1213:, secreted from salivary glands near the mouth of the larva, and is started soon after the egg hatches. Various reinforcements may be incorporated into its structure, the nature of the materials and design depending on the larva's genetic makeup; this means that caddisfly larvae can be recognised by their cases down to family, and even genus level. The materials used include grains of sand, larger fragments of rock, bark, sticks, leaves, seeds and mollusc shells. These are neatly arranged and stuck onto the outer surface of the silken tube. As the larva grows, more material is added at the front, and the larva can turn round in the tube and trim the rear end so that it does not drag along the substrate.
850:
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477:. The largest numbers of fossilised remains are those of larval cases, which are made of durable materials that preserve well. Body fossils of caddisflies are extremely rare, the oldest being from the Early and Middle Triassic, some 230 million years ago, and wings are another source of fossils. The evolution of the group to one with fully aquatic larvae seems to have taken place sometime during the Triassic. The finding of fossils resembling caddisfly larval cases in marine deposits in Brazil may push back the origins of the order to the
915:
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1189:. The fish acquire them by two means, either plucking them off vegetation or the stream-bed as the larvae move about, or during the daily behavioural drift; this drift happens during the night for many species of aquatic larvae, or around midday for some cased caddisfly species, and may result from population pressures or be a dispersal device. The larvae may drift in great numbers either close to the bottom, in mid-water or just below the surface. The fish swallow them whole, case and all.
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1134:
542:(free-living, well sclerotized, long legged predators with dorso-ventrally flattened bodies and protruding mouthparts). The larvae of Integripalpians are polypod (poorly sclerotized detritivores, with abdominal prolegs in addition to thoracic legs, living permanently in tight-fitting cases). The affinities of the third suborder,
1620:, and are large enough to be assessed conveniently in the field. Some species indicate undisturbed habitat, and some indicate degraded habitat. Although caddisflies may be found in waterbodies of varying qualities, species-rich caddisfly assemblages are generally thought to indicate clean water bodies, such as lakes, ponds, and
1132:
355:, artificial flies called dry flies are tied to imitate adults, while larvae and pupae are imitated with artificial flies called wet flies or nymphs. It is also possible to use them as bait, though this is not as common as artificial flies and is known as bait fishing. Common and widespread genera such as
1344:
The larvae of other species of caddisfly make nets rather than cases. These are silken webs stretching between aquatic vegetation and over stones. These net-making larvae usually live in running water, different species occupying different habitats with varying water speeds. There is a constant drift
1216:
Caddisfly cases are open at both ends, the larvae drawing oxygenated water through the posterior end, over their gills, and pumping it out of the wider, anterior end. The larvae move around inside the tubes and this helps maintain the water current; the lower the oxygen content of the water, the more
1400:
are fairly long and threadlike, the mouthparts are reduced in size and the legs have five tarsi (lower leg joints). Adults are nocturnal and are attracted to light. Some species are strong fliers and can disperse to new localities, but many fly only weakly. Adults are usually short-lived, most being
1371:
while the abdomen is soft; the antennae are short and the mouthparts adapted for biting. Each of the usually ten abdominal segments bears a pair of legs with a single tarsal joint. In case-bearing species, the first segment bears three papillae, one above and two at the sides, which anchor the larva
1298:
families construct simple tubes of sand and other particles held together by silk and anchored to the bottom, and feed on the accumulations of silt formed when suspended material is deposited. The tube can be lengthened when the growing larva needs to feed in new areas. More complex tubes, short and
1184:
The adult stage of a caddisfly may only survive for a few weeks; many species do not feed as adults and die soon after breeding, but some species are known to feed on nectar. The winged insects are nocturnal and provide food for night-flying birds, bats, small mammals, amphibians and arthropods. The
1640:
makes art by providing wild caddisflies with precious stones and other materials. He collected caddisfly larvae from the wild and put them in climate-controlled tanks. He removes the larvae from their original cases and adds precious and semi-precious items such as grains of gold into the tank. The
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as a floating platform, and emerge as fully formed adults. They can often fly immediately after breaking from their pupal cuticle. Emergence is mainly univoltine (once per year) with all the adults of a species emerging at the same time. Development is within a year in warm places, but takes over a
1383:
The pupal cocoon is spun from silk, but like the larval case, often has other materials attached. When pupating, species that build portable cases attach them to some underwater object, seal the front and back apertures against predators while still allowing water to flow through, and pupate within
343:
to make protective cases, which are often strengthened with gravel, sand, twigs, bitten-off pieces of plants, or other debris. The larvae exhibit various feeding strategies, with different species being predators, leaf shredders, algal grazers, or collectors of particles from the water column and
1151:
that grows on underwater objects in sunlight. Others are shredder-herbivores, chewing fragments off living plant material while others are shredder-detritivores, gnawing at rotting wood or chewing dead leaves that have been pre-processed by bacteria and fungi; most of the nutrients of the latter
291:
on the basis of the adult mouthparts. Integripalpian larvae construct a portable casing to protect themselves as they move around looking for food, while annulipalpian larvae make themselves a fixed retreat in which they remain, waiting for food to come to them. The affinities of the small third
1353:
Caddisfly larvae are aquatic, with six pairs of tracheal gills on the underside of the abdomen. The eggs are laid above water on emergent twigs or vegetation or on the water surface although females of some species enter water to choose sites. Although most species lay eggs, a few in the genus
513:
different types of gills for their aquatic larvae as they took to the water to avoid predation. Caddisflies was the only group of these insects to use silk as part of their lifestyle, which has been a contributing factor to their success and why they are the most species-rich order of aquatic
1152:
group come from consumption of the bacteria and fungi. The predatory species either actively hunt their prey, typically other insects, tiny crustaceans and worms, or lie in wait for unwary invertebrates to come too close. A few species feed opportunistically on dead animals or fish, and some
1303:
larvae in hollows in rocks or other submerged objects, sometimes with strands of silk suspended across the nearby surface. These larvae are carnivorous, resembling spiders in their feeding habits and rushing out of their retreat to attack any unwary small prey crawling across the surface.
995:
The cladogram of relationships within the order is based on a 2002 molecular phylogeny using ribosomal RNA, a nuclear elongation factor gene, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. The
Annulipalpia and Integripalpia are clades, but the relationships within the Spicipalpia are unclear.
