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1441:. The TRC noted that most of the 90 Indigenous languages that still exist are at risk of disappearing, with great-grandparents as the only speakers of many such languages. It concluded that a failure of governments and Indigenous communities to prioritize the teaching and preservation of traditional languages ensured that despite the closure of residential schools, the eradication of Indigenous culture desired by government officials and administrators would inevitably be fulfilled "through a process of systematic neglect". In addition to the forceful eradication of elements of Indigenous culture, the schools trained students in the patriarchal dichotomies then common in British and Canadian society and useful to state institutions, such as the domesticization of female students through imbuing 'stay-at-home' values and the militarization of male students through soldierlike regimentation.
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1710:, Pope Francis reiterated the apologies of the Catholic Church, with hundreds of Indigenous people and government officials in attendance, for its members' role in administrating many of the residential schools on behalf of the government and for abuse that occurred at the hand of Catholic priests and religious sisters. At the Pope's apologietic address given at Maskwacis, Chief Wilton Littlechild expressed hope for the future, saying: "You have said that you come as a pilgrim, seeking to walk together with us on the pathway of truth, justice, healing, reconciliation, and hope. We gladly welcome you to join us on this journey ... we sincerely hope that our encounter this morning, and the words you share with us, will echo with true healing and real hope throughout many generations to come."
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sorry... To those individuals who were physically, sexually, and mentally abused as students of the Indian
Residential Schools in which The United Church of Canada was involved, I offer you our most sincere apology. You did nothing wrong. You were and are the victims of evil acts that cannot under any circumstances be justified or excused... We are in the midst of a long and painful journey as we reflect on the cries that we did not or would not hear, and how we have behaved as a church...we commit ourselves to work toward ensuring that we will never again use our power as a church to hurt others with attitudes of racial and spiritual superiority. We pray that you will hear the sincerity of our words today and that you will witness the living out of our apology in our actions in the future.
1933:. He acknowledged that students experienced multiple forms of abuse linking their treatment to the colonial thinking that shaped the school system. Trudeau's apology was received on behalf of residential school survivors by Toby Obed, who framed the apology as a key part of the healing process that connected survivors from Newfoundland and Labrador with school attendees from across the country. Members of the Innu nation were less receptive, rejecting the apology ahead of the ceremony. Grand Chief Gregory Rich noted in a released statement that he was "not satisfied that Canada understands yet what it has done to Innu and what it is still doing", indicating that members felt they deserved an apology for more than their experiences at residential schools.
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experienced in Canadaâs Indian
Residential Schools. Many Catholic religious communities and dioceses participated in this system, which led to the suppression of Indigenous languages, culture and spirituality, failing to respect the rich history, traditions and wisdom of Indigenous Peoples. We acknowledge the grave abuses that were committed by some members of our Catholic community; physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, cultural, and sexual." Assembly of First Nations Chief RoseAnne Archibald stated she felt conflicted, saying "On one hand, their unequivocal apology is welcomed," but that she was disappointed that the bishops had not issued a formal request for the pope to visit Canada in person. The Catholic bishops also stated
1779:, the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England and the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion, undertook a five-day visit to Canada, during which he apologized for the "terrible crime" he said the Anglican Church committed in running residential schools and for the Church of England's "grievous sins" against the Indigenous peoples of Canada. He continued, "I am so sorry that the Church participated in the attemptâthe failed attempt, because you rose above it and conquered itâto dehumanise and abuse those we should have embraced as brothers and sisters." The Archbishop spent time visiting reserves, meeting with First Nations leaders and Anglicans, and listening to former residential school students.
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health supports, a commemoration component and a strategy for litigation. As explained by the TRC, the ADR was designed as a "voluntary process for resolution of certain claims of sexual abuse, physical abuse, and forcible confinement, without having to go through the civil litigation process". It was created by the
Canadian government without consultation with Indigenous communities or former residential school students. The ADR system also made it the responsibility of the former students to prove that the abuse occurred and was intentional, resulting in former students finding the system difficult to navigate, re-traumatizing, and discriminatory. Many survivor advocacy groups and Indigenous political organizations such as the
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church administrators to provide higher quality instruction and support to the students in their care. Although the government was willing to, and did, purchase schools from the churches, many were acquired for free given that the rampant disrepair present in the buildings resulted in their having no economic value. Schools continued to be maintained by churches in instances where they failed to reach an agreement with government officials with the understanding that the government would provide support for capital costs. The understanding ultimately proved complicated due to the lack of written agreements outlining the extent and nature of that support or the approvals required to undertake expensive renovations and repairs.
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674:, Superintendent of Welfare and Training in the Indian Affairs Branch of the federal Department of Mines and Resources, opposed the expansion of new schools, noting in 1936 that "to build educational institutions, particularly residential schools, while the money at our disposal is insufficient to keep the schools already erected in a proper state of repair, is, to me, very unsound and a practice difficult to justify." He proposed the expansion of day schools, an approach to educating Indigenous children that he would continue to pursue after being promoted to director of the welfare and training branch in 1945. The proposal was resisted by the United Church, the Anglican Church, and the
2422:(IRSSA), announced on May 8, 2006, and implemented in September 2007. At the time, there were about 86,000 living victims. The IRSSA included funding for the AHF, for commemoration, for health support, and for a Truth and Reconciliation program, as well as an individual Common Experience Payment (CEP). Any person who could be verified as having resided at a federally run Indian residential school in Canada was entitled to a CEP. The amount of compensation was based on the number of years a particular former student resided at the residential schools: $ 10,000 for the first year attended (from one night residing there to a full school year) plus $ 3,000 for every year thereafter.
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Indigenous peoples had for maintaining their languages in the same way Indian boarding school survivor memoir, literature, and testimony do from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This absence may exemplify how school newspapers carefully created an
English-only fantasy for readers, but may also attest to the success of students' secrecy: perhaps official school documents did not report that students still knew Indigenous languages because schools were unaware of this. Government reports, if read contrapuntally, were more forthcoming in how students continued to speak their language, though they framed such resistance as failure."
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support initiatives discerned locally with
Indigenous partners. Furthermore, we invite the Indigenous Peoples to journey with us into a new era of reconciliation, helping us in each of our dioceses across the country to prioritize initiatives of healing, to listen to the experience of Indigenous Peoples, especially to the survivors of Indian Residential Schools, and to educate our clergy, consecrated men and women, and lay faithful, on Indigenous cultures and spirituality. We commit ourselves to continue the work of providing documentation or records that will assist in the memorialization of those buried in unmarked graves.
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adjudicator. The IAP became available to all former students of residential schools on
September 19, 2007. Former students who experienced abuse and wished to pursue compensation had to apply by themselves or through a lawyer of their choice to receive consideration. The deadline to apply for the IAP was September 19, 2012. This gave former students of residential schools four years from the implementation date of the IRSSA to apply for the IAP. Claims involving physical and sexual abuse were compensated up to $ 275,000. By September 30, 2016, the IAP had resolved 36,538 claims and paid $ 3.1
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897:, be financially independent a few years after opening. The government believed through the industrial system and cheap labour costs of missionary staff it could "operate a residential school system on a nearly cost-free basis." Students "were expected to raise or grow and prepare most of the food they ate, to make and repair much of their clothing, and to maintain the schools." Most schools did this through a system where students studied for half the day and did "vocational training" for the other half. This system failed and the schools never became self-supporting.
418:, a conclusion that echoed the words of historian John S. Milloy, who argued that the system's aim was to "kill the Indian in the child." Over the course of the system's more than hundred-year existence, around 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally. As the system was designed as an immersion program, Indigenous children were in many schools prohibited from, and sometimes punished for, speaking their own languages or practising their own faiths. The primary goal was to convert Indigenous children to Christianity and acculturate them.
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1015:, urban teenagers, or the promotion of a Christian ethic, that was used as a sign of successful assimilation. There was no indication that school attendees achieved greater financial success than those who did not go to school. As the father of a pupil who attended Battleford Industrial School, in Saskatchewan, for five years explained: "he cannot read, speak or write English, nearly all his time having been devoted to herding and caring for cattle instead of learning a trade or being otherwise educated. Such employment he can get at home."
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sending their children to the residential schools. Many protested the lack of decent educational opportunities available, but the government took little action until after World War I, when
European-Canadians first began to acknowledge discriminatory treatment towards Indians." Indigenous resistance is defined, in the words of Anishinaabe scholar-artist Leanne Simpson as "a radical and complete overturning of the nation-state's political formations." During this time Native people found ways to resist this colonial endeavor.
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Another poll conducted in 2021 showed that only 10% of
Canadians were very familiar with the history of the residential school system and that 68% say they were unaware of the severity of abuses or completely shocked by it, and that so many children could die. A majority of Canadians believe that educational provincial curricula does not include enough about residential schools, that the education level should increase, and that the framing of the residential school system has been downplayed in the education system.
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deaths or missing children, in part because of the practice of burying students in unmarked graves. The work is further complicated by a pattern of poor record keeping by school and government officials, who neglected to keep reliable numbers about the number of children who died or where they were buried. While most schools had cemeteries on site, their location and extent remain difficult to determine as cemeteries that were originally marked were found to have been later razed, intentionally hidden or built over.
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1952:. Class action lawsuits have been brought against the Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario governments for the harm caused to victims of the large-scale adoption scheme that saw thousands of Indigenous children forcibly removed from their parents in the 1960s. Indigenous leaders responded by insisting that while apologies were welcomed, actionâincluding a federal apology, reunification of families, compensation, and counselling for victimsâmust accompany words for them to have real meaning.
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entered the labour market and competed with Euro-American workers." The
Canadian government was displeased with this; as one minister for Indian Affairs noted in 1897, "we are educating these Indians to compete industrially with our own peoples, which seems to me a very undesirable amount of public money." The government, perceiving Indian education as too generous, reduced the services available to First Nations peoples beginning in 1910 and emphasized low cost schooling thereafter.
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2951:, while recounting the views of an unidentified American general who believed "that the only good Indian is a dead one," of which Pratt wrote: "In a sense, I agree with the sentiment, but only in this: that all the Indian there is in the race should be dead. Kill the Indian in him, and save the man." Mark Abley writes that in a Canadian context "kill the Indian in the child" has been erroneously attributed to former deputy superintendent of the Department of Indian Affairs,
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710:. Often taken without the consent of their parents or community elders, some children were placed in state-run child welfare facilities, increasingly operated in former residential schools, while others were fostered or placed up for adoption by predominantly non-Indigenous families throughout Canada and the United States. While the Indian and Northern Affairs estimates that 11,132 children were adopted between 1960 and 1990, the actual number may be as high as 20,000.
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702:. With no requirement for specialized training regarding the traditions or lifestyles of the communities they entered, provincial officials assessed the welfare of Indigenous children based on Euro-Canadian values that, for example, deemed traditional diets of game, fish and berries insufficient and grounds for taking children into custody. This period resulted in the widespread removal of Indigenous children from their traditional communities, first termed the
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406:. With the threat of invasion by American forces minimized, Indigenous communities were no longer viewed as allies but as barriers to permanent settlement. This change was also associated with the transfer of responsibility for interactions with Indigenous communities from military officials, familiar with and sympathetic to their customs and way of life, to civilian representatives concerned only with permanent colonial settlement.
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schools, including the increase of centrally located day schools to improve access to their children, and made repeated requests for improvements to the quality of education, food, and clothing being provided at the schools. Demands for answers in regards to claims of abuse were often dismissed as a ploy by parents seeking to keep their children at home, with government and school officials positioned as those who knew best.
941:, milk production among the schools dairy herds was reduced by 50%. The federal government refused to fund construction for an additional barn to increase milk production and isolate the sick animals. Even among other schools dairy herds, funding was so low that milk was separated with "skimmed milk served to the children" and the fat turned to dairy products sold to fund the schools. In 1939, the Presbyterian school in
450:. The approach of using established school facilities set up by missionaries was employed by the federal government for economic expedience: the government provided facilities and maintenance, while the churches provided teachers and their own lesson-planning. As a result, the number of schools per denomination was less a reflection of their presence in the general population, but rather their legacy of missionary work.
1646:, Fontaine stated in regards to the pope's acknowledgement of the suffering of the school survivors "I think in that sense, there was that apology that we were certainly looking for." Many argue that Pope Benedict XVI's statement was not a full apology. In the 2015 Report from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC), Action 58 called for the pope to issue an apology similar to Pope Benedict XVI's 2010
2723:, and on September 30, 2013âthe time of the year when Indigenous children were taken away to residential schoolsâthey encouraged students in schools in the area to wear an orange shirt in memory of the victims of the residential school system. The observance of the holiday spread quickly across Canada, and in 2017 the Canadian government encouraged all Canadians to participate in the observance of Orange Shirt Day.
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offspring) are also at greater risk for poor well-being." 37.2% of adults with at least one parent who attended a boarding school contemplated committing suicide in their lifetimes, compared to 25.7% of people whose parents did not attend residential boarding schools. Higher levels of depression symptoms and psychological trauma were evident among Indian residential school survivors' children.
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484:, it consolidated all previous laws placing Indigenous communities, land and finances under federal control. As explained by the TRC, the act "made Indians wards of the state, unable to vote in provincial or federal elections or enter the professions if they did not surrender their status, and severely limited their freedom to participate in spiritual and cultural practices."
1417:, suppressing their languages and culture was a key tactic used to assimilate Indigenous children. Many students spoke the language of their families fluently when they first entered residential schools. The schools strictly prohibited the use of these languages even though many students spoke little to no English or French. Traditional and spiritual activities including the
789:; in one school, the death rate reached 69 percent. Federal policies that tied funding to enrollment numbers led to sick children being enrolled to boost numbers, thus introducing and spreading disease. The problem of unhealthy children was further exacerbated by the conditions of the schools themselves â overcrowding and poor ventilation, water quality and sewage systems.
158:, or residential schools compulsory for First Nations children. Due to the remote nature of many communities, school locations meant that for some families, residential schools were the only way to comply. The schools were intentionally located at substantial distances from Indigenous communities to minimize contact between families and their children. Indian Commissioner
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school examinations. It was changed to children between 6 and 15 years of age in 1908. The introduction of mandatory attendance at a day school on the reserve was the result of pressure from missionary representatives. Reliant on student enrolment quotas to secure funding, they were struggling to attract new students due to increasingly poor school conditions.
1088:, highlighted that the "Indian population of Canada has a mortality rate of more than double that of the whole population, and in some provinces more than three times". Among the list of causes he noted the infectious disease of tuberculosis and the role residential schools played in spreading the disease by way of poor ventilation and medical screening.
2384:(AFN) worked to have the ADR system dissolved. In 2004 the Assembly of First Nations released a report critical of the ADR underscoring, among other issues, the failure of survivors to automatically receive the full amount of compensation without subsequent ligation against the church and failure to compensate for lost family, language and culture. The
2541:: "There was nothing good about children going missing and no report being filed. There was nothing good about burying children in unmarked graves far from their ancestral homes." In response, the Conservative Party leadership removed Beyak from the Senate committee underscoring that her comments did not align with the views of the party.
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1908, mortality rates at some residential schools in western Canada ranged from 30 to 60 per cent over five years (that is, five years after entry, 30 to 60 per cent of students had died, or 6 to 12 per cent per annum). These statistics did not become public until 1922, when Bryce, who was no longer working for the government, published
2639:, the pole tells the story of the residential school system prior to, during and after its operation. It features thousands of copper nails, used to represent the children who died in Canadian residential schools, and depictions of residential school survivors carved by artists from multiple Indigenous communities, including Canadian
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them to communicate and develop mutual understanding. In 2014, the federal government ceased to contribute funds to
Indigenous health organizations such as the AHF and the National Aboriginal Health Organization. Since then, more pressure has been placed on churches to sustain their active participation in these healing efforts.
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MĂ©tis residential school survivors, who were not included in the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement and were not given a symbolic apology from the prime minister. Archibald said she remained hopeful the King would apologize for colonization and the Church of England's role in the residential school system. Simon told
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provinces and territories of Canada, an "opt-out" period occurred. During this time, the former students of residential schools could reject the agreement if they did not agree with its dispositions. This opt-out period ended on August 20, 2007, with about 350 former students opting out. The IRSSA was the largest
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The churches have also engaged in reconciliation initiatives such as the Returning to Spirit: Residential School Healing and Reconciliation Program, a workshop that aims to unite Indigenous and non-Indigenous people through discussing the legacy of residential schools and fostering an environment for
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in April of that year.) Archibald said that the Prince "acknowledged" failures by Canadian governments in handling the relationship between the Crown and Indigenous people, which she said "really meant something". Royal correspondent Sarah Campbell noted, "on this brief tour, there has been no shying
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On September 24, 2021, the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a formal apology for residential schools stating "We, the Catholic Bishops of Canada, gathered in Plenary this week, take this opportunity to affirm to you, the Indigenous Peoples of this land, that we acknowledge the suffering
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for a public apology to all survivors of the residential school system, rather than the expression of sorrow issued by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009. Trudeau invited the pope to issue the apology in Canada. Although no commitment for such an apology followed the meeting, he noted that the pope pointed to
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I apologize for the pain and suffering that our church's involvement in the Indian Residential School system has caused. We are aware of some of the damage that this cruel and ill-conceived system of assimilation has perpetrated on Canada's First Nations peoples. For this we are truly and most humbly
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However, Indigenous children in boarding schools were not deterred, and continued to speak and practice their language in an attempt to keep it alive. Assistant Professor in Professional Communication, Jane Griffith, said, "Predictably, nineteenth-century government texts do not reveal the strategies
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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission wrote that the policy of Indian Affairs was to refuse to return the bodies of children home due to the associated expense, and to instead require the schools to bear the cost of burials. The TRC concluded that it may be impossible to ever identify the number of
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stated per capita costs for "well-run institutions" ranged between $ 313 and $ 541; Canada was paying 57.5% of the minimum figure. Changes in per capita costs did not occur until the 1950s and were seen as insignificant. In 1966, Saskatchewan residential schools per capita costs ranged from $ 694 and
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as "assimilated" citizens that removed their legal identity as Indians. Disconnected from their families and culture and forced to speak English or French, students often graduated being unable to fit into their communities but remaining subject to racist attitudes in mainstream Canadian society. The
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During the 2022 National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill, as well as buildings across Canada, were illuminated to honour those affected by the Canadian residential school system. They were lit up in orange throughout the evening of September 30, 2022, from 7:00pm
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Education or awareness of the residential school system or its abuses is low among Canadians. A 2020 survey suggested that nearly half of Canadians never learned about the residential schools when they were students, with 34% of those who were taught by teachers being provided a positive assessment.
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In June 2001, the government established Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada as an independent government department to manage the residential school file. In 2003, the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) process was launched as part of a larger National Resolution Framework which included
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The bishops also stated "Pope Francis will encounter and listen to the Indigenous participants, so as to discern how he can support our common desire to renew relationships and walk together along the path of hope in the coming years" with some interpreting this visit as an important step that could
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We are fully committed to the process of healing and reconciliation. Together with the many pastoral initiatives already underway in dioceses across the country, and as a further tangible expression of this ongoing commitment, we are pledging to undertake fundraising in each region of the country to
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The elders present at the General Council expressly refused to accept the apology and chose to receive the apology, believing further work needed to be done. In 1998, the church apologized expressly for the role it played in the residential school system. On behalf of The United Church of Canada the
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Fearing their children would face racial discrimination in St. Paul, parents wished to see the school transferred to a private society that would operate it both as a school and a residence. The federal government had been open to such a transfer if the First Nations organization was structured as a
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million in extra funding from the federal government to complete this work, but was denied. The researchers concluded, after searching land near schools using satellite imagery and maps, that, "for the most part, the cemeteries that the Commission documented are abandoned, disused, and vulnerable to
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In 1907, Bryce reported on the conditions of Manitoba and North-West residential schools: "we have created a situation so dangerous to health that I was often surprised that the results were not even worse than they have been shown statistically to be." In 1909, Bryce reported that, between 1894 and
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After the government closed most of the schools in the 1960s, the work of Indigenous activists and historians led to greater awareness by the public of the damage the schools had caused, as well as to official government and church apologies, and a legal settlement. These gains were achieved through
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skills. The work was arduous, and severely compromised the academic and social development of the students. School books and textbooks were drawn mainly from the curricula of the provincially funded public schools for non-Indigenous students, and teachers at the residential schools were often poorly
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The executive summary of the TRC concluded that the assimilation amounted to cultural genocide. The ambiguity of the phrasing allowed for the interpretation that physical and biological genocide also occurred. The TRC was not authorized to conclude that physical and biological genocide occurred, as
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million to support the work of the AHF. Federal funding for the foundation was cut in 2010 by the Stephen Harper government, leaving 134 national healing-related initiatives without an operating budget. The AHF closed in 2014. Former AHF executive director Mike DeGagne has said that the loss of AHF
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In 1975, the Anglican, Roman Catholic and United Churches, along with six other churches, formed Project North, later known as the Aboriginal Rights Coalition (ARC), with the objective of "transformation of the relationship between Canadian society and Aboriginal peoples." The campaign's objectives
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and the German Moravian Missionaries. The government argued that because these schools were not created under the auspices of the Indian Act, they were not true residential schools. More than 1,000 former students disagreed and filed a class action lawsuit against the government for compensation in
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Boarding schools in Canada worked towards assimilation of Native students. Historians Brian Klopotek and Brenda Child explain, "Education for Indians was not mandatory in Canada until 1920, long after compulsory attendance laws were passed in the United States, although families frequently resisted
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of powerlessness and loss". This trauma has been used to explain the persistent negative social and cultural impacts of colonial rule and residential schools, including the prevalence of sexual abuse, alcoholism, drug addiction, lateral violence, mental illness and suicide among Indigenous peoples.
