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736:. He believed that in practice this deprived British elites (in politics, administration, and industry) of adequate preparation for managing the modern scientific world. By contrast, Snow said, German and American schools sought to prepare their citizens equally in the sciences and humanities, and better scientific teaching enabled those countries' rulers to compete more effectively in a scientific age. Later discussion of
707:, which is the scientific equivalent of saying, 'Can you read?' – not more than one in ten of the highly educated would have felt that I was speaking the same language. So the great edifice of modern physics goes up, and the majority of the cleverest people in the western world have about as much insight into it as their
681:
A good many times I have been present at gatherings of people who, by the standards of the traditional culture, are thought highly educated and who have with considerable gusto been expressing their incredulity at the illiteracy of scientists. Once or twice I have been provoked and have asked the
675:, the lecture argued that the breakdown of communication between the "two cultures" of modern society – the sciences and the humanities – was a major hindrance to solving the world's problems. In particular, Snow argues that the quality of education in the world is on the decline. He wrote:
747:
in his
Richmond Lecture of 1962 whose subject was "The Two Cultures", something that has come to be referred to as "the two cultures controversy". Although it was seen as a personal attack against Snow, Leavis maintained that he was targeting how public debates worked.
566:. It deals with the internal politics of a Cambridge college as it prepares to elect a new master. With the appeal of an insider's view, the novel depicts concerns other than the strictly academic that influence decisions of supposedly objective scholars.
354:, graduating with a first in chemistry in 1927 and an MSc the following year. Upon leaving Leicester, Snow gained a prestigious Keddey-Fletcher-Warr postgraduate studentship worth £200, allowing him to embark on doctoral research at
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As delivered in 1959, Snow's Rede
Lectures specifically condemned the British educational system, as having since the Victorian period over-rewarded the humanities (especially
510:. The two became friends, worked together in the civil service and wrote versions of each other into their novels: Snow was the model for the college dean, Robert, in Cooper's
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In 1923, he passed the intermediate
British School Certificate, but remained at Alderman Newton's to work as a laboratory assistant for a further two years. In 1925 he began a
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tended to obscure Snow's initial focus on differences between
British systems (of both schooling and social class) and those of competing countries.
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to
William Snow, a church organist and choirmaster, and his wife Ada, Charles Snow was the second of four boys, his brothers being Harold, Eric and
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686:. The response was cold: it was also negative. Yet I was asking something which is about the scientific equivalent of: 'Have you read a work of
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530:), both scientific advisors to British governments around the time of the Second World War. The lectures were subsequently published as
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For the academic year 1961 to 1962, Snow and his wife both served as
Fellows on the faculty in the Center for Advanced Studies at
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in which he depicts intellectuals in modern academic and government settings. The best-known of the sequence is
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Lord Snow of
Leicester was born at 40 Richmond Road Leicester. This plaque is displayed opposite his birthplace.
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used the first part of this quotation as the basis for their short monologue and song, "First and Second Law".
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from 1940 to 1944, and as a civil service commissioner from 1945 to 1960. He was appointed a
Commander of the
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I now believe that if I had asked an even simpler question – such as, What do you mean by
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1458:"This Month in Physics History: May 7, 1959: C.P. Snow Gives His "Two Cultures" Lecture"
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1541:"C.P. Snow facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about C.P. Snow"
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Snow served in several senior civil service positions: as technical director of the
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turned out to be incorrect, he withdrew from further scientific research.
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Markl, H (April 1994). "Dementia dichotoma—the 'two cultures' delusion".
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Frederick
Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava
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558:. He is better known as the author of a sequence of novels entitled
407:. Snow was among the 2,300 names of prominent persons listed on the
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In 1944, he was appointed director of scientific personnel for the
1315:
A time of renewal: clusters of characters, C. P. Snow, and co, ups
313:. He is best known for his series of novels known collectively as
1808:
Memoirs of a
Leavisite: The Decline and Fall of Cambridge English
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added a phrase to the language of the day. In 1974, Snow's novel
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1997:
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in 1950; they had one son. Friends included the mathematician
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301:(15 October 1905 – 1 July 1980) was an English novelist and
2128:
1719:
Guide to the Center for Advanced Studies Records, 1958–1969
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408:
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John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair
1739:"The James Tait Black Memorial Prizes: The Prize Winners"
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359:
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A telescope fesswise between two pens in saltire Proper.
