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cognitive-behavioral therapy, person-centered therapy, and positive psychology with personality assessment and meditative practices that enhance mindfulness and self-awareness of the cognitive schemas that organize and direct our attention and motivation in different situations. His approach differs from other forms of psychotherapy by its emphasis on integration of a person's awareness of their body, thoughts, and psyche. He suggests that the separation of biomedical, psychosocial, and spiritual approaches interferes with the development of well-being, whereas their integration has been shown to reduce drop-out, relapse, and recurrence rates in randomized controlled trials of well-being therapy. Cloninger's integrative approach is intended to synthesize work done in the mental health field, fostering what Juan
Mezzich of the World Psychiatric Association has called "psychiatry for the person". Several studies show that psychotherapy, alone or in combination with medications, can help people with mental disorders recover faster and stay well longer, but that a declining number of psychiatrists are providing psychotherapy to their patients. Cloninger is working with the World Psychiatric Association and the International College of Person-centered Medicine to advance a more integrated approach to mental health and well-being. The
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behavior before age 25. Cloninger proposed that the differences between these two groups of people were explained by personality traits that were observable in childhood, long before any exposure to alcohol. He confirmed this by measuring the personality of boys when they were in the fourth grade, about 10 years of age, based on detailed interviews with their teachers and without any knowledge of their drinking status as adults. The personality ratings of
Cloninger were based on his tridimensional model of temperament. The personality model also helped the team to understand other findings they obtained about the inheritance of criminal behavior, somatization (i.e., many physical complaints), anxiety, and depressive disorders. The original findings were later confirmed by a replication study using the same methods conducted in Gothenburg, Sweden. Overall, these adoption studies provided strong evidence for the contribution of both genetic and environmental influences on vulnerability to alcoholism, somatization, criminality, anxiety, and depressive disorders. Without this research the general public would have never known that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in these conditions.
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experiments and asked for
Cloninger's assistance in his own research. For several years, Bohman had been studying the behavior of a large birth cohort of children born in Stockholm. The children had been separated from their biological parents at birth and reared in adopted homes. Extensive data about alcohol abuse, criminality, and physical and mental complaints to physicians were available in Sweden as a result of the extensive health and social records for all people in the country. Cloninger developed methods for what he called a "cross-fostering" analysis. Information about the genetic background of adoptees was measured by data about their biological parents. Information about their rearing environment was measured by data about their adoptive parents and home environment. This permitted study of the independent contributions of the genetic and environmental backgrounds independently and in combination in a sample of thousands of adoptees. Their first joint paper on a cross-fostering analysis of the inheritance of alcoholism in men became an ISI Science Citation Classic that convinced most scientists that vulnerability to alcoholism was genetically heritable in part.
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personality disorder in people with different temperament configurations, but every configuration could be found in people who were mentally healthy as well as in people who had personality disorders. Consequently, Cloninger identified a second domain of personality variables, using character traits to measure a person's humanistic and transpersonal style: self-directedness (reliable, purposeful vs. blaming, aimless), cooperativeness (tolerant, helpful vs. prejudiced, revengeful) and self-transcendence (self-forgetful, spiritual vs. self-conscious, materialistic). These character dimensions measure the components of an individual's mental self-government and can strongly measure the presence and severity of personality disorder. Cloninger often cites
Immanuel Kant, who defines character as "what people make of themselves intentionally". Character dimensions have strong relations with recently evolved regions of the brain—such as the frontal, temporal, and parietal neocortex—that regulate learning of facts and propositions. By contrast, the temperament dimensions have strong relations with the older cortico-striatal and limbic systems that regulate habits and skills.