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required to obtain employment and integrate into Canadian society after graduation. In actuality, these goals were poorly and inconsistently achieved. Many graduates were unable to land a job due to poor educational training. Returning home was equally challenging due to an unfamiliarity with their
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in response to one of his agents recommending they only approve qualified teaching staff stated that that would require more funding and that Indian Affairs did not "entertain requests for increased grants to Indian boarding and industrial schools." The pay was so low relative to provincial schools
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of 1869 formed the foundations for this system prior to Confederation. These acts assumed the inherent superiority of French and British ways, and the need for Indigenous peoples to become French or English speakers, Christians, and farmers. At the time, many Indigenous leaders argued to have these
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reintroduced the bill to make Orange Shirt Day a national statutory holiday. Following the discovery of the remains of 215 children on the grounds of the former Kamloops Indian Residential School on May 24, 2021, Parliament agreed to pass the bill unanimously, and the bill received royal assent on
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explained that the recommendations were not aimed solely at prompting government action, but instead a collective move toward reconciliation in which all Canadians have a role to play: "Many of our elements, many of our recommendations and many of the Calls to Action are actually aimed at Canadian
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We are sorry and deeply regret the pain, suffering and alienation that so many experienced. We have heard their cries of distress, feel their anguish and want to be part of the healing process ... we pledge solidarity with the aboriginal peoples in their pursuit of recognition of their basic human
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Those that survived used their knowledge to speak back against colonialism, as historians Brian Klopotek and Brenda Child explain, "in Canada, the results of this system were more complicated than the government anticipated. Often students returned to their reserves to become leaders, while others
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and today they are unmarked graves... the machine has a 10 to 15 percent error...we do know there is at least 600... We cannot affirm that they are all children, but there are oral stories that there are adults in this gravesite... some may have went to the Church and from our local towns and they
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Visitation, for those who could make the journey, was strictly controlled by school officials in a manner similar to the procedures enforced in the prison system. In some cases schools denied parents access to their children altogether. Others required families to meet with them in the presence of
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Details of the mistreatment of students were published numerous times throughout the 20th century by government officials reporting on school conditions, and in the proceedings of civil cases brought forward by survivors seeking compensation for the abuse they endured. The conditions and impact of
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was often justified by a belief that it was the only way to save souls or punish and deter runaways â whose injuries or death sustained in their efforts to return home would become the legal responsibility of the school. Overcrowding, poor sanitation, inadequate heating, and a lack of medical
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made attendance at a day school, if there was a day school on the reserve on which the child resided, compulsory for status Indian children between 7 and 16 years of age. The changes included a series of exemptions regarding school location, the health of the children and their prior completion of
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Some parents and families of Indigenous children resisted the residential school system throughout its existence. Children were kept from schools and, in some cases, hidden from government officials tasked with rounding up children on reserves. Parents regularly advocated for increased funding for
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The government began purchasing church-run boarding schools in the 1920s. During this period capital costs associated with the schools were assumed by the government, leaving administrative and instructional duties to church officials. The hope was that minimizing facility expenditures would allow
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awarded 50 acres (200,000 m) of land to any Indigenous male deemed "sufficiently advanced in the elementary branches of education" and would automatically enfranchise him, removing any tribal affiliation or treaty rights. With this legislation, and through the creation of residential schools,
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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission's 80th call to action was for the government to designate a National Day for Truth and Reconciliation that would become a statutory holiday to honour the survivors, their families, and communities. In August 2018, the government announced it was considering
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For many communities the buildings that formerly housed residential schools are a traumatic reminder of the system's legacy; demolition, heritage status and the possibility of incorporating sites into the healing process have been discussed. In July 2016, it was announced that the building of the
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on 6 May 2023, Simon organized a meeting between herself, the King, Archibald, President of the MĂ©tis National Council Cassidy Caron, and Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami President Natan Obed, all of whom also attended the coronation. Afterward, Caron recounted that she raised the issue of recognition for
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We ask, also, for forgiveness from Aboriginal peoples. What we have heard we acknowledge. It is our hope that those whom we have wronged with a hurt too deep for telling will accept what we have to say. With God's guidance our Church will seek opportunities to walk with Aboriginal peoples to find
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when they were caught speaking their own language. The inability to communicate was further affected by their families' inabilities to speak English or French. Upon leaving residential school some survivors felt ashamed of being Indigenous as they were made to view their traditional identities as
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The IRSSA also proposed an advance payment for former students alive and who were 65 years old and over as of May 30, 2005. The deadline for reception of the advance payment form by IRSRC was December 31, 2006. Following a legal process, including an examination of the IRSSA by the courts of the
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to underscore four government responsibilities: "resolving land claims; improving the economic and social conditions on reserves; defining a new relationship between aboriginal peoples and governments; and addressing the concerns of Canada's aboriginal peoples in contemporary Canadian life." The
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On behalf of the university and all its people, I apologize to all of you who are survivors of the residential schools, to your families and communities and to all Indigenous people for the role this university played in perpetuating that system...We apologize for the actions and inaction of our
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We imposed our civilization as a condition of accepting the gospel. We tried to make you be like us and in so doing we helped to destroy the vision that made you what you were. As a result, you, and we, are poorer and the image of the Creator in us is twisted, blurred, and we are not what we are
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In the summer of 1970, members of Saddle Lake Cree Nation occupied the building and demanded the right to run it themselves. More than 1,000 people participated in the 17-day sit-in, which lasted from July 14 to 31. Their efforts resulted in Blue Quills becoming the first Indigenous-administered
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was largely abandoned by the 1690s. The political instability and realities of colonial life also played a role in the decision to halt the education programs. An increase in orphaned and foundling colonial children limited church resources, and colonists benefited from favourable relations with
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We apologize for the part we played in the cultural, ethnical, linguistic and religious imperialism that was part of the European mentality and, in a particular way, for the instances of physical and sexual abuse that occurred in these schools ... For these trespasses we wish to voice today our
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in the 1940s and 1950s, some bands, along with regional and national Indigenous organizations, wanted to maintain schools in their communities. Motivations for support of the schools included their role as a social service in communities that were suffering from extensive family breakdowns; the
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By 1891, the government cut already low salaries, stopped covering operating costs, and implemented a fixed amount of funding per student. This policy drove competition and encouraged the admission of students that were deemed "too young or too sick." The chronic underfunding developed a health
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for the harm done at residential schools. Affirming Ontario's commitment to reconciliation with Indigenous peoples, she acknowledged the school system as "one of the most shameful chapters in Canadian history". In a 105-minute ceremony, Wynne announced that the Ontario government would spend $
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I also feel shame ... sorrow and shame for the role that a number of Catholics, particularly those with educational responsibilities, have had in all these things that wounded you, and the abuses you suffered and the lack of respect shown for your identity, your culture and even your spiritual
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Preservation of documentation of the legacy of residential schools was also highlighted as part of the TRC's Calls to Action. Community groups and other stakeholders have variously argued for documenting or destroying evidence and testimony of residential school abuses. On April 4, 2016, the
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The IRSSA also included the Independent Assessment Process (IAP), a case-by-case, out-of-court resolution process designed to provide compensation for sexual, physical and emotional abuse. The IAP process was built on the ADR program and all IAP claims from former students are examined by an
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In a 2014 article, Anishinaabe psychiatry researcher Amy Bombay reviewed research that relates to the intergenerational effects. She found that, "In addition to negative effects observed among those who attended IRS, accumulating evidence suggests that the children of those who attended (IRS
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systems based on 'look, listen, and learn' models. Corporal punishment and loss of privileges characterized the residential school system, while traditional Indigenous approaches to education favour positive guidance toward desired behaviour through game-based play, story-telling, and formal
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or missionary organizations, pay was relatively unimportant. Thus, almost all staff were poorly paid, and schools had trouble recruiting and retaining staff. In 1948, C.H. Birdsall, chair of the United Church committee responsible for the Edmonton school, in regard to the lack of funding for
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In addition to these three the Commission stated a national security element and quoted Andsell Macrae, a commissioner with Indian Affairs: "it is unlikely that any Tribe or Tribes would give trouble of a serious nature to the Government whose members had children completely under Government
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in 1951 that allowed federal officials to establish agreements with provincial and territorial governments and school boards regarding the education of Indigenous students in the public school system. These changes marked the government's shift in policy from assimilation-driven education at
399:, Ontario. Administered by the Anglican Church, the facility opened as the Mechanics' Institute, a day school for boys, in 1828 and became a boarding school four years later when it accepted its first boarders and began admitting female students. It remained in operation until June 30, 1970.
2107:(Elizabeth II's eldest son and then-heir to the Canadian Crown), said that it was an "important moment, with "Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples across Canada committing to reflect honestly and openly on the past, and to forge a new relationship for the future". The Prince and his wife,
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them into the dominant Euro-Canadian culture . Over the course of the system's more than hundred-year existence, around 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally. By the 1930s, about 30 percent of Indigenous children were attending residential schools. The number of
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the jurisdiction of the provincial governments, the Indigenous peoples and their treaties fell under the jurisdiction of the federal government. As a condition of several treaties, the federal government agreed to provide for Indigenous education. Residential schools were funded under the
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In 2008, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established to travel across Canada collecting the testimonies of people affected by the residential school system. About 7,000 Indigenous people told their stories. The TRC concluded in 2015 with the publication of a six volume,
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ritualized ceremonies. While at school, many children had no contact with their families for up to 10 months at a time, and in some cases had no contact for years. The impact of the disconnect from their families was furthered by students being discouraged or prohibited from speaking
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of Aboriginal Peoples, voiced disapproval of the final TRC report, saying that it had omitted the positives of the schools. Although Beyak's right to free speech was defended by some Conservative senators, her comments were widely criticized by members of the opposition, among them
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salaries, accommodations, and equipment, stated that it was "doubtful the present work with Indian Children could properly be called education." In 1948, Sechelt school staff were paying full-time staff a salary of $ 1800. In the 1960s, Christie school staff were paid $ 50 a month.
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Residential school deaths were common and have been linked to poorly constructed and maintained facilities. The actual number of deaths remains unknown due to inconsistent reporting by school officials and the destruction of medical and administrative records in compliance with
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Students in the residential school system were faced with a multitude of abuses by teachers and administrators, including sexual and physical assault. They suffered from malnourishment and harsh discipline that would not have been tolerated in any other Canadian school system.
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crisis within the schools and a financial crisis within the missionary groups. In 1911, in an attempt to alleviate the health crisis, the federal government increased per capita grant funding. However, the funding did not adjust for inflation. In the 1930s, throughout the
240:(TRC) was established to uncover the truth about the schools. The commission gathered about 7,000 statements from residential school survivors through various local, regional and national events across Canada. In 2015, the TRC concluded with the establishment of the
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ruled that documents pertaining to IAP settlements will be destroyed in 15 years if individual claimants do not request to have their documents archived. This decision was fought by the TRC as well as the federal government, but argued for by religious representatives.
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in Alberta in a building designed by architect Roland Guerney Orr. From 1929 to 1971 the building housed Old Sun residential school, first run by the Anglicans and taken over by the federal government in 1969. It was converted to adult learning and stood as a campus of
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Both academic research and the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee relay evidence that students were included in several scientific research experiments without their knowledge, their consent or the consent of their parents. These experiments include
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reiterated the apologies of the Catholic Church for its role, also acknowledging the system as genocide. In October 2022, the House of Commons unanimously passed a motion calling on the federal Canadian government to recognize the residential school system as genocide.
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In particular, he alleged that the high mortality rates could have been avoided if healthy children had not been exposed to children with tuberculosis. At the time, no antibiotic had been identified to treat the disease, and this exacerbated the impact of the illness.
2100:, "we talked about reconciliation and I did talk about the need for healing in our country and to have a better understanding and a better relationship between Indigenous people and other Canadians" and she felt the Queen was well informed on issues affecting Canada.
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such a finding would imply a legal responsibility of the Canadian government that would be difficult to prove. As a result, the debate about whether the Canadian government also committed physical and biological genocide against Indigenous populations remains open.
725:. It is estimated that the number of residential schools reached its peak in the early 1930s with 80 schools and more than 17,000 enrolled students. About 150,000 children are believed to have attended a residential school over the course of the system's existence.
1223:. Some of these graves predated the establishment of the residential school. On June 24, 2021, Chief Cadmus Delorme of Cowessess First Nation held a virtual press conference. From June 2 to 23 they found an estimated 751 unmarked graves. Delorme went on to state:
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issued an apology on behalf of the RCMP for its role in the Indian residential school system: "We, I, as Commissioner of the RCMP, am truly sorry for what role we played in the residential school system and the abuse that took place in the residential system."
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that the best course of action would be to make children "lead a life different from their parents and cause them to forget the customs, habits & language of their ancestors." In 1883 Parliament approved $ 43,000 for three industrial schools and the first,
2866:. It was, and continues to be, used by government officials, Indigenous peoples and historians while referencing the school system. The use of the name also provides relevant context about the era in which the system was established, specifically one in which
2088:, said she "joins with all Canadians ... to reflect on the painful history that Indigenous peoples endured in residential schools in Canada and on the work that remains to heal and to continue to build an inclusive society". The same year, the Queen appointed
999:, even among themselves and outside the classroom, so that English or French would be learned and their own languages forgotten. In some schools, they were subject to physical violence for speaking their own languages or for practicing non-Christian faiths.
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she was not certain there would be an apology and that she put more value in action, elaborating, "an apology is words, and it makes people feel good and deal with their trauma to some extent. But, if you don't have any action after that, it stays static".
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Crosby further pledged the need to "come again to that deep trust and solidarity that constitutes families. We recognize that the road beyond past hurt may be long and steep, but we pledge ourselves anew to journey with the Native Peoples on that road."
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On June 10, 2021, a delegation of Indigenous people were announced to meet with the pope later in the year to discuss the legacy of residential schools. On 29 June, the delegation was scheduled to take place from December 17 to 20, 2021, to comply with
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In 1992, The Anglican Church of Canada set up the Anglican Healing Fund for Healing and Reconciliation to respond to the ongoing need for healing related to residential schools. From 1992 to 2007, the fund funded over $ 8 million towards 705 projects.
909:, it was repeatedly reduced, and by 1937, the per capita grant averaged just $ 180 per student per year. For perspective, per-capita costs for comparable institutions included: Manitoba School for the Deaf: $ 642, Manitoba School for Boys: $ 550, U.S.
1963:, issued an apology as a ministerial statement on June 22, 2015, in a bid to begin to address the wrongs done by the province's previous ministries to the Indigenous peoples of Alberta and the rest of Canada. At the same time, Notley called on the
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argued that the schools should be moved farther from the reserves to make visiting more difficult. He also objected to allowing children to return home during school breaks and holidays because he believed the trips interrupted their assimilation.
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On June 11, 2008, Harper issued a symbolic apology on behalf of the sitting Cabinet for past ministries' policies of assimilation. He did this in front of an audience of Indigenous delegates and in an address that was broadcast nationally on the
1601:, issued an apology for the actions of Jesuits in the Western missions and in the "ways the church was insensitive toward your tribal customs, language and spirituality ... The Society of Jesus is sorry for the mistakes it has made in the past".
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Despite the shift in policy from educational assimilation to integration, the removal of Indigenous children from their families by state officials continued through much of the 1960s and 70s. The removals were the result of the 1951 addition of
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released its own report in April 2005 finding the ADR to be "an excessively costly and inappropriately applied failure, for which the Minister and her officials are unable to raise a convincing defence". Within a month of the report's release a
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2134:, where they also participated in an opening prayer, a drumming circle, and a feeding the fire ceremony. Elisabeth Penashue, an elder of the Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation in Labrador, said it was "really important they hear our stories".
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told her story. She recounted how her grandmother bought her a new orange shirt to go to school in, and when she arrived at the residential school, the shirt was stripped away from her and never returned. The other survivors founded the
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The fourth volume of the TRC's final report, dedicated to missing children and unmarked burials, was developed after the original TRC members realized, in 2007, that the issue required its own working group. In 2009, the TRC requested $
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Many of the government-funded residential schools were run by churches of various denominations. Between 1867 and 1939, the number of schools operating at one time peaked at 80 in 1931. Of those schools, 44 were operated by 16 Catholic
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Beginning in the late 1800s, the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs (DIA) officially encouraged the growth of the residential school system as a valuable component in a wider policy of integrating Indigenous people into
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At a reception at Buckingham Palace, on the day before his coronation, 5 May 2023, King Charles III (left, foreground) meets with Governor General Mary Simon (right), who is the first Indigenous person to be appointed to the viceregal
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values. For the deplorable conduct of these members of the Catholic Church, I ask for God's forgiveness and I want to say to you with all my heart, I am very sorry. And I join my brothers, the Canadian bishops, in asking your pardon.
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rights ... urge the federal government to assume its responsibility for its part in the Indian Residential Schools ... urge our faith communities to become better informed and more involved in issues important to aboriginal peoples
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in Canada. The Premier also stated her intent for the government to build relationships with provincial leaders of Indigenous communities and sought to amend the provincial curriculum to include the history of Indigenous culture.
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By the 1930s, government officials recognized that the residential school system was financially unsustainable and failing to meet the intended goal of training and assimilating Indigenous children into European-Canadian society.
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1498:, Ontario. At the 1986 31st General Council, the United Church of Canada responded to the request of Indigenous peoples that it apologize to them for its part in colonization and adopted the apology. Rev. Bob Smith stated:
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2688:. Following his death in October 2017, Downie's brother Mike said he was aware of 40,000 teachers who had used the material in their classrooms, and hoped to continue this. In December 2017, Downie was posthumously named
1866:. The Prime Minister apologized not only for the known excesses of the residential school system, but for the creation of the system itself. Harper delivered the speech in the House of Commons; the procedural device of a
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culture and, in some cases, an inability to communicate with family members using their traditional language. Instead of intellectual achievement and advancement, it was often physical appearance and dress, like that of
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His Holiness emphasized that acts of abuse cannot be tolerated in society. He prayed that all those affected would experience healing, and he encouraged First Nations Peoples to continue to move forward with renewed
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316:'s (TRC) final report: "Underlying these arguments was the belief that the colonizers were bringing civilization to savage people who could never civilize themselves ... a belief of racial and cultural superiority."
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In January 1998, the government made a "statement of reconciliation" â including an apology to those people who were sexually or physically abused while attending residential schools â and established the
2271:, the land dispute sparked a critical discussion about the Canadian government's complacency regarding relations with Indigenous communities and responses to their concerns. The action prompted then Prime Minister
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hosted a two-day national forum at which Canadian university administrators, scholars and members of Indigenous communities discussed how Canadian universities can and should respond to the TRC's Calls to Action.
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applauded the compensation decision noting that the placement of children in the residential school system was "the single most harmful, disgraceful and racist act in our history". At an Ottawa news conference,
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Fontaine, a residential school survivor, later stated that he had sensed the pope's "pain and anguish" and that the acknowledgement was "important to and that was what was looking for". In an interview with
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1153:: "Missing children â that is the big surprise for me ... That such large numbers of children died at the schools. That the information of their deaths was not communicated back to their families."
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school officials and speak only in English; parents who could not speak in English were unable to talk to their children. The obstacles families faced to visit their children were further exacerbated by the
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to call for Orange Shirt Day to become a statutory holiday; the bill passed the House of Commons, but the next election was called before the bill could pass the Senate and become law. After the election,
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billion was paid to 78,750 former students, 98 per cent of the 80,000 who were eligible. In 2014, the IRSSA funds left over from CEPs were offered for educational credits for survivors and their families.
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The 2012 national report of the First Nations Regional Health Study found that respondents who attended residential schools were more likely than those who did not to have been diagnosed with at least one
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Between 1945 and 1955, the number of First Nations students in day schools run by Indian Affairs expanded from 9,532 to 17,947. This growth in student population was accompanied by an amendment to the
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Educational programs were not widely attempted again by religious officials until the 1820s, prior to the introduction of state-sanctioned operations. Included among them was a school established by
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966:. Introduced by Reed, without legislative authority to do so, the pass system restricted and closely monitored the movement of Indigenous peoples off reserves. Launched in 1885 as a response to the
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In the 2000s the United Church established the Justice and Reconciliation Fund to support healing initiatives and the Presbyterian Church has established a Healing & Reconciliation Program.
642:, before submitting his findings. In his report Davin concluded that the best way to assimilate Indigenous peoples was to start with children in a residential setting, away from their families.
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system ultimately proved successful in disrupting the transmission of Indigenous practices and beliefs across generations. The legacy of the system has been linked to an increased prevalence of
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argued for schools at greater distances to reduce family visits, which he thought counteracted efforts to assimilate Indigenous children. Parental visits were further restricted by the use of a
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The stigma the residential school system created against elders passing Indigenous culture on to younger generations has been linked to the over-representation of Indigenous languages on the
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Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume One: Summary: Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future By The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
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to examine the status of Indigenous peoples in Canada. In 1996, the Royal Commission presented a final report which first included a vision for meaningful and action-based reconciliation.
1332:. The NIB paper underscored the right of Indigenous communities to locally direct how their children are educated and served as the integral reference for education policy moving forward.
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698:, which allowed for the application of provincial laws to Indigenous peoples living on reserves in instances where federal laws were not in place. The change included the monitoring of
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1666:. Archbishop Richard Gagnon, president of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops spoke on the topic, stating "What the Pope said and did in Bolivia is what he will do in Canada."
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the persistent organizing and advocacy by Indigenous communities to draw attention to the residential school system's legacy of abuse, including their participation in hearings of the
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918:$ 1,193, which is 7â36% of what other Canadian child-welfare institutions were paying ($ 3,300 and $ 9,855) and 5â25% of what U.S. residential care was paying ($ 4,500 and $ 14,059.)
