6785:. Leakage is equivalent to a resistor in parallel with the capacitor. Constant exposure to factors such as heat, mechanical stress, or humidity can cause the dielectric to deteriorate resulting in excessive leakage, a problem often seen in older vacuum tube circuits, particularly where oiled paper and foil capacitors were used. In many vacuum tube circuits, interstage coupling capacitors are used to conduct a varying signal from the plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage. A leaky capacitor can cause the grid circuit voltage to be raised from its normal bias setting, causing excessive current or signal distortion in the downstream tube. In power amplifiers this can cause the plates to glow red, or current limiting resistors to overheat, even fail. Similar considerations apply to component fabricated solid-state (transistor) amplifiers, but, owing to lower heat production and the use of modern polyester dielectric-barriers, this once-common problem has become relatively rare.
11183:
5721:
11081:. Factors such as voltage and chassis material are of secondary consideration, which are more related to how easily a shock can be initiated rather than how much damage can occur. Under certain conditions, including conductivity of the surfaces, preexisting medical conditions, the humidity of the air, or the pathways it takes through the body (i.e.: shocks that travel across the core of the body and, especially, the heart are more dangerous than those limited to the extremities), shocks as low as one joule have been reported to cause death, although in most instances they may not even leave a burn. Shocks over ten joules will generally damage skin, and are usually considered hazardous. Any capacitor that can store 50 joules or more should be considered potentially lethal.
6101:
3000:
10366:
11171:
323:
11199:
1734:. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the plates. In addition, these equations assume that the electric field is entirely concentrated in the dielectric between the plates. In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric, for example between the sides of the capacitor plates, which increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor. This is sometimes called
614:
7235:
8734:
10582:
575:) were invented in 1957 when H. Becker developed a "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity."
10794:
comes close to operating speed, a centrifugal switch (or current-sensitive relay in series with the main winding) disconnects the capacitor. The start capacitor is typically mounted to the side of the motor housing. These are called capacitor-start motors, that have relatively high starting torque. Typically they can have up-to four times as much starting torque as a split-phase motor and are used on applications such as compressors, pressure washers and any small device requiring high starting torques.
58:
938:
5021:
6027:
5704:
until it reaches the opposite plate, leaving carbon behind and causing a short (or relatively low resistance) circuit. The results can be explosive, as the short in the capacitor draws current from the surrounding circuitry and dissipates the energy. However, in capacitors with particular dielectrics and thin metal electrodes, shorts are not formed after breakdown. It happens because a metal melts or evaporates in a breakdown vicinity, isolating it from the rest of the capacitor.
10641:
4886:
4878:
5013:
622:
11042:
115:
954:
8705:
787:
11218:
7270:
applications. Electrolytic capacitors suffer from self-degradation if unused for a period (around a year), and when full power is applied may short circuit, permanently damaging the capacitor and usually blowing a fuse or causing failure of rectifier diodes. For example, in older equipment, this may cause arcing in rectifier tubes. They can be restored before use by gradually applying the operating voltage, often performed on antique
7243:
10417:, which can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries. They are, however, 10 times larger than conventional batteries for a given charge. On the other hand, it has been shown that the amount of charge stored in the dielectric layer of the thin film capacitor can be equal to, or can even exceed, the amount of charge stored on its plates.
6773:, the dielectric absorption can recharge the capacitor to hazardous voltages after it has been shorted or discharged. Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous, while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal. A capacitor may regain anywhere from 0.01 to 20% of its original charge over a period of several minutes, allowing a seemingly safe capacitor to become surprisingly dangerous.
6596:) whose frequency may be constant or varying. Ripple current causes heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength together with the current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte in the capacitor. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) is the amount of internal series resistance one would add to a perfect capacitor to model this.
7134:
10973:; as the fuel covers more of a pair of plates, the circuit capacitance increases. Squeezing the dielectric can change a capacitor at a few tens of bar pressure sufficiently that it can be used as a pressure sensor. A selected, but otherwise standard, polymer dielectric capacitor, when immersed in a compatible gas or liquid, can work usefully as a very low cost pressure sensor up to many hundreds of bar.
3334:
10532:
5900:
433:
6679:. The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications, potentially causing feedback or unintended recording. In the reverse microphonic effect, the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force, moving them as a speaker. This can generate audible sound, but drains energy and stresses the dielectric and the electrolyte, if any.
