complex than rail maintenance.

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of 1.5 g/kWh, one third of the 1992 Euro I standard. As a result, less forced ventilation will be required in tunnels to achieve the same air quality.

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meeting the minimum definition of BRT. The highest rated systems received a "gold" ranking. The latest edition of the standard was published in 2016.

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320 busses per hour per direction in the corridor Nossa Senhora de Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro for the year 2014 meaning a bus every 11 seconds.

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A 2018 study found that the introduction of a BRT network in Mexico City reduced air pollution, as measured by emissions of CO, NOX, and PM10.

1246: 2645: 4864: 1961:, where drivers are lobbying the government to allow mixed-use traffic in former BRT lanes as of 2017, although in other US cities, such as 5190: 2578: 2520: 1591:

predicted that the average speed of traffic in central London would be 9 miles per hour (14 km/h) without other disincentives such as

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to the surface; these are usually as remote as possible from occupied areas, to minimize the effects of noise and concentrated pollution.

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imported from China, suddenly and spontaneously caught on fire. The quality of the service was so bad that the then-governor of Jakarta,

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A straightforward way to reduce air quality problems is to use internal combustion engines with lower emissions. The 2008 Euro V

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intersections. These conditions are rare, but in that specific instance, light rail might have a minimal operational advantage.

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line, which opened in July 2009. In March 2019, expansion of the light rail in the tunnel moved busses back to surface streets.

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Bel, Germà; Holst, Maximilian (1 April 2018). "Evaluation of the impact of Bus Rapid Transit on air pollution in Mexico City".

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Based on this data, the minimum headway and maximum current vehicle capacities, the theoretical maximum throughput measured in

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Vehicle capacity, which can range from 50 passengers for a conventional bus up to some 300 for a bi-articulated vehicle or 500.

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outside the tunnel and in a low-noise, low-emissions "hush mode" (in which the diesel engine operates but does not exceed

7348: 5245: 4917: 4399: 3593: 1969:, just the opposite is true. Such exuse might be a side effect of the advantages connected with the flexibility of BRT. 673:

level-boarding station in the center of a public roadway with guideways on either side and a dedicated traffic signal in

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Exhibit 3-22: "Maximum observed peak hour bus flows, capacities, and passenger flows at peak load points on transitways"

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A Statistical Appraisal of Bus Rapid Transit Based on Passengers Satisfaction and Priority Case Study: Isfahan City

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In 2004, Seattle replaced its "Transit Tunnel" fleet with diesel-electric hybrid buses, which operate similarly to

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Institute for Transportation and Development Policy - Promoting sustainable and equitable transportation worldwide

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Institute for Transportation and Development Policy - Promoting sustainable and equitable transportation worldwide

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Institute for Transportation and Development Policy - Promoting sustainable and equitable transportation worldwide

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Institute for Transportation and Development Policy - Promoting sustainable and equitable transportation worldwide

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Institute for Transportation and Development Policy - Promoting sustainable and equitable transportation worldwide

2776: 1799:(ITDP) published several guidelines in an attempt to define what constitutes the term of "true BRT", known as the 7059: 6905: 5385: 5331: 4446: 4143:"Sustainable Transport: a Sourcebook for Developing Cities - Institute for Transportation and Development Policy" 3045:"Solaris to deliver 14 bi-articulated e-buses in Denmark. They're powered by two motors and over 700 KWH battery" 2025: 1702: 1121: 910: 179:

is the largest BRT network in the world, with about 251.2 kilometres (156.1 mi) of corridors connecting the

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Kaenzig, Robin; Mobereola, Dayo; Brader, Colin (4 February 2011). "Africa's First Bus Rapid Transit System".

2010: 1731: 764: 492: 196: 5132: 4636: 4623: 4598: 2498: 2174: 994:(electric/diesel electric) buses manufactured by Breda were used until 2004, with the center axle driven by 6748: 6710: 5642: 5555: 5439: 1516: 1204: 340: 328: 258: 110: 3647: 917:, Washington – bus routes were rerouted to the surface, replaced by full light rail service in March 2019. 7263: 6794: 5886: 5784: 4268: 3262: 1933: 1883:

Many BRT systems suffer from overcrowding in buses and stations as well as long wait times for buses. In

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in Curitiba, Brazil, was opened in 1974. The RIT was inspired by the National Urban Transport Company of

