37:
36:
464:, in Xu Province. Although Tao Qian's culpability was questionable, Cao Cao nonetheless held him responsible. The invasion took place in two separate waves in 193 and 194, during each of which Cao Cao captured a number of towns and engaged in collective punishment of the civilian populace.
829:
note 24 ), this is unsupported by geography and probably happened during Cao Cao's massacre of civilians somewhat farther south, not during his battle at
Pengcheng. Thus, the casualty figure is most probably not
522:), and invited his father over to his territory. Cao Song was very wealthy, and had brought with him a baggage train consisting of more than 100 covered carts full of his effects. In or near Hua County (near
715:
Liu Bei characterisctically shifted his alliance from Tian Kai towards Tao Qian and he remained in Xu
Province after Cao Cao left. When Tao Qian died of illness later in 194, his sons Tao Shang (
680:, Shandong), destroying all in its path. Returning west, Cao Cao engaged and defeated Tao Qian's forces led by Liu Bei. According to one source, Cao Cao conquered the nearby city of Xiangben (
558:) to escort Cao Song, but Zhang instead murdered Cao and made off with his riches. Regardless of Tao Qian's culpability, Cao Cao intended to hold him responsible for the murder of his father.
623:). The local population was swollen with refugees from the violence of the capital regions. Cao Cao's army killed over 100,000 civilians, including both men and women, such that the
542:, Tao Qian had garrisoned men nearby at Yinping, who were tempted by greed for Cao Song's riches and murdered him for his wealth en route to his destination. According to
566:
In the summer or autumn of 193, Cao Cao invaded Xu
Province with an unspecified number of troops and easily captured over ten cities. After conquering Pengcheng (
1259:
To
Establish Peace: Being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 200 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 63 of the Zizhi Tongjian of Sima Guang
1374:
1297:
1125:
1123:
602:, with the reinforcements Tao Qian was able to resist Cao Cao. Cao Cao's forces eventually ran out of supplies and had to withdraw back to Yan Province.
727:) were passed over for governorship by the local elite in favour of Liu Bei. Thus Liu Bei gained his first territory as a result of Cao Cao's campaign.
1120:
1257:
821:
186:
1246:
411:
1274:
1364:
527:
371:
179:
627:
was stoppered up with their corpses. His army took the chickens and dogs for food and tore down the villages into ruins.
417:
273:
278:
386:
172:
1379:
1237:
328:
605:
Thwarted and low on rations Cao Cao turned his army around, in the process sacking the counties of Qulü (
555:
493:
226:
543:
348:
293:
248:
653:. Tao Qian, seeking to open a southern front against Cao Cao, appointed Liu Bei as the Inspector of
640:
231:
216:
1369:
698:
690:
511:
221:
211:
530:) were ambushed and killed. There were two accounts of how they were murdered. According to the
654:
451:
447:
443:
381:
360:
268:
197:
125:
100:
28:
1144:
1142:
707:). Cao Cao broke off his vengeance against Tao Qian and turned his army back to attack Lü Bu.
1309:
911:
532:
253:
1139:
635:
In the spring of 194, Cao Cao's army returned to Xu
Province, and Tao Qian begged aid from
396:
376:
340:
164:
8:
969:
967:
435:
238:
1304:
1291:
740:
736:
406:
364:
335:
964:
1270:
1266:
816:
401:
356:
258:
243:
1384:
749:
352:
316:
308:
303:
298:
288:
677:
657:, and transferred 4,000 soldiers into his service. Along with Tao Qian's officer
587:
554:– Tao Qian despatched 200 bodyguards led by Commandant of the Capital Zhang Kai (
324:
283:
794:
specifies "the sixth month" (vol. 4, p 67), which would have been around August.
1321:
1219:.873, biography of Liu Bei: 謙病篤，謂別駕麋笁曰：「非劉備不能安此州也。」謙死，笁率州人迎先主，先主未敢當。 ...先主遂領徐州。
538:
526:), on the border of Xu Province and Yan Province, Cao Song and his son Cao De (
942:.11, biography of Cao Cao: 興平元年春，太祖自徐州還，初，太祖父嵩去官後還譙，董卓之亂，避難琅邪，為陶謙所害，故太祖志在復讎東伐。
45:
illustration of Cao Cao (right, on horseback) departing to attack Xu
Province.