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327:. They were resisted by Indigenous communities who were unwilling to leave their children for extended periods. The establishment of day and boarding schools by groups including the
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Starting in the late 2000s, Canadian politicians and religious communities have begun to recognize, and issue apologies for, their respective roles in the residential school system.
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the government believed Indigenous peoples could eventually become assimilated into the general population. Individual allotments of farmland would require changes in the communal
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142:, the government adopted the residential industrial school system of the United States, a partnership between the government and various church organizations. An amendment to the
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that operated a majority of the Catholic residential schools in Canada, apologized on behalf of 1,200 Oblates then living in Canada, to approximately 25,000 Indigenous people at
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in 1969. In response, the government decided to close the school, convert the building into a residence, and enroll students in a public school 5 kilometres (3 mi) away in
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Mosby, Ian (July 2013). "Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942â1952".
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In 1969, after years of sharing power with churches, the DIA took sole control of the residential school system. The last federally-funded residential school, Kivalliq Hall in
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was submitted to Ottawa on March 14, 1879, and made the case for a cooperative approach between the Canadian government and the church to implement the assimilation pursued by
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trained or prepared. During this period, Canadian government scientists performed nutritional tests on students and kept some students undernourished as the control sample.
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2007. By the time the suit was settled in 2016, almost a decade later, dozens of plaintiffs had died. Lawyers expected that up to 900 former students would be compensated.
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provincial school division. The First Nations rejected this, saying that a transfer of First Nations education to the provincial authority was a violation of Treaty rights.
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Parents and family members regularly travelled to the schools, often camping outside to be closer to their children. So many parents made the trip that Indian Commissioner
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Realizing the historic rights of Aboriginal peoples as they are recognized in the Canadian constitution and upheld in the courts, including the right to self-determination
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1376:, as the process through which "cumulative stress and grief experienced by Aboriginal communities is translated into a collective experience of cultural disruption and a
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On November 23, 2005, the Canadian government announced a $ 1.9-billion compensation package to benefit tens of thousands of former students. National Chief of the AFN,
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with a lasting and adverse effect on the transmission of Indigenous culture between generations. A 2010 study led by Gwen Reimer explained historic trauma, passed on
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ugly and dirty. Survivors also have to deal with the effects of cultural linguicide, which is defined as loss of language which eventually leads to loss of culture.
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has been capitalized in keeping with the style guide of the Government of Canada. The capitalization also aligns with the style used within the final report of the
2570:, noted: "Its presence will always be a reminder of colonization and the racism of the residential school system; one of the darkest chapters of Canadian history."
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3527:"Suicide Ideation and Attempts among First Nations Peoples Living On-Reserve in Canada: The Intergenerational and Cumulative Effects of Indian Residential Schools"
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that accompanied the conclusion of the TRC were recommendations to ensure that all Canadians are educated and made aware of the residential school system. Justice
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Until the late 1950s, when the federal government shifted to a day school integration model, residential schools were severely underfunded and often relied on the
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would be converted into an educational centre with exhibits on the legacy of residential schools. Ontario's Minister of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation,
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a lifelong commitment of supporting marginalized people and an interest in working collaboratively with Trudeau and Canadian bishops to establish a way forward.
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The renewed interest in residential schools in the early 1800s can be linked to the decline in military hostility faced by the settlers, particularly after the
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meant by God to be. We ask you to forgive us and to walk together with us in the Spirit of Christ so that our peoples may be blessed and God's creation healed.
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970:, and later replaced by permits, the system was designed to prevent Indigenous people from leaving reserves without a pass issued by a local Indian agent.
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on June 5, recognizing its role in residential schools and seeking forgiveness. The confession was presented on October 8 during a ceremony in Winnipeg.
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2331:(CCCB) agreed on the establishment of the Council for Reconciliation, Solidarity and Communion for the following year. In 2007, the council became the
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8980:"Recognition, Redistribution, and Representation: Assessing the Transformative Potential of Reparations for the Indian Residential Schools Experience"
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for the wrongful acts committed in the past by the Crown and the church in relation to Indigenous peoples. (The Archbishop of Canterbury had, though,
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deepest sorrow and we ask your forgiveness and understanding. We hope that we can make up for it being part of the healing process wherever necessary.
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but four were infected with tuberculosis". In one classroom, he found 16 ill children, many near death, who were being forced to sit through lessons.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20160819230411/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/Pages/residential-schools-bibliography-2009.aspx
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Orange Shirt Day pre-existed the government's efforts to make it a holiday. The day started in 2013, when at a residential school reunion, survivor
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said: "We have made good on our shared resolve to deliver what I firmly believe will be a fair and lasting resolution of the Indian school legacy."
827:. In the 1990s, investigations and memoirs by former students revealed that many students at residential schools were subjected to severe physical,
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decision granted school attendees the right to pursue class-action suits, which ultimately led to a government review of the compensation process.
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Instruction provided to students was rooted in an institutional and European approach to education. It differed dramatically from child rearing in
649:, who felt that while the likelihood of civilizing adults was low, there was hope when it came to Indigenous children. He explained in a letter to
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6071:"The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement's Common Experience Payment and Healing: A Qualitative Study Exploring Impacts on Recipients"
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apologise for the residential schools in Canada. Grand Chief of the council Sydney Garrioch sent a letter with this request to Buckingham Palace.
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released an official expression of sorrow on the church's role in residential schools and "the deplorable conduct of some members of the Church":
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in Alberta. After several years of deteriorating conditions and administrative changes, parents protested against the lack of transparency at the
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Griffith, Jane (2017). "Of Linguicide and Resistance: Children and English Instruction in Nineteenth-Century Indian Boarding Schools in Canada".
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2400:, said the package was meant to cover "decades in time, innumerable events and countless injuries to First Nations individuals and communities".
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4030:"Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1 Origins to 1939: Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Volume 1"
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was used so that Indigenous leaders, who were not members of parliament, could be allowed to respond to the apology on the floor of the house.
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4,000-plus-page report detailing the testimonies of survivors and historical documents from the time. It resulted in the establishment of the
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apologized for the conduct of some members of the Roman Catholic Church in the Canadian Indian residential school system. Pope Francis said:
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Canada's Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials â The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
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2096:; Simon is the first Indigenous person to occupy the office. The Queen and Simon met in March 2022, after which the vicereine said to the
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A. Corbett was commissioned to visit the schools in the west of the country, and found similar results to those reported by Bryce. At the
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The federal government sought to cut costs by adopting the residential industrial school system of the United States. Indian Commissioner
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9809:"Years after release of TRC report, most Canadians want accelerated action to remedy damage done by residential school system, says poll"
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I am sorry, more than I can say, that we tried to remake you in our image, taking from you your language and the signs of your identity.
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and referred to as the Bagot Report, is seen as the foundational document for the federal residential school system. It was supported by
233:
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7339:
7111:
5208:
1231:
site, these are unmarked graves...in 1960, there may have been marks on these graves. The Catholic Church representatives removed these
12691:
12636:
8150:
7760:
7166:
6292:
1734:
I accept and I confess before God and you, our failures in the residential schools. We failed you. We failed ourselves. We failed God.
866:
Further political assimilation, in hope that educated students would give up their status and not return to their reserves or families.
2581:
introduced a mandatory course requirement for all undergraduate students focused on Indigenous culture and history. The same year the
859:
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission list three reasons behind the federal government's decision to establish residential schools.
12606:
11251:
11178:
8543:
8303:
6738:
6180:
First Nations Regional Health Survey (RHS) 2008/10: National Report on Adults, Youth and Children living in First Nations Communities
4509:
3041:
2809:
2761:
2081:
608:
10879:
9109:
8127:
6379:
5987:
5800:"Abuse of Trust: What happened behind the walls of residential church schools is a tragedy that has left native victims traumatized"
5552:
4737:
4579:
843:, who in October 1990 publicly discussed the abuse he and others suffered while attending Fort Alexander Indian Residential School.
11910:
11555:
10468:
Canada's Residential Schools: The MĂ©tis Experience: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 3
10317:
9491:
6880:
5265:
4676:"A history of residential schools in Canada: FAQs on residential schools, compensation and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
3937:
3771:
3267:"Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"
2303:
Reversing the erosion of social rights, including rights to adequate housing, education, health care and appropriate legal systems;
1598:
1069:
for government records. Research by the TRC revealed that at least 3,201 students had died, mostly from disease. TRC chair Justice
626:. Davin's report relied heavily on findings he acquired through consultations with government officials and representatives of the
5161:
11690:
11316:
10747:
7499:
5933:
4923:
2328:
2171:
1336:
805:
residential schools were also brought to light in popular culture as early as 1967, with the publication of "The Lonely Death of
274:
121:
school-related deaths remains unknown due to incomplete records. Estimates range from 3,200 to over 30,000, mostly from disease.
48:
12204:
10906:
10286:
10135:
9866:
8827:
8779:
8181:
8035:
7129:
6858:
12661:
11900:
11490:
10995:
10980:
10157:
9364:
9243:"Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development â Number 063 â 1st Session â 41st Parliament"
8242:
7605:
6976:
5643:
3709:
3273:
3199:
2281:
1882:
1881:
should not be held accountable for pre-Confederation actions. Residential schools in Newfoundland and Labrador were located in
1438:
848:
10405:
9389:(October 2, 2015). "Canada's history wars: indigenous genocide and public memory in the United States, Australia and Canada".
6106:
6070:
6043:
4347:"An Act to encourage the gradual Civilization of the Indian Tribes in this Province, and to amend the Laws respecting Indians"
3732:
3525:
McQuaid, Robyn Jane; Bombay, Amy; McInnis, Opal Arilla; Humeny, Courtney; Matheson, Kimberly; Anisman, Hymie (June 24, 2017).
1604:
In 2009, a delegation of 40 First Nations representatives from Canada and several Canadian bishops had a private meeting with
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4623:
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3747:
2175:
1886:
1562:
675:
8473:
8213:"NDP MP Angus working with Minister Bennett to convince Pope to apologize for Catholic Church's role in residential schools"
7544:
5423:
3303:
12458:
12076:
11599:
11560:
11113:
10657:
The Legacy of the Residential School System in Canada: A Selective Bibliography (August 2009). Library and Archives Canada.
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9131:
8574:
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5358:
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2332:
2263:
confronted the government about its failure to honour Indigenous land claims and recognize traditional Mohawk territory in
1743:
I am sorry, more than I can say, that in our schools so many were abused physically, sexually, culturally and emotionally.
1724:, stated, "it was common to complain that the Popeâs apology was not an institutional apology from the Church as a whole."
1414:
615:
to write a report regarding the industrial boarding-school system in the United States. Now known as the Davin Report, the
190:
10186:
8273:
6269:
6017:
5742:
12641:
12428:
10926:
10781:
10447:
Canada's Residential Schools: The Legacy: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 5
9952:
9216:
8660:
7941:
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1663:
1335:
Few other former residential schools have converted to independently operated community schools for Indigenous children.
1025:
910:
388:
374:
9307:
9139:
7942:"Ontario apologizes for residential Schools: government releases action plan for reconciliation with Indigenous peoples"
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5128:
4897:
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12601:
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11748:
11565:
11441:
10975:
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significance of the schools as employers; and the inadequacy of other opportunities for children to receive education.
1245:
1212:
938:
11890:
8900:
8358:
4285:
4220:
1737:
I am sorry, more than I can say, that we were part of a system which took you and your children from home and family.
1693:
On April 1, 2022, during a meeting between a delegation of First Nations representatives and the pope at the Vatican,
12656:
12537:
12266:
11483:
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10965:
9743:
8120:"Canadian professor calls on Queen to apologise for historic injustices after mass unmarked graves of children found"
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5230:
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4200:
3174:
2276:
actions of the Mohawk community members led to, in part, along with objections from Indigenous leaders regarding the
2200:
apologized to the TRC for the institution's role in educating people who operated the residential school system. The
2097:
1211:
On June 23, 2021, ground-penetrating radar suggested the presence of an estimated 751 unmarked graves on the site of
1200:. The site was located with the assistance of a ground-penetrating radar specialist and Tkâemlups te Secwepemc Chief
332:
9194:
4683:
4374:
2711:
three possible dates as the new national holiday. After consultation, Orange Shirt Day was selected as the holiday.
12562:
12192:
11940:
11649:
11594:
11577:
11535:
11530:
11239:
11061:
10663:
8096:
6547:"Raymond J. de Souza: Historically inaccurate to suggest Catholic Church hasn't apologized for residential schools"
4650:
1309:
135:
31:
11306:
8447:
8413:
7233:
6764:
5719:
5186:
5060:"Canadian government withheld food from hungry aboriginal kids in 1940s nutritional experiments, researcher finds"
2158:
away from acknowledging and highlighting the scandalous way many indigenous peoples have been treated in Canada."
1102:
The Story of a National Crime: Being a Record of the Health Conditions of the Indians of Canada from 1904 to 1921.
1066:
869:
Schools were "engines of cultural and spiritual change" where "'savages' were to emerge as Christian 'white men'".
201:. Conditions in the schools led to student malnutrition, starvation, and disease. Students were also subjected to
12438:
12214:
11760:
11256:
8682:
7521:
4714:
4256:
3341:
2409:
2206:
believed it to be the first time a Canadian university has apologized for playing a role in residential schools.
1976:
1894:
1850:
headed by Harper refused, stating an apology was not part of the agreement. On May 1, 2007, Member of Parliament
1839:
1707:
1398:
1204:
wrote that the site was undocumented and that work was underway to determine if related records were held at the
1073:
has suggested that the number of deaths may exceed 6,000. The vast majority of deaths occurred before the 1950s.
914:
253:
6213:"The Intergenerational Effects of Indian Residential Schools: Implications for the Concept of Historical Trauma"
5000:
12621:
12124:
11847:
11634:
11376:
10826:
7400:
6713:
4955:"First Nation reserves prior to 1960s were 'open-air prisons,' says Saskatoon filmmaker behind The Pass System"
2689:
2590:
2589:
On April 1, 2017, a 17-metre (56 ft) pole, titled "Reconciliation Pole", was raised on the grounds of the
2210:
2050:
1548:, Canadian bishops and leaders of religious orders that participated in the schools issued an apology stating:
963:
620:
496:
392:
280:
163:
35:
9744:"'There was nothing good': Anglican church disputes Senator's claim that residential schools contained 'good'"
8720:
8337:"Prince Charles and Camilla's tour ends in the Northwest Territories today. Latest updates on the royal visit"
6797:
2122:
in 2019, in memory of former residential school studentsâand, two days later, at the Ceremonial Circle in the
1197:
717:, closed in 1997. Residential schools operated in every Canadian province and territory with the exception of
12187:
11955:
10990:
10960:
10710:
10225:
8801:
7255:
4163:
2356:
2034:
1815:
1788:
1714:, the former chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, found the apology "insultingly insufficient".
1390:
1205:
929:
The per capita grant system severely decreased the education quality. British Columbia Indian Superintendent
270:
30:"Aboriginal residential schools" redirects here. For the residential school system in the United States, see
12004:
Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
11032:
8750:
8505:"Gov. Gen. Mary Simon reflects on the King's coronation and whether Charles could apologize for colonialism"
7430:
6606:
6343:
5957:"Claiming Remnants: Intergenerational Representations and the Vicarious Pasts of Indian Residential Schools"
4354:. S. Derbishire & G. Desbarats, Law Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty. 1857. pp. 84â88.
12651:
12631:
12259:
12139:
12114:
10695:
10248:"Government of Canada Encourages Participation in Orange Shirt Day to Honour Residential Schools Survivors"
10078:
9026:
2867:
2839:
2506:
2364:
2229:. Ono apologised for UBC's training of policymakers and administrators who operated the system and stated:
2149:, appealed directly to the Prince for an apology from the Queen in her capacity as monarch and head of the
2108:
1984:
1855:
1389:. A sample of 127 survivors revealed that half have criminal records; 65 per cent have been diagnosed with
1274:
937:
Federal cuts to funding during the Great Depression resulted in students paying the price. By 1937, at the
882:
759:
in 1945 stipulated that school-aged children had to be enrolled in school for families to qualify for the "
659:
297:
109:
93:
11321:
6523:
6437:(September 1992). "Domesticity in the Federal Indian Schools: the Power of Authority over Mind and Body".
5583:"Tk'emlĂșps te SecwĂ©pemc says decision on whether to excavate unmarked graves in Kamloops still unresolved"
4289:
4070:
3080:
12671:
11935:
11795:
11669:
9904:
9191:"Schedule 'D' Independent Assessment Process (IAP) For Continuing Indian Residential School Abuse Claims"
5464:
3839:
2513:
2494:
2213:(UBC) opened the Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre as a West Coast complement to the
2038:
1814:
In 2004, immediately before signing the first Public Safety Protocol with the Assembly of First Nations,
1430:
1249:
840:
542:
7641:"Trudeau apologizes to Newfoundland residential school survivors left out of 2008 apology, compensation"
6638:
4224:
4221:"Report on the affairs of the Indians in Canada, laid before the Legislative Assembly, 20th March, 1845"
4106:
3504:"Nutrition researchers saw malnourished children at Indian Residential Schools as perfect test subjects"
2363:
million to fund community-based healing projects addressing the legacy of physical and sexual abuse. In
2312:
Opposing development and military projects that threaten Aboriginal communities and the environment; and
1996:. It was further announced that the first week of November would be known as Treaties Recognition Week.
1360:
was passed in the Alberta Legislature recognizing Old Sun Community College as a First Nations College.
12626:
12232:
11000:
9458:"Canada must confront 'cultural genocide' of residential schools, Truth and Reconciliation report says"
6494:
4480:
4036:
2582:
2093:
2014:, representing 30 northern Manitoba Indigenous communities, requested on February 21, 2008, that Queen
820:
155:
10813:
3406:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission's report details deaths of 3,201 children in residential schools"
2234:
predecessors and renew our commitment to working with all of you for a more just and equitable future.
1526:
414:
society. The TRC found that the schools, and the removal of children from their families, amounted to
12552:
12373:
11624:
11150:
11071:
10047:
7671:"Prime Minister delivers apology to former students of Newfoundland and Labrador residential schools"
4288:(Letter to George Vardon, Assistant Superintendent of Indian Affairs). Indian Affairs. Archived from
2381:
2373:
2336:
2146:
2041:, were vandalized and toppled; the head of the Queen Victoria statue was removed and thrown into the
1874:
1768:
1609:
1344:
1313:
1136:, Alberta, he found that 50 percent of the children had tuberculosis. At Sarcee Boarding School near
996:
439:
113:
10341:"Liberal government tables bill to make Sept. 30 a national holiday to remember residential schools"
6679:
6581:
The Lord's Distant Vineyard: A History of the Oblates and the Catholic Community in British Columbia
2862:
is used here because of the historical nature of the article and the precision of the name, as with
2309:
Clarifying the moral and spiritual basis for action towards Aboriginal and social justice in Canada;
678:, who believed that the solution to the system's failure was not restructuring but intensification.
12542:
12238:
11965:
11362:
11296:
11145:
11066:
10719:
10629:
9717:"There was nothing good: An open letter to Canadian Senator Lynn Beyak â Anglican Church of Canada"
4286:"Statistics Respecting Residential Schools, Appendix A: Report by Dr Ryerson on Industrial Schools"
2731:
2252:
2104:
1832:
1776:
1608:
to obtain an apology for abuses that occurred in the residential school system. Then leader of the
1531:
1340:
536:
341:
226:
202:
8866:
7285:
4550:
2947:
The phrase "kill the Indian in the child" originates from a letter written by American Lieutenant
1948:
became, on June 18, 2015, the first politician to issue an apology for past cabinets' role in the
367:
as a way to ensure they would not return to their original, nomadic ways of life upon graduation.
252:
on the grounds of former residential schools, though no human remains have been exhumed. During a
12572:
12301:
12159:
11945:
11369:
11044:
10919:
10914:
2875:
2538:
2390:
2058:
1573:
1491:
1283:
930:
443:
364:
10594:
Pupils at Indian residential schools: 1911 Wikwemikong, 1921 Spanish and Carleton Ontario census
9333:
9078:
9052:
8956:
7104:"Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous delegates for 'deplorable' abuses at residential schools"
5614:"Hundreds of bodies reported found in unmarked graves at former Saskatchewan residential school"
3582:
2696:, in part because of his work with reconciliation efforts for survivors of residential schools.
2306:
Seeking reconciliation between Aboriginal peoples, the Christian community and Canadian society;
421:
12144:
12095:
Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
11743:
11674:
11540:
11475:
11434:
11005:
10985:
10970:
10798:
10573:
Sleeping Giant Awakens: Genocide, Indian Residential Schools, and the Challenge of Conciliation
8630:
8274:"Gov. Gen. Mary Simon says she and the Queen discussed reconciliation, Canada's 'real history'"
7043:"Statement of Apology by the Catholic Bishops of Canada to the Indigenous Peoples of This Land"
4323:
2829:
2681:
2578:
2193:
2062:
2046:
1926:
1878:
1867:
1569:
1426:
1353:
1220:
1216:
1129:
1084:
The 1906 Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, submitted by chief medical officer
459:
348:
125:
105:
8474:"National Indigenous leaders hope to renew relationship with Crown after meeting King Charles"
6954:
4405:
2457:
2161:
2118:
and Indigenous leaders at Heart Gardenâwhich had been opened on the grounds of the provincial
1992:
million on education initiatives and would also rename the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs the
1171:
921:
Government officials believed that since many staff members belonged to religious orders with
12666:
12149:
11770:
11572:
11326:
11108:
10836:
9386:
6434:
4346:
3965:
2952:
2833:
2131:
1621:
1594:
1490:
In 1986, the first apology for residential schools by any institution in Canada was from the
991:
945:
began charging students 10 cents a loaf until their Indian agent ordered the school to stop.