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culture. Others who experience it may also describe an awareness of a divine presence. People scoring high in TCI Self-Transcendence report frequent experiences of boundlessness and inseparability. They lose awareness of their separateness when absorbed in what they love to do or when appreciating the wonders and mysteries of life. Cloninger observes that such experiences of self-forgetfulness and transpersonal identification correspond to what Freud called "oceanic feelings", which is different from intellectual adherence to particular religious dogmas or rituals. The TCI Self-Transcendence scale is often used as a measure of spirituality. Cloninger proposed that the psyche is the aspect of a human being that motivates the search for self-transcendence and underlies the human capacities for self-awareness, creativity, and freedom of will. As suggested by transpersonal psychologists and other psychiatrists like
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systems as measured by functional brain imaging. Each dimension is influenced by complex interaction between many genetic and environmental variables, so personality develops as a complex adaptive system. Cloninger's temperament and character inventories have been extensively used in a wide variety of clinical and research purposes, and cited in thousands of peer-reviewed publications. The construction of the inventories on the basis of genetic and neurobiological considerations challenges the traditional statistical assumptions of factor analytically derived inventories, which have been targeted by social and cognitive psychologists for many years. Fortunately, in terms of overall statistical information, there is extensive overlap among the TCI and other multidimensional personality inventories, except that other inventories lack the dimension of Self-Transcendence.
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modeling complex patterns of inheritance using path analysis to allow for both genetic and cultural inheritance. He extended path analysis with the introduction of the "copath" to facilitate the analysis of assortative mating and cultural inheritance. He worked to develop methods for disentangling genetic, cultural, and other environmental influences on mental disorders until he concluded that such statistical modeling would never convince skeptics or provide precise estimates when biological parents also reared their own children. His clinical studies of psychiatric disorders also revealed much complexity in the clinical features of mental disorders: people often had multiple overlapping syndromes and changed over time in unpredictable ways. As a result, he shifted his efforts after 1980 to more compelling experimental designs, such as adoption and linkage studies.
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result of that I have tried to work out such a systematic model, and have progressed by stages to more and more inclusive theoretical frameworks. The basic position I have now is that we have to see the whole person as more than a collection of disease states: a person is composed of multiple elements of body, mind, and spirit. Each of these has to be carefully defined and measurable, so that we can avoid fantasy and speculation and have testable models. ... What has become increasingly clear to me is that man has a natural integrative tendency that leads to health, and that disease emerges whenever there is a block. Blocks can come from a genetic predisposition that interferes with natural development, from social learning, or from prior experiences that are unique to the individual.
310:, Cloninger has emphasized that self-transcendence is an essential component in the processes of integration and maturation of personality. He found that when people who score high on all three character traits are compared to others, they have the highest level of well-being, as measured by presence of positive emotions, absence of negative emotions, satisfaction with life, or virtuous conduct. The capacity for love and work have long been recognized as important for well-being, but Cloninger also observed that people need to experience self-transcendence in order to cope well with suffering and to enjoy life's wonders and mysteries fully.
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as has usually been done by personality psychologists. He focused on the structure of learning abilities within the person, as has long been desired by social-cognitive psychologists. To test the adequacy of his structural model, Cloninger compared his model of development within the individual (i.e., ontogeny) to the evolution of learning abilities in animal phylogeny. Initially he described three dimensions of temperament that he suggested were independently inherited:
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I think it is important that we bring a scientific basis to psychiatry and psychology at a level that goes beyond the level of description. In order for us to advance systematically, as for instance chemistry and physics have done, we need a specific theory of the person and our nature of being. As a
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Likewise, Cloninger and his colleague Dragan
Svrakic found that temperament alone did not capture the full range of personality. They found that, by itself, temperament could not reveal whether a person was mature or had a personality disorder. On average, there were differences in the probability of
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Observations about personality provided
Cloninger a practical way to predict vulnerability to mental disorders. In the mid-1980s, he developed a general model of temperament based on genetic, neurobiological, and neuropharmacological data, rather than using factor analysis of behavior or self-reports
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Cloninger has also suggested that not only is there a natural integrative tendency, but that "all human beings have spontaneous needs for happiness, self-understanding and love." He describes practices that improve character development and satisfy these strong basic needs. Just as people can become
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Cloninger, Bohman, and Soren
Sigvardson distinguished two subtypes of alcoholism that differed in their clinical features and pattern of inheritance: type 1, associated with anxiety proneness and loss of control over alcohol intake after age 25; and type 2, associated with impulsivity and antisocial