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in physics from Cambridge in 1930, with a thesis on the
1894:. John de la Mothe. (University of Texas Press, 1992).
2479:
People educated at Alderman Newton's School, Leicester
628:– Snow makes a robust defence of the realistic novel.
305:
who also served in several important positions in the
1842:"Leavis v Snow: the two-cultures bust-up 50 years on"
484:, for whom he would write a biographical foreword in
1785:(2019) Snow's storm Vol 364, Issue 6439 pp. 430-432
1081:
The Physicists: A Generation that Changed the World
2270:Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell
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645:and is used to help elicit the criminal's motive.
596:, an examination of the work of eight novelists –
16:English novelist and physical chemist (1905–1980)
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457:, on 29 October 1964. As a politician, Snow was
1120: ed.). Oxford: A & C Black.
1810:, Liverpool University Press, pp. 67–73,
1741:. Englit.ed.ac.uk. 21 May 2012. Archived from
967:The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution
673:The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution
469:from 1964 to 1966 in the Labour government of
2459:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
2114:
1983:
1287:Stranger and brother: a portrait of C.P. Snow
1255:(2010) "C.P. Snow's Two Cultures Revisited,"
2494:Science and technology in the United Kingdom
2150:Sir Ralph Abercromby Anstruther, 4th Baronet
1928:Nicholas Tredell. (Palgrave Macmillan 2012).
1665:Shrapnel, Norman. Obituary, William Cooper,
682:company how many of them could describe the
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2469:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
2205:John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute
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1990:
1976:
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1043:The Realists: Portraits of Eight Novelists
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2155:Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet
1511:(Supplement). 1 January 1943. p. 16.
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226:Physics, chemistry, literature (novelist)
2439:Alumni of University of London Worldwide
2225:Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
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1577:
1567:(Supplement). 1 January 1957. p. 2.
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1481:(2019) 'The Two Cultures at Cambridge',
554:(1932). In 1975 he wrote a biography of
289:
2489:Rectors of the University of St Andrews
2295:David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir
2131:Rectors of the University of St Andrews
1920:, Vol 26, No 2, pages 111–127. (1988).
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1587:. 15 February 1957. pp. 1044–1045.
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1530:, Book Club Associates, 1971, page 784.
1421:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
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976:, 1961, First Four Square Edition, 1963
441:, having the honour conferred by Queen
57:C. P. Snow in 1969 by Jack Manning for
2464:Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge
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1950:Rector of the University of St Andrews
1892:C P Snow and the Struggle of Modernity
1094:
388:paper on a new method of synthesising
373:
2454:Alumni of the University of Leicester
2449:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
2180:Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne
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1971:
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1801:
1696:. Wesleyan University. Archived from
1272:. London: Cambridge University Press.
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2290:David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford
1523:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1455:
1410:
1126:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U159735
1103:
789:On either side a Siamese Cat Proper.
587:was shortlisted for the Booker Prize
2285:David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter
1681:Recent Thoughts on the Two Cultures
1404:
1321:
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779:Azure semy of snow crystals Proper.
648:
13:
2519:Life peers created by Elizabeth II
2444:Alumni of the University of London
1914:"The scientific papers of C P Snow
1885:
1840:Collini, Stefan (16 August 2013).
1830:
1330:"C. P. Snow's Desert Island Discs"
981:The Two Cultures and a Second Look
445:on 12 February, and was created a
14:
2535:
2514:20th-century English male writers
1414:The structure of simple molecules
1235:"Are We Beyond the Two Cultures?"
514:sequence. In 1960, Snow gave the
264:The Structure of Simple Molecules
1607:. 30 October 1964. p. 9195.
1485:, Volume 27, Issue 1, pp. 46–53
913:
661:On 7 May 1959, Snow delivered a
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2220:John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury
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1773:at the Man Booker Prize website
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1375:C.P. Snow: The Dynamics of Hope
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1340:
1317:. Radcliffe Press. p. 234.
1270:The Two Cultures: A Second Look
751:
576:James Tait Black Memorial Prize
197:
2434:20th-century English novelists
1926:C P Snow: The Dynamics of Hope
1910:. Paul Boytinck. (Hall, 1980).