4081: 3809: 3535: 3489: 2919: 7323: 7198: 6758: 6649: 6572: 6557: 5680: 5419: 5324: 3443: 1520: 979: 949: 921: 396:, 5.1 miles (8.2 km) in length in 2000, Pittsburgh's Busway system is today over 18.5 miles long. 304:. It was converted from trolley to bus use in 1948. However, the first BRT system in the world was the 58: 4918:"Transforming Cities with Transit: Transit and Land-Use Integration for Sustainable Urban Development" 4496: 3471: 2089: 7206: 6972: 6690: 6680: 6526: 6417: 5524: 4986: 1028:

Bi-articulated battery electric buses cause no problems in tunnels anymore but provide BRT capacity.

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The term "station" is more flexibly applied in North America and ranges from enclosed waiting areas (

730: 670: 460:, Indonesia. As of 2015, at 210 kilometres (130 mi), it is the longest BRT system in the world. 389: 5277: 4637:"Bogotá Wins 2022 Sustainable Transport Award - Institute for Transportation and Development Policy" 4599:"Bogotá Wins 2022 Sustainable Transport Award - Institute for Transportation and Development Policy" 3164: 3136: 2477: 7328: 6715: 2550: 1765: 1596: 1369: 1076:

The effectiveness of the feeder system: can these deliver people to stations at the required speed?

491:, was the first true BRT in Africa, in August 2009, carrying 16,000 daily passengers. Rea Vaya and 463: 297: 293: 261:

is attractive to transit authorities because it does not cost as much to establish and operate: no

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or other methods may be used to ease quick and safe alignment of the BRT vehicle with a platform.

7211: 6819: 6779: 6725: 5434: 5193:. University of Minnesota Center for Transportation Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering 4759:"Ahok apologizes for disrupting Transjakarta service as 30 buses are grounded | Coconuts Jakarta" 4514: 2212: 1973: 1942: 1782: 1624: 1577: 1444: 864: 234: 5206:(available for download in pdf) Institute for Transportation & Development Policy (May 2011) 5064: 4662:

https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/STA-2022-Award-Ceremony-Press-Release.docx-1.pdf

2586: 2325: 1051: 237:" has been used to describe severely degraded levels of bus service which fall far short of the 6477: 6457: 6201: 6196: 5948: 3189: 1922: 1855: 1841:. BRT systems can use trolleybuses to lower air pollution and noise emissions such as those in 1830:

commonly used in rapid transit and light rail systems, bus rapid transit often uses diesel- or

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To reduce direct emissions some systems use alternative forms of traction such as electric or

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Local passenger demand. Without enough local demand for travel, the capacity will not be used.

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Prohibiting turns for traffic across the bus lane significantly reduces delays to the buses.

423: 313: 282: 1858:-fueled engines, while Bogotá started to use hybrid buses in 2012; these hybrid systems use 7193: 7029: 6809: 6774: 6502: 6472: 6427: 6238: 6117: 5831: 5794: 5615: 3659: 2065: 2040: 1859: 1225: 388:

in 1983, a fuller BRT deployment including a dedicated busway of 9.1 miles (14.6 km),

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Carrigan, Aileen; King, Robin; Velasquez, Juan Miguel; Raifman, Matthew; Duduta, Nicolae.

1595:, based on the theory that this was the minimum speed that people will tolerate. When the 8: 7233: 7137: 7105: 6962: 6898: 6849: 6829: 6644: 6339: 6218: 6011: 6006: 5702: 5652: 5600: 4551:"EXCLUSIVE-POLL: Latin American cities have most dangerous transport for women, NYC best" 3646:

Mulley, Corinne; Ma, Liang; Clifton, Geoffrey; Yen, Barbara; Burke, Matthew (June 2016).

3214: 2951: 1267: 1063: 218: 138: 134: 118: 31: 4819: 3663: 1747: 1565:

Conventional scheduled bus services use general traffic lanes, which can be slow due to

6942: 6603: 6404: 6031: 5836: 5819: 5742: 5470: 5375: 4370: 3003: 2808: 2680: 2371: 2153: 1815: 1807: 1774: 1770: 1677:

The capital cost of implementing BRT is lower than for light rail: A study by the U.S.