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predictive of vulnerability to alcoholism and other mental disorders in prospective studies of adoptees reared apart from their biological parents. Cloninger also carried out the first genome-wide association and linkage study of normal personality traits, and has developed two widely used tools for
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noted for his research on the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual foundation of both mental health and mental illness. He previously held the
Wallace Renard Professorship of Psychiatry, and served as professor of psychology and genetics, as well as director of the Sansone Family Center
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In order to better quantify and test hypotheses about the inheritance of psychiatric disorders, he studied quantitative genetics with
Theodore Reich in St. Louis and with Newton Morton and D.C. Rao of the Population Genetics Lab of the University of Hawaii. During the late 70s, Cloninger worked on
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Cloninger, C. R. (2003). Completing the psychobiological architecture of human personality development: Temperament, Character, & Coherence. In U. M. Staudinger & U. E. R. Lindenberger (Eds.), Understanding human development: Dialogues with lifespan psychology (pp. 159–182). Boston:
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Self-transcendence refers to the interest people have in searching for something elevated, something beyond their individual existence. According to
Cloninger's model, self-transcendence can manifest as an intuitive understanding of elevated aspects of humanity, like compassion, ethics, art, and
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Studies quickly showed that Persistence (persevering, ambitious vs. easily discouraged, underachieving) was a fourth independently inherited temperament dimension with specific brain circuitry, rather than a facet of Reward Dependence. These temperament dimensions proved to be a powerful way to
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stronger in the body through physical exercise, he has found they can become mentally and spiritually healthier with mental and spiritual exercises, including certain meditations that enhance mindfulness and spirituality. He describes examples of such exercises in detail in a DVD series called
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These three character dimensions have been found to be as heritable as the four temperament dimensions, each with about 50% heritability in twin studies. All seven dimensions of temperament and character have been found to have unique genetic determinants and to be regulated by different brain
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Cloninger attended a research-intensive medical school at Washington University in St. Louis from 1966 to 1970, and has remained on the faculty there throughout his career. In addition to regular medical training, he did a research fellowship in preventive medicine and public health. He began
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Cloninger was born in Beaumont, Texas in 1944. His father Morris Cloninger was a former English teacher and businessman, and his mother Concetta was a former actress who directed the local community theater. He attended the University of Texas in Austin from 1962 to 1966 in the Plan II Honors
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The answer to the need for better data about separation experiments came in the form of a long-term collaboration between Cloninger and Michael Bohman, the head of child psychiatry at the University of Umea in Sweden. Bohman had read some of Cloninger's papers on the analysis of separation
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Working in the service of others, thereby increasing love and cooperativeness; letting go of fighting and worrying, thereby increasing hope and self-directedness; and growing in awareness, thereby increasing faith and Self-Transcendence. Cloninger's approach combines principles of
230:, substance dependence, and somatization disorder were so often found together in the same individual and in the same family. This question led to longitudinal studies of people with each of these disorders and then family and adoption studies.
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distinguish subtypes of personality disorders and vulnerability to a wide range of mental disorders. Cloninger was initially criticized for reducing personality to emotional drives. For example, in his book
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Cloninger, C. R., Zohar, A. H., Hirschmann, S., Dahan, D. (2012) The psychological costs and benefits of being highly persistent: personality profiles distinguish mood disorders from anxiety disorders.
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The mental exercises described by Cloninger are intended to stimulate character development and self-awareness, thereby fostering a healthy way of living with three sets of goals and values:
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Sullivan, S., Cloninger, C.R., Przybeck, T.R., Klein, S. (2007). Personality characteristics in obesity and relationship with successful weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond.), 31, 667–674.
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Cloninger CR, Rice J, Reich T. Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. II. A general model of combined polygenic and cultural inheritance.
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Cloninger CR, Rice J, Reich T. Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. III. Family structure and the analysis of separation experiments.
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Gillespie, N.A., Cloninger, C.R., Heath, A.C., Martin, N.G. (2003). The genetic and environmental relationship between Cloninger's dimensions of temperament and character.
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programs of the Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences at Washington University, and is recognized as an expert clinician in the treatment of general psychopathology,
170:. Cloninger serves as director of the Anthropedia Institute, the research branch of the Anthropedia Foundation. In collaboration with Anthropedia, he helped develop the
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Grucza RA, Goldberg LR. The comparative validity of 11 modern personality inventories: predictions of behavioral acts, informant reports, and clinical indicators.