835:
by school staff members and by older students. Among the former students to come forward was
654:
627:
387:
Although many of these early schools were open for only a short time, efforts persisted. The
207:
117:
78:
10571:
10529:
10508:
10487:
10466:
10445:
10424:
9980:"Reconciliation Pole at UBC nails the past to confront harsh reality of residential schools"
9499:
7170:
6313:
5678:"Cowessess First Nation says 751 unmarked graves found near former Sask. residential school"
5385:"Aboriginal children at residential schools often buried in unmarked graves, report reveals"
5158:
Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, for the fiscal year ended 30th June, 1906
5027:
The circle game: shadows and substance in the Indian residential school experience in Canada
4611:
4404:
4345:
3964:
3880:
3879:
3163:
3162:
1393:; 21 per cent have been diagnosed with major depression; 7 percent have been diagnosed with
877:
12466:
12418:
12119:
11830:
11719:
11582:
11083:
10953:
10218:"Orange Shirt Day: How Phyllis Webstad's 1st day at residential school inspired a movement"
8567:"'Failing to confront a heinous history:' UBC apologizes to victims of residential schools"
7912:"Kathleen Wynne officially apologizes to Indigenous communities for 'generations of abuse'"
5523:"Remains of 215 children found buried at former B.C. residential school, First Nation says"
4370:
3966:"'No blanket to be worn in school': The education of Indians in nineteenth-century Ontario"
2890:
is limited throughout the article to proper nouns and references to government legislation.
2652:
2573:
Reconciliation efforts have also been undertaken by several Canadian universities. In 2015
2526:
2435:
2386:
Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development
2226:
1964:
1819:
1613:
1373:
1192:
In May 2021, a possible burial site was found in the Kamloops Indian Residential School in
1121:
1003:
983:
967:
755:
722:
646:
612:
179:
97:
52:
4517:
3045:
1236:
could have been buried here as well... We are going to put names on these unmarked graves.
796:
of their students to maintain their facilities, although it was presented as training for
8:
12486:
11825:
11724:
11545:
11291:
11118:
5995:
4799:
Project of the Heart: Illuminating the hidden history of Indian Residential Schools in BC
4768:"Carmacks, Yukon: A Northern Tutchone Homeland â 2.3 K'uch'an AdĂ€w: Churches and Schools"
4745:
3165:
A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System, 1879 to 1986
2948:
2574:
2202:
2174:
on September 8, 2022, upon which Charles acceded to the Canadian throne. Two days before
2068:
1942:
1720:
1241:
1140:, he noted that all 33 students were "much below even a passable standard of health" and
828:
781:
518:
466:
359:. Protestant missionaries also opened residential schools in what is now the province of
336:
174:, closed in 1997. Schools operated in every province and territory with the exception of
6887:
3941:
3786:
2243:
1356:
from 1971 to 1978, at which point the Siksika Nation took over operations. In 1988, the
447:
12443:
12209:
12199:
11800:
11765:
11709:
11550:
11301:
7969:"Kathleen Wynne offers indigenous people 'a formal apology for the abuses of the past'"
6237:
6212:
5091:"First Nation infants subject to "human experimental work" for TB vaccine in 1930sâ40s"
3641:"After Pope called residential schools 'genocide,' House of Commons should too: NDP MP"
3551:
3526:
2825:
2676:'s escape and death. It was accompanied by a graphic novel and animated film, aired on
2372:
support has created a gap in dealing with mental health crises such as suicides in the
2260:
2142:
2085:
1956:
1922:
1482:
Acknowledgment of the wrongs done by the residential school system began in the 1980s.
1343:
from 1973 until its closure in 1998, after being run by the Oblates from 1884 to 1969.
1112:
411:
309:
198:
186:
10279:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation may be Canada's next new statutory holiday"
10128:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation may be Canada's next new statutory holiday"
9874:
9775:"Nearly half of Canadians never learned about residential schools as students: survey"
8923:"Head of defunct Aboriginal Healing Foundation laments loss of mental-health programs"
7008:"Indigenous leaders secure papal audience to set stage for residential school apology"
4931:
2883:
12035:
11644:
11507:
11459:
11427:
11261:
11140:
11054:
10803:
10725:
10601:
10577:
10556:
10535:
10514:
10493:
10472:
10451:
10430:
9439:
8834:
8243:"The Queen's message to mark Canada's first National Day of Truth and Reconciliation"
7070:"Catholic Bishops of Canada apologize to Indigenous peoples over residential schools"
6709:
6303:
6242:
5454:
5040:
5030:
4887:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
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4858:
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4619:
4470:
4414:
4196:
3978:
3887:
3743:
3556:
3170:
2736:
2727:
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2533:. The Anglican Church also raised concerns stating in a release co-signed by bishops
2462:
2277:
2150:
2042:
1847:
1605:
1386:
1377:
1369:
1325:
1291:
604:
435:
415:
245:
139:
108:. The school system was created to isolate Indigenous children from the influence of
11880:
10693:
10164:
8304:"Prince Charles, Camilla depart St. John's as Day 1 of Canadian Royal Tour wraps up"
6984:
6373:"The Survivors Speak: A Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"
5651:
5320:"Identities, bodies of children who died in residential schools may be lost forever"
12504:
12164:
12134:
12129:
12088:
12010:
11837:
11525:
11283:
11049:
10948:
9429:
9398:
7791:"Manitoba apology for '60s Scoop 'only the first step toward total reconciliation'"
6446:
6416:
6232:
6224:
6121:
6077:
6047:
4840:
4216:
3829:
3753:
3546:
3538:
2705:
2600:
2510:
2401:
1890:
1462:
1394:
1368:
Survivors of residential schools and their families have been found to suffer from
1321:
1149:
902:
699:
686:
residential schools to the integration of Indigenous students into public schools.
623:
391:, the oldest continuously operated residential school in Canada, opened in 1834 on
352:
319:
Assimilation efforts began as early as the 17th century with the arrival of French
147:
9434:
9417:
9402:
6450:
6420:
6154:
5964:
5770:"182 unmarked graves found near former residential school outside Cranbrook, B.C."
4851:
3368:"Residential schools findings point to 'cultural genocide', commission chair says"
3169:. Manitoba Studies in Native History. Vol. 11. University of Manitoba Press.
1669:
691:
662:, opened on December 1 of that year. By 1900, there were 61 schools in operation.
222:, and intergenerational trauma which persist within Indigenous communities today.
12476:
12072:
11511:
11383:
11123:
11076:
10841:
10791:
10636:
10550:
9526:"Aboriginals push to save former Ontario residential school known as 'mush hole'"
7851:"Text of Alberta Premier Rachel Notley's apology to residential school survivors"
6916:"Trudeau asks Pope Francis to apologise to indigenous people for church's abuses"
6487:
Manitowabi, Susan (2020). "History of the Apology from United Church of Canada".
4612:
4281:
3307:
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2715:
2644:
2522:
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1711:
1495:
1201:
1070:
1045:
527:
504:
215:
89:
74:
10737:
10443:
9621:"Lynn Beyak calls removal from Senate committee 'a threat to freedom of speech'"
9168:
5897:. University nuhelotâÄŻne thaiyotsâÄŻ nistameyimĂąkanak Blue Quills. Archived from
5743:"'We have hit 751 unmarked graves': Cowessess First Nation Chief Cadmus Delorme"
3192:"Lost Lives, Lost Culture: The Forgotten History of Indigenous Boarding Schools"
1116:
Comparative death rates per 1,000 for school aged children in Canada (1921â1965)
12481:
12388:
12383:
12353:
12182:
12154:
11995:
11842:
11810:
11775:
11736:
10769:
10372:"Royal assent given to bill creating national day for truth and reconciliation"
10194:
7698:"Read Justin Trudeau's apology to residential school survivors in Newfoundland"
7606:"N.L. residential school survivors' lawyers reach $ 50M settlement with Ottawa"
7462:"Read Justin Trudeau's apology to residential school survivors in Newfoundland"
6300:
Response, responsibility and renewal: Canada's truth and reconciliation journey
6021:
5746:
5553:"Update on suspected TkeÌ mlĂșps burial site as nation signs historic agreement"
4614:
Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, MĂ©tis & Inuit Issues in Canada
4188:
3574:
3011:"14.12 Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Stereotyping, Identification of Groups"
2914:
is capitalized when discussing peoples, beliefs or communities in the same way
2819:
2789:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2272:
2221:
apologized to residential school victims and dignitaries including Grand Chief
2049:
Kimberley Ducey called for Queen Elizabeth II to apologize for the role of the
2030:
2011:
1980:
1910:
1863:
1843:
1558:
1348:
922:
863:
Provide Aboriginal people with skills to participate in a market-based economy.
806:
631:
553:
511:. This letter was published in 1898 as an appendix to a larger report entitled
229:
167:
70:
43:
9956:
9220:
6632:"An apology to the First Nations of Canada by the Oblate Conference of Canada"
2549:
1076:
1028:
which involved intentional malnourishment of children, vaccine trials for the
760:
363:, spreading Christianity and working to encourage Indigenous peoples to adopt
12595:
11805:
11589:
11413:
11397:
11276:
11135:
11128:
10786:
10464:
10422:
9443:
8991:
7259:
6378:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. May 30, 2015. Archived from
6228:
5898:
4876:
4607:
4250:"Egerton Ryerson, the Residential School System and Truth and Reconciliation"
3834:
3542:
3272:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. May 31, 2015. Archived from
3114:
2775:
2412:
2397:
2340:
2197:
1960:
1949:
1945:
1764:
1032:, as well as studies on extrasensory perception, vitamin D diet supplements,
1007:
894:
890:
836:
793:
718:
703:
488:
285:
175:
9652:"Conservatives disavow Tory senator's positive views of residential schools"
5044:
3908:"A timeline of residential schools, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
12471:
12368:
12363:
12338:
11619:
11355:
10831:
10510:
A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System
9927:"Building Reconciliation: Universities answering the TRC's Calls to Action"
9332:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. December 14, 2015. Archived from
9167:. Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat. 2007. Archived from
7037:
7035:
7033:
6246:
6185:(Report). First Nations Information Governance Centre. 2012. Archived from
5233:. First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada. Archived from
4578:. National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health. 2010. Archived from
3772:"Aboriginal Residential Schools Before Confederation: The Early Experience"
3738:. In White, Jerry P.; Peters, Julie; Beavon, Dan; Spence, Nicholas (eds.).
3560:
2594:
2567:
2404:
2015:
1851:
1772:
1694:
1673:
1654:
1106:
1091:
1012:
906:
832:
815:
786:
771:
714:
650:
508:
257:
171:
11815:
8627:"Highlights from the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples"
5234:
4986:"Residential Schools: The Intergenerational Impacts on Aboriginal Peoples"
4844:
4806:
4378:
2461:
Justice Murray Sinclair at the 2015 Shingwauk Gathering and Conference at
2251:, British Columbia. Formerly standing on the traditional territory of the
2065:, meaning they had no direct responsibility in residential school policy.
1831:
After the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement was accepted by
1465:, on behalf of the Canadian Jewish Humanitarian and Relief Committee, 2009
1002:
Most schools operated with the stated goal of providing students with the
763:", further coercing Indigenous parents into having their children attend.
185:
The residential school system harmed Indigenous children significantly by
12514:
12393:
12348:
12282:
11714:
11420:
10874:
9686:"Senator dumped from aboriginal issues committee for controversial views"
6596:"Healing the Generations Residential School: Section 5: Church Apologies"
5183:
5153:
4193:
Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times
3970:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2530:
2264:
2222:
2138:
1835:
1617:
1509:
1085:
1029:
954:
733:
671:
500:
403:
301:
194:
159:
8059:"Winnipeg police investigating toppling of queen statues at legislature"
7030:
5160:(Report). Department of Indian Affairs. pp. 272â284. Archived from
1650:
issued from the Vatican, but be delivered by the Pope on Canadian soil.
244:
and released a report that concluded that the school system amounted to
12343:
12333:
12169:
11852:
11311:
10731:
9559:"Survivors push to turn former Manitoba residential school into museum"
8741:
8597:"Alert Bay residential school survivors gather for demolition ceremony"
8439:
7731:"Innu Nation won't accept PM's apology for residential schools in N.L."
7225:
7162:
5861:"Blue Quills celebrates new status as Indigenous-controlled university"
5187:
Report on the Indian Schools of Manitoba and the North-West Territories
4707:"Escape and resist: An untold history of residential schools in Quebec"
4130:"Archbishop won't commit to asking Pope for residential school apology"
3579:"Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools"
2534:
2502:
2268:
2115:
2089:
2054:
2026:
1566:
1228:
1041:
472:
370:
328:
324:
320:
211:
151:
130:
12251:
9867:"Making history: Indigenous studies now mandatory at two universities"
8955:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. May 27, 2015. Archived from
8744:"2008 Plenary Assembly Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB)"
8686:
6490:
Historical and Contemporary Realities: Movement Towards Reconciliation
2076:, is the first Indigenous person to be appointed to the viceregal post
12529:
12509:
12423:
12413:
12398:
12358:
11820:
11790:
11731:
11266:
10071:"Gord Downie named Canadian Press Newsmaker for 2nd consecutive year"
9590:"Documents of residential school abuse can be destroyed, court rules"
9219:. Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat. Archived from
9193:. Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat. Archived from
8151:"The key role of The Queen and her representatives in Reconciliation"
7371:"Government Apology to Former Students of Indian Residential Schools"
7196:"Archbishop of Canterbury apologises to Indigenous peoples of Canada"
6886:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. Archived from
5830:"First Nations transform residential school into Blue Quills college"
5712:"751 unmarked graves found at former Saskatchewan residential school"
5493:"Remains of 215 children found at former Kamloops residential school"
4035:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. Archived from
2936:
Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools
2248:
2218:
2053:
in the establishment of residential schools, though sovereigns since
1545:
1422:
1232:
1133:
1037:
1033:
810:
639:
396:
308:
and cultural practices, and a concept of land ownership based on the
305:
289:
10531:
Residential Schools and Reconciliation: Canada Confronts its History
7575:"Ottawa agrees to pay survivors of Newfoundland residential schools"
434:
and about three dozen Catholic communities; 21 were operated by the
12311:
11780:
11390:
9929:. Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Archived from
9715:
Hiltz, Frank; MacDonald, Mark; Thompson, Michael (March 20, 2017).
8865:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. September 30, 2014. Archived from
7130:"Reactions to the Pope's apology show Canadians are over symbolism"
4411:
Reconciling Canada: Critical Perspectives on the Culture of Redress
3017:. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2017. Archived from
2648:
2438:
settlement in Canadian history. By December 2012, a total of $ 1.62
2180:
2022:
1930:
1898:
1746:
On behalf of the Anglican Church of Canada, I present our apology.
1643:
1629:
1418:
1193:
635:
356:
11216:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
8805:
7882:"How Alberta intends to follow up on its apology to First Nations"
4643:"Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system"
2832:
descent who were removed from their families by the Government of
1767:
apologized to former residential school students on behalf of the
1544:
In 1991, at the National Meeting on Indian Residential Schools in
292:, in what is now Canada, trading with an Indigenous person in 1777
12448:
12403:
12378:
12323:
12285:
11753:
11640:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
11103:
10103:. Indigenous Corporate Training. January 18, 2019. Archived from
7284:. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. January 24, 2012. Archived from
6347:
2815:
Media portrayals of the Canadian Indian residential school system
1842:
in 2005, activists called for Martin's successor, Prime Minister
1792:
1653:
On May 29, 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau asked the current
1179:
erected in 1975 marking the Battleford Industrial School cemetery
1147:
In 2011, reflecting on the TRC's research, Justice Sinclair told
1137:
1095:
Death rates per 1,000 students in residential schools (1869â1965)
1056:
824:
797:
775:
St. Paul's Indian Industrial School, Middlechurch, Manitoba, 1901
431:
360:
219:
170:. The last federally-funded residential school, Kivalliq Hall in
11505:
6881:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action"
6338:
6336:
6334:
6107:"The Residential School Experience: Syndrome or Historic Trauma"
5289:"This is not just an aboriginal issue. This is a Canadian issue"
5025:
Chrisjohn, Roland D.; Young, Sherri L.; Maraun, Michael (1997).
4463:
Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 2 â 1939 to 2000
3671:"Motion to call residential schools genocide backed unanimously"
3531:
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie
2297:"The recognition of Aboriginal land and treaty rights in Canada;
2045:. Following this event, associate professor of sociology at the
1858:, introduced a motion for an apology, which passed unanimously.
1109:, the first effective treatment, was not introduced until 1943.
978:
728:
556:
system, something fiercely opposed by First Nations governments.
12580:
12519:
12408:
12328:
12293:
11931:
Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
11209:
10489:
Resistance and Renewal: Surviving the Indian Residential School
10040:"Gord Downie's brothers open up about his childhood and legacy"
9357:"TRC report charts path to 'true reconciliation,' says Trudeau"
7821:"Greg Selinger, Manitoba premier, apologizes for Sixties Scoop"
6298:. In Younging, Gregory; Dewar, Jonathan; DeGagné, Mike (eds.).
6293:"Reconciliation and the Revitalization of Indigenous Languages"
4573:"Child Welfare Services in Canada: Aboriginal & Mainstream"
3940:. Anglican Church of Canada. September 23, 2008. Archived from
2127:
2111:, participated in moments of reflection and prayer, first with
1760:
1312:
in Canada. Following the success of the Blue Quills effort the
942:
8629:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 1996. Archived from
8414:"The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall visit Canada"
8385:"Prince Charles and Camilla wrap up whirlwind visit to N.W.T."
8001:
Ontario's Commitment to Reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples
6346:. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Archived from
4223:. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Archived from
2908:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2606:
2335:. On November 30, 1999, the CCCB signed an agreement with the
1306:
University nuhelotÊŒÄŻne thaiyotsÊŒÄŻ nistameyimĂąkanak Blue Quills
934:
that many of the teachers lacked any teaching qualifications.
10549:
Loyie, Larry; Spear, Wayne K.; Brissenden, Constance (2014).
10101:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation â the date debate"
9269:"Residential school settlement offers $ 3K education credits"
8893:"Funding cuts a catastrophe for residential school survivors"
7761:"Manitoba Premier Greg Selinger issues sixties scoop apology"
7309:"RCMP mostly unaware of abuse at residential schools: report"
6331:
2879:
2640:
2627:
2073:
1918:
1624:
were in attendance. The Indigenous delegation were funded by
1590:
1176:
232:
offered a public apology on his behalf and that of the other
6947:"Trudeau meets Pope, looking for residential school apology"
4880:
What We Have Learned: Principles of Truth and Reconciliation
4735:
3740:
Aboriginal Education: Current Crisis and Future Alternatives
2699:
12315:
12067:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
11186:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
10552:
Residential Schools: With the Words and Images of Survivors
7492:"PM cites 'sad chapter' in apology for residential schools"
7256:"More Healing & Reconciliation: The Confession of 1994"
6731:"Canadian First Nations Delegation Meets Pope Benedict XVI"
6522:. United Church of Canada. January 21, 2016. Archived from
6146:
Wesley-Esquimaux, Cynthia C.; Smolewski, Magdalena (2004).
5201:"New documents may shed light on residential school deaths"
3882:
Shingwauk's Vision: A History of Native Residential Schools
2123:
1914:
1080:
Tuberculosis death rates in residential schools (1869â1965)
482:
An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians
8713:"$ 700K raised so far this year for Anglican Healing Fund"
6851:"Pope expresses 'sorrow' for abuse at residential schools"
4738:"Regulations relating to the education of Indian children"
4516:. UBC First Nations and Indigenous Studies. Archived from
3524:
3079:. UBC First Nations and Indigenous Studies. Archived from
2553:
Raising of the Reconciliation Pole on UBC Vancouver campus
638:, Manitoba. He visited only one industrial day school, in
10444:
Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada (2016).
8749:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from
8182:"Long Live the Queen? Statue of Queen Victoria Torn Down"
7045:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from
6637:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from
6145:
5992:
Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800â1950
5644:"Canada: 751 unmarked graves found at residential school"
5258:"Beechwood ceremony to honour medical officer's tenacity"
4303:– via National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation.
4162:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from
3107:"Survivors of Canada's 'cultural genocide' still healing"
2615:
2603:
2037:, and that of Queen Elizabeth II in the garden of nearby
1759:
On August 6, 1993, at the National Native Convocation in
1278:
Students at the Blue Quills residential school in Alberta
10310:"Indigenous stat holiday bill destined to die in Senate"
9077:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from
9051:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from
7226:"Charles' message of listening, learning and reflecting"
6266:
Shingwauk Narratives: Sharing Residential School History
4406:"Appendix A: Aboriginal Peoples and Residential Schools"
4375:
Report on industrial schools for Indians and half-breeds
2934:
is the term used in the final report of the TRC and the
1413:
Although some schools permitted students to speak their
1304:
school in the country. It continues to operate today as
617:
Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds
507:, who was then the Chief Superintendent of Education in
10404:. Canadian Heritage. September 21, 2021. Archived from
10010:"Reconciliation Pole installed on UBC Vancouver campus"
6910:
6908:
5932:(8). Aboriginal Multi-Media Society: 18. Archived from
4469:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015.
3067:
3065:
3063:
2006:
Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada
1156:
584: Investigations that concluded with no discoveries
10465:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2016).
10423:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015).
9714:
9679:
9677:
7635:
7633:
7631:
6471:
Comparing Histories of Education for Indigenous People
6268:. Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre. Archived from
5453:. Vol. 4. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2015.
4877:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015).
4195:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 309.
2446:
2367:, the Canadian government committed an additional $ 40
2103:
In his first speech of his royal tour in 2022, Prince
1791:
adopted a confession at its 120th General Assembly in
1320:
that responded, in part, to the Canadian Government's
1282:
In the 1960s, a major confrontation took place at the
530:'s letter "Report by Dr Ryerson on Industrial Schools"
499:, who had been impressed by industrial schools in the
128:, but it was primarily active from the passage of the
9416:
Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (October 2, 2015).