1581: 1566: 1555: 1551: 1350: 1288: 987: 926: 718: 697: 575: 563: 540: 468: 408: 254: 175:

In the other regions, China (4.3 million) and Iran (2.1 million) stand out. Currently,

4168: 3758: 3632: 2300:"Shared-Use Bus Priority Lanes on City Streets: Case Studies in Design and Management" 7255: 6967: 6562: 6228: 6163: 6129: 5754: 5697: 5475: 5060: 5027: 2684: 1884: 1308: 953: 784: 722: 574:

Bus-only lanes make for faster travel and ensure that buses are not delayed by mixed

5085: 4558: 3952:. GTZ on Behalf of Bundesminister für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung 3058: 70: 7162: 6873: 6789: 6753: 6743: 6700: 6695: 6675: 6670: 6552: 6497: 6467: 5958: 5918: 5856: 5737: 5722: 5717: 5637: 5595: 5547: 5444: 5204:

Recapturing Global Leadership in Bus Rapid Transit – A Survey of Select U.S. Cities

5184: 5165: 5103: 5017: 5009: 4890: 3945: 3675: 3671: 3667: 2977: 2952:"Conozca la 'app' que le brinda información sobre Sitp y TransMilenio (in Spanish)" 2748: 2740: 2711: 2672: 2363: 2324:

Levinson, Herbert S.; Hoey, William F.; Sanders, David B.; Wyn, F. Houston (1973).

2272: 1535: 666: 43: 5013: 4309:

Recapturing Global Leadership in Bus Rapid Transit: A Survey of Select U.S. Cities

3997: 3392:"International Public Transport Conference 2010 – Case Study of the Guangzhou BRT" 384:, operating on 4.3 miles (6.9 km) of exclusive lanes. Its success led to the 7167: 7085: 7014: 6957: 6947: 6937: 6588: 6422: 6258: 6079: 5963: 5933: 5876: 5764: 5749: 5370: 5291: 5068: 4341: 3505:[Line 7 of Metrobús starts tests with free service; this is your route]. 3120: 2926: 2744: 2354:

Couch, Chris; Fowles, Steven (2006). "Britain: Runcorn — A Tale of Two Centres".

2210: 1958: 1838: 1492: 1022: 964: 714: 137:

where buses may interact with other traffic; alongside design features to reduce

4784:"Jakarta governor apoligezes for less than optimal Transjakarta busway services" 2938: 1527: 840:

Integrado de Transporte Público or Public Transit Integrated System) in Bogotá.

705: 532: 7301: 6999: 6891: 6804: 6705: 6685: 6521: 6442: 6233: 6158: 6087: 5881: 5672: 5111: 3444:"Intermodal Connectivity to BRT: A Comparative Analysis of Bogotá and Curitiba" 1850: 1670: 1546: 1523: 1241: 999: 995: 811: 305: 157: 114: 79: 4674: 4169:"The BRT Planning Guide - Institute for Transportation and Development Policy" 3971: 3759:"The BRT Planning Guide - Institute for Transportation and Development Policy" 2716: 2699: 483:, Nigeria, in March 2008 but is considered a light BRT system by many people. 153:(MRT) system with the flexibility, lower cost and simplicity of a bus system. 7317: 7223: 7216: 7183: 7110: 6984: 6923: 6854: 6799: 6394: 6379: 6359: 6354: 6097: 5983: 5866: 5826: 5814: 5707: 5573: 5031: 4424: 4080:. Federal Transit Administration. 1 August 2004. p. ES-5. Archived from 2035: 1900: 1345: 1116: 991: 968: 941: 934: 832: 651: 507: 472: 195:(MRT) and describes a high-capacity urban public-transit system with its own 192: 169: 150: 5170: 5153: 4865:"Aspen candidates mull citizen's proposal to open bus lanes to all vehicles" 3845: 2855: 2665:

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board

1925:, in March 2015 publicly apologized for the poor performance of the system. 7294: 7188: 7157: 7100: 7095: 7004: 6868: 6839: 6824: 6624: 6608: 6598: 6567: 6547: 6531: 6492: 6452: 6447: 6432: 6389: 6112: 5891: 5799: 5712: 5627: 5590: 5506: 5465: 5424: 5356: 4307:

Weinstock, Annie; Hook, Walter; Replogle, Michael; Cruz, Ramon (May 2011).