1303:
1275:
1262:
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959:
350:external degree in science at
299:Charles Percy Snow, Baron Snow
1:
2300:Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby
2190:Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay
1624:The Times Literary Supplement
1107:"Snow, Baron (Charles Percy)"
1087:
759:Coat of arms of The Lord Snow
494:, the X-ray crystallographer
382:of Christ's College. After a
352:University College, Leicester
133:University College, Leicester
2474:Labour Party (UK) life peers
1411:Snow, Charles Percy (1930).
1176:(6th Edition, 2001–2005). "
1133:UK public library membership
946:, 1974, shortlisted for the
799:Aut Inveniam Viam Aut Faciam
684:Second Law of Thermodynamics
522:, about the clashes between
7:
2499:Wesleyan University faculty
2235:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
2170:Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves
1908:C P Snow: A Reference Guide
1671:, London, 7 September 2002.
1113:Who's Who & Who Was Who
631:The storyline of his novel
512:Scenes from Provincial Life
401:Order of the British Empire
356:Christ's College, Cambridge
10:
2540:
2031:The Conscience of the Rich
1802:Ellis, David, ed. (2013),
1037:Trollope: His Life and Art
874:The Conscience of the Rich
812:
654:
476:Snow married the novelist
2524:Scientists from Leicester
2138:
2011:
1956:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1654:Christ's College Magazine
1491:10.1017/S1062798718000571
1466:American Physical Society
1180:" Accessed 26 July 2007.
1174:The Columbia Encyclopedia
793:
783:
773:
763:
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711:ancestors would have had.
574:were jointly awarded the
546:Snow's first novel was a
498:, the cultural historian
487:A Mathematician's Apology
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2141:University of St Andrews
1289:. Macmillan. p. 3.
526:and F. Lindemann (later
424:English Electric Company
341:Alderman Newton's School
327:Early life and education
120:Alderman Newton's School
1791:10.1126/science.aaw9396
1118:Oxford University Press
532:Science and Government.
478:Pamela Hansford Johnson
459:parliamentary secretary
238:University of Cambridge
186:Pamela Hansford Johnson
138:University of Cambridge
2504:English male novelists
2484:Writers from Leicester
2175:Arthur Penrhyn Stanley
2038:The Light and the Dark
2004:Strangers and Brothers
1804:"The Richmond lecture"
1769:3 January 2010 at the
974:Science and Government
834:The Light and the Dark
827:Strangers and Brothers
815:Strangers and Brothers
807:Strangers and Brothers
560:Strangers and Brothers
467:Minister of Technology
339:, and was educated at
316:Strangers and Brothers
295:
156:Strangers and Brothers
2280:Sir George Cunningham
1728:, Wesleyan University
1724:14 March 2017 at the
1683:, Wesleyan University
1328:Plomley, Roy (1975).
743:Snow was attacked by
435:1957 New Year Honours
405:1943 New Year Honours
307:British Civil Service
293:
2310:Sir John Rothenstein
2165:James Anthony Froude
1700:on 24 September 2007
1399:Stranger and brother
1361:Stranger and brother
1348:Stranger and brother
1268:Snow, C. P. (1963).
825:(first published as
732:) at the expense of
378:In 1930 he became a
348:University of London
26:The Right Honourable
2340:Katharine Whitehorn
2185:Sir Theodore Martin
2080:The Sleep of Reason
1547:. Encyclopedia.com.
1373:Tredell, N (2012).
1259:magazine, pp. 48-57
1243:article, 7 May 2009
898:The Sleep of Reason
618:Benito Pérez Galdós
536:Wesleyan University
413:Special Search List
374:Career and research
309:and briefly in the
2315:Learie Constantine
2073:Corridors of Power
1918:History of Science
1745:on 15 January 2007
1656:231, 67–69, (2006)
1604:The London Gazette
1584:The London Gazette
1564:The London Gazette
1508:The London Gazette
1443:uk.bl.ethos.763531
1427:10.17863/CAM.31121
1206:10.1007/BF02026636
1025:The State of Siege
890:Corridors of Power
719:Flanders and Swann
635:is referred to in
580:Corridors of Power
520:Harvard University
397:Ministry of Labour
368:diatomic molecules
358:. He received his
296:
170:Corridors of Power
70:Charles Percy Snow
59:The New York Times
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2390:Catherine Stihler
2370:Sir Clement Freud
2335:Tim Brooke-Taylor
2265:Guglielmo Marconi
2096:
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1966:
1965:
1957:Succeeded by
1935:Academic offices
1900:978-0-292-72916-2
1875:Debrett's Peerage
1817:978-1-78138-711-5
1783:W. Patrick McCray
1627:. 27 March 2020.