9245:. Parliament of Canada. March 7, 2013. Archived from
8860:"Aboriginal Healing Foundation closes after 16 years"
8089:"2 statues of queens toppled at Manitoba Legislature"
6593:
4219:; Davidson, John; Hepburn, William (March 20, 1845).
4215:
2624:
2618:
2155:
already apologized on behalf of the Church of England
1999:
1255:
11630:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
10548:
10158:"Phyllis (Jack) Webstad's story in her own words..."
8467:
8465:
7097:
7095:
6905:
6821:"Pope expresses sorrow for residential-school abuse"
6493:. Laurentian University. p. 105. Archived from
5351:"Children taught to hate themselves says TRC report"
5024:
4403:
Henderson, Jennifer; Wakeham, Pauline, eds. (2013).
4092:
4090:
4088:
3581:. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from
3060:
2979:"Terminology Guide: Research on Aboriginal Heritage"
2922:
is used to refer to non-Indigenous topics or people.
2751:
2612:
1530:
Students of St. Anne's Indian Residential School in
12677:
Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America
12055:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
11406:
Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a MĂ©tis Child
10642:
9674:
8440:"Canada's indigenous leaders ask for royal apology"
7628:
7123:
7121:
6482:
6480:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3816:Gordon, Catherine E.; White, Jerry P. (June 2014).
3742:. Thompson Educational Publishing. pp. 13â14.
3733:"A Short History of Aboriginal Education in Canada"
3473:"Natives died in droves as Ottawa ignored warnings"
3334:"341 students died at Northern residential schools"
2057:have had their powers constrained by the tenets of
1994:
Ministry of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation
1979:, on May 30, 2016, the serving Premier of Ontario,
1294:. The TRC report pertaining to this period states:
706:by Patrick Johnston, the author of the 1983 report
8653:"Aboriginal Rights Coalition Project North Arc-PN"
6761:"Canada â CommuniquĂ© of the Holy See Press Office"
6367:
6365:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
1208:. As of May 2024, no remains have been excavated.
124:The system had its origins in laws enacted before
12083:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
11465:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
10600:(Updated ed.). Library and Archives Canada.
9553:
9551:
9415:
9132:"Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement"
9102:"Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement"
8462:
7725:
7723:
7673:. Queen's Printer for Canada. November 24, 2017.
7219:
7217:
7092:
6784:
6782:
6402:
6400:
6100:
6098:
5487:
5485:
5189:(Report). Government Printing Bureau. p. 18.
4886:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.
4255:. Ryerson University. August 2010. Archived from
4085:
2137:At a reception hosted by the Governor General at
973:
893:aspired to have the residential schools, through
577: Investigations underway as of July 30, 2021
12593:
10590:
10308:Somos, Christy; Aiello, Rachel (June 21, 2019).
9802:
9800:
9519:
9517:
9485:
9483:
8742:Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (2008).
8706:
8704:
7522:"Harper apologizes for residential school abuse"
7118:
6574:
6572:
6477:
5798:O'Hara, Jane; Treble, Patricia (June 26, 2000).
5797:
5705:
5703:
4637:
4635:
4402:
4183:
4181:
3975:Indian Education in Canada, Volume 1: The Legacy
3610:"Pope Francis offers historic apology in Canada"
3327:
3325:
2113:Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador
1809:
1771:. Almost 30 years later, in April to May, 2022,
1425:were also banned. Some survivors reported being
12612:Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Canada
11989:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
11660:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
9330:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"
8833:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Archived from
8804:. Presbyterian Church in Canada. Archived from
7401:"MPs vote 257â0 for residential school apology"
7258:. Presbyterian Church in Canada. Archived from
7068:Jiang, Kevin; Spurr, Ben (September 24, 2021).
6665:"Apology to Native Americans for Past Mistakes"
6362:
6153:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Archived from
6076:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Archived from
4805:. BC Teachers' Federation. 2015. Archived from
4427:
3991:
3298:
3296:
3294:
2420:Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement
1800:healing and wholeness together as God's people.
1408:
565:. This map can be expanded and interacted with.
312:. As explained in the executive summary of the
11680:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
10513:(2nd ed.). University of Manitoba Press.
9772:
9548:
9013:
9011:
9009:
8536:"U of M sorry for role in residential schools"
8361:. Queen's Printer for Canada. April 11, 2022.
8028:"Manitoba First Nations ask Queen for apology"
7720:
7604:Kelland, Arianna; Quinn, Mark (May 10, 2016).
7214:
7157:
7155:
6779:
6397:
6095:
5671:
5669:
5482:
4316:"First Nations Act draws fire from SCPA panel"
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3471:Curry, Bill; Howlett, Karen (April 24, 2007).
3361:
3359:
3156:
3154:
3152:
2597:master carver and hereditary chief, 7idansuu (
1690:lead to a formal visit to Canada by the pope.
493:Report on the affairs of the Indians in Canada
12267:
11491:
10679:
10648:A Lost Heritage: Canada's Residential Schools
9836:"Giving a voice to residential school ghosts"
9797:
9683:
9514:
9480:
8890:
8701:
6790:"Pope apologizes for abuse at native schools"
6569:
6468:
5922:"Wrecker's ball claims White Calf Collegiate"
5700:
5378:
5376:
4632:
4602:
4600:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4178:
3818:"Indigenous Educational Attainment in Canada"
3466:
3464:
3462:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3322:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
2904:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
2453:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
2359:(AHF). The foundation was provided with $ 350
2315:Promoting Aboriginal justice within Jubilee."
1163:Canadian Indian residential school gravesites
729:Parental resistance and compulsory attendance
314:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
248:. Ongoing efforts since 2021 have identified
238:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
12687:Violence against Indigenous people in Canada
12558:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
11665:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
11655:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
10643:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
10639:Indian Residential School Survivors Society.
9903:. University of Saskatchewan. Archived from
7603:
4774:. Canadian Museum of History. Archived from
4744:. Government Printing Bureau. Archived from
3708:. Canadian Museum of History. Archived from
3470:
3291:
3100:
3098:
2799:List of Indian residential schools in Canada
2662:In October 2016, Canadian singer-songwriter
2471:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
2215:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
1262:List of Indian residential schools in Canada
708:Native Children and the Child Welfare System
487:The report commissioned by Governor General
242:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
11343:Portrayals of the residential school system
10402:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation"
10307:
9811:. Assembly of First Nations. Archived from
9719:. Anglican Church of Canada. Archived from
9006:
8685:. Anglican Church of Canada. Archived from
8471:
8331:
8329:
7340:"No residential school apology, Tories say"
7169:. Anglican Church of Canada. Archived from
7152:
7101:
7005:
6583:. University of Alberta Press. p. 179.
6514:
6512:
6046:. Old Sun Community College. Archived from
6020:. Anglican Church of Canada. Archived from
5666:
3938:"The Mohawk Institute â Brantford, ON"
3854:
3815:
3804:
3730:
3356:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
2874:rather than by language that distinguishes
2621:
2609:
2519:Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs
2247:Former St. Michael's Residential School in
2217:in Winnipeg. At the opening, UBC President
12274:
12260:
11498:
11484:
10686:
10672:
10485:
10338:
10126:Hwang, Priscilla Ki Sun (March 27, 2019).
9618:
9165:"About the Independent Assessment Process"
7127:
7067:
6662:
6486:
5373:
4597:
4537:
4535:
4358:
3459:
3390:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3189:
3129:
2544:
2287:
1485:
425:Number of schools and residences 1867â1998
166:designed to confine Indigenous peoples to
11921:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
10569:
9864:
9773:Yoshida-Butryn, Carly (August 28, 2022).
9433:
9385:
8977:
8778:. United Church of Canada. Archived from
8502:
7696:McIntyre, Catherine (November 24, 2017).
7460:McIntyre, Catherine (November 24, 2017).
7198:. Archbishop of Canterbury. May 2, 2022.
6763:. Vatican. April 29, 2009. Archived from
6603:Nishnawbe Aski Nation Residential Schools
6469:Child, Brenda J; Klopteck, Brian (2014).
6464:
6462:
6460:
6433:
6236:
6104:
5348:
5088:
4983:
4670:
4668:
4503:
4501:
3973:; HĂ©bert, Yvonne; McCaskill, Don (eds.).
3833:
3550:
3095:
2810:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
2762:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
2700:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
2651:artist Shane Perley-Dutcher, and Muqueam
2349:
2082:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
2010:The Manitoba Keewatinook Ininew Okimowin
1397:; and 7 percent have been diagnosed with
453:
86:Canadian Indian residential school system
27:Schools to assimilate Indigenous children
11911:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
11033:Violence against WetÊŒsuwetÊŒen protesters
9649:
8828:"Summary Points of the AHF Final Report"
8326:
8271:
8179:
8148:
7695:
7545:"NDP aide's Commons sense saved the day"
7459:
7223:
6544:
6509:
6406:
6148:"Historic Trauma and Aboriginal Healing"
5709:
5255:
5148:
5146:
4187:
3977:. University of British Columbia Press.
3331:
3306:. University of Manitoba. Archived from
3044:. University of Manitoba. Archived from
2973:
2971:
2548:
2456:
2242:
2160:
2067:
1708:penitential pilgrimage to western Canada
1668:
1599:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
1525:
1521:
1452:
1273:
1170:
1111:
1090:
1075:
1060:Chief medical officer Peter Bryce (1890)
1055:
977:
876:
785:care led to high rates of influenza and
770:
732:
517:
420:
369:
284:
64:
42:
12647:Indigenous child displacement in Canada
12281:
12031:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
10630:How do I reach the 24 Hour Crisis Line?
10339:Ballingall, Alex (September 29, 2020).
10215:
9977:
9806:
9523:
9489:
8978:Petoukhov, Konstantin (February 2013).
8953:"Timeline â Indian Residential Schools"
8710:
8223:from the original on September 27, 2022
8192:from the original on September 25, 2022
7944:. Office of the Premier. May 30, 2016.
7368:
7190:
7188:
7080:from the original on September 25, 2021
6663:Kolvenbach, Peter-Hans (June 3, 1993).
6578:
5740:
5317:
5286:
4532:
4280:
3822:International Indigenous Policy Journal
3731:White, Jerry P.; Peters, Julie (2009).
3214:
2846:
2329:Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops
2084:, on September 30, 2021, Elizabeth, as
275:Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples
14:
12594:
11901:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
10527:
10506:
10369:
10068:
9865:Macdonald, Nancy (November 19, 2015).
9741:
9684:Campion-Smith, Bruce (April 5, 2017).
9587:
8891:Rolbin-Ghanie, Maya (March 20, 2010).
8533:
8314:from the original on September 8, 2022
8117:
8056:
7966:
7758:
7708:from the original on December 16, 2017
7677:from the original on December 17, 2017
7651:from the original on December 17, 2017
7555:from the original on December 21, 2016
7306:
7140:from the original on September 3, 2022
6977:"Justin Trudeau asks Pope for apology"
6703:
6457:
6290:
6210:
6068:
5919:
5858:
5675:
4952:
4704:
4665:
4498:
4313:
4096:
3962:
3877:
3769:
3702:"Population â Religious Congregations"
3638:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3573:
3501:
3365:
3332:Schwartz, Daniel (December 15, 2015).
3160:
2282:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
2267:. Referred to by media outlets as the
1925:former students and their families in
1804:
1439:list of endangered languages in Canada
849:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
590: Other Indian Residential Schools
561:Map of residential schools, including
55:, Assiniboia, North-West Territories,
12255:
11786:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
11685:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
11479:
10667:
10276:
10125:
9833:
9300:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
9297:
9019:"School abuse victims getting $ 1.9B"
8564:
8253:from the original on October 18, 2021
7997:
7948:from the original on October 26, 2016
7740:from the original on December 6, 2017
7542:
7337:
7161:
7102:Stefanovich, Olivia (April 1, 2022).
7006:Stefanovich, Olivia (June 29, 2021).
6818:
6728:
6545:de Souza, Raymond J. (June 4, 2021).
5767:
5611:
5414:Paul, Alexandra (February 19, 2011).
5382:
5152:
5143:
4830:
4736:Department of Indian Affairs (1908).
4606:
4369:
4127:
4060:
3437:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
3434:
3403:
3190:Callimachi, Rukmini (July 19, 2021).
3104:
3039:
2991:from the original on November 8, 2022
2984:. Library and Archives Canada. 2012.
2968:
2255:, it was demolished in February 2015.
1969:missing and murdered Indigenous women
982:Residential school group photograph,
676:Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
524:Statistics Respecting Indian Schools,
250:thousands of possible unmarked graves
11114:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp
10694:Violence and discrimination against
10254:. September 29, 2017. Archived from
10216:Laanela, Mike (September 30, 2016).
9099:
8503:Mae-Jones, Alexandra (May 8, 2023).
8484:from the original on January 4, 2024
8420:from the original on October 6, 2022
8210:
7879:
7307:Tutton, Michael (October 29, 2011).
7202:from the original on October 2, 2022
7185:
6018:"Old Sun School â Gleichen, AB"
5612:Nardi, Christopher (June 23, 2021).
5413:
5383:Leung, Marlene (December 15, 2015).
5231:"Who was Dr. Peter Henderson Bryce?"
4160:"Indian Residential Schools and TRC"
3699:
3639:Taylor, Stephanie (August 2, 2022).
2941:
2418:The compensation package led to the
2072:Governor General Mary Simon, who is
1448:
1339:in Lebret, Saskatchewan, was run by
1157:Missing children and unmarked graves
948:
513:Statistics Respecting Indian Schools
12429:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
11174:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
10782:First Nations nutrition experiments
10471:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
10277:Hwang, Priscilla (March 27, 2019).
10069:Friend, David (December 19, 2017).
9565:. December 16, 2015. Archived from
9354:
9025:. November 23, 2005. Archived from
8711:Folkins, Tali (November 16, 2017).
8603:. February 18, 2015. Archived from
8472:Stefanovich, Olivia (May 4, 2023).
8365:from the original on April 11, 2022
8284:from the original on August 9, 2022
8161:from the original on August 2, 2022
8149:Tidridge, Nathan (March 19, 2016).
8034:. February 21, 2008. Archived from
7831:from the original on April 28, 2017
5349:Schroeder, Janice (June 17, 2015).
5256:Deachman, Bruce (August 14, 2015).
4953:Benjoe, Kerry (November 26, 2015).
3597:
3404:Smith, Joanna (December 15, 2015).
2686:Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
2564:Mohawk Institute Residential School
2447:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1664:COVID-19 global travel restrictions
1324:calling for the abolishment of the
1198:TkÊŒemlĂșps te SecwĂ©pemc First Nation
911:Chilocco Indian Agricultural School
645:Davin's findings were supported by
389:Mohawk Institute Residential School
375:Mohawk Institute Residential School
49:Qu'Appelle Indian Industrial School
24:
12617:Christianity-related controversies
12061:Convention on Biological Diversity
11442:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
10415:
10046:. October 21, 2017. Archived from
9742:Hopper, Tristan (March 20, 2017).
9650:Galloway, Gloria (March 9, 2017).
9619:Ballingall, Alex (April 6, 2017).
9524:Vincent, Donovan (June 13, 2015).
9275:. January 24, 2014. Archived from
8565:Baker, Rafferty (April 10, 2018).
8394:from the original on June 28, 2022
8272:Zimonjic, Peter (March 17, 2022).
8180:Blondeau, Abraham (July 6, 2021).
7771:from the original on July 25, 2016
7616:from the original on June 25, 2016
7585:from the original on June 10, 2016
7532:from the original on July 9, 2008.
7472:from the original on March 7, 2023
7441:from the original on March 7, 2023
7381:from the original on July 26, 2021
7128:McCullough, J.J. (July 28, 2022).
5954:
5593:from the original on June 25, 2024
5563:from the original on June 25, 2024
4921:
4705:Dupuis, Josée (October 27, 2016).
4507:
4352:Statutes of the Province of Canada
4320:Concordia's Thursday Report Online
4314:Comeau, Sylvain (March 23, 2003).
4097:Miller, J. R. (October 10, 2012).
3677:. October 28, 2022. Archived from
3366:Tasker, John Paul (May 29, 2015).
2870:were homogeneously referred to as
2593:(UBC) Vancouver campus. Carved by
2000:Calls for the monarch to apologize
1903:International Grenfell Association
1826:
1626:Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
1363:
1318:Indian Control of Indian Education
1256:Self-governance and school closure
1246:Kootenay Indian Residential School
1244:reported 182 unmarked graves near
1213:Marieval Indian Residential School
1067:retention and disposition policies
1051:
1018:
939:Kamloops Indian Residential School
607:, Prime Minister of what was then
25:
18:Canadian Indian residential school
12703:
12692:Education controversies in Canada
12637:First Nations education in Canada
12538:Anishinabek Educational Institute
12089:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
11203:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
10623:
9978:Griffin, Kevin (March 31, 2017).
8776:"Justice and Reconciliation Fund"
8534:Martin, Nick (October 26, 2011).
8515:from the original on May 19, 2023
8450:from the original on May 19, 2022
7979:from the original on May 30, 2016
7411:from the original on May 18, 2014
7350:from the original on June 2, 2014
7236:from the original on May 19, 2022
6944:
6302:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
6259:
6105:Robertson, Lloyd Hawkeye (2006).
5741:Delorme, Cadmus (June 24, 2021).
5710:Skjerven, Kelly (June 24, 2021).
5318:Barrera, Jorge (April 22, 2017).
5207:. January 7, 2014. Archived from
5182:
5089:Blackburn, Mark (July 24, 2013).
5057:
4549:. October 6, 2017. Archived from
3502:Daniel, Allison (June 28, 2021).
2938:issued by Stephen Harper in 2008.
2238:
2098:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1612:Grand Chief Phil Fontaine of the
351:, an Anglican missionary, at the
187:removing them from their families
12607:Anti-Indigenous racism in Canada
12228:
12227:
11941:Government of the Sakha Republic
11650:Indigenous Environmental Network
11531:Free, prior and informed consent
11062:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
10394:
10363:
10332:
10301:
10270:
10240:
10209:
10179:
10150:
10119:
10093:
10062:
10032:
10016:. March 30, 2017. Archived from
10002:
9971:
9955:. Spirit Gallery. Archived from
9945:
9919:
9889:
9858:
9827:
9807:Cercado, Celso (June 15, 2022).
9766:
9735:
9708:
9643:
9612:
9581:
9450:
9409:
9379:
9355:Mas, Susan (December 15, 2015).
9348:
9322:
9291:
9261:
9235:
9209:
9183:
9157:
9124:
9093:
9067:
9041:
8971:
8945:
8929:. April 13, 2016. Archived from
8915:
8884:
8852:
8820:
8794:
8768:
8735:
8675:
8645:
8619:
8589:
8558:
8527:
8496:
8432:
8416:. Clarence House. May 19, 2022.
8406:
8377:
8351:
8296:
8265:
8235:
8204:
8173:
8142:
8118:Taylor, Rebecca (July 2, 2021).
8111:
8081:
8050:
8020:
7998:Wynne, Kathleen (May 30, 2016).
7991:
7960:
7934:
7904:
7873:
7861:from the original on May 7, 2017
7843:
7813:
7783:
7752:
7689:
7663:
7597:
7567:
7536:
7514:
7484:
7453:
7423:
7393:
7369:Parrott, Zach (April 24, 2015).
7362:
7331:
7300:
7274:
7248:
7224:Campbell, Sarah (May 19, 2022).
7061:
6999:
6969:
6938:
6873:
6857:. April 29, 2009. Archived from
6843:
6812:
6796:. April 29, 2009. Archived from
6753:
6722:
6697:
6656:
6624:
6587:
6538:
6427:
6284:
6253:
6204:
5985:
5836:. March 25, 2014. Archived from
5676:Taylor, Brooke (June 24, 2021).
5416:"Where are the children buried?"
5287:Edwards, Peter (June 10, 2011).
4928:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
4682:. March 21, 2016. Archived from
2804:Native American boarding schools
2782:
2768:
2754:
2599:
1901:. These schools were run by the
1266:When the government revised the
571: Ground anomaly discoveries
254:penitential pilgrimage to Canada
96:. The network was funded by the
32:American Indian boarding schools
12215:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
12077:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
11761:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
11257:British Columbia Treaty Process
10591:Pouliot-Thisdale, Eric (2016).
10576:. University of Toronto Press.
10534:. University of Toronto Press.
10429:. James Lorimer & Company.
10187:"The Story of Orange Shirt Day"
9588:Perkel, Colin (April 4, 2016).
8359:"The 2022 Royal Tour itinerary"
8057:Bergen, Rachel (July 2, 2021).
7967:Benzie, Robert (May 30, 2015).
7797:. June 17, 2015. Archived from
7759:Murray, James (June 20, 2015).
7543:Smith, Joanna (June 13, 2008).
7498:. June 11, 2008. Archived from
6172:
6139:
6062:
6036:
6010:
5979:
5948:
5913:
5887:
5852:
5822:
5791:
5761:
5734:
5650:. June 24, 2021. Archived from
5636:
5605:
5575:
5545:
5515:
5438:
5407:
5342:
5311:
5280:
5249:
5223:
5193:
5176:
5113:
5082:
5051:
5018:
4977:
4946:
4915:
4833:Histoire Sociale/Social History
4824:
4790:
4760:
4729:
4698:
4565:
4413:. University of Toronto Press.
4396:
4338:
4307:
4274:
4242:
4209:
4152:
4121:
4054:
3956:
3930:
3900:
3886:. University of Toronto Press.
3763:
3724:
3693:
3663:
3632:
3567:
3518:
3495:
3428:
3073:"The Residential School System"
2925:
2187:
1977:Legislative Assembly of Ontario
1782:
1616:in British Columbia, and Chief
1399:borderline personality disorder
915:Child Welfare League of America
885:, Carpenter's shop. circa 1894.