1206:, largely decaying vegetable material, and the dead leaf fragments on which they feed tend to accumulate in hollows, in slow-moving sections of streams and behind stones and tree roots. The cases provide protection to the larvae as they make their way between these resources.
1312:
Larvae of members of the family
Glossosomatidae in the suborder Spicipalpia create dome-shaped enclosures of silk which enables them to graze on the periphyton, the biological film that grows on stones and other objects, while carrying their enclosure around like
1169:) which has been observed scavenging fish carcasses and even bits of deer flesh. This particular family of caddisflies is typically classified among the shredders, suggesting caution when classifying macroinvertebrates into strict
1101:
Caddisflies are found worldwide, with the greater diversity being in warmer regions. They are associated with bodies of freshwater, the larvae being found in lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and other water bodies. The land caddis,
1285:
In contrast to larvae that have portable cases, members of the
Annulipalpia have a completely different feeding strategy. They make fixed retreats in which they remain stationary, waiting for food to come to them. Members of the
1366:
females lay their eggs into the coelomic cavity of intertidal starfish. The larvae are long and roughly cylindrical, very similar to those of lepidoptera but lacking prolegs. In case-bearing species, the heads are heavily
537:
of both sexes. The latter two characters have undergone such extensive differentiation among the different superfamilies that the differences between the suborders is not clear-cut. The larvae of
Annulipalpians are
1131:
1176:
Like mayflies, stoneflies and dragonflies, but to a somewhat lesser extent, caddisflies are an indicator of good water quality; they die out of streams with polluted waters. They are an important part of the
441:
was being used in the fifteenth century for silk or cotton cloth, and "cadice-men" were itinerant vendors of such materials, but a connection between these words and the insects has not been established.
1143:
Caddisfly larvae can be found in all feeding guilds in freshwater habitats. Most early stage larvae and some late stage ones are collector-gatherers, picking up fragments of organic matter from the
1147:. Other species are collector-filterers, sieving organic particles from the water using silken nets, or hairs on their legs. Some species are scrapers, feeding on the film of algae and other
1202:
Caddisflies are best known for the portable cases created by their larvae. About thirty families of caddisfly, members of the suborder
Integripalpia, adopt this stratagem. These larvae eat
1401:
non-feeders and equipped only to breed. Once mated, the female caddisfly lays eggs in a gelatinous mass, attaching them above or below the water surface depending on species. The
489:
Nearly all adult caddisflies are terrestrial, but their larvae and pupae are aquatic. They share this characteristic with several distantly-related groups, namely the
517:
About 14,500 species of caddisfly in 45 families have been recognised worldwide, but many more species remain to be described. Most can be divided into the suborders
1185:
larval stage lasts much longer, often for one or more years, and has a bigger impact on the environment. They form an important part of the diet of fish such as the
2169:
427:, "wing"), and refers to the fact that the wings of these insects are bristly. The origin of the word "caddis" is unclear, but it dates back to at least as far as
3067:
1454:
1345:
of invertebrates washed downstream by the current, and these animals, and bits of debris, accumulate in the nets which serve both as food traps and as retreats.
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active the larvae need to be. This mechanism enable caddisfly larvae to live in waters too low in oxygen content to support stonefly and mayfly larvae.
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1992:
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2004:
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The adult caddisfly is a medium-sized insect with membranous, hairy wings, which are held in a tent-wise fashion when the insect is at rest. The
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1980:
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with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. There are approximately 14,500 described species, most of which can be divided into the suborders
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1247:
5041:
4556:
4118:
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Wallace, J. Bruce; Malas, Diane (1976). "The fine structure of capture nets of larval
Philopotamidae (Trichoptera), with special emphasis on
1854:
4113:
3275:
3179:
A useful reference to the larvae of the
British Trichoptera is "Caddis Larvae" Norman E. Hickin (1967) Hutchinson & Co. Ltd. London.
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it. Once fully developed, most pupal caddisflies cut through their cases with a special pair of mandibles, swim up to the water surface,
5149:
1641:
larvae then build new cases out of precious items, creating a unique form of artwork. The resulting works are sold across the world.
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has created works by providing caddis larvae with small grains of gold and precious stones for them to build into decorative cases.
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3211:
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2325:
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1411:
1321:, the nets are sac-like, with intricate structure and tiny mesh. The larvae have specialised mouthparts to scrape off the
1235:
2173:
2157:
3071:
3018:
Rapid
Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish
2241:
1636:
While caddisflies in the wild construct their cases out of twigs, sand, aquatic plants, and rocks, the French artist
1223:
1536:
at different times, and are used one after the other, often for only a few days each year, as models for artificial
5116:
4955:
3121:"Processing insect abundance: trading and fishing of zazamushi in Central Japan (Nagano Prefecture, Honshū Island)"
5046:
2341:
Exploring the underwater silken architectures of caddisworms: comparative silkomics across two caddisfly suborders
335:
are found in a wide variety of habitats such as streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, spring seeps and temporary waters (
4968:
3268:
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centrally in the tube. The posterior segment bears a pair of hooks for grappling. There are five to seven larval
1112:), lives in the damp litter of the woodland floor. In the United Kingdom it is found in and around the county of
849:
1484:
1604:
the specked sedge, perhaps the most important caddisfly genus for anglers with over 50 species of net-makers.
1358:
are ovoviviparous. Some species lay eggs on land and although most are associated with freshwater, a few like
5028:
3244:"An unusual artistic collaboration between the French artist Hubert Duprat and a group of caddis fly larvae."
3033:"Trichoptera as bioindicators of habitat integrity in the Pindaíba river basin, Mato Grosso (Central Brazil)"
2915:
3905:
3094:"Artist Hubert Duprat Collaborates with Caddisfly Larvae as They Build Aquatic Cocoons from Gold and Pearls"
3032:
2262:"Larval cases of caddisfly (Insecta: Trichoptera) affinity in Early Permian marine environments of Gondwana"
3020:(Report) (Second ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA 841-B-99-002.
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in trout streams. A mass emergence is known as a hatch. Each type has its own angling name, so for example
181:
1628:
and mayflies, caddisflies feature importantly in bioassessment surveys of streams and other water bodies.