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Cloninger CR, Reich T, Guze SB. The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: III. Familial Relationship between Sociopathy and Hysteria (Briquet's Syndrome).
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Cloninger is known for his research on the genetics, neurobiology, and development of personality and personality disorders. He identified and described heritable
185:. He has authored or co-authored nine books and more than four hundred and fifty articles, and is a highly cited psychiatrist and psychologist recognized by the
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has recognized Cloninger for his contributions to better understanding the biopsychosocial basis of mental health and illness with its 2009 Judd Marmor Award.
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Cloninger, C. R. (2002). The discovery of susceptibility genes for mental disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99(21), 13365–13367.
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Svrakic DM, Whitehead C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven factor model of temperament and character.
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Gillespie NA, Cloninger CR, Heath AC, Martin NG. The genetic and environmental relationship between Cloninger's dimensions of temperament and character.
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Grucza, R.A., Przybeck, T.R., Cloninger, C.R. (2005). Personality as a mediator of demographic risk factors for suicide attempts in a community sample.
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Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D.M., Przybeck, T.R. (2006) Can personality assessment predict future depression? A twelve-month follow-up of 631 subjects.
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Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, N. M., & Svrakic, D. M. (1997). Role of personality self-organization in development of mental order and disorder.
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Hansenne, M., Delhez, M., Cloninger, C.R. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised in a Belgian sample.
2026:"Genome-Wide Scan in Portuguese Island Families Implicates Multiple Loci in Bipolar Disorder: Fine Mapping Adds Support on Chromosomes 6 and 11"
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Cloninger CR. Interpretation of intrinsic and extrinsic structural relations by path analysis: Theory and applications to assortative mating.
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Sigvardsson S, Bohman M, Cloninger CR. Replication of the Stockholm Adoption Study of alcoholism: Confirmatory cross-fostering analysis.
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program. In addition to pre-medical studies, he studied philosophy, cultural anthropology, and psychology for which he received honors.
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Cloninger CR, van Eerdewegh P, Goate A, et al. Anxiety proneness linked to epistatic loci in genome scan of human personality traits.
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Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., & Svrakic, D. M. (1991). The tridimensional personality questionnaire: U.S. normative data.
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Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of
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2012 Honorary Doctor of Philosophy (PhD h.c.), Psychology and Social Sciences Faculty, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tomer R, Aharon-Peretz J. Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance in Parkinson's disease: effects of asymmetric dopamine deficiency.
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Kaasinen V, Aalto S, Nagren K, Rinne JO. Insular dopamine D2 receptors and novelty seeking personality in Parkinson's disease.
436:. New York: Oxford University Press. (Italian translation with foreword by Mario Maj, Rome, CIC Edizioni Internationali, 2006).
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Cloninger CR, Svrakic NM, Svrakic DM. Role of personality self-organization in development of mental order and disorder.
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Cloninger, C. R. (1999). A new conceptual paradigm from genetics and psychobiology for the science of mental health.
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Cloninger has earned lifetime achievement awards from many academic and medical associations, and is a member of the
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Cloninger, C. R. (2013) What makes people healthy, happy, and fulfilled in the face of current world challenges?
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Zuckerman M, Cloninger CR. Relationships between Cloninger, Zuckerman, and Eysenck's dimensions of personality.
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Cloninger, C. R. (2006). The science of well-being: An integrated approach to mental health and its disorders.
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2014 Oscar Pfister Award from American Psychiatric Association and Association of Professional Chaplains
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Cloninger CR, Bohman M, Sigvardsson S. Inheritance of alcohol abuse: cross-fostering analysis of adopted men.
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1897: – Robert Cloninger (biography and interview). Northvale NJ and London: Jason Aronson, 2001, pp. 99-120.
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Cloninger CR, von Knorring A-L, Sigvardsson S, Bohman M. Symptom patterns and causes of somatization in men.
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913: – Robert Cloninger (biography and interview). Northvale NJ and London: Jason Aronson, 2001, pp. 99-120.