340:Indigenous peoples in both the
193:, and exposing many of them to
12125:2009 Peruvian political crisis
11635:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
10555:. Indigenous Education Press.
9834:Brown, Louise (July 2, 2016).
9464:. June 2, 2015. Archived from
9418:"Canada and colonial genocide"
9298:Moran, Ry (December 7, 2017).
9136:Residential Schools Settlement
8802:"Healing & Reconciliation"
8095:. July 1, 2021. Archived from
7918:. May 30, 2015. Archived from
7880:Tait, Carrie (June 26, 2015).
7435:Facing History & Ourselves
7338:Curry, Bill (March 27, 2007).
6983:. May 29, 2017. Archived from
6922:. May 29, 2017. Archived from
6819:Curry, Bill (April 29, 2009).
6594:Nishnawbe Aski Nation (2002).
6344:"Residential Schools Timeline"
5768:Kotyk, Alyse (June 30, 2021).
5529:. May 28, 2021. Archived from
5499:. May 28, 2021. Archived from
4649:. June 4, 2021. Archived from
4128:Grant, Tavia (June 30, 2021).
3914:. May 16, 2008. Archived from
3304:"Residential Schools Overview"
3183:
3105:Luxen, Micah (June 24, 2016).
3042:"Briefing Note on Terminology"
3033:
3003:
2893:
2853:
2690:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year
2591:University of British Columbia
2225:and Canadian Justice Minister
2211:University of British Columbia
2029:, July 1, 2021, the statue of
1983:, apologized on behalf of the
1316:(NIB) released the 1972 paper
1310:Indigenous-governed university
974:Instruction style and outcomes
621:President of the United States
497:James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin
393:Six Nations of the Grand River
281:History of education in Canada
236:leaders. On June 1, 2008, the
146:in 1894, under Prime Minister
134:in 1876, under Prime Minister
36:Indian school (disambiguation)
13:
1:
12662:Residential schools in Canada
12389:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
11956:Council of Indigenous Peoples
10370:Bryden, Joan (June 3, 2021).
9435:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096580
9403:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096583
9217:"Information: IAP Statistics"
9138:. May 8, 2006. Archived from
6729:Dolha, Lloyd (May 25, 2009).
6451:10.1525/ae.1993.20.2.02a00010
6421:10.1080/00309230.2017.1293700
3878:Miller, James Rodger (1996).
3435:Moran, Ry (October 5, 2020).
3040:McKay, Celeste (April 2015).
2962:
2836:and state government agencies
2357:Aboriginal Healing Foundation
2339:, represented by Grand Chief
2154:
2035:Manitoba Legislative Building
1936:
1816:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1810:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1789:Presbyterian Church in Canada
1535:
1391:posttraumatic stress disorder
1206:Royal British Columbia Museum
766:
476:by what was then the federal
378:
271:Settler colonialism in Canada
73:Indian Residential School in
56:
12548:Canadian residential schools
12140:Expulsion of the Chagossians
10696:Indigenous peoples in Canada
10570:MacDonald, David B. (2019).
9490:Woolley, Pieta (June 2015).
9422:Journal of Genocide Research
9391:Journal of Genocide Research
9075:"Common Experience Payments"
9049:"Indian Residential Schools"
8211:Rana, Abbas (May 14, 2018).
6708:. Loyola Press. p. 43.
6579:McNally, Vincent J. (2000).
4618:. Portage & Main Press.
3706:Virtual Museum of New France
2868:Indigenous peoples in Canada
2840:Christianity and colonialism
2109:Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
1856:Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation
1477:
1409:Loss of language and culture
883:Battleford Industrial School
660:Battleford Industrial School
104:and administered by various
102:Department of Indian Affairs
7:
11936:Government of Bashkortostan
11801:American Indian reservation
11670:Native American Rights Fund
11317:Old-growth logging protests
4984:Partridge, Cheryle (2010).
2910:. In the Canadian context,
2747:
2495:Court of Appeal for Ontario
2333:Catholic Aboriginal Council
2259:In the summer of 1990, the
1727:
1561:, then presidential of the
1314:National Indian Brotherhood
1250:Cranbrook, British Columbia
841:Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs
745:In 1894, amendments to the
543:Gradual Enfranchisement Act
10:
12708:
12642:Former education in Canada
11891:Fundação Nacional do Ăndio
11084:Judge David William Ramsay
10486:Haig-Brown, Celia (2002).
8984:McGill Sociological Review
4993:Native Social Work Journal
3963:Wilson, J. Donald (1986).
2703:
2583:University of Saskatchewan
2450:
2003:
1967:to hold an inquiry on the
1873:Harper's apology excluded
1751:Archbishop Michael Peers,
1648:pastoral letter to Ireland
1259:
1194:Kamloops, British Columbia
1160:
854:
839:, then Grand Chief of the
821:Indians of Canada Pavilion
634:, and church officials in
611:, commissioned politician
478:Department of the Interior
442:; 13 were operated by the
278:
268:
264:
189:, depriving them of their
29:
12682:Christianity and children
12602:Anglican Church of Canada
12571:
12553:Hannahville Indian School
12528:
12495:
12457:
12310:
12292:
12223:
12107:
12044:
12019:
11976:
11868:
11861:
11702:
11625:Assembly of First Nations
11610:
11518:
11455:
11335:
11275:
11238:
11229:
11205:for trafficking of minors
11194:
11159:
11096:
11072:Saskatoon freezing deaths
11019:
10935:
10863:
10854:
10812:
10756:Residential school system
10746:
10709:
10702:
9897:"Building Reconciliation"
9304:The Canadian Encyclopedia
9106:The Canadian Encyclopedia
7375:The Canadian Encyclopedia
4547:The Canadian Encyclopedia
4103:The Canadian Encyclopedia
4067:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3441:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2430:billion in compensation.
2382:Assembly of First Nations
2374:Attawapiskat First Nation
2337:Assembly of First Nations
2147:Assembly of First Nations
1875:Newfoundland and Labrador
1769:Anglican Church of Canada
1610:Assembly of First Nations
1387:chronic medical condition
1345:Old Sun Community College
1288:Blue Quills Indian School
1189:accidental disturbance".
609:post-Confederation Canada
461:British North America Act
446:, and 2 were operated by
440:Anglican Church of Canada
12657:Native American genocide
12563:U.S. residential schools
12543:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
12115:ChechenâRussian conflict
11966:Bureau of Indian Affairs
11146:Walking With Our Sisters
11067:Killing of Chantel Moore
10961:Winnipeg serial killings
10720:Gradual Civilization Act
10507:Milloy, John S. (2017).
10450:. McGill-Queen's Press.
8004:(Speech). Archived from
6704:Letson, Douglas (1995).
6291:Galley, Valerie (2009).
6229:10.1177/1363461513503380
6217:Transcultural Psychiatry
5920:LaRose, Stephen (1999).
4772:Virtual Museum of Canada
4742:Peel's Prairie Provinces
4377:(Report). Archived from
4189:Dickason, Olive Patricia
3835:10.18584/iipj.2014.5.3.6
3543:10.1177/0706743717702075
3161:Milloy, John S. (1999).
2672:, a concept album about
2145:, National Chief of the
2105:Charles, Prince of Wales
1913:delivered an apology to
1777:Archbishop of Canterbury
1341:Star Blanket Cree Nation
753:The introduction of the
549:Gradual Civilization Act
537:Gradual Civilization Act
304:centred around European
12160:Little Danes experiment
11946:Government of Tatarstan
11613:political organizations
11322:Trans Mountain pipeline
11045:Gustafsen Lake standoff
10650:. CBC Digital Archives.
8990:: 73â91. Archived from
8683:"Anglican Healing Fund"
7431:"Are Apologies Enough?"
7167:"A step along the path"
4999:: 33â62. Archived from
4063:"Duncan Campbell Scott"
3785:: 13â40. Archived from
3770:Carney, Robert (1995).
2680:. Proceeds went to the
2545:Educational initiatives
2391:Supreme Court of Canada
2288:Ecclesiastical projects
2059:constitutional monarchy
1492:United Church of Canada
1486:United Church of Canada
1461:receives a plaque from
931:Arthur Wellesley Vowell
444:United Church of Canada
365:subsistence agriculture
344:and military pursuits.
296:Attempts to assimilate
234:federal political party
138:. Under Prime Minister
12359:Grand Medicine Society
12145:High Arctic relocation
12047:Declarations of Rights
11744:Cultural appropriation
11675:Survival International
11297:Caledonia land dispute
11151:Women's Memorial March
10911:Healthcare inequality
10799:High Arctic relocation
10492:. arsenal pulp press.
9901:Aboriginal Initiatives
8659:. 2014. Archived from
8249:. September 30, 2021.
7795:Saskatoon Star Phoenix
7437:. September 20, 2019.
6435:Lomawaima, K. Tsianina
6262:"Indigenous Languages"
5859:Narine, Shari (2015).
5121:"Canada's Dark Secret"
4514:Indigenous Foundations
3077:Indigenous Foundations
2682:University of Manitoba
2579:University of Winnipeg
2554:
2465:
2350:Financial compensation
2280:, the creation of the
2256:
2236:
2209:On April 9, 2018, the
2194:University of Manitoba
2167:
2077:
2063:responsible government
2047:University of Winnipeg
1927:Happy Valley-Goose Bay
1879:28th Canadian Ministry
1877:on the basis that the
1868:committee of the whole
1802:
1763:, Ontario. Archbishop
1748:
1704:
1687:
1676:
1639:
1583:
1570:religious congregation
1555:
1541:
1519:
1505:
1466:
1301:
1279:
1240:On June 30, 2021, the
1238:
1221:Cowessess First Nation
1217:Marieval, Saskatchewan
1196:, on the lands of the
1180:
1117:
1096:
1081:
1061:
987:
886:
776:
738:
531:
454:Government involvement
426:
384:
293:
203:forced enfranchisement
81:
62:
34:. For other uses, see
12622:Cultural assimilation
12150:Human rights in Tibet
11877:Aotearoa-New Zealand
11771:Fortress conservation
11573:Traditional knowledge
11536:Intellectual property
10996:Jean Virginia Sampare
10981:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
10635:May 31, 2021, at the
10528:Miller, J.R. (2017).
10289:on September 29, 2021
10197:on September 29, 2021
10167:on September 30, 2021
10138:on September 29, 2021
9959:on September 27, 2020
9310:on September 29, 2021
9249:on September 17, 2016
8994:on September 12, 2016
8872:on September 14, 2016
8840:on September 28, 2016
8808:on September 16, 2016
7736:. November 23, 2017.
7647:. November 24, 2017.
7049:on September 25, 2021
6831:on September 19, 2016
6409:Paedagogica Historica
6350:on September 28, 2016
6160:on September 14, 2016
6069:Reimer, Gwen (2010).
5988:"Orr, Roland Guerney"
5967:on September 17, 2016
5810:on September 18, 2016
5745:. CBC. Archived from
5361:on September 19, 2016
5268:on September 15, 2016
5211:on September 23, 2016
5006:on September 18, 2017
4845:10.1353/his.2013.0015
4686:on September 11, 2016
4371:Davin, Nicholas Flood
4230:on September 28, 2016
4099:"Residential Schools"
4061:McDougall, Robert L.
3918:on September 16, 2016
3447:on September 29, 2021
2953:Duncan Campbell Scott
2830:Australian Aboriginal
2732:private member's bill
2552:
2460:
2410:Deputy Prime Minister
2327:In October 1997, the
2261:Mohawks of Kanesatake
2246:
2231:
2192:On October 27, 2011,
2164:
2132:Northwest Territories
2071:
2004:Further information:
1797:
1787:On June 9, 1994, the
1753:A Step Along the Path
1732:
1699:
1682:
1672:
1634:
1595:Peter Hans Kolvenbach
1578:
1550:
1529:
1522:Roman Catholic Church
1514:
1500:
1456:
1337:White Calf Collegiate
1296:
1277:
1225:
1174:
1161:Further information:
1115:
1094:
1079:
1059:
1026:nutrition experiments
992:traditional knowledge
981:
880:
774:
736:
655:Hector-Louis Langevin
628:Five Civilized Tribes
547:acts overturned. The
521:
480:. Adopted in 1876 as
424:
373:
288:
269:Further information:
208:post-traumatic stress
150:, made attendance at
68:
46:
12419:Seven fires prophecy
12174:Residential schools
12120:Sri Lankan Civil War
11862:Legal representation
11831:Urban Indian reserve
11720:Internal colonialism
11611:Non-governmental and
11566:in the United States
11377:Missing and Murdered
10937:Missing and Murdered
10777:Forced sterilization
10081:on December 20, 2017
9877:on February 25, 2017
9468:on September 6, 2016
9223:on November 10, 2016
8933:on December 23, 2016
8903:on December 23, 2016
8607:on February 20, 2015
6987:on September 5, 2021
6957:on December 27, 2017
6926:on December 23, 2017
6439:American Ethnologist
6211:Bombay, Amy (2014).
6083:on September 9, 2016
6050:on September 3, 2016
5901:on February 19, 2017
5426:on November 10, 2016
5395:on November 17, 2016
5299:on November 28, 2016
5070:on February 13, 2021
4965:on November 28, 2016
4934:on November 28, 2016
4717:on December 12, 2016
4585:on November 23, 2015
3944:on November 14, 2016
3842:on November 30, 2015
3614:Catholic News Agency
3514:on October 30, 2022.
2847:Notes on terminology
2716:Phyllis Jack Webstad
2527:New Democratic Party
2525:, and leader of the
2253:âNamgis First Nation
2227:Jody Wilson-Raybould
2092:to represent her as
1846:, to apologize. The
1820:Giuliano Zaccardelli
1818:(RCMP) Commissioner
1614:First Nations Summit
1589:On May 16, 1993, in
1576:, Alberta, stating:
1415:Indigenous languages
997:Indigenous languages
984:Regina, Saskatchewan
968:North-West Rebellion
756:Family Allowance Act
723:Prince Edward Island
647:Vital-Justin Grandin
613:Nicholas Flood Davin
302:imperial colonialism
180:Prince Edward Island
12652:Institutional abuse
12632:Education in Canada
12439:Traditional beliefs
11725:Settler colonialism
11292:Burnt Church Crisis
11119:Moose Hide campaign
10991:Helen Betty Osborne
10890:Criminal sentencing
10864:Structural violence
10711:Settler colonialism
10376:Winnipeg Free Press
10050:on October 21, 2017
9815:on October 30, 2022
9785:on October 30, 2022
9754:on October 20, 2021
9387:MacDonald, David B.
9197:on October 14, 2016
9112:on October 19, 2019
9100:Marshall, Tabitha.
8540:Winnipeg Free Press
7502:on January 14, 2017
7134:The Washington Post
6706:The Jesuit Mystique
6644:on October 25, 2016
6557:on October 20, 2021
6385:on January 10, 2016
6319:on October 24, 2016
6120:(1). Archived from
5955:MiĆosz, Magdalena.
5871:(1). Archived from
5420:Winnipeg Free Press
4812:on February 1, 2021
4553:on November 4, 2019
4520:on October 10, 2018
4109:on October 19, 2019
3759:on October 3, 2016.
3681:on October 29, 2022
3651:on October 30, 2022
3048:on October 25, 2016
2949:Richard Henry Pratt
2726:On March 21, 2019,
2575:Lakehead University
2203:Winnipeg Free Press
2176:Charles' coronation
1805:Canadian government
1721:The Washington Post
1706:During a July 2022
1374:intergenerationally
1358:Old Sun College Act
1354:Mount Royal College
1284:Saddle Lake Reserve
1242:Lower Kootenay Band
1004:vocational training
782:Corporal punishment
737:Enrolment 1869â1960
467:education in Canada
191:ancestral languages
136:Alexander MacKenzie
98:Canadian government
12672:Total institutions
12472:Birch bark scrolls
12444:Underwater panther
12210:Stolen Generations
12011:BBNJ ABS Committee
11766:Discovery doctrine
11710:Civilizing mission
11551:Self-determination
11302:Clayoquot protests
10895:Mass incarceration
10868:and discrimination
10382:on August 16, 2021
10351:on August 13, 2021
10320:on August 15, 2021
10191:OrangeShirtDay.org
10161:OrangeShirtDay.org
9907:on January 8, 2017
9656:The Globe and Mail
9569:on August 13, 2016
9536:on August 15, 2016
9171:on August 17, 2016
9029:on October 1, 2016
8601:The Globe and Mail
8341:The Globe and Mail
8008:on January 1, 2017
7892:on August 26, 2016
7886:The Globe and Mail
7579:The Globe and Mail
7344:The Globe and Mail
7313:The Globe and Mail
7165:(August 6, 2013).
6825:The Globe and Mail
6735:First Nations Drum
6192:on August 25, 2016
6127:on August 26, 2016
5865:Alberta Sweetgrass
5589:. March 28, 2024.
5587:The Globe and Mail
5497:The Globe and Mail
5355:Canadian Mennonite
5324:APTN National News
5164:on August 29, 2016
5064:The Globe and Mail
4959:Regina Leader-Post
4922:Titley, E. Brian.
4778:on August 18, 2016
4134:The Globe and Mail
3792:on August 14, 2016
3779:Historical Studies
3700:Gourdeau, Claire.
3675:The Globe and Mail
3645:The Globe and Mail
3483:on August 27, 2016
3477:The Globe and Mail
3416:on August 26, 2016
3196:The New York Times
3015:Translation Bureau
2826:Stolen Generations
2555:
2514:Standing Committee
2466:
2257:
2168:
2143:RoseAnne Archibald
2080:On Canada's first
2078:
1965:federal government
1957:Premier of Alberta
1677:
1628:. Afterwards, the
1542:
1467:
1280:
1219:, on the lands of
1181:
1120:In 1920 and 1922,
1118:
1097:
1082:
1062:
1044:, bedwetting, and
988:
887:
777:
739:
532:
427:
385:
310:discovery doctrine
298:Indigenous peoples
294:
156:industrial schools
106:Christian churches
94:Indigenous peoples
82:
69:Study period at a
63:
12627:Cultural genocide
12589:
12588:
12249:
12248:
12234:Indigenous rights
12103:
12102:
12036:Indigenous Caucus
11977:Intergovernmental
11826:Russian republics
11796:Autonomous okrugs
11645:Cultural Survival
11473:
11472:
11460:Indigenous rights
11451:
11450:
11307:Keystone Pipeline
11262:Yukon Land Claims
11225:
11224:
11141:Sisters in Spirit
11092:
11091:
10976:Pamela Holopainen
10850:
10849:
10804:RCMP dog killings
10726:Numbered Treaties
10607:978-1-988411-10-1
10583:978-1-4875-2269-8
10562:978-0-9939371-0-1
10541:978-1-4875-0218-8
10520:978-0-88755-519-0
10499:978-1-55152-335-4
10478:978-0-7735-9823-2
10457:978-0-7735-9828-7
10436:978-1-4594-1067-1
10408:on July 11, 2022.
9984:The Vancouver Sun
9502:on April 20, 2016
9367:on April 16, 2017
9279:on March 25, 2016
9145:on April 11, 2019
8633:on April 30, 2017
7857:. June 23, 2015.
7827:. June 18, 2015.
7528:. June 11, 2008.
7114:on April 1, 2022.
6309:978-1-897285-72-5
6024:on August 7, 2016
5998:on August 8, 2017
5936:on April 25, 2015
5926:Saskatchewan Sage
5875:on August 3, 2016
5840:on April 28, 2017
5618:The National Post
5460:978-0-7735-9825-6
5237:on April 16, 2016
5101:on April 26, 2021
5036:978-0-919441-85-9
5029:. Theytus Books.
4893:978-0-660-02073-0
4748:on August 8, 2016
4625:978-1-55379-689-3
4476:978-0-7735-9819-5
4420:978-1-4426-1168-9
4262:on April 29, 2016
4217:Rawson, Rawson W.
3984:978-0-7748-5313-2
3893:978-0-8020-7858-2
3749:978-1-55077-185-5
3620:on August 1, 2022
3577:(June 11, 2008).