1423:
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4872:
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2340:
114:
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3226:
2682:
2607:
Carlson, S.M.; Rodriguez-Lozano, P.; Moidu, H.; Leidy, R.A. (2020). "Scavenging of animal carcasses by
2469:"Phylogeny of Trichoptera (caddisflies): characterization of signal and noise within multiple datasets"
1516:
1170:
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324:(moths and butterflies) which have scales on their wings; the two orders together form the superorder
5159:
5121:
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4890:
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546:, are unclear; the larvae are free-living with no cases, instead creating net-like traps from silk.
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3070:. Bureau of Land and Water Quality, Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Archived from
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are important in the sport, where caddisflies are known as "sedges". Caddisflies are useful as
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8:
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109:
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which has functional mandibles (to cut through the case), gills, and swimming legs.
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Mouro, Lucas D.; Zatoń, Michał; Fernandes, Antonio C.S.; Waichel, Breno L. (2015).
2010:
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1798:
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on the basis of the adult mouthparts. The characteristics of adults depend on the
509:. The ancestors of all these groups were terrestrial, with open tracheal systems,
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3137:
2420:"Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics"
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of external relationships, based on molecular analysis, shows the order as a
530:
518:
478:
437:, where "cod-worms or caddis" were mentioned as being used as bait. The term
376:
284:
229:
219:
214:
59:
1393:
year in high latitudes and at high elevation in mountain lakes and streams.
375:
and are large enough to be assessed in the field. In art, the French artist
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4319:
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Genera of the
Trichoptera of Canada and Adjoining Or Adjacent United States
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1968:
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2018:
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363:
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246:
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34:
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4141:
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3552:
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1998:
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1625:
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1322:
1148:
755:
645:
502:
498:
79:
44:
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4307:
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3907:
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1956:
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146:
126:
84:
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4528:
4313:
4151:
4060:
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3719:
3511:
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1824:
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the speckled Peter, an important fishing fly in North
America; and
1385:
1203:
1178:
494:
474:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1333:
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89:
64:
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3031:
Pereira, Lilian R.; Cabette, Helena S.R.; Juen, Leandro (2012).
2739:
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1667:
There are roughly 14,500 species in some 45 families worldwide.
711:
4301:
4289:
3827:
3727:
3654:
3560:
3469:
3461:
3299:
3284:
3199:- Videos of some very interesting caddisfly species in Arizona.
2228:
Daly, Howell V.; Doyen, John T.; Purcell, Alexander H. (1998).
1373:
1314:
470:
454:
280:
156:
136:
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348:. Most adults have short lives during which they do not feed.
5090:
4929:
2948:(2nd ed.). Melbourne University Press. pp. 787–816.
2880:
1621:
1186:
559:
332:
2146:
Larvae of the North American Caddisfly General (Trichoptera)
3915:
2542:
1377:
1210:
526:
450:
340:
313:
2358:
5108:
3925:
3015:
2611:(Sericostomatidae, Trichoptera), an apparent herbivore".
2413:
1402:
1117:
3119:
Césard, Nicolas; Komatsu, Seiji; Iwata, Akihisa (2015).
473:
caddisflies have been found in rocks dating back to the
3868:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)
3016:
Barbour, M.T.; Gerritsen, J.; Stribling, J.B. (1999).
2418:; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016).
566:
to the Lepidoptera, and more distantly related to the
339:), and even the ocean. The larvae of many species use
2943:
2743:
Stream Ecology and Self Purification: An Introduction
2649:
Stream Ecology and Self Purification: An Introduction
2466:
2320:. University of Toronto Press. p. Introduction.
1616:(of good water quality), since they are sensitive to
387:
The name of the order "Trichoptera" derives from the
3205:- Photos, limited species life history descriptions.
2822:
2820:
2792:
2790:
2467:
Kjer, K.M.; Blahnik, R.J.; Holzenthal, R.W. (2002).
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that get trapped in the net as water flows through.
1173:, as some may shift their diets opportunistically.
3242:
Artwork with caddis fly larvae and precious metals!
3118:
3030:
2712:
2148:, 2nd. ed. (Toronto: University Press, 1996), p. 3
3250:, The BioFresh Cabinet of Freshwater Curiosities.
2958:
2853:
2847:
2826:
2817:
2796:
2787:
2313:
2196:
2192:
2190:
316:-like insects with two pairs of hairy membranous
5136:
4418:(finger-net and silken-tube spinner caddisflies)
2984:
2982:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
4274:
3209:Adult caddisfly and caddisfly larva (casemaker)
2952:
2944:Neboiss, A.; Dean, J.C. (1991). "Trichoptera".
1241:Larva emerging from case made of plant material
2760:
2719:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 159–160.
2309:
2307:
2305:
2187:
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3705:
3269:
3222:Kendall Bioresearch Services Trichoptera page
2979:
2345:
1348:
4751:(microcaddisflies or purse-case caddisflies)
2766:
2672:
2639:
2230:Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity
3537:
3345:
2740:Spellman, Frank R.; Drinan, Joanne (2001).
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2646:Spellman, Frank R.; Drinan, Joanne (2001).
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2600:
2386:
1229:Larva with portable case of rock fragments
445:
100:
4392:(trumpet-net and tube-making caddisflies)
4384:(trumpet-net and tube-making caddisflies)
4333:
3154:
3136:
3125:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
3051:
2939:
2937:
2577:Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (2003).
2556:. Chatto & Windus. pp. 156–157.
2538:
2536:
2534:
2484:
2443:
2382:
2380:
2363:(4th ed.). Wiley. pp. 522–523.
2285:
4721:
3997:Four most speciose orders are marked in
3587:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)
3218:— diagnostic photographs and information
2697:
2570:
1502:
1483:
1332:
1209:The case is a tubular structure made of
1192:
1127:
449:
2597:
2255:
2253:
1528:Adult caddisflies are called sedges by
5137:
2988:
2962:Caddisflies: The Underwater Architects
2934:
2910:
2908:
2857:Caddisflies: The Underwater Architects
2830:Caddisflies: The Underwater Architects
2800:Caddisflies: The Underwater Architects
2531:
2424:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
2377:
2317:Caddisflies: The Underwater Architects
2200:Caddisflies: The Underwater Architects
2138:
4811:
4810:
4720:
4444:
4332:
4248:
4035:
3330:
3257:
2773:. Stackpole Books. pp. 100–101.
2361:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
2359:Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. (2010).