8352:
499:. Decades later, these materials were also well-suited for use as the dielectric for the first capacitors. Paper capacitors, made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal and rolling the result into a cylinder, were commonly used in the late 19th century; their manufacture started in 1876, and they were used from the early 20th century as
5236:
series strings are connected in parallel, forming a matrix. The goal is to maximize the energy storage of the network without overloading any capacitor. For high-energy storage with capacitors in series, some safety considerations must be applied to ensure one capacitor failing and leaking current does not apply too much voltage to the other series capacitors.
5492:
6652:, this is caused by degradation of the dielectric. The type of dielectric, ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors, while the operating voltage usually has a smaller effect, i.e., usual capacitor design is to minimize voltage coefficient. The aging process may be reversed by heating the component above the
2988:
8600:
238:. However, there is a flow of charge through the source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the source circuit ceases. If a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor.
6835:
as a 20% decrease in capacitance. The capacitors contain electrolytes which will eventually diffuse through the seals and evaporate. An increase in temperature also increases internal pressure, and increases the reaction rate of the chemicals. Thus, the life of an electrolytic capacitor is generally defined by a modification of the
3878:
8139:
7838:
5231:
4345:
5727:
2213:
4149:
2704:
6728:
excess heating of both the dielectric and the conductors, and can dramatically shorten the life expectancy of the capacitor. Reversal ratings often affect the design considerations for the capacitor, from the choice of dielectric materials and voltage ratings to the types of internal connections used.
10729:
When an inductive circuit is opened, the current through the inductance collapses quickly, creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay. If the inductance is large enough, the energy may generate a spark, causing the contact points to oxidize, deteriorate, or sometimes weld
8720:
The arrangement of plates and dielectric has many variations in different styles depending on the desired ratings of the capacitor. For small values of capacitance (microfarads and less), ceramic disks use metallic coatings, with wire leads bonded to the coating. Larger values can be made by multiple
2766:
is the capacitance. This potential energy will remain in the capacitor until the charge is removed. If charge is allowed to move back from the positive to the negative plate, for example by connecting a circuit with resistance between the plates, the charge moving under the influence of the electric
927:
In the short-time limit, if the capacitor starts with a certain voltage V, since the voltage drop on the capacitor is known at this instant, we can replace it with an ideal voltage source of voltage V. Specifically, if V=0 (capacitor is uncharged), the short-time equivalence of a capacitor is a short
11151:
when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating, or in case of polarized capacitors, applied in a reverse polarity. Failures may create arcing that heats and vaporizes the dielectric fluid, causing a build up of pressurized gas that may result in swelling, rupture, or an explosion. Larger
10682:
is a capacitor used to protect one part of a circuit from the effect of another, for instance to suppress noise or transients. Noise caused by other circuit elements is shunted through the capacitor, reducing the effect they have on the rest of the circuit. It is most commonly used between the power
8744:
Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations, for example axially or radially. "Axial" means that the leads are on a common axis, typically the axis of the capacitor's cylindrical body – the leads extend from opposite ends. Radial leads are rarely aligned
8695:
At optical frequencies, in semiconductors the dielectric constant exhibits structure related to the band structure of the solid. Sophisticated modulation spectroscopy measurement methods based upon modulating the crystal structure by pressure or by other stresses and observing the related changes in
7274:
equipment over a period of thirty minutes by using a variable transformer to supply AC power. The use of this technique may be less satisfactory for some solid state equipment, which may be damaged by operation below its normal power range, requiring that the power supply first be isolated from the
7124:
Above approximately 1 microfarad electrolytic capacitors are usually used because of their small size and low cost compared with other types, unless their relatively poor stability, life and polarised nature make them unsuitable. Very high capacity supercapacitors use a porous carbon-based electrode
6813:
All capacitors have varying lifespans, depending upon their construction, operational conditions, and environmental conditions. Solid-state ceramic capacitors generally have very long lives under normal use, which has little dependency on factors such as vibration or ambient temperature, but factors
6663:
Temperature dependence of capacitance is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm) per °C. It can usually be taken as a broadly linear function but can be noticeably non-linear at the temperature extremes. The temperature coefficient may be positive or negative, depending mostly on the dielectric
5683:
The maximum energy that can be stored safely in a capacitor is limited by the breakdown voltage. Exceeding this voltage can result in a short circuit between the plates, which can often cause permanent damage to the dielectric, plates, or both. Due to the scaling of capacitance