2768: 2001: 1938: 1895: 1876: 1871: 1800: 1592: 1588: 1399:

37,700 passengers in peak hour per direction (PPHPD) in the best BRT system

1329: 1142: 1043: 1037: 1003: 788: 760: 746: 686: 640: 604: 583: 536: 519: 484: 453: 442: 429: 411:, due to the downtown section being operated beyond its designed capacity. 392:, and peak service headway as low as two minutes. After the opening of the 381: 370: 366: 301: 238: 176: 130: 106: 47: 5284: 5122:"Bus Rapid Transit: An Efficient and Competitive Mode of Public Transport" 5096:

A very comprehensive 800 guide to creating a successful BRT system by the

4117: 3395: 1413:

45,000 PPHPD in a 1-lane-system using articulated buses (2020 in Istanbul)

374: 323: 7147: 7142: 7090: 7024: 6952: 6844: 6482: 6344: 6314: 6304: 6092: 6059: 6039: 5896: 5657: 5056: 4624:

https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Presentation-Mobilize.pdf

3932:

The performance and potential of light rail transit in developing cities.

3503:"Línea 7 de Metrobús inicia pruebas con servicio gratis; esta es su ruta" 3089: 2367: 2060: 1962: 1842: 1220: 807: 776: 674: 644: 567: 393: 317: 316:

where buses arrive on dedicated raised busways to two enclosed stations.

4332: 3680: 3114:"Applicability of Bogotá's TransMilenio BRT System to the United States" 2375: 2157: 741: 7243: 7125: 7120: 7064: 7019: 6979: 6784: 6654: 6374: 6369: 6289: 6191: 6069: 6049: 6001: 5968: 5938: 5903: 5846: 5774: 5769: 5732: 5662: 5647: 5622: 5605: 5568: 5460: 5397: 5380: 5022: 3934:

Project Report No. PR69. Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, UK.

2298:

Agrawal, Asha Weinstein; Goldman, Todd; Hannaford, Nancy (April 2012).

2045: 1966: 1638: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1458: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1283: 1018: 1014: 1007: 878: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 772: 726: 689:

2016, which is updated by the Technical Committee of the BRT Standard.

678: 579: 400: 215: 211: 146: 102: 75: 3592: 2753: 2623:"Tips for using the TransMilenio system on your first visit to Bogotá" 2253: 1006:

in the subway, and with the rear axle driven by a conventional diesel

780: 558: 63: 7238: 7115: 7009: 6487: 6437: 6384: 6299: 6253: 6223: 6213: 6153: 6107: 6064: 6054: 5973: 5943: 5928: 5871: 5727: 5585: 5480: 5244:. Washington, DC: Breakthrough Technologies Institute. Archived from 5191:

BRT Technologies: Assisting Drivers Operating Buses on Road Shoulders

2791:"The Scorecard - Institute for Transportation and Development Policy" 2513:"Profiles of American BRT: Pittsburgh's South Busway and East Busway" 1178: 1158: 803: 628: 503: 419: 5908: 5316: 4398:. Transmilenio, Alcaldía de Bogotá. 2013. p. 18. Archived from 2676: 2130:. Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. 24 July 2014. 1891: 1613: 1433: 1137: 853: 750: 721:

may be used, typically with multiple doors for fast entry and exit.

446: 6319: 6309: 6294: 6284: 6263: 6243: 6208: 6186: 6148: 6139: 6102: 6016: 5789: 5759: 5516: 5429: 5048:

Ghadirifaraz, B., Vaziri, M., Safa, A., & Barikrou, N. (2017).

2601:"Quito to Acquire 50 Trolleybuses to Improve Transportation System" 2211:

EMBARQ – The WRI Center for Sustainable Transport (November 2016).

2015: 1831: 1743: 1742:(ITDP), whose consultant pool includes the former mayor of Bogota ( 1714: 1666: 1303: 1262: 1199: 792: 624: 488: 360: 348: 289: 126: 3881:. Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. p. 20. 3190:"Chinese rail maker develops smart bus - Xinhua | English.news.cn" 1709: 598: 7228: 6994: 6989: 6634: 6511: 6349: 6279: 6181: 6021: 5993: 5923: 5913: 5809: 5136: 2182: 1917: 1701:

air quality can become a significant concern in tunnels, but the

1559: 1324: 975: 914: 701:

Double decker bus at Mexico City with capacity for 130 passengers

547: 457: 309: 226: 200: 180: 161: 51: 2213:"Global BRT Data — Worldwide and Key indicators per region" 54:, Indonesia, the longest BRT system in the world (251.2 km) 6334: 6329: 6248: 5953: 5779: 5632: 3621:

See p. 6, based on 62,000 people in the 4-hour morning rushhour

3534:. Federal Transit Administration. 1 August 2004. Archived from 2600: 2501:

Gerhard Menckhoff, World Bank. August 2005. Retrieved 08–15–13.