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Cloninger CR. A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states.
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677:. Claude Robert Cloninger. Version 1.5, ISI Highly Cited.com. Institute for Scientific Information, 2008.
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Cloninger CR. The psychobiological theory of temperament and character: comment on Farmer and Goldberg.
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Cloninger, C. R. (1994). The genetic structure of personality and learning: a phylogenetic perspective.
1367:. Robert Cloninger (biography and interview). Northvale NJ and London: Jason Aronson, 2001, pp. 99-120.
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Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants.
884:. Robert Cloninger (biography and interview). Northvale NJ and London: Jason Aronson, 2001, pp. 99-120.
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Cloninger C.R., Przybeck T.R., Svrakic D.M., Wetzel R.D., Richter J., Eisemann M., Richter G. (1999).
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Robert Cloninger (biography and interview). Northvale NJ and London: Jason Aronson, 2001, pp. 99-120.
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Cloninger CR, Bohman M, Sigvardsson S. Childhood personality predicts alcohol abuse in young adults.
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Cloninger CR. The science of well-being: An integrated approach to mental health and its disorders:
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Kaasinen V, Maguire EA, Kurki T, et al. Mapping brain structure and personality in late adulthood.
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11. Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character.
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Cloninger, C. R. (2009). On Well-Being: Current Research Trends And Future Directions. Editorial.
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827:"Professor Robert Cloninger - new honorary doctor of psychology at the University of Gothenburg"
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Cloninger, C. R., Zohar, A. H. (2011) Personality and the perception of health and happiness.
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Cloninger CR, Gilligan SB: Neurogenetic mechanisms of learning: a phylogenetic perspective.
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Hallett M., Fahn S., Jankovic J.J., Lang A.E., Cloninger C.R., Yudofsky S.C. (Eds.) (2005).
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Gusnard DA, Ollinger JM, Shulman GL, Cloninger CR, et al. Persistence and brain circuitry.
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Turner RM, Hudson IL, Butler PH, Joyce PR. Brain function and personality in normal males.
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CR Cloninger – 2003 Lifetime Achievement Award: announcement and biographical citation
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Personalities: Master clinicians confront the treatment of borderline personality disorder
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Personalities: Master clinicians confront the treatment of borderline personality disorder
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Personalities: Master clinicians confront the treatment of borderline personality disorder
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Personalities: Master clinicians confront the treatment of borderline personality disorder
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Personalities: Master Clinicians Confront the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
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Borg J, Andree B, Soderstrom H, Farde L. The serotonin system and spiritual experiences.
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Cloninger CR. The genetic structure of personality and learning: a phylogenetic model.
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658:. Claude Robert Cloninger. 26th edition. New Providence, NJ. Marquis Who's Who, 2008.
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series is intended for use as well-being coaching or as an adjunct in psychotherapy.
285:, Peter Kramer called the temperament model of personality "a humanist's nightmare".
273:(warm, approval-seeking vs. cold, aloof). These dimensions are measured by using his
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Mezzich J. Psychiatry for the person: Articulating medicine's science and humanism.
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Cloninger CR. In Memoriam – Samuel B. Guze: October 18, 1923 – July 19, 2000.
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The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A Guide to Its Development and Use
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2003 Lifetime Achievement Award, International Society of Psychiatric Genetics
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Cloninger's Center for Well-Being website about the TCI and well-being therapy
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478:. Banbury Reports 33. Plainview, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
471:. St. Louis: Washington University Center for Psychobiology of Personality.
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189:(ISI). He has served in an editorial capacity on many journals, including
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American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
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Washington University, Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences,
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1992:"Dr. Paul Simon, Independence Center Recognized at Annual Meeting"
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Washington University Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences
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Cloninger C.R., Przybeck T.R., Svrakic D.M., Wetzel R.D. (1994).
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136:. Cloninger is a member of the evolutionary, neuroscience, and
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2080:. American PsychoPathological Association, Inc. Archived from
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Cloninger CR. Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism.
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896:. Claude Robert Cloninger. Version 1.5, ISI Highly Cited.com.