5096:9F3E87DD-562B-FFD0-E89A-FF5AFA17F95D
5057:08d2b869-dfac-446a-8699-771ebed52c2f
4969:59fc6420-b683-4bff-96d7-1624e68ec260
3860:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)
2995:. Stackpole Books. pp. 99–118.
2681:. Providence College. Archived from
2407:
2393:. NRC Research Press. pp. 6–7.
2250:
1337:Net made by a larva of the suborder
1156:larvae feed on freshwater sponges.
2905:
2221:
1607:
1362:are found in coastal saline water.
13:
3174:
3068:"Biomonitoring Macroinvertebrates"
3040:International Journal of Limnology
2946:The Insects of Australia. Volume 2
1159:One such opportunistic species is
320:. They are closely related to the
14:
5171:
5150:Extant Triassic first appearances
3283:
3190:
2854:Wiggins, Glenn B. (2015). "4.4".
2827:Wiggins, Glenn B. (2015). "1.3".
2797:Wiggins, Glenn B. (2015). "1.2".
2613:Western North American Naturalist
1280:
465:
4219:
3370:
2675:"Caddisfly (Order: Trichoptera)"
2583:. Academic Press. p. 1150.
1568:the murragh or great red sedge;
1467:
1446:
1434:
1429:Pupa with oar-like swimming legs
1422:
1417:Egg mass on leaf away from water
1410:
1262:
1246:
1234:
1222:
934:
913:
885:
848:
827:
759:
738:
710:
670:
649:
598:
113:
32:
3112:
3086:
3060:
3024:
3009:
2965:. University of Toronto Press.
2959:Wiggins, Glenn B. (2015). "8".
2874:
2860:. University of Toronto Press.
2833:. University of Toronto Press.
2803:. University of Toronto Press.
2746:. CRC Press. pp. 115–117.
2733:
2666:
2509:
2460:
2197:Wiggins, Glenn B. (2015). "1".
1655:are eaten as a delicacy called
1257:made of bitten-off plant pieces
1139:Larva in its underwater habitat
1096:
3237:Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
2334:
2162:
2151:
1:
3790:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)
3227:Tree of Life Trichoptera page
2132:
1523:
1307:
3738:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)
2916:"Caddis Flies (Trichoptera)"
2170:"New Scientist 19. feb 1981"
1532:. Individual species emerge
1498:Trout fly-fishing in America
1171:ecological functional groups
549:
484:
382:
7:
4036:
3232:Trichoptera world checklist
3203:Caddisflies and Fly Fishing
2887:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2713:Spellman, Frank R. (2008).
2205:University of Toronto Press
1662:
1511:the Elegant Grannom", from
371:, as they are sensitive to
10:
5176:
4376:(net-spinning caddisflies)
4358:(net-spinning caddisflies)
3928:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)
3821:(twisted-winged parasites)
3493:(dragonflies, damselflies)
3331:
2652:. CRC Press. p. 153.
2517:"Trichoptera: Caddisflies"
2486:10.1080/106351501753462812
2314:Wiggins, Glenn B. (2015).
1644:
1612:Caddisflies are useful as
1349:Development and morphology
1123:
4819:
4765:
4734:
4730:
4716:
4690:
4606:
4570:
4509:
4480:(long-horned caddisflies)
4458:
4454:
4440:
4406:
4346:
4342:
4328:
4284:
4213:
4046:
4042:
4031:
3993:
3938:
3896:
3881:
3840:
3809:
3800:
3782:
3751:
3701:
3674:
3637:
3604:
3548:
3533:
3510:
3481:
3460:
3447:
3422:
3406:
3379:
3368:
3341:
3337:
3326:
3294:
3138:10.1186/s13002-015-0066-7
2716:Ecology for Nonecologists
1631:
1592:the little sister sedge;
1376:, followed by an aquatic
1053:
1037:
1030:
1014:
1007:
928:
907:
900:
880:
873:
842:
821:
814:
804:
753:
732:
725:
704:
697:
669:(twisted-wing parasites)
664:
643:
636:
626:
616:
592:
585:
413:
393:
194:
189:
110:Scientific classification
108:
99:
23:
4661:(snail-case caddisflies)
3579:(stick and leaf insects)
2679:Stressed stream analysis
1571:Brachycentrus subnubilis
1480:Relationship with humans
1299:flattened, are built by
1197:
737:(alderflies and allies)
4773:(primitive caddisflies)
4006:are paraphyletic groups
3649:(cockroaches, termites)
3413:(silverfish, firebrats)
2922:. Field Studies Council
2883:Dolophilodes distinctus
2580:Encyclopedia of Insects
2234:Oxford University Press
1649:In Japan the larvae of
1328:
1272:Limnephilus flavicornis
1042:(portable-case makers)
1019:(fixed-retreat makers)
758:(Lacewings and allies)
446:Evolution and phylogeny
312:, the adults are small
300:suggests it may not be
4541:(northern caddisflies)
3357:(jumping bristletails)
2436:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363
1520:
1500:
1405:hatch in a few weeks.
1341:
1140:
462:
422:
402:
5078:Paleobiology Database
2989:Lawson, Mike (2003).
2767:Lawson, Mike (2003).
1652:Stenopsyche marmorata
1506:
1487:
1455:Parachiona picicornis
1336:
1193:Underwater structures
1138:
826:(butterflies, moths)
511:convergently evolving
453:
4964:Fauna Europaea (new)
4643:(marine caddisflies)
3959:(moths, butterflies)
3197:The Nature Explorers
3053:10.1051/limn/2012018
2625:10.3398/064.080.0415
1586:the longhorn sedge;
1458:adult emerging from
1275:made of snail shells
407:, "hair"), genitive
16:Order of caddisflies
4578:(giant caddisflies)
2920:Life in Fresh Water
2387:Schmid, F. (1998).