1528:William L. Shirer
1131:(Subscription or
953:A Coat of Varnish
926:New Lives for Old
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734:science education
637:Dorothy L. Sayers
610:Fyodor Dostoevsky
502:and the polymath
455:City of Leicester
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275:Doctoral students
217:Scientific career
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2240:Sir J. M. Barrie
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657:The Two Cultures
650:The Two Cultures
602:Honoré de Balzac
556:Anthony Trollope
552:Death under Sail
492:Patrick Blackett
490:, the physicist
364:infrared spectra
321:The Two Cultures
303:physical chemist
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584:In Their Wisdom
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2426:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Donald Findlay
2357:
2355:Nicky Campbell
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
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2237:
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2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Arthur Balfour
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2024:George Passant
2020:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1887:
1884:
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1880:
1866:
1829:
1816:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1730:
1711:
1685:
1673:
1658:
1645:
1610:
1590:
1570:
1550:
1532:
1514:
1494:
1479:Peter Lachmann
1471:
1448:
1403:
1390:
1383:
1365:
1352:
1339:
1320:
1302:
1295:
1274:
1261:
1245:
1227:
1182:
1159:
1138:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1040:
1034:
1031:Public Affairs
1028:
1022:
985:
977:
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961:
958:
957:
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950:
941:
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912:
911:
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894:
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854:
846:
838:
830:
822:George Passant
813:Main article:
810:
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800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
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717:The satirists
715:
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694:
693:
692:
691:
655:Main article:
652:
647:
543:
540:
508:William Cooper
504:George Steiner
500:Jacques Barzun
463:House of Lords
375:
372:
328:
325:
286:
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148:Known for
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135:
129:
127:
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117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
99:(aged 74)
93:
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82:
69:
67:
63:
62:
56:
48:
47:
32:
29:
24:
15:
9:
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2432:
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2427:
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2419:
2403:
2401:
2400:Leyla Hussein
2398:
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2368:
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2346:
2345:Stanley Adams
2343:
2341:
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2328:
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2198:
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2178:
2176:
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2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
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2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
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2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1943:Baron Boothby
1938:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1876:
1870:
1855:
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1819:
1813:
1809:
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1798:
1792:
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1784:
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1772:
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1734:
1727:
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1670:
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1594:
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1510:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:Anon (2017).
1452:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1384:9781137271877
1380:
1376:
1369:
1363:, pp. 25, 29.
1362:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1298:
1296:0-333-32680-6
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1240:Seed Magazine
1236:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:(4): 346–51.
1199:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1175:
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1168:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1104:Anon (2017).
1100:
1098:
1093:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
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1023:
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986:
983:
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975:
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927:
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921:
918:
917:
914:Other fiction
908:
907:
903:
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899:
895:
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891:
887:
884:
883:
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
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727:
722:
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710:
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689:
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674:
670:
669:
664:
658:
651:
646:
644:
643:
638:
634:
629:
627:
626:Marcel Proust
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:Literary work
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:Lord Cherwell
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
483:
479:
474:
472:
471:Harold Wilson
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
428:Eric Eastwood
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:(CBE) in the
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
386:
381:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
324:
322:
318:
317:
312:
311:UK government
308:
304:
300:
292:
283:
280:
279:Eric Eastwood
277:
273:
266:
265:
261:
259:
255:
249:
248:Civil Service
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
187:
182:
178:
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171:
167:
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158:
157:
153:
152:
150:
146:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
94:
90:
85:
68:
64:
60:
54:
49:
44:
40:
36:
27:
22:
19:
2404:Stella Maris
2395:Srđa Popović
2380:Kevin Dunion
2375:Simon Pepper
2304:
2210:James Stuart
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2017:Time of Hope
2015:
2002:
1998:
1948:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1891:
1874:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1846:The Guardian
1845:
1821:, retrieved
1807:
1797:
1778:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1733:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:the original
1688:
1676:
1668:The Guardian
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1602:
1593:
1582:
1573:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1521:
1517:
1506:
1497:
1482:
1474:
1461:
1451:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1377:. Springer.