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Psychogenic Movement Disorders: Neurology and Neuropsychiatry
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Biographical report on Cloninger, in Bishop JE, Waldholz M,
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Washington University Physicians, Department of Psychiatry,
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Cloninger, C. R. (2000). Biology of personality dimensions.
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269:(impulsive, quick-tempered vs. rigid, slow-tempered) and
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research in psychiatry in 1969 under the guidance of
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1380:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990, pp. 249-266.
1274:. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from
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Das Temperament und Charakter Inventar (TCI) Manual
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909:5. Hellinga G, van Luyn B, Dalwijk H-J (eds.).
485:. Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Press.
474:Cloninger C.R. and Begleiter H. (Eds.) (1991).
464:. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
460:Gershon E.S. and Cloninger C.R. (Eds.) (1994).
450:. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
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413:1983 Honorary Doctor of Medicine (M.D. hc),
382:2000 Annual Award for Lifetime Achievement,
1893:Hellinga G, van Luyn B, Dalwijk H-J (eds.).
1569:Cervone D. The architecture of personality.
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1363:Hellinga G, van Luyn B, Dalwijk H-J (eds.).
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1973:. Vol. 25, no. 13. Archived from
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434:Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being
396:American Psychopathological Association
322:Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being
168:Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being
2135:
2009:
1962:
1817:Personality and Individual Differences
1772:Personality and Individual Differences
1189:
680:
557:Personality and Individual Differences
462:Genetic Approaches in Mental Disorders
384:American Society of Addiction Medicine
1729:
944:
747:
296:
226:. Cloninger wanted to understand why
1228:
898:Institute for Scientific Information
489:
356:
187:Institute for Scientific Information
18:American psychiatrist and geneticist
2183:20th-century American psychologists
2148:21st-century American psychologists
1963:Kaplan, Arline (November 1, 2008).
1485:Maser JD & Cloninger CR (eds).
1046:"Alcohol Abuse And Adopted Persons"
916:
728:Tom Siegfried (February 28, 1990).
256:Temperament and character inventory
161:Temperament and Character Inventory
13:
1862:"The Quiz: How spiritual are you?"
1474:American Journal of Human Genetics
1447:American Journal of Human Genetics
700:John Tierney (February 13, 2012).
476:Genetics and Biology of Alcoholism
409:Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital
195:American Journal of Human Genetics
134:Washington University in St. Louis
113:Washington University in St. Louis
14:
2194:
2099:
457:. Frankfurt: Swets Test Services.
2128:Washington University Physicians
1882:Civilization and Its Discontents
446:Cloninger, C. R., (Ed.) (1999).
407:1988 Edward A. Strecker Award,
390:American Psychiatric Association
375:American Psychiatric Association
351:American Psychiatric Association
2048:
1956:
1943:
1887:
1874:
1822:
1809:
1796:
1777:
1656:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
1648:
1643:Development and Psychopathology
1627:Personality and psychopathology
1619:
1606:
1591:
1585:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1576:
1531:
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1396:
1383:
1370:
1343:
1132:
1099:
903:
887:
874:
848:Whitney Joiner (October 2012).
623:Biological basis of personality
585:Development and Psychopathology
448:Personality and Psychopathology
228:antisocial personality disorder
2056:"C. Robert Cloninger, MD, PhD"
1965:"The Decline of Psychotherapy"
1785:http://psychobiology.wustl.edu
1603:1994; 46 (1 Spec No): 124-137.
1306:http://psychobiology.wustl.edu
1229:Sims, Andrew (February 2005).
1048:. Adoption.com. Archived from
984:Archives of General Psychiatry
952:"How Not to Talk to Your Kids"
619:Cloninger Model of Personality
571:Current Opinions in Psychiatry
400:1989 Institute of Medicine,
199:Archives of General Psychiatry
1:
1997:. Eastern Missouri Psychiatry
1783:PubMed listings available at
1463:, Cambridge 1980; 36:122-145.
1236:British Journal of Psychiatry
812:http://wuphysicians.wustl.edu
628:
394:1993 Samuel Hamilton Award,
1848:. New York, Doubleday, 2004.