1348:
580:), Cao Cao killed possibly more than 10,000 defenders. Tao Qian fled to Tan (
1359:
1354:
1101:.1949–50: 陶謙告急於田楷，楷與平原相劉備救之。備自有兵數千人，謙益以丹陽兵四千，備遂去楷歸謙，謙表為豫州刺史，屯小沛。曹操軍食亦盡，引兵還。
391:
320:
42:
1242:
980:.249, biography of Tao Qian: 初平四年，太祖征謙，攻拔十餘城，至彭城大戰。謙兵敗走，死者萬數，泗水為之不流。謙退守剡。
473:
456:
1155:.249, biography of Tao Qian: 興平元年，復東征，略定琅邪、東海諸縣。謙恐，欲走歸丹楊。會張邈叛迎呂布，太祖還擊布。
735:
Cao Cao's invasion of Xu
Province is featured as playable stages in the
1326:
1316:
1253:
551:
1232:
950:
948:
523:
649:). Tian Kai sent Tao Qian a force of some thousand men commanded by
858:
812:
636:
624:
599:
595:
515:
507:
461:
104:
945:
803:
This casualty statistic, which appears in Tao Qian's biography in
694:
658:
650:
577:
496:. So Cao Song along with the rest of his family moved to Langya (
439:
133:
129:
120:
116:
95:
66:
1329:, annotation, 1286. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing, 1956. 20 vols.
1136:.1950: 曹操使司馬荀彧、壽張令程昱守甄城，復往攻陶謙，遂略地至琅邪、東海，所過殘滅。還，擊破劉備於郯東。謙恐，欲走歸丹陽。
573:
485:
1332:
854:
591:
519:
503:
489:
70:
1269:. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University.
510:) in Xu Province. By 193, Cao Cao had established a base in
492:) after retirement until it became a battlefield during the
744:
478:
Cao Cao's father Cao Song was living in his hometown Qiao (
194:
815:
being dammed with the bodies of the dead. According to
16:
Invasion by warlord Cao Cao against Tao Qian (193–194)
460:
for the invasion was the murder of Cao Cao's father,
1313:), 445. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing, 1965. 12 vols.
1249:, 429. Hong Kong: Zhonghua Publishing, 1971. 5 vols.
1069:.1945: 初，京、雒遭董卓之亂，民流移東出，多依徐土，遇操至，坑殺男女數十萬口於泗水，水為不流。
1001:(曹公得謙上事，知不罷兵。乃進攻彭城，多殺人民。謙引兵擊之，青州刺史田楷亦以兵救謙。公引兵還。)
1346:
1296:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1203:.250 n 2, biography of Tao Qian: 謙二子：商、應，皆不仕。
1171:.11, biography of Cao Cao: 太祖擊破之，遂攻拔襄賁，所過多所殘戮。
811:.249), is attached to a phrase describing the
848:
722:
716:
702:
681:
671:
670:Cao Cao's army plundered Langya and Donghai (
662:
644:
618:
612:
606:
581:
567:
497:
479:
180:
1375:Campaigns during the end of the Han dynasty
847:.2367) also includes Pengcheng and Fuyang (
689:Xu Province was only granted reprieve when
1279:. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22
1252:
187:
173:
1340:. Vol. 4. Beijing: Gold Wall Press.
1104:
1053:.2367: 凡殺男女數十萬人，雞犬無餘，泗水為之不流，自是五縣城保，無復行迹。
1021:.249, biography of Tao Qian: 太祖以糧少引軍還。
983:
920:Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms
756:
1347:
630:
1333:Wu Guoqing (武國卿); Mu Zhongyue (慕中岳).
1037:.2367: 謙退保郯，操攻之不能克，乃還。過拔取慮、雎陵、夏丘，皆屠之。
825:, volume 1, internet edition (2004),
730:
561:
168:
961:.1945: 秋，操引兵擊謙，攻拔十餘城，至彭城，大戰，謙兵敗，走保郯。
697:to take over Cao Cao's home base in
514:(covering present-day southwestern
13:
833:
797:
768:
14:
1396:
432:Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province
22:Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province
661:, Liu Bei encamped east of Tan (
35:
1206:
1190:
1174:
1158:
1088:
1072:
1056:
1040:
1024:
782:.1945) has "autumn", while the
1008:
1003:Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi
995:
929:
905:
889:
873:
834:
798:
769:
1:
1238:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1213:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1197:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1165:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1149:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1015:Records of the Three Kingdoms
974:Records of the Three Kingdoms
936:Records of the Three Kingdoms
805:Records of the Three Kingdoms
784:Records of the Three Kingdoms
693:betrayed Cao Cao and invited
467:
81:Inconclusive, Cao Cao retreat
866:
710:
7:
1365:Military history of Jiangsu
10:
1401:
1335:History of Chinese Warfare
1226:
1187:.1950: 會陳留太守張邈叛操迎呂布，操乃引軍還。
1111:History of Chinese Warfare
990:History of Chinese Warfare
861:) among Cao Cao's ravages.