1374:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1286:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1253:Lisa Jardine
1248:
1239:
1230:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1173:
1141:
1111:
1080:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1010:Robert Frost
1002:Lloyd George
987:
979:
973:
965:
952:
948:Booker Prize
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
864:
856:
848:
842:Time of Hope
840:
832:
826:
820:
806:
752:Publications
745:F. R. Leavis
742:
737:
723:
716:
705:acceleration
672:
666:
663:Rede Lecture
660:
649:
640:
632:
630:
594:The Realists
593:
591:
583:
579:
571:
567:
563:
559:
551:
545:
531:
524:Henry Tizard
511:
496:J. D. Bernal
485:
475:
450:
443:Elizabeth II
432:
421:
394:
383:
377:
345:
330:
314:
298:
297:
262:
231:Institutions
216:
168:
161:
154:
97:(1980-07-01)
58:
18:
2429:1980 deaths
2424:1905 births
2365:Andrew Neil
2320:John Cleese
2087:Last Things
2059:Homecomings
2052:The New Men
2045:The Masters
1704:23 November
1652:C. P. Snow
1599:"No. 43477"
1579:"No. 41003"
1559:"No. 40960"
1503:"No. 35841"
1311:Philip Snow
1283:Philip Snow
1193:Experientia
1178:Snow, C. P.
1063:Henry James
994:H. G. Wells
960:Non-fiction
906:Last Things
866:Homecomings
858:The New Men
850:The Masters
688:Shakespeare
642:Gaudy Night
622:Henry James
614:Leo Tolstoy
572:The New Men
568:The Masters
564:The Masters
482:G. H. Hardy
337:Philip Snow
319:, and for "
108:Nationality
95:1 July 1980
2418:Categories
2330:Frank Muir
2325:Alan Coren
2305:C. P. Snow
2066:The Affair
1999:C. P. Snow
1954:1961–1964
1848:. London.
1694:"WesFacts"
1435:1085143960
1146:C. P. Snow
1135:required.)
1088:References
1055:Dostoevsky
990:Rutherford
932:The Search
882:The Affair
785:Supporters
633:The Search
451:Baron Snow
366:of simple
76:1905-10-15
30:Baron Snow
2260:Jan Smuts
1859:19 August
1854:0261-3077
1823:19 August
1633:0307-661X
1419:cam.ac.uk
1006:Churchill
709:Neolithic
578:in 1954.
453:, of the
447:life peer
390:Vitamin A
333:Leicester
116:Education
86:, England
84:Leicester
1767:Archived
1764:C P Snow
1722:Archived
1638:29 March
1401:, p. 30.
1350:, p. 22.
1313:(1998).
1285:(1982).
1222:34079880
1116:(online
1071:Stendhal
1045:, 1978 (
998:Einstein
598:Stendhal
548:whodunit
439:knighted
331:Born in
208:Children
1877:. 1973.
1749:22 June
1462:aps.org
1214:8174681
1075:Tolstoy
1051:Dickens
829:), 1940
665:called
465:to the
461:in the
437:he was
433:In the
417:Gestapo
202:
194:
190:
180:Spouses
111:English
1898:
1852:
1814:
1631:
1441:
1433:
1397:Snow,
1381:
1359:Snow,
1346:Snow,
1293:
1220:
1212:
1152:
1083:, 1981
1067:Proust
1059:Galdos
1047:Balzac
1039:, 1975
1033:, 1971
1027:, 1968
1021:, 1967
1018:Stalin
984:, 1963
970:, 1959
955:, 1979
940:, 1972
934:, 1934
928:, 1933
922:, 1932
909:, 1970
901:, 1968
893:, 1964
885:, 1959
877:, 1958
869:, 1956
861:, 1954
853:, 1951
845:, 1949
837:, 1947
809:series
775:Shield
385:Nature
380:Fellow
269:(1930)
267:
258:Thesis
223:Fields
1439:EThOS
1218:S2CID
795:Motto
765:Crest
730:Greek
726:Latin
703:, or
449:, as
409:Nazis
196:(
192:
140:(PhD)
41:
37:
1896:ISBN
1861:2023
1850:ISSN
1825:2023
1812:ISBN
1751:2012
1706:2009
1640:2020
1629:ISSN
1431:OCLC
1379:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1210:PMID
1150:IMDb
728:and
701:mass
690:'s?'
624:and
570:and
92:Died
66:Born
43:FRSL
2001:'s
1787:doi
1487:doi
1423:doi
1334:BBC
1202:doi
1148:at
1122:doi
639:'s
592:In
518:at
360:PhD
39:CBE
2420::
1844:.
1832:^
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2108:v
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1224:.
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74:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