402:National Academy of Sciences
213:Education and early research
183:National Academy of Sciences
77:Psychobiology of personality
7:
1740:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat
923:Jeff Haden (May 14, 2012).
656:Who's Who in the World 2009
612:
563:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
155:measuring personality: the
10:
2199:
2106:The Anthropedia Foundation
2058:. Department of Psychiatry
829:. University of Gothenburg
767:"The Pursuit of Happiness"
362:Selected honors and awards
432:Cloninger, C. R. (2004).
388:1993 Adolf Meyer Award,
373:2009 Judd Marmor Award,
315:The Science of Well-Being
118:
108:
90:
83:
71:
63:
39:
30:
23:
2078:"Presidents of the APPA"
1911:"Anthropedia Foundation"
1804:Psychological Assessment
1555:Psychiatric Developments
1272:"Anthropedia Foundation"
894:Highly Cited Researchers
675:Highly Cited Researchers
550:Comprehensive Psychiatry
426:
243:Stockholm adoption study
203:Comprehensive Psychiatry
2173:Statistical geneticists
1500:"Center for Well-Being"
1201:. Oxford. May 6, 2004.
237:
125:Claude Robert Cloninger
2143:American psychiatrists
1756:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1302:http://anthropedia.org
331:
166:In 2004, he published
75:Genetics of alcoholism
2116:June 4, 2023, at the
1790:June 4, 2023, at the
1758:2003; 100: 3479-3484.
1692:2003; 160: 1965-1969.
1571:Psychological Reviews
1311:June 4, 2023, at the
1250:10.1192/bjp.186.2.171
797:http://dbbs.wustl.edu
730:"Legacy Of Addiction"
606:Psychological Reports
512:J Affective Disorders
422:Selected publications
326:
179:Institute of Medicine
79:Science of well-being
2168:Behavior geneticists
1977:on December 9, 2008.
1832:. 2007; 89: 167-187.
1726:2004; 19: 1348-1351.
1588:. 1987; 21: 457-472.
1331:on December 28, 2013
1278:on December 28, 2013
1052:on December 28, 2013
1018:Genetic Epidemiology
536:J Affective Disorder
519:Mens Sana Monographs
505:J Affective Disorder
497:Mens Sana Monographs
207:Mens Sana Monographs
142:substance dependence
138:statistical genetics
2084:on November 5, 2018
1870:. October 25, 2004.
1774:2003; 35:1931-1946.
1710:2003; 19:1145-1163.
1625:Cloninger CR (ed).
1614:Arch Gen Psychiatry
1539:Arch Gen Psychiatry
1140:Arch Gen Psychiatry
1127:Arch Gen Psychiatry
283:Listening to Prozac
25:C. Robert Cloninger
1819:1996; 21: 283-285.
1724:Movement Disorders
1674:2005; 24: 315-322.
1573:2004; 111:183-204.
1528:1987; 236:410-416.
1461:Genetical Research
862:on August 17, 2019
772:St. Louis Magazine
707:The New York Times
599:General Psychiatry
514:, 128(1-2), 24–32.
415:University of Umea
297:Self-transcendence
152:personality traits
132:for Well-Being at
1970:Psychiatric Times
1913:. Anthropedia.org
1806:2008; 20:292-304.
1742:2004; 75:972-975.
1616:1993; 50:991-999.
1600:Clinical Genetics
1541:1996; 53:681-687.
1476:1979; 31:366-388.
1450:1979; 31:176-198.
1142:1993; 50:975-990.
1129:1987; 44:573-588.
1109:1998; 81:313-317.
1002:1988; 12:494-505.
986:1981; 38:861-869.
592:Clinical Genetics
507:, 136(3), 758–66.
490:Selected articles
357:Honors and awards
271:reward dependence
191:Behavior Genetics
122:
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85:Scientific career
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529:World Psychiatry
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129:geneticist
99:Psychiatry
95:Psychology
46:1944-04-04
1917:April 18,
1880:Freud S.
1844:Hamer D.
1510:April 18,
1087:. Quizlet
304:Carl Jung
2114:Archived
1788:Archived
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957:New York
613:See also
417:, Sweden
103:Genetics
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1526:Science
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