2158:Marine Parasitology
1509:Limnephilus elegans
1364:Philanisus plebeius
461:, Lithuania (44mya)
434:The Compleat Angler
4486:Limnocentropodidae
4382:Polycentropodidae
4226:Insects portal
4197:Triadophlebioptera
3214:2018-07-29 at the
2473:Systematic Biology
2144:Glenn B. Wiggins,
1861:Taymyrelectronidae
1787:Limnocentropodidae
1580:the silver sedge;
1521:
1513:British Entomology
1501:
1342:
1141:
597:(sawflies, wasps)
463:
298:molecular analysis
5132:
5131:
5065:Open Tree of Life
4813:Taxon identifiers
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4776:
4752:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4662:
4644:
4626:Barbarochthonidae
4608:Sericostomatoidea
4593:Phyrganopsychidae
4581:
4542:
4481:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4419:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4359:
4242:
4241:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4147:Palaeodictyoptera
4132:
4064:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3951:
3929:
3919:
3911:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3831:
3822:
3791:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3629:
3626:Mantophasmatodea
3621:
3610:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3473:
3462:Ephemeropteroidea
3414:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3002:978-0-8117-0068-9
2972:978-1-4426-5617-8
2893:(10): 1788–1802.
2867:978-1-4426-5617-8
2840:978-1-4426-5617-8
2810:978-1-4426-5617-8
2780:978-0-8117-0068-9
2753:978-1-4200-3167-6
2726:978-0-86587-197-7
2673:Crafts, Carol B.
2659:978-1-4200-3167-6
2590:978-0-08-054605-6
2563:978-0-7011-8180-2
2400:978-0-660-16402-1
2370:978-1-118-84615-5
2327:978-1-4426-5617-8
2278:10.1038/srep19215
2214:978-1-4426-5617-8
2057:Prosepididontidae
1951:Barbarochthonidae
1933:Sericostomatoidea
1919:Phryganopsychidae
1709:Polycentropodidae
1301:Polycentropodidae
1136:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1074:
992:
991:
983:
982:
974:
973:
965:
964:
956:
955:
947:
946:
912:(scorpionflies)
861:
860:
790:
789:
781:
780:
772:
771:
683:
682:
574:(scorpionflies).
570:(true flies) and
296:are unclear, and
279:, are a group of
266:
265:
235:Sericostomatoidea
185:
5167:
5160:Amphiesmenoptera
5125:
5124:
5112:
5111:
5099:
5098:
5086:
5085:
5073:
5072:
5060:
5059:
5050:
5049:
5037:
5036:
5034:NHMSYS0000841057
5024:
5023:
5011:
5010:
4998:
4997:
4985:
4984:
4972:
4971:
4959:
4958:
4946:
4945:
4933:
4932:
4920:
4919:
4907:
4906:
4894:
4893:
4881:
4880:
4868:
4867:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4808:
4807:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4750:
4732:
4731:
4718:
4717:
4677:Sericostomatidae
4667:Hydrosalpingidae
4660:
4659:Helicopsychidae
4642:
4616:Anomalopsychidae
4580:
4579:
4575:
4540:
4534:Lepidostomatidae
4479:
4456:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4417:
4398:Xiphocentronidae
4391:
4383:
4375:
4357:
4344:
4343:
4330:
4329:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4224:
4223:
4157:Permoplectoptera
4130:
4089:Diaphanopterodea
4062:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4032:
3958:
3949:
3940:Amphiesmenoptera
3927:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3885:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3829:
3820:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3737:
3729:
3722:(barklice, lice)
3721:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3656:
3648:
3627:
3619:
3618:Grylloblattodea
3608:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3492:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3374:
3356:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3327:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3248:Caddisfly larvae
3169:
3168:
3158:
3140:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3037:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2710:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2685:on 3 August 2016
2670:
2664:
2663:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2609:Gumaga nigricula
2604:
2595:
2594:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2540:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2488:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2356:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2232:(2nd ed.).
2225:
2219:
2218:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2172:. Archived from
2166:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2069:Uraloptysmatidae
2051:Microptysmatidae
2045:Cladochoristidae
2033:Vitimotaulioidea
2011:Sericostomatidae
1993:Hydrosalpingidae
1939:Anomalopsychidae
1907:Kalophryganeidae
1837:Lepidostomatidae
1799:Philorheithridae
1721:Xiphocentronidae
1697:Electralbertidae
1624:. Together with
1608:As bioindicators
1562:the silverhorn;
1496:caddisfly, from
1471:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1317:. In the family
1296:Xiphocentronidae
1266:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1167:Sericostomatidae
1162:Gumaga nigricula
1137:
1105:Enoicyla pusilla
1033:
1032:
1010:
1009:
1000:
999:
938:
917:
903:
902:
889:
876:
875:
852:
831:
817:
816:
811:Amphiesmenoptera
807:
806:
763:
742:
728:
727:
714:
700:
699:
674:
653:
639:
638:
629:
628:
619:
618:
602:
588:
587:
578:
577:
425:
418:
417:
405:
398:
397:
326:Amphiesmenoptera
180:
167:Amphiesmenoptera
118:
117:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5155:Aquatic insects
5135:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5120:
5115:
5107:
5102:
5094:
5089:
5081:
5076:
5068:
5063:
5055:
5053:
5045:
5040:
5032:
5027:
5019:
5014:
5006:
5001:
4993:
4988:
4980:
4975:
4967:
4962:
4954:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4928:
4923:
4915:
4910:
4902:
4897:
4889:
4884:
4876:
4871:
4863:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4815:
4805:
4792:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:Rhyacophiloidea
4761:
4744:Glossosomatidae
4726:
4704:
4686:
4682:Petrothrincidae
4621:Antipodoeciidae
4602:
4598:Plectrotarsidae
4577:
4576:
4574:
4566:
4524:Brachycentridae
4505:
4501:Philorhethridae
4473:Calamoceratidae
4468:Atriplectididae
4450:
4428:
4416:Philopotamidae
4408:Philopotamoidea
4402:
4374:Hydropsychidae
4356:Arctopsychidae
4348:Hydropsychoidea
4338:
4324:
4280:
4273:
4243:
4238:
4218:
4201:
4167:Protelytroptera
4099:Eudiaphanoptera
4084:Coxoplectoptera
4079:Carbotriplurida
4074:Campylopteridae
4051:Aethiocarenodea
4038:
4019:
3965:
3934:
3910:(scorpionflies)
3897:
3886:
3884:
3873:
3836:
3801:
3796:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3743:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3662:
3633:
3607:
3600:
3595:(angel insects)
3538:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3498:
3477:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3418:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3375:
3362:
3333:
3322:
3290:
3282:
3216:Wayback Machine
3193:
3186:, Troutster.com
3177:
3175:Further reading
3172:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2957:
2953:
2942:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2899:10.1139/z76-208
2879:
2875:
2868:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2711:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2553:Bugs Britannica
2541:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2519:. Discover Life
2515:
2514:
2510:
2465:
2461:
2414:Kjer, Karl M.;
2412:
2408:
2401:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2357:
2346:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2312:
2303:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2236:. p. 320.