3310:on April 20, 2016
3021:on August 8, 2017
2737:Steven Guilbeault
2728:Georgina Jolibois
2463:Algoma University
2278:Meech Lake Accord
2172:Elizabeth II died
2151:Church of England
2043:Assiniboine River
1985:Executive Council
1606:Pope Benedict XVI
1449:Native resistance
1378:collective memory
1370:historical trauma
1292:St. Paul, Alberta
949:Family visitation
605:John A. Macdonald
603:In January 1879,
597:
436:Church of England
416:cultural genocide
412:European Canadian
355:in what is today
246:cultural genocide
140:John A. Macdonald
110:their own culture
88:was a network of
16:(Redirected from
12699:
12505:Birchbark biting
12316:myth and stories
12276:
12269:
12262:
12253:
12252:
12231:
12230:
12165:Mapuche conflict
12135:Chiapas conflict
12130:Alta controversy
12108:Historical cases
11866:
11865:
11848:Rainbow Warriors
11838:Manifest destiny
11526:Ancestral domain
11500:
11493:
11486:
11477:
11476:
11408:
11370:Highway of Tears
11327:UnistÊŒotÊŒen Camp
11284:Water protection
11282:
11243:
11236:
11235:
11157:
11156:
11050:Ipperwash Crisis
11024:
11021:Police brutality
11011:Lisa Marie Young
11001:Loretta Saunders
10966:Immaculate Basil
10949:Highway of Tears
10941:Indigenous Women
10940:
10867:
10861:
10860:
10842:Indian hospitals
10738:Role of the RCMP
10707:
10706:
10688:
10681:
10674:
10665:
10664:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10599:
10587:
10566:
10545:
10524:
10503:
10482:
10461:
10440:
10410:
10409:
10398:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10378:. Archived from
10367:
10361:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10347:. Archived from
10345:The Toronto Star
10336:
10330:
10329:
10327:
10325:
10316:. Archived from
10305:
10299:
10298:
10296:
10294:
10285:. Archived from
10274:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10263:
10244:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10233:
10224:. Archived from
10213:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10193:. Archived from
10183:
10177:
10176:
10174:
10172:
10163:. Archived from
10154:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10134:. Archived from
10123:
10117:
10116:
10114:
10112:
10097:
10091:
10090:
10088:
10086:
10077:. Archived from
10066:
10060:
10059:
10057:
10055:
10036:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10006:
10000:
9999:
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9995:
9986:. Archived from
9975:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9964:
9949:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9938:
9923:
9917:
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9886:
9884:
9882:
9873:. Archived from
9862:
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9842:. Archived from
9831:
9825:
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9822:
9820:
9804:
9795:
9794:
9792:
9790:
9781:. Archived from
9770:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9750:. Archived from
9739:
9733:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9723:on April 4, 2017
9712:
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9705:
9703:
9701:
9692:. Archived from
9681:
9672:
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9669:
9667:
9658:. Archived from
9647:
9641:
9640:
9638:
9636:
9631:on April 7, 2017
9627:. Archived from
9616:
9610:
9609:
9607:
9605:
9600:on June 11, 2016
9596:. Archived from
9585:
9579:
9578:
9576:
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9555:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9541:
9532:. Archived from
9521:
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9511:
9509:
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9498:. Archived from
9492:"Grim reminders"
9487:
9478:
9477:
9475:
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9454:
9448:
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9437:
9413:
9407:
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9377:
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9363:. Archived from
9352:
9346:
9345:
9343:
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9326:
9320:
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9317:
9315:
9306:. Archived from
9295:
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9265:
9259:
9258:
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9232:
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9119:
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9108:. Archived from
9097:
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9071:
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9062:
9060:
9055:on June 29, 2016
9045:
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8964:
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8943:
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8940:
8938:
8919:
8913:
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8910:
8908:
8899:. Archived from
8888:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8871:
8864:
8856:
8850:
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8847:
8845:
8839:
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8798:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8782:on July 16, 2016
8772:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8756:on July 12, 2021
8755:
8748:
8739:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8723:on July 12, 2021
8719:. Archived from
8717:Anglican Journal
8708:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8663:on July 12, 2021
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8623:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8593:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8577:on July 27, 2021
8573:. Archived from
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8546:on March 4, 2016
8542:. Archived from
8531:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8500:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8469:
8460:
8459:
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8455:
8446:. May 19, 2022.
8436:
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8429:
8427:
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8403:
8401:
8399:
8390:. May 19, 2022.
8381:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8370:
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8349:
8348:
8347:on May 19, 2022.
8343:. Archived from
8333:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8310:. May 17, 2022.
8300:
8294:
8293:
8291:
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8260:
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8168:
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8146:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8135:
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8115:
8109:
8108:
8106:
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8099:on July 12, 2021
8085:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8065:. Archived from
8054:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8038:on July 27, 2021
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7973:The Toronto Star
7964:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7897:
7888:. Archived from
7877:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7801:on June 20, 2016
7787:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7756:
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7684:
7682:
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7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7645:The Toronto Star
7637:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7581:. May 10, 2016.
7571:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7549:The Toronto Star
7540:
7534:
7533:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7507:
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7482:
7481:
7479:
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7386:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7319:on March 8, 2021
7315:. Archived from
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7243:
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7212:
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7209:
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7192:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7173:on March 7, 2016
7159:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7110:. Archived from
7099:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7074:The Toronto Star
7065:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7039:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7014:. Archived from
7003:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6953:. Archived from
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6912:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6893:on June 24, 2021
6892:
6885:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6861:on June 26, 2021
6847:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6827:. Archived from
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6800:on June 26, 2021
6786:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6767:on June 24, 2016
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6741:on June 26, 2021
6737:. Archived from
6726:
6720:
6719:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6685:on June 26, 2021
6684:
6678:. Archived from
6669:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6643:
6636:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6611:
6605:. Archived from
6600:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6576:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6553:. Archived from
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6526:on June 29, 2016
6516:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6497:on June 26, 2021
6484:
6475:
6474:
6473:. pp. 1â15.
6466:
6455:
6454:
6431:
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6360:
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6355:
6340:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6318:
6312:. Archived from
6297:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6257:
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6250:
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6034:
6033:
6031:
6029:
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6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5994:. Archived from
5986:Hill, Robert G.
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5963:. Archived from
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5891:
5885:
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5850:
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5847:
5845:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5806:. Archived from
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5775:. Archived from
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5749:on June 24, 2021
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5722:on June 24, 2021
5718:. Archived from
5707:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5688:on July 17, 2021
5684:. Archived from
5673:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5654:on June 24, 2021
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5620:. Archived from
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5549:
5543:
5542:
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5538:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5503:on June 18, 2021
5489:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5470:on July 10, 2021
5469:
5463:. Archived from
5452:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5422:. Archived from
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5391:. Archived from
5380:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5357:. Archived from
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5330:on March 5, 2017
5326:. Archived from
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5295:. Archived from
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5264:. Archived from
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
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5191:
5190:
5180:
5174:
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5171:
5169:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5127:. Archived from
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5097:. Archived from
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5066:. Archived from
5055:
5049:
5048:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5005:
4990:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4961:. Archived from
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4930:. Archived from
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4903:on July 27, 2021
4902:
4896:. Archived from
4885:
4874:
4849:
4848:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4804:
4794:
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4783:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4713:. Archived from
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4672:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4653:on July 28, 2021
4639:
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4558:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4479:. Archived from
4468:
4458:
4425:
4424:
4408:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4367:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4326:on July 28, 2009
4322:. Archived from
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4295:on March 5, 2017
4294:
4282:Ryerson, Egerton
4278:
4272:
4271:
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4267:
4261:
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4206:
4185:
4176:
4175:
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4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4136:. Archived from
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4105:. Archived from
4094:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4069:. Archived from
4058:
4052:
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4049:
4047:
4041:
4034:
4026:
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3988:
3968:
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3927:
3925:
3923:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3885:
3875:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3838:. Archived from
3837:
3813:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3776:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3752:. Archived from
3737:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3647:. Archived from
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3616:. Archived from
3606:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3554:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3510:. Archived from
3508:The Conversation
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3479:. Archived from
3468:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3443:. Archived from
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3412:. Archived from
3401:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3374:. Archived from
3363:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3340:. Archived from
3329:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3202:on July 19, 2021
3198:. Archived from
3187:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3158:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3117:on July 25, 2016
3113:. Archived from
3102:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3083:on July 19, 2021
3069:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
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3030:
3028:
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2990:
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2956:
2945:
2939:
2929:
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2891:
2886:peoples. Use of
2857:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2706:Orange Shirt Day
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2441:
2429:
2402:Justice Minister
2370:
2362:
2120:Government House
2094:governor general
2051:British monarchy
2039:Government House
2033:in front of the
1991:
1943:Manitoba Premier
1891:North West River
1755:
1622:TlÊŒaztÊŒen Nation
1563:Oblate of Canada
1540:
1537:
1463:Avrum Rosensweig
1395:anxiety disorder
1322:1969 White Paper
1187:
1150:The Toronto Star
1143:
1127:
903:Great Depression
624:Ulysses S. Grant
593:
591:
589:
585:
583:
578:
576:
572:
570:
540:of 1857 and the
526:1898, including
383:
380:
353:Red River Colony
148:Mackenzie Bowell
90:boarding schools
61:
58:
21:
12707:
12706:
12702:
12701:
12700:
12698:
12697:
12696:
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12591:
12590:
12585:
12567:
12524:
12491:
12453:
12306:
12288:
12280:
12250:
12245:
12240:Minority rights
12219:
12205:San controversy
12099:
12073:Nagoya Protocol
12046:
12040:
12023:
12021:
12015:
11978:
11972:
11870:
11857:
11698:
11612:
11606:
11514:
11512:minority rights
11504:
11474:
11469:
11447:
11404:
11384:The Pass System
11331:
11280:
11277:Land protection
11271:
11252:Specific claims
11241:
11231:
11221:
11190:
11161:
11155:
11124:REDress Project
11088:
11077:Neil Stonechild
11022:
11015:
10954:list of victims
10938:
10931:
10902:Food insecurity
10865:
10856:
10846:
10808:
10792:Kimelman Report
10742:
10698:
10692:
10661:
10637:Wayback Machine
10626:
10621:
10612:
10610:
10608:
10597:
10584:
10563:
10542:
10521:
10500:
10479:
10458:
10437:
10418:
10416:Further reading
10413:
10400:
10399:
10395:
10385:
10383:
10368:
10364:
10354:
10352:
10337:
10333:
10323:
10321:
10306:
10302:
10292:
10290:
10275:
10271:
10261:
10259:
10258:on June 2, 2021
10246:
10245:
10241:
10231:
10229:
10228:on July 7, 2021
10214:
10210:
10200:
10198:
10185:
10184:
10180:
10170:
10168:
10156:
10155:
10151:
10141:
10139:
10124:
10120:
10110:
10108:
10107:on June 2, 2021
10099:
10098:
10094:
10084:
10082:
10067:
10063:
10053:
10051:
10038:
10037:
10033:
10023:
10021:
10008:
10007:
10003:
9993:
9991:
9990:on May 18, 2017
9976:
9972:
9962:
9960:
9951:
9950:
9946:
9936:
9934:
9933:on May 18, 2017
9925:
9924:
9920:
9910:
9908:
9895:
9894:
9890:
9880:
9878:
9863:
9859:
9849:
9847:
9846:on July 3, 2016
9832:
9828:
9818:
9816:
9805:
9798:
9788:
9786:
9771:
9767:
9757:
9755:
9740:
9736:
9726:
9724:
9713:
9709:
9699:
9697:
9696:on May 21, 2017
9682:
9675:
9665:
9663:
9662:on May 11, 2017
9648:
9644:
9634:
9632:
9617:
9613:
9603:
9601:
9586:
9582:
9572:
9570:
9557:
9556:
9549:
9539:
9537:
9522:
9515:
9505:
9503:
9496:The UC Observer
9488:
9481:
9471:
9469:
9456:
9455:
9451:
9414:
9410:
9384:
9380:
9370:
9368:
9353:
9349:
9339:
9337:
9336:on May 16, 2017
9328:
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9323:
9313:
9311:
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9292:
9282:
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9267:
9266:
9262:
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9148:
9146:
9142:
9130:
9129:
9125:
9115:
9113:
9098:
9094:
9084:
9082:
9081:on May 16, 2017
9073:
9072:
9068:
9058:
9056:
9047:
9046:
9042:
9032:
9030:
9017:
9016:
9007:
8997:
8995:
8976:
8972:
8962:
8960:
8959:on May 16, 2017
8951:
8950:
8946:
8936:
8934:
8921:
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8916:
8906:
8904:
8889:
8885:
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8858:
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8759:
8757:
8753:
8746:
8740:
8736:
8726:
8724:
8709:
8702:
8692:
8690:
8689:on July 6, 2016
8681:
8680:
8676:
8666:
8664:
8657:Wiser Directory
8651:
8650:
8646:
8636:
8634:
8625:
8624:
8620:
8610:
8608:
8595:
8594:
8590:
8580:
8578:
8563:
8559:
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8547:
8532:
8528:
8518:
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8501:
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8437:
8433:
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8302:
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8297:
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8285:
8270:
8266:
8256:
8254:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8226:
8224:
8209:
8205:
8195:
8193:
8178:
8174:
8164:
8162:
8147:
8143:
8133:
8131:
8130:on July 2, 2021
8116:
8112:
8102:
8100:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8072:
8070:
8069:on July 4, 2021
8055:
8051:
8041:
8039:
8026:
8025:
8021:
8011:
8009:
7996:
7992:
7982:
7980:
7965:
7961:
7951:
7949:
7940:
7939:
7935:
7925:
7923:
7922:on July 3, 2016
7910:
7909:
7905:
7895:
7893:
7878:
7874:
7864:
7862:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7834:
7832:
7819:
7818:
7814:
7804:
7802:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7774:
7772:
7765:Net News Ledger
7757:
7753:
7743:
7741:
7729:
7728:
7721:
7711:
7709:
7694:
7690:
7680:
7678:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7654:
7652:
7639:
7638:
7629:
7619:
7617:
7602:
7598:
7588:
7586:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7558:
7556:
7541:
7537:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7505:
7503:
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7489:
7485:
7475:
7473:
7458:
7454:
7444:
7442:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7412:
7407:. May 1, 2007.
7399:
7398:
7394:
7384:
7382:
7367:
7363:
7353:
7351:
7336:
7332:
7322:
7320:
7305:
7301:
7291:
7289:
7288:on June 3, 2012
7280:
7279:
7275:
7265:
7263:
7262:on May 18, 2017
7254:
7253:
7249:
7239:
7237:
7222:
7215:
7205:
7203:
7194:
7193:
7186:
7176:
7174:
7160:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7126:
7119:
7100:
7093:
7083:
7081:
7066:
7062:
7052:
7050:
7041:
7040:
7031:
7021:
7019:
7018:on July 5, 2021
7004:
7000:
6990:
6988:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6960:
6958:
6945:Smith, Joanna.
6943:
6939:
6929:
6927:
6914:
6913:
6906:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6864:
6862:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6834:
6832:
6817:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6770:
6768:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6742:
6727:
6723:
6716:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6667:
6661:
6657:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6613:
6612:on June 4, 2021
6609:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6577:
6570:
6560:
6558:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6520:"The Apologies"
6518:
6517:
6510:
6500:
6498:
6485:
6478:
6467:
6458:
6432:
6428:
6405:
6398:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6295:
6289:
6285:
6275:
6273:
6272:on June 2, 2021
6258:
6254:
6209:
6205:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6109:
6103:
6096:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6027:
6025:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5984:
5980:
5970:
5968:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5937:
5918:
5914:
5904:
5902:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5841:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5811:
5796:
5792:
5782:
5780:
5779:on July 1, 2021
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5723:
5708:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5674:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5625:
5624:on July 6, 2021
5610:
5606:
5596:
5594:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5533:on July 6, 2021
5521:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5491:
5490:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5427:
5412:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5381:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5347:
5343:
5333:
5331:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5269:
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5184:Bryce, Peter H.
5181:
5177:
5167:
5165:
5154:Bryce, Peter H.
5151:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5131:on May 20, 2018
5119:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5056:
5052:
5037:
5023:
5019:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4988:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4966:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4883:
4875:
4852:
4839:(91): 145â172.
4829:
4825:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4605:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4543:"Sixties Scoop"
4541:
4540:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4510:"Sixties Scoop"
4506:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4486:on May 10, 2021
4483:
4477:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4428:
4421:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4384:on May 29, 2016
4381:
4368:
4359:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4186:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4166:on July 2, 2021
4158:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4140:on July 1, 2021
4126:
4122:
4112:
4110:
4095:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4073:on June 3, 2021
4059:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4042:on May 13, 2021
4039:
4032:
4028:
4027:
3992:
3985:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3876:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3814:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3750:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3712:on July 8, 2016
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3608:
3607:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3585:on May 16, 2017
3575:Harper, Stephen
3572:
3568:
3523:
3519:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3469:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3402:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3378:on May 18, 2016
3364:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3344:on July 9, 2018
3330:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3279:on May 30, 2021
3276:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3159:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3103:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3071:
3070:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2946:
2942:
2930:
2926:
2898:
2894:
2864:Indian hospital
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2806:(United States)
2788:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2744:until sunrise.
2708:
2702:
2645:Zacharias Kunuk
2602:
2598:
2547:
2523:Carolyn Bennett
2501:In March 2017,
2486:Murray Sinclair
2482:Calls to Action
2455:
2449:
2439:
2427:
2368:
2365:its 2005 budget
2360:
2352:
2290:
2241:
2190:
2086:Queen of Canada
2008:
2002:
1989:
1939:
1909:Prime Minister
1829:
1827:Federal Cabinet
1812:
1807:
1785:
1757:
1750:
1730:
1716:J.J. McCullough
1712:Murray Sinclair
1538:
1524:
1488:
1480:
1451:
1411:
1366:
1364:Lasting effects
1264:
1258:
1202:Rosanne Casimir
1185:
1165:
1159:
1141:
1125:
1071:Murray Sinclair
1054:
1052:Mortality rates
1046:dermatoglyphics
1021:
1019:Experimentation
976:
951:
923:vows of poverty
857:
769:
731:
601:
600:
599:
598:
587:
586:
581:
580:
579:
574:
573:
568:
567:
566:
528:Egerton Ryerson
522:Front cover of
505:Egerton Ryerson
456:
381:
300:were rooted in
283:
277:
267:
216:substance abuse
75:Fort Resolution
59:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12705:
12695:
12694:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12587:
12586:
12584:
12583:
12577:
12575:
12569:
12568:
12566:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12534:
12532:
12526:
12525:
12523:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12501:
12499:
12493:
12492:
12490:
12489:
12484:
12482:Ottawa dialect
12479:
12474:
12469:
12463:
12461:
12455:
12454:
12452:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12384:Medicine wheel
12381:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12354:Gitche Manitou
12351:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12320:
12318:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12304:
12298:
12296:
12290:
12289:
12279:
12278:
12271:
12264:
12256:
12247:
12246:
12244:
12243:
12224:
12221:
12220:
12218:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12196:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12155:Indian removal
12152:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12111:
12109:
12105:
12104:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12097:
12091:
12085:
12079:
12069:
12063:
12057:
12050:
12048:
12042:
12041:
12039:
12038:
12033:
12027:
12025:
12020:Indigenous-led
12017:
12016:
12014:
12013:
12008:
12007:
12006:
11998:
11996:Arctic Council
11993:
11992:
11991:
11985:African Union
11982:
11980:
11974:
11973:
11971:
11970:
11969:
11968:
11960:
11959:
11958:
11950:
11949:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11925:
11924:
11923:
11915:
11914:
11913:
11905:
11904:
11903:
11895:
11894:
11893:
11885:
11884:
11883:
11881:Te Puni KĆkiri
11874:
11872:
11863:
11859:
11858:
11856:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11843:Plastic shaman
11840:
11835:
11834:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11811:Indian reserve
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11783:
11778:
11776:Green grabbing
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11751:
11749:Sports mascots
11741:
11740:
11739:
11737:Bioprospecting
11729:
11728:
11727:
11722:
11712:
11706:
11704:
11700:
11699:
11697:
11696:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11616:
11614:
11608:
11607:
11605:
11604:
11603:
11602:
11600:in New Zealand
11597:
11587:
11586:
11585:
11580:
11570:
11569:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11522:
11520:
11516:
11515:
11506:International
11503:
11502:
11495:
11488:
11480:
11471:
11470:
11468:
11467:
11462:
11456:
11453:
11452:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11445:
11438:
11431:
11424:
11417:
11410:
11401:
11394:
11387:
11380:
11373:
11366:
11359:
11352:
11351:
11350:
11339:
11337:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11288:
11286:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11248:
11246:
11233:
11227:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11219:
11212:
11210:Project E-Pana
11207:
11198:
11196:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11188:
11183:
11182:
11181:
11171:
11165:
11163:
11154:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11132:
11131:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11100:
11098:
11094:
11093:
11090:
11089:
11087:
11086:
11081:
11080:
11079:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11058:
11057:
11047:
11042:
11041:
11040:
11029:
11027:
11025:and misconduct
11017:
11016:
11014:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10957:
10956:
10945:
10943:
10933:
10932:
10930:
10929:
10927:Long-term DWAs
10924:
10923:
10922:
10920:Joyce Echaquan
10917:
10915:Brian Sinclair
10909:
10904:
10899:
10898:
10897:
10887:
10885:Climate change
10882:
10877:
10871:
10869:
10858:
10852:
10851:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10818:
10816:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10773:
10772:
10770:Chanie Wenjack
10763:
10752:
10750:
10744:
10743:
10741:
10740:
10735:
10728:
10723:
10715:
10713:
10704:
10700:
10699:
10691:
10690:
10683:
10676:
10668:
10659:
10658:
10651:
10645:
10640:
10625:
10624:External links
10622:
10620:
10619:
10606:
10588:
10582:
10567:
10561:
10546:
10540:
10525:
10519:
10504:
10498:
10483:
10477:
10462:
10456:
10441:
10435:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10411:
10393:
10362:
10331:
10300:
10269:
10239:
10208:
10178:
10149:
10118:
10092:
10061:
10031:
10020:on May 3, 2017
10001:
9970:
9944:
9918:
9888:
9857:
9826:
9796:
9765:
9734:
9707:
9673:
9642:
9611:
9580:
9547:
9513:
9479:
9449:
9428:(4): 373â390.
9408:
9397:(4): 411â431.
9378:
9347:
9321:
9290:
9260:
9234:
9208:
9182:
9156:
9123:
9092:
9066:
9040:
9005:
8970:
8944:
8914:
8883:
8851:
8819:
8793:
8767:
8734:
8700:
8674:
8644:
8618:
8588:
8557:
8526:
8495:
8461:
8431:
8405:
8376:
8350:
8325:
8295:
8264:
8234:
8217:The Hill Times
8203:
8172:
8141:
8110:
8080:
8049:
8019:
7990:
7959:
7933:
7903:
7872:
7842:
7812:
7782:
7751:
7719:
7688:
7662:
7627:
7596:
7566:
7535:
7513:
7483:
7452:
7422:
7392:
7361:
7330:
7299:
7282:"RCMP apology"
7273:
7247:
7213:
7184:
7151:
7117:
7091:
7060:
7029:
6998:
6968:
6937:
6904:
6872:
6842:
6811:
6778:
6752:
6721:
6714:
6696:
6655:
6623:
6586:
6568:
6537:
6508:
6476:
6456:
6445:(2): 227â240.