792:History of Chinese Warfare
550:– the official history of
494:Campaign against Dong Zhuo
471:
227:Campaign against Dong Zhuo
849:
723:
717:
703:
682:
672:
663:
645:
619:
613:
607:
582:
568:
498:
480:
207:
151:
139:
110:
89:
49:
34:
26:
21:
1337:
761:
452:late Eastern Han dynasty
438:launched by the warlord
27:Part of the wars at the
199:end of the Han dynasty
159:Over 100,000 civilians
111:Commanders and leaders
29:end of the Han dynasty
1310:Book of the Later Han
1047:Book of the Later Han
1031:Book of the Later Han
896:Book of the Later Han
841:Book of the Later Han
533:Book of the Later Han
474:Cao Song § Death
279:Cao Cao vs. Zhang Xiu
152:Casualties and losses
1380:Punitive expeditions
757:Notes and References
598:), he was joined by
790:.11) has "summer".
753:video game series.
676:; near present-day
631:The second invasion
412:Jing Province (219)
387:Jing Province (215)
1218:
1202:
1186:
1170:
1154:
1135:
1116:
1100:
1084:
1079:To Establish Peace
1068:
1052:
1036:
1020:
979:
960:
941:
925:
901:
885:
846:
822:To Establish Peace
810:
789:
781:
731:In popular culture
562:The first invasion
446:, the Governor of
1276:978-0-7315-2537-9
1267:Rafe de Crespigny
1241:), 280s or 290s.
1216:
1200:
1184:
1168:
1152:
1133:
1114:
1098:
1082:
1066:
1050:
1034:
1018:
977:
958:
939:
923:
899:
883:
853:; in present-day
844:
817:Rafe de Crespigny
808:
787:
779:
436:punitive invasion
428:
427:
368:
332:
235:
196:Conflicts at the
163:
162:
85:
84:
1392:
1341:
1319:, et al., 資治通鑒 (
1301:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1265:. Translated by
1264:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1194:
1188:
1178:
1172:
1162:
1156:
1146:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1102:
1092:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1060:
1054:
1044:
1038:
1028:
1022:
1012:
1006:
999:
993:
987:
981:
971:
962:
952:
943:
933:
927:
909:
903:
893:
887:
877:
852:
851:
838:
828:
802:
773:
750:Dynasty Warriors
726:
725:
721:) and Tao Ying (
720:
719:
706:
705:
685:
684:
675:
674:
666:
665:
648:
647:
622:
621:
616:
615:
610:
609:
585:
584:
571:
570:
501:
500:
483:
482:
346:
345:Northwest China
314:
229:
202:
200:
189:
182:
175:
166:
165:
51:
50:
39:
19:
18:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1307:, et al., 後漢書 (
1289:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1262:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1195:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1163:
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1147:
1140:
1128:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1093:
1089:
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1029:
1025:
1013:
1009:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
972:
965:
953:
946:
934:
930:
910:
906:
894:
890:
878:
874:
869:
864:
826:
764:
759:
743:instalments of
733:
713:
633:
617:), and Xiaqiu (
588:Tancheng County
564:
476:
470:
429:
424:
329:White Wolf Mtn.
313:Northern China
222:Eunuch massacre
203:
198:
195:
193:
147:More than 5,000
132:
128:
119:
103:
73:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:190s conflicts
1367:
1362:
1357:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1322:Zizhi Tongjian
1314:
1302:
1275:
1250:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1205:
1189:
1181:Zizhi Tongjian
1173:
1157:
1138:
1130:Zizhi Tongjian
1119:
1103:
1095:Zizhi Tongjian
1087:
1071:
1063:Zizhi Tongjian
1055:
1039:
1023:
1007:
994:
992:, vol. 4, p 67
982:
963:
955:Zizhi Tongjian
944:
928:
904:
888:
880:Zizhi Tongjian
871:
870:
868:
865:
863:
862:
831:
795:
776:Zizhi Tongjian
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
732:
729:
712:
709:
686:) after this.