2226:
2222:
2215:
2195:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2111:Rhyacophiloidea
2091:Glossosomatidae
2039:Vitimotauliidae
2005:Petrothrincidae
1987:Helicopsychidae
1945:Antipodoeciidae
1925:Plectrotarsidae
1875:Necrotaulioidea
1819:Brachycentridae
1769:Calamoceratidae
1763:Atriplectididae
1729:Philopotamoidea
1679:Hydropsychoidea
1665:
1647:
1634:
1618:water pollution
1610:
1550:is the dancer;
1526:
1488:"Silver Sedge"
1482:
1475:
1472:
1463:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1415:
1351:
1331:
1310:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1253:Larval case of
1251:
1242:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1200:
1195:
1128:
1126:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1076:
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
948:
862:
791:
782:
773:
684:
552:
487:
468:
448:
385:
373:water pollution
257:Rhyacophiloidea
208:Philopotamoidea
203:Hydropsychoidea
179:
112:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
30:Triassic–Recent
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5173:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5113:
5100:
5087:
5074:
5061:
5051:
5038:
5025:
5012:
4999:
4986:
4973:
4960:
4951:Fauna Europaea
4947:
4934:
4921:
4908:
4895:
4882:
4869:
4856:
4841:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4788:Rhyacophilidae
4785:
4779:
4777:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:Hydroptilidae
4746:
4740:
4738:
4736:Hydroptiloidea
4728:
4727:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:Limnephilidae
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4511:Limnephiloidea
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4452:
4451:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4424:Stenopsychidae
4421:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:Psychomyiidae
4387:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4364:Dipseudopsidae
4361:
4352:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Protozygoptera
4179:
4177:Protorthoptera
4174:
4172:Protephemerida
4169:
4164:
4162:Protanisoptera
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4131:(griffinflies)
4129:Meganisoptera
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Glosselytrodea
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4007:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3850:Raphidioptera
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3802:Neuropteroidea
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3783:
3777:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3716:
3714:
3696:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3652:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3620:(ice-crawlers)
3614:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3549:
3543:
3528:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:Ephemeroptera
3466:
3464:
3455:
3442:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3401:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:Archaeognatha
3351:
3349:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3206:
3200:
3192:
3191:External links
3189:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3111:
3100:. 25 July 2014
3085:
3059:
3046:(3): 295–302.
3023:
3008:
3001:
2978:
2971:
2951:
2933:
2904:
2873:
2866:
2846:
2839:
2816:
2809:
2786:
2779:
2759:
2752:
2732:
2725:
2696:
2665:
2658:
2638:
2619:(4): 551–555.
2596:
2589:
2569:
2562:
2548:Mabey, Richard
2530:
2508:
2479:(6): 781–816.
2459:
2406:
2399:
2376:
2369:
2344:
2333:
2326:
2301:
2249:
2242:
2220:
2213:
2186:
2161:
2150:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2123:Rhyacophilidae
2119:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:Ptilocolepidae
2099:
2093:
2085:Hydroptiloidea
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2063:Protomeropidae
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1881:Necrotauliidae
1871:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1807:Limnephiloidea
1803:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1741:Stenopsychidae
1737:
1735:Philopotamidae
1725:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1703:Hydropsychidae
1699:
1693:
1687:
1685:Dipseudopsidae
1664:
1661:
1646:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1609:
1606:
1589:Cheumatopsyche
1525:
1522:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1409:
1360:Symphitoneuria
1350:
1347:
1330:
1327:
1319:Philopotamidae
1309:
1306:
1282:
1281:Fixed retreats
1279:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1125:
1122:
1114:Worcestershire
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1006:
998:
990:
989:
986:
985:
981:
980:
977:
976:
972:
971:
968:
967:
963:
962:
959:
958:
954:
953:
950:
949:
945:
944:
941:
940:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
906:
901:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
879:
874:
872:
868:
867:
864:
863:
859:
858:
855:
854:
847:(caddisflies)
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
820:
815:
813:
805:
803:
797:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
784:
783:
779:
778:
775:
774:
770:
769:
766:
765:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
731:
726:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
703:
698:
696:
690:
689:
686:
685:
681:
680:
677:
676:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
642:
637:
635:
627:
625:
623:Neuropteroidea
617:
615:
609:
608:
605:
604:
591:
586:
584:
576:
551:
548:
486:
483:
467:
466:Fossil history
464:
447:
444:
384:
381:
304:. Also called
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
254:
252:Hydroptiloidea
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
227:
225:Limnephiloidea
222:
212:
211:
210:
205:
192:
191:
190:Superfamilies
187:
186:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5172:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:Hydrobiosidae
4781:
4780:
4778:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4641:Chathamiidae
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4573:
4572:Phyrganeoidea
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Odontoceridae
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4478:Leptoceridae
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4460:Leptoceroidea
4457:
4453:
4449:
4448:Integripalpia
4443:
4439:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Megasecoptera
4135:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4030:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3952:
3950:(caddisflies)
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3916:Siphonaptera
3913:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:(Mecopterida)
3880:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3819:Strepsiptera
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3750:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3728:Thysanoptera
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3673:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3571:(webspinners)
3567:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3509:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3378:
3373:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3074:on 5 May 2017
3073:
3069:
3063:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2992:Spring Creeks
2985:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2770:Spring Creeks
2763:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2544:Marren, Peter
2539:
2537:
2535:
2518:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
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2478:
2474:
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2425:
2421:
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2410:
2402:
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2383:
2381:
2372:
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2362:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2243:0-19-510033-6
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2176:on 2023-08-01
2175:
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1574:the grannom;
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1556:the caperer;
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1110:Limnephilidae
1107:
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1040:Integripalpia
1035:
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709:(snakeflies)
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707:Raphidioptera
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531:wing venation
528:
524:
520:
519:Integripalpia
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
482:
480:
479:Early Permian
476:
472:
460:
456:
452:
443:
440:
436:
435:
431:'s 1653 book
430:
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377:Hubert Duprat
374:
370:
369:bioindicators
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285:Integripalpia
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258:
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233:
231:
230:Phryganeoidea
228:
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220:Leptoceroidea
218:
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215:Integripalpia
213:
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36:
22:
19:
5104:Tree of Life
4820:
4757:Pticolepidae
4654:Helicophidae
4649:Conoesucidae
4588:Phryganeidae
4547:Oeconescidae
4336:Annulipalpia
4320:Holometabola
4318:Superorder:
4312:Infraclass:
4276:
4231:
4217:
4187:Syntonoptera
4069:Caloneurodea
4061:Blattoptera
4012:
4003:
3998:
3957:Lepidoptera
3955:
3948:Trichoptera
3947:
3924:
3906:
3858:Megaloptera
3852:(snakeflies)
3842:Neuropterida
3826:
3811:Coleopterida
3788:Hymenoptera
3786:
3708:Paraneoptera
3706:
3628:(gladiators)
3577:Phasmatodea
3555:(stoneflies)
3540:Polyneoptera
3483:Odonatoptera
3347:Monocondylia
3312:Pancrustacea
3310:(unranked):
3178:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3102:. Retrieved
3097:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3072:the original
3062:
3043:
3039:
3026:
3011:
2991:
2961:
2954:
2945:
2924:. Retrieved
2919:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2856:
2849:
2829:
2799:
2769:
2762:
2742:
2735:
2715:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:the original
2678:
2668:
2648:
2641:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2579:
2572:
2552:
2521:. Retrieved
2511:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2430:(121): 121.
2427:
2423:
2416:Simon, Chris
2409:
2389:
2360:
2336:
2316:
2269:
2265:
2229:
2223:
2199:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2164:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2109:Superfamily
2083:Superfamily
2017:Superfamily
1981:Helicophidae
1975:Conoesucidae
1969:Chathamiidae
1931:Superfamily
1913:Phryganeidae
1901:Dysoneuridae
1887:Superfamily
1805:Superfamily
1781:Leptoceridae
1755:Superfamily
1727:Superfamily
1677:Superfamily
1673:Annulipalpia
1666:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1635:
1611:
1599:
1595:Helicopsyche
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1533:
1527:
1512:
1508:
1497:
1493:
1453:
1395:
1382:
1363:
1359:
1356:Triplectides
1355:
1352:
1343:
1311:
1284:
1270:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1183:
1175:
1160:
1158:
1154:Leptoceridae
1142:
1103:
1100:
1097:Distribution
1062:paraphyletic
1060:
1054:
1038:
1017:Annulipalpia
1015:
1003:
994:
931:Siphonaptera
929:
908:
881:
871:Antliophora
844:
843:
822:
754:
733:
705:
694:Neuropterida
667:Strepsiptera
665:
644:
633:Coleopterida
593:
582:Holometabola
553:
540:campodeiform
523:Annulipalpia
516:
488:
469:
459:Baltic amber
438:
432:
429:Izaak Walton
420:
408:
400:
386:
362:
358:Helicopsyche
356:
350:
337:vernal pools
331:The aquatic
330:
309:
305:
302:monophyletic
289:Annulipalpia
276:
269:
267:
198:Annulipalpia
176:
163:(unranked):
18:
5145:Trichoptera
4990:iNaturalist
4878:Trichoptera
4865:Trichoptera
4851:Trichoptera
4845:Wikispecies
4821:Trichoptera
4724:Spicipalpia
4692:Tasimioidea
4557:Rossianidae
4519:Apataniidae
4277:Trichoptera
4233:Wikispecies
4192:Titanoptera
4124:Lapeyriidae
4119:Hypoperlida
4094:Eoblattodea
4063:(roachoids)
4056:Archodonata
3898:Antliophora
3866:Neuroptera
3828:Coleoptera
3639:Dictyoptera
3609:(Xenonomia)
3585:Orthoptera
3569:Embioptera
3561:Dermaptera
3553:Plecoptera
3453:Palaeoptera
3316:Subphylum:
2079:Spicipalpia
2019:Tasimioidea
1855:Rossianidae
1843:Oeconesidae
1813:Apataniidae
1601:Hydropsyche
1577:Lepidostoma
1553:Sericostoma
1542:fly fishing
1517:John Curtis
1494:Lepidostoma
1490:fishing fly
1369:sclerotised
1339:Spicipalpia
1057:Spicipalpia
1004:Trichoptera
845:Trichoptera
824:Lepidoptera
735:Megaloptera
595:Hymenoptera
544:Spicipalpia
491:dragonflies
364:Hydropsyche
353:fly fishing
322:Lepidoptera
306:sedge-flies
294:Spicipalpia
277:Trichoptera
270:caddisflies
247:Spicipalpia
240:Tasimioidea
177:Trichoptera
24:Caddisflies
5139:Categories
4700:Tasimiidae
4672:Kokiriidae
4552:Pisuliidae
4491:Molannidae
4306:Subclass:
4296:Arthropoda
4142:Miomoptera
3908:Mecoptera
3736:Hemiptera
3657:(mantises)
3647:Blattodea
3593:Zoraptera
3472:(mayflies)
3411:Zygentoma
3306:Arthropoda
2180:2023-03-14
2133:References
2025:Tasimiidae
1999:Kokiriidae
1849:Pisuliidae
1775:Molannidae
1626:stoneflies
1559:Leptocerus
1547:Mystacides
1524:In angling
1492:mimicking
1388:using the
1323:microflora
1308:Silk domes
1149:periphyton
756:Neuroptera
648:(beetles)
646:Coleoptera
503:alderflies
499:stoneflies
457:fossil in
310:rail-flies
147:Arthropoda
4722:Suborder
4636:Calocidae
4631:Beraeidae
4446:Suborder
4369:Ecnomidae
4334:Suborder
4308:Pterygota
4288:Kingdom:
4114:Heraridea
4104:Geroptera
4009:Based on
3883:Panorpida
3830:(beetles)
3720:Psocodea
3655:Mantodea
3606:Notoptera
3563:(earwigs)
3298:Kingdom:
3184:Caddisfly
3147:1746-4269
3131:(1): 78.
2633:231875526
2272:: 19215.