6426:
6415:(6): 763â782.
6396:
6361:
6330:
6308:
6283:
6260:Lemay, Jenna.
6252:
6223:(3): 320â338.
6203:
6171:
6138:
6094:
6061:
6035:
6009:
5978:
5947:
5912:
5886:
5851:
5821:
5790:
5760:
5733:
5699:
5665:
5635:
5604:
5574:
5544:
5514:
5481:
5459:
5437:
5406:
5372:
5341:
5310:
5279:
5262:Ottawa Citizen
5248:
5222:
5192:
5175:
5142:
5112:
5081:
5050:
5035:
5017:
4976:
4945:
4924:"Reed, Hayter"
4914:
4892:
4850:
4823:
4789:
4759:
4728:
4697:
4664:
4631:
4624:
4608:Vowel, Chelsea
4596:
4564:
4531:
4508:Hanson, Erin.
4497:
4475:
4426:
4419:
4395:
4357:
4337:
4306:
4273:
4241:
4208:
4201:
4177:
4151:
4120:
4084:
4053:
3990:
3983:
3955:
3929:
3899:
3892:
3853:
3803:
3762:
3748:
3723:
3692:
3662:
3631:
3596:
3566:
3537:(6): 422â430.
3517:
3494:
3458:
3427:
3389:
3355:
3321:
3290:
3213:
3182:
3175:
3128:
3094:
3059:
3032:
3002:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2940:
2924:
2892:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2828:, children of
2823:
2820:Native schools
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:Schools portal
2779:
2765:
2749:
2746:
2740:June 3, 2021.
2704:Main article:
2701:
2698:
2694:Canadian Press
2678:CBC Television
2674:Chanie Wenjack
2635:) (Edenshaw),
2546:
2543:
2539:Mark MacDonald
2509:member of the
2451:Main article:
2448:
2445:
2351:
2348:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2273:Brian Mulroney
2240:
2239:Reconciliation
2237:
2189:
2186:
2031:Queen Victoria
2012:Tribal Council
2001:
1998:
1981:Kathleen Wynne
1938:
1935:
1911:Justin Trudeau
1844:Stephen Harper
1833:Prime Minister
1828:
1825:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1784:
1781:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1559:Douglas Crosby
1557:In July 1991,
1523:
1520:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1459:Rodney Monague
1450:
1447:
1410:
1407:
1365:
1362:
1349:Siksika Nation
1257:
1254:
1227:This is not a
1158:
1155:
1053:
1050:
1020:
1017:
975:
972:
950:
947:
871:
870:
867:
864:
856:
853:
807:Chanie Wenjack
768:
765:
730:
727:
632:Washington, DC
592:
560:
559:
558:
455:
452:
266:
263:
256:in July 2022,
230:Stephen Harper
227:Prime Minister
71:Roman Catholic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12704:
12693:
12690:
12688:
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12434:Turtle Island
12432:
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12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
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12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12374:Little people
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
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12225:
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12193:United States
12191:
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12058:
12056:
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12051:
12049:
12043:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12022:international
12018:
12012:
12009:
12005:
12002:
12001:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11990:
11987:
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11984:
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11839:
11836:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11806:Indian colony
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11788:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
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11590:Treaty rights
11588:
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11509:
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11466:
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11443:
11439:
11437:
11436:
11432:
11430:
11429:
11425:
11423:
11422:
11418:
11416:
11415:
11414:Rustic Oracle
11411:
11409:
11407:
11402:
11400:
11399:
11398:Quiet Killing
11395:
11393:
11392:
11388:
11386:
11385:
11381:
11379:
11378:
11374:
11372:
11371:
11367:
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11360:
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11340:
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11325:
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11320:
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11310:
11308:
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11298:
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11278:
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11204:
11200:
11199:
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11193:
11187:
11184:
11180:
11177:
11176:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11162:and inquiries
11158:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11136:Red handprint
11134:
11130:
11129:Red Dress Day
11127:
11126:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11101:
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11051:
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11046:
11043:
11039:
11036:
11035:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11026:
11018:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11006:Amber Tuccaro
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10971:Tina Fontaine
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10955:
10952:
10951:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10942:
10934:
10928:
10925:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10912:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10880:Child poverty
10878:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10862:
10859:
10853:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10837:Indian agents
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10815:
10811:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10793:
10790:
10789:
10788:
10787:Sixties Scoop
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10745:
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10712:
10708:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10689:
10684:
10682:
10677:
10675:
10670:
10669:
10666:
10662:
10656:
10652:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10638:
10634:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10609:
10603:
10596:
10595:
10589:
10585:
10579:
10575:
10574:
10568:
10564:
10558:
10554:
10553:
10547:
10543:
10537:
10533:
10532:
10526:
10522:
10516:
10512:
10511:
10505:
10501:
10495:
10491:
10490:
10484:
10480:
10474:
10470:
10469:
10463:
10459:
10453:
10449:
10448:
10442:
10438:
10432:
10428:
10427:
10421:
10420:
10407:
10403:
10397:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10366:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10335:
10324:September 27,
10319:
10315:
10311:
10304:
10293:September 27,
10288:
10284:
10280:
10273:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10243:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10212:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10182:
10166:
10162:
10159:
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10133:
10129:
10122:
10106:
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10096:
10080:
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10065:
10049:
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10035:
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10015:
10011:
10005:
9989:
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9906:
9902:
9898:
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9872:
9868:
9861:
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9841:
9837:
9830:
9814:
9810:
9803:
9801:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9769:
9753:
9749:
9748:National Post
9745:
9738:
9722:
9718:
9711:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9680:
9678:
9661:
9657:
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9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9382:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9351:
9335:
9331:
9325:
9314:September 10,
9309:
9305:
9301:
9294:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9264:
9248:
9244:
9238:
9222:
9218:
9212:
9196:
9192:
9186:
9170:
9166:
9160:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9127:
9116:September 10,
9111:
9107:
9103:
9096:
9080:
9076:
9070:
9054:
9050:
9044:
9028:
9024:
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7994:
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7860:
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7830:
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7755:
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7584:
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7554:
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7501:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7456:
7440:
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7426:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7396:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7365:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7334:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7303:
7287:
7283:
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7251:
7235:
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7227:
7220:
7218:
7201:
7197:
7191:
7189:
7172:
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7158:
7156:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7122:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7098:
7096:
7084:September 25,
7079:
7075:
7071:
7064:
7053:September 25,
7048:
7044:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7002:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6941:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6889:
6882:
6876:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6799:
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6756:
6740:
6736:
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6725:
6717:
6711:
6707:
6700:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6640:
6633:
6627:
6608:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6582:
6575:
6573:
6556:
6552:
6551:National Post
6548:
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6525:
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6496:
6492:
6491:
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6335:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6294:
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6271:
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6142:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6099:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6049:
6045:
6044:"Our History"
6039:
6023:
6019:
6013:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5935:
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5900:
5896:
5890:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5855:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5764:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5704:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5670:
5653:
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5645:
5639:
5623:
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5615:
5608:
5592:
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5360:
5356:
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5321:
5314:
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5283:
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5232:
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5210:
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5196:
5188:
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5179:
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5100:
5096:
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5002:
4998:
4994:
4987:
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4956:
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4873:
4871:
4869:
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4865:
4863:
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2411:
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1961:Rachel Notley
1959:at the time,
1958:
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1950:Sixties Scoop
1947:
1946:Greg Selinger
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1008:social skills
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913:: $ 350. The
912:
908:
904:
898:
896:
895:forced labour
892:
891:Edgar Dewdney
884:
881:Anglican-run
879:
875:
868:
865:
862:
861:
860:
852:
850:
844:
842:
838:
837:Phil Fontaine
834:
830:
829:psychological
826:
822:
818:
817:
812:
808:
802:
799:
795:
794:forced labour
790:
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783:
773:
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748:
743:
735:
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724:
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719:New Brunswick
716:
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709:
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704:Sixties Scoop
701:
700:child welfare
697:
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458:Although the
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176:New Brunswick
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67:
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12667:School types
12547:
12369:Jingle dress
12364:Jiibayaabooz
12339:Dreamcatcher
12239:
12233:
12188:South Africa
12177:
12045:Treaties and
11917:Philippines
11869:Governmental
11691:
11620:Amazon Watch
11595:in Australia
11556:in Australia
11440:
11433:
11426:
11419:
11412:
11403:
11396:
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11375:
11368:
11363:Foster Child
11361:
11356:Finding Dawn
11354:
11214:
11202:
11109:History wars
10986:Serena McKay
10875:Birth alerts
10832:Potlatch ban
10768: /
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5293:Toronto Star
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3958:
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3414:the original
3410:Toronto Star
3409:
3382:December 16,
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2730:submitted a
2725:
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2667:
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2653:Coast Salish
2588:
2572:
2568:David Zimmer
2560:
2556:
2507:Conservative
2500:
2491:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2436:class action
2432:
2424:
2417:
2405:Irwin Cotler
2395:
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2345:
2326:
2322:
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2291:
2258:
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2208:
2201:
2191:
2188:Universities
2169:
2136:
2102:
2079:
2020:
2016:Elizabeth II
2009:
1974:
1954:
1940:
1908:
1872:
1860:
1852:Gary Merasty
1830:
1813:
1798:
1786:
1783:Presbyterian
1773:Justin Welby
1758:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1719:
1705:
1700:
1695:Pope Francis
1692:
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1674:Pope Francis
1660:
1655:Pope Francis
1652:
1640:
1635:
1603:
1588:
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1579:
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1124:physician F.
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1107:Streptomycin
1101:
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1013:middle class
1001:
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960:
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920:
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833:sexual abuse
814:
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787:tuberculosis
778:
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752:
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744:
740:
715:Rankin Inlet
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644:
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509:Upper Canada
492:
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321:missionaries
318:
295:
258:Pope Francis
224:
199:sexual abuse
184:
172:Rankin Inlet
143:
129:
123:
116:in order to
85:
83:
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12515:Ribbon work
12394:Mudjekeewis
12349:Elbow witch
12302:Clan system
12283:Anishinaabe
12200:Rubber boom
12183:New Zealand
11715:Colonialism
11541:Land rights
11421:Secret Path
11244:land claims
11160:Commissions
10907:Foster care
10827:Pass system
10822:Stereotypes
10252:newswire.ca
10054:October 21,
9819:October 30,
9789:October 30,
9594:Global News
8186:The Trumpet
8155:PP+G Review
8124:Yahoo! News
7952:October 25,
7702:Macleans.ca
7163:Hiltz, Fred
6389:February 4,
6114:Pimatisiwin
5716:Global News
5557:Global News
4721:December 3,
4382:(microform)
4330:December 2,
3685:October 30,
3655:October 30,
2721:SJM Project
2669:Secret Path
2664:Gord Downie
2657:Susan Point
2531:Tom Mulcair
2265:Oka, Quebec
2223:Edward John
2139:Rideau Hall
1923:NunatuKavut
1836:Paul Martin
1618:Edward John
1539: 1945
1534:, Ontario,
1532:Fort Albany
1510:Bill Phipps
1508:Right Rev.
1086:Peter Bryce
1030:BCG vaccine
964:pass system
955:Hayter Reed
672:Robert Hoey
501:West Indies
404:War of 1812
382: 1932
290:Fur traders
164:pass system
160:Hayter Reed
152:day schools
60: 1885
12596:Categories
12487:Potawatomi
12467:Algonquian
12344:Drumkeeper
12334:Deer Woman
12170:Oka Crisis
11853:Two-spirit
11578:ecological
11508:Indigenous
11428:This River
11312:Oka Crisis
11240:Indigenous
10761:gravesites
10732:Indian Act
10703:Background
10355:October 7,
9953:"Jim Hart"
9472:August 31,
8424:August 22,
8398:August 22,
8318:August 22,
8288:August 23,
7240:August 23,
7206:August 23,
6715:0829408657
6196:August 31,
6087:August 31,
5895:"About Us"
5215:August 24,
5125:Al Jazeera
4782:August 15,
2963:References
2912:Indigenous
2900:Indigenous
2637:James Hart
2535:Fred Hiltz
2503:Lynn Beyak
2489:society."
2269:Oka Crisis
2196:president
2116:Judy Foote
2090:Mary Simon
2055:George III
2027:Canada Day
1937:Provincial
1887:Cartwright
1883:St Anthony
1567:missionary
1347:is run by
1330:Indian Act
1268:Indian Act
1260:See also:
1233:headstones
1229:mass grave
1132:school in
1130:Ermineskin
1042:hemoglobin
1034:amebicides
874:control."
767:Conditions
761:baby bonus
747:Indian Act
696:Indian Act
692:section 88
683:Indian Act
563:gravesites
473:Indian Act
325:New France
306:worldviews
279:See also:
212:alcoholism
144:Indian Act
131:Indian Act
118:assimilate
12530:Education
12510:Quillwork
12459:Languages
12424:Shingebis
12414:Pukwudgie
12399:Nanabozho
11821:Rancherie
11816:RancherĂa
11791:Bantustan
11732:Biopiracy
11561:in Canada
11267:Land Back
11097:Responses
10613:April 22,
10024:April 22,
9994:April 22,
9937:April 22,
9911:April 22,
9881:April 22,
9871:Maclean's
9444:1462-3528
9371:April 22,
9340:April 22,
9227:April 10,
9201:April 10,
9033:April 27,
8897:rabble.ca
8637:April 13,
8257:August 2,
8227:August 2,
8196:August 2,
8165:August 2,
8012:April 14,
7865:April 22,
7855:APTN News
7835:April 22,
7559:April 22,
7466:Maclean's
7266:April 22,
6323:March 26,
5844:April 22,
5804:Maclean's
5597:April 15,
5567:April 15,
5105:March 31,
5095:APTN News
5074:March 31,
4589:March 26,
4524:March 25,
3314:April 14,
3087:April 14,
3052:April 30,
3025:April 30,
2834:Australia
2666:released
2643:director
2249:Alert Bay
2219:Santa Ono
1854:, of the
1546:Saskatoon
1478:Apologies
1423:Sun Dance
1038:isoniazid
816:Maclean's
811:Ian Adams
798:artisanal
653:Minister
640:Minnesota
491:, titled
397:Brantford
349:John West
342:fur trade
337:Ursulines
329:Recollets
12312:Religion
11781:Homeland
11692:more ...
11546:Language
11391:Pig Girl
10855:Specific
10748:Genocide
10633:Archived
10314:CTV News
10283:CBC News
10222:CBC News
10132:CBC News
10075:CBC News
10044:CBC News
10014:UBC News
9963:June 21,
9779:CTV News
9573:June 29,
9563:CBC News
9540:June 29,
9506:June 29,
9462:CBC News
9361:CBC News
9273:CBC News
9175:July 14,
9059:June 28,
9023:CBC News
8927:CTV News
8786:July 15,
8760:July 12,
8727:July 12,
8693:July 15,
8667:July 12,
8571:CBC News
8550:June 27,
8513:Archived
8509:CTV News
8482:Archived
8478:CBC News
8448:Archived
8444:BBC News
8418:Archived
8392:Archived
8388:CBC News
8363:Archived
8312:Archived
8308:CBC News
8282:Archived
8278:CBC News
8251:Archived
8247:Royal.uk
8221:Archived
8190:Archived
8159:Archived
8093:CBC News
8063:CBC News
8032:CBC News
7983:June 28,
7977:Archived
7946:Archived
7926:June 28,
7916:CBC News
7896:June 28,
7859:Archived
7829:Archived
7825:CBC News
7805:June 28,
7775:June 28,
7769:Archived
7738:Archived
7734:CBC News
7706:Archived
7675:Archived
7649:Archived
7620:June 28,
7614:Archived
7610:CBC News
7589:June 28,
7583:Archived
7553:Archived
7530:Archived
7526:CTV News
7496:CBC News
7476:March 7,
7470:Archived
7445:March 7,
7439:Archived
7409:Archived
7405:CTV News
7385:July 12,
7379:Archived
7348:Archived
7292:July 10,
7234:Archived
7230:BBC News
7200:Archived
7177:June 27,
7144:March 7,
7138:Archived
7108:CBC News
7078:Archived
7012:CBC News
6981:BBC News
6951:CBC News
6897:June 27,
6865:June 26,
6855:CBC News
6804:June 26,
6794:CTV News
6745:June 26,
6689:June 26,
6616:June 26,
6561:June 26,
6501:June 26,
6247:24065606
6164:July 12,
6131:June 28,
6028:June 29,
5834:CBC News
5773:CTV News
5726:June 25,
5682:CTV News
5658:June 24,
5648:BBC News
5628:June 24,
5591:Archived
5561:Archived
5527:CBC News
5474:June 13,
5389:CTV News
5205:CBC News
5156:(1907).
5045:37984632
4711:CBC News
4680:CBC News
4657:July 28,
4647:CBC News
4610:(2017).
4490:June 27,
4388:July 11,
4373:(1879).
4299:June 28,
4284:(1847).
4266:June 28,
4234:July 12,
4191:(1998).
4170:June 28,
3912:CBC News
3846:June 27,
3796:June 29,
3624:July 25,
3561:28355491
3487:June 29,
3372:CBC News
3348:July 31,
3338:CBC News
3206:July 24,
3121:June 28,
3111:BBC News
2995:April 8,
2986:Archived
2932:Survivor
2920:Canadian
2916:European
2906:and the
2748:See also
2649:Maliseet
2577:and the
2181:CTV News
2023:Winnipeg
1931:Labrador
1899:Makkovik
1840:ministry
1728:Anglican
1644:CBC News
1630:Holy See
1512:stated:
1431:eat soap
1427:strapped
1419:potlatch
1328:and the
819:and the
636:Winnipeg
432:dioceses
357:Manitoba
195:physical
168:reserves
114:religion
12573:Housing
12449:Wendigo
12404:Nokomis
12379:Manitou
12324:Aayaase
12286:culture
11952:Taiwan
11927:Russia
11907:Mexico
11897:Canada
11887:Brazil
11754:Redface
11583:medical
11230:Related
11179:Holiday
11104:AmINext
11055:Inquiry
10386:June 3,
10262:May 30,
10232:May 30,
10201:May 30,
10171:May 30,
10142:May 30,
10111:May 30,
9850:July 7,
9604:July 7,
9283:July 8,
8611:May 20,
8581:July 4,
8519:May 19,
8488:May 19,
8454:May 20,
8369:May 16,
8134:July 4,
8103:July 4,
8073:July 4,
8042:July 4,
7415:May 19,
7354:May 19,
7323:June 4,
7022:July 5,
6672:Origins
6530:July 6,
6276:June 1,
6238:4232330
5783:July 1,
5753:July 6,
5692:July 4,
5537:May 28,
5507:May 28,
5168:July 1,
5135:May 20,
4907:July 9,
4816:May 30,
4752:July 1,
4144:July 4,
4077:June 3,
4046:June 1,
3716:July 1,
3552:5455875
3283:May 30,
2872:Indians
2692:by the
2655:artist
2562:former
1975:In the
1848:Cabinet
1793:Toronto
1597:, then
1496:Sudbury
1138:Calgary
1134:Hobbema
855:Funding
825:Expo 67
694:of the
554:reserve
361:Ontario
333:Jesuits
265:History
220:suicide
12581:Wigwam
12520:Wampum
12477:Ojibwe
12409:Powwow
12329:Baykok
12294:Family
12178:Canada
12093:2024:
12087:2023:
12081:2018:
12071:2010:
12065:2007:
12059:1992:
12053:1989:
12024:bodies
11979:bodies
11871:bodies
11703:Issues
11519:Rights
11232:topics
10857:issues
10814:Racism
10604:
10580:
10559:
10538:
10517:
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10475:
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9758:May 7,
9727:May 7,
9700:May 7,
9666:May 7,
9635:May 7,
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9149:May 7,
9085:May 2,
8963:May 5,
7506:May 5,
6712:
6306:
6245:
6235:
6002:May 5,
5961:Breach
5940:May 5,
5457:
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2888:Indian
2860:Indian
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2293:were:
2170:Queen
2128:Dettah
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1897:, and
1775:, the
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1565:, the
1457:Chief
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1122:Regina
986:, 1908
943:Kenora
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575:
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503:, and
463:, 1867
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12000:WIPO
11435:Taken
11336:Media
11281:
11242:
11195:Legal
11169:IRSSA
11023:
10939:
10866:
10598:(PDF)
9143:(PDF)
8870:(PDF)
8863:(PDF)
8838:(PDF)
8831:(PDF)
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8747:(PDF)
6891:(PDF)
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6683:(PDF)
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3969:. In
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2884:MĂ©tis
2880:Inuit
2595:Haida
2025:, on
1941:Then-
1919:Inuit
1637:hope.
1591:Idaho
1177:cairn
809:" by
465:made
395:near
11962:USA
11510:and
11348:list
11038:2020
10766:list
10615:2019
10602:ISBN
10578:ISBN
10557:ISBN
10536:ISBN
10515:ISBN
10494:ISBN
10473:ISBN
10452:ISBN
10431:ISBN
10388:2021
10357:2020
10326:2019
10295:2019
10264:2021
10234:2021
10203:2021
10173:2021
10144:2021
10113:2021
10087:2017
10056:2017
10026:2017
9996:2017
9965:2020
9939:2017
9913:2017
9883:2017
9852:2016
9821:2022
9791:2022
9760:2017
9729:2017
9702:2017
9668:2017
9637:2017
9606:2016
9575:2016
9542:2016
9508:2016
9474:2016
9440:ISSN
9373:2017
9342:2017
9316:2019
9285:2016
9255:2016
9229:2017
9203:2017
9177:2016
9151:2017
9118:2019
9087:2017
9061:2016
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