639:in the nearby
632:
629:
586:; present-day
572:; present-day
563:
560:
539:Zizhi Tongjian
502:; present-day
484:; present-day
472:Main article:
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418:Three Kingdoms
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217:Liang Province
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212:Yellow Turbans
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641:Qing Province
638:
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60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1334:
1320:
1308:
1281:. Retrieved
1258:
1236:
1212:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1180:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1148:
1129:
1110:
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1094:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1042:
1030:
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1014:
1010:
1002:
997:
989:
985:
973:
954:
935:
931:
919:
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907:
895:
891:
879:
875:
840:
835:
820:
804:
799:
791:
783:
775:
770:
748:
734:
714:
699:Yan Province
688:
669:
634:
611:), Suiling (
604:
565:
547:
537:
531:
518:and eastern
512:Yan Province
477:
455:
431:
430:
416:
392:Ba (215-216)
382:Xiaoyao Ford
269:Yan Province
263:
90:Belligerents
43:Ming dynasty
1243:Pei Songzhi
918:, cited in
655:Yu Province
457:casus belli
448:Xu Province
372:Yi Province
264:Xu Province
1349:Categories
1327:Hu Sanxing
1317:Sima Guang
1283:2023-09-09
1254:Sima Guang
1247:annotation
916:Book of Wu
691:Zhang Miao
552:Eastern Wu
548:Book of Wu
468:Background
397:Ruxu (217)
377:Ruxu (213)
57:193–194 CE
1325:), 1084.
1292:cite book
1233:Chen Shou
926:.11 n. 1.
867:Citations
830:reliable.
711:Aftermath
524:Mount Tai
450:, in the
349:Tong Pass
274:Jiangdong
249:Xiangyang
239:Yangcheng
1256:(2004).
1005:vol. 08.
912:Wei Zhao
859:Shandong
813:Si River
678:Tancheng
637:Tian Kai
625:Si River
600:Tian Kai
596:Shandong
544:Wei Zhao
516:Shandong
508:Shandong
462:Cao Song
444:Tao Qian
442:against
407:Fancheng
402:Hanzhong
365:Yangping
361:Qi Mtns.
336:Jiangxia
294:Yuan Shu
254:Chang'an
232:Xingyang
140:Strength
126:Tao Qian
105:Tian Kai
101:Tao Qian
62:Location
1385:Cao Cao
1235:, 三國志 (
1227:Sources
1085:.13 n 6
737:seventh
659:Cao Bao
651:Liu Bei
578:Jiangsu
440:Cao Cao
357:Lucheng
353:Jicheng
259:Fengqiu
244:Jieqiao
134:Cao Bao
130:Liu Bei
121:Cao Ren
117:Cao Cao
96:Cao Cao
67:Jiangsu
1305:Fan Ye
1273:
902:.2367.
886:.1945.
741:eighth
574:Xuzhou
486:Bozhou
454:. The
434:was a
317:Liyang
309:Xiakou
304:Bowang
299:Guandu
289:Yijing
78:Result
1338:中國戰爭史
1263:(PDF)
855:Linyi
827:p. 68
762:Notes
695:Lü Bu
592:Linyi
520:Henan
504:Linyi
490:Anhui
341:Chibi
325:Nanpi
284:Xiapi
71:China
1298:link
1271:ISBN
839:The
774:The
745:Koei
739:and
536:and
54:Date
1360:194
1355:193
1117:.68
747:'s
667:).
546:'s
1351::
1294:}}
1290:{{
1245:,
1217:32
1215:,
1199:,
1185:61
1183:,
1167:,
1151:,
1141:^
1134:61
1132:,
1122:^
1113:,
1099:61
1097:,
1081:,
1067:60
1065:,
1051:73
1049:,
1035:73
1033:,
1017:,
976:,
966:^
959:60
957:,
947:^
938:,
922:,
914:,
900:73
898:,
884:60
882:,
857:,
850:傅陽
845:73
780:60
724:陶應
718:陶商
704:兗州
683:襄賁
673:東海
646:青州
620:夏丘
614:睢陵
608:取慮
594:,
590:,
576:,
569:彭城
556:張闓
528:曹德
506:,
499:琅邪
488:,
363:*
359:*
355:*
351:*
327:*
323:*
321:Ye
319:*
69:,
41:A
1300:)
1286:.
1201:8
1169:1
1153:8
1115:4
1083:1
1019:8
978:8
940:1
924:1
843:(
819:(
809:8
807:(
788:1
786:(
778:(
701:(
664:郯
643:(
583:剡
481:譙
421:→
367:)
347:(
331:)
315:(
234:)
230:(
188:e
181:t
174:v
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