2077:Suborder
1963:Calocidae
1957:Beraeidae
1749:Suborder
1691:Ecnomidae
1671:Suborder
1657:Zazamushi
1565:Phryganea
1519:, c. 1840
1292:Ecnomidae
1165:(family:
1108:(family:
910:Mecoptera
801:Panorpida
572:Mecoptera
556:cladogram
550:Phylogeny
535:genitalia
514:insects.
507:lacewings
485:Evolution
383:Etymology
292:suborder
133:Kingdom:
127:Eukaryota
4899:BugGuide
4830:Wikidata
4562:Uenoidae
4529:Goeridae
4314:Neoptera
4294:Phylum:
4290:Animalia
4279:families
4152:Paoliida
3926:Diptera
3730:(thrips)
3491:Odonata
3318:Hexapoda
3304:Phylum:
3300:Animalia
3212:Archived
3165:26559909
3104:17 April
3098:Colossal
2550:(2010).
2503:12116634
2454:27558853
2296:26765261
2067:Family †
2061:Family †
2055:Family †
2049:Family †
2043:Family †
2037:Family †
1905:Family †
1899:Family †
1893:Family †
1879:Family †
1867:Uenoidae
1859:Family †
1825:Goeridae
1695:Family †
1663:Taxonomy
1534:en masse
1398:antennae
1269:Case of
1204:detritus
1179:food web
1118:oakwoods
933:(fleas)
495:mayflies
481:period.
475:Triassic
143:Phylum:
137:Animalia
123:Domain:
4836:Q184616
4302:Insecta
4300:Class:
4275:Extant
4037:Extinct
4011:Sasaki
3918:(fleas)
3712: *
3156:4642784
2495:3070865
2445:5014063
2287:4725916
2121:Family
2115:Family
2101:Family
2095:Family
2089:Family
2023:Family
2009:Family
2003:Family
1997:Family
1991:Family
1985:Family
1979:Family
1973:Family
1967:Family
1961:Family
1955:Family
1949:Family
1943:Family
1937:Family
1923:Family
1917:Family
1911:Family
1865:Family
1853:Family
1847:Family
1841:Family
1835:Family
1829:Family
1823:Family
1817:Family
1811:Family
1797:Family
1791:Family
1785:Family
1779:Family
1773:Family
1767:Family
1761:Family
1739:Family
1733:Family
1719:Family
1713:Family
1707:Family
1701:Family
1689:Family
1683:Family
1645:As food
1622:marshes
1583:Oecetis
1530:anglers
1460:aquatic
1390:exuviae
1374:instars
1315:turtles
1145:benthos
1124:Ecology
883:Diptera
568:Diptera
409:trichos
346:benthos
281:insects
173:Order:
157:Insecta
153:Class:
5122:160252
5083:134123
5070:457402
5054:NZOR:
5021:115095
4943:1TRCPO
4015:(2013)
4013:et al.
4004:Italic
3332:Extant
3288:orders
3285:Insect
3163:
3153:
3145:
3078:14 May
2999:
2969:
2864:
2837:
2807:
2777:
2750:
2723:
2689:14 May
2656:
2631:
2587:
2560:
2523:20 May
2501:
2493:
2452:
2442:
2397:
2367:
2324:
2294:
2284:
2266:Nature
2240:
2211:
1632:In art
564:sister
471:Fossil
455:Eocene
439:cadyss
423:pteron
415:πτερόν
333:larvae
184:, 1813
5117:WoRMS
5091:Plazi
5047:30263
5008:11007
5003:IRMNG
4995:62164
4956:12238
3036:(PDF)
2926:1 May
2629:S2CID
2491:JSTOR
1474:Adult
1441:Pupae
1386:moult
1198:Cases
1187:trout
560:clade
527:palps
403:thrix
389:Greek
318:wings
274:order
272:, or
182:Kirby
5109:8230
5042:NCBI
5016:ITIS
4982:1003
4977:GBIF
4938:EPPO
4930:1101
4904:5233
4886:BOLD
3999:bold
3161:PMID
3143:ISSN
3106:2017
3080:2017
2997:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2928:2017
2862:ISBN
2835:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2691:2017
2654:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2558:ISBN
2525:2017
2499:PMID
2450:PMID
2395:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2292:PMID
2238:ISBN
2209:ISBN
1540:for
1462:pupa
1403:eggs
1378:pupa
1329:Nets
1294:and
1211:silk
554:The
533:and
521:and
505:and
395:θρίξ
361:and
341:silk
314:moth
287:and
268:The
35:PreꞒ
5029:NBN
4925:EoL
4917:TR2
4912:CoL
4873:AFD
4860:ADW
3151:PMC
3133:doi
3048:doi
2895:doi
2885:".
2621:doi
2481:doi
2440:PMC
2432:doi
2282:PMC
2274:doi
1515:by
1116:in
1059:" (
351:In
308:or
5141::
5119::
5106::
5093::
5080::
5067::
5044::
5031::
5018::
5005::
4992::
4979::
4966::
4953::
4940::
4927::
4914::
4901::
4891:99
4888::
4875::
4862::
4847::
4832::
3914:+
3159:.
3149:.
3141:.
3129:11
3127:.
3123:.
3096:.
3044:48
3042:.
3038:.
2981:^
2936:^
2918:.
2907:^
2891:54
2889:.
2819:^
2789:^
2699:^
2677:.
2627:.
2617:80
2615:.
2599:^
2546:;
2533:^
2497:.
2489:.
2477:50
2475:.
2471:.
2448:.
2438:.
2428:13
2426:.
2422:.
2379:^
2347:^
2304:^
2290:.
2280:.
2268:.
2264:.
2252:^
2207:.
2203:.
2189:^
1659:.
1290:,
1120:.
1066:)
562:,
529:,
501:,
497:,
493:,
411:+
391::
328:.
85:Pg
4268:e
4261:t
4254:v
3775:a
3773:l
3771:o
3769:b
3767:a
3765:t
3763:e
3761:m
3759:o
3757:l
3755:o
3753:H
3694:a
3692:l
3690:o
3688:b
3686:a
3684:t
3682:e
3680:m
3678:u
3676:E
3526:a
3524:r
3522:e
3520:t
3518:p
3516:o
3514:e
3512:N
3440:a
3438:t
3436:o
3434:g
3432:y
3430:r
3428:e
3426:t
3424:P
3399:a
3397:i
3395:l
3393:y
3391:d
3389:n
3387:o
3385:c
3383:i
3381:D
3277:e
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