1976:

criticized the viability of ongoing BRTs across the continent.

1364: 983: 930: 836: 799: 552: 404: 352: 222: 5135:. National Bus Rapid Transit Association. 2009. Archived from 5105:

Bus Rapid Transit, Volume 1: Case Studies in Bus Rapid Transit

4936:"South Africa needs to revamp its new public transport system" 4461:"El pecado original que determinó el fracaso del Transantiago" 1753:

Supported by contributions of bus-producing companies such as

827:

separate maps, it is easier to understand the entire network.

6044: 3004:"Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel and Changing Bus Technology" 2902: 2144:

Lesley, Lewis (1983). "Runcorn - A Rapid Transit New Town?".

1950: 1754: 524:

BRT systems normally include most of the following features:

480: 434: 415: 363: 5236: 3906:"Uzmanlar Uyarmıştı Ama Yanan Metrobüsün Faturası Ağır Oldu" 3891:"Happy with Metrobus, when there is no better alternative". 2622: 2031:

List of guided busways and BRT systems in the United Kingdom

1541: 30:"Transitway" redirects here. For the network in Ottawa, see 6409: 6364: 5978: 5841: 5487: 4728:"Another Alleged Sexual Harassment at TransJakarta Station" 3705:"Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of BRT Systems" 2941:

NYC Metropolitan Transit Authority. Retrieved 12 March 2010

2646:"Train service has moved forward, can Transjakarta follow?" 1760: 1718: 1576:

In 2013, the New York City authorities noted that buses on

1569:, and the speed of bus services is further reduced by long 1066:, 7 seconds in Belo Horizonte, 6 seconds in Rio de Janeiro. 768: 643:, and is even greater due to the nature of bus operations. 496: 380:

In the United States, BRT began in 1977, with Pittsburgh's

356: 332: 142: 5209: 4335:

Average In-Use Emissions from Urban Buses and School Buses

3846:"GAO-01-984 Mass Transit: Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise" 2216: 759:

An example of high-quality stations include those used on

141:

caused by passengers boarding or leaving buses, or paying

6914: 5563: 5181:

An international Centre of Excellence for BRT development

4333:

Office of Transportation and Air Quality (October 2008).

4306: 3785:"Peak load, corridor (passengers per hour per direction)" 3027:"Last day for buses in Seattle's downtown transit tunnel" 2700:"Rea Vaya: South Africa's first bus rapid transit system" 1042:

A BRT system can be measured by a number of factors. The

974:

Another alternative is to use electric propulsion, which

122: 6883: 5297: 5069:

Bus rapid transit systems as a governance reform project

5059:. Journal of Transport Geography, 70. pp. 193–202. 5057:

Bus Rapid Transit Systems as a Governance Reform Project

4961:"Bus Rapid Transit system on road to nowhere in Gauteng" 4533:"Preocupantes cifras de acoso a mujeres en Transmilenio" 4283:"Si Peñalosa no va a la ciudad, la ciudad va a Peñalosa" 3702: 3563: 3561: 3559: 2929:

page ES-8. Federal Transit Administration (August 2004).

2504: 2333:

National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 143

1866: 1057:

Other metrics used to evaluate BRT performance include:

843: 3569:"Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Istanbul, Turkey: Metrobüs" 3215:"The BRT Planning Guide 4th edition, pp. 25-26 of 1076" 2297: 5313:

Database of Bus Rapid Transit systems around the world

5310: 5237:

Vincent, William; Lisa Callaghan Jerram (April 2008).

5113:

Bus Rapid Transit, Volume 2: Implementation Guidelines

4479:"10 años de Transantiago: su deterioro y su reemplazo" 2662: 2323: 2139: 2137: 586:

or 'bus streets' may also be created in city centers.

5178: 4897:. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit 3556: 3289:"DART gears up to serve 2.5 million passengers daily" 2279:. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit 1818:(which is supposed to be BRT-standard) as "Not BRT". 3873: 2169: 2167: 1991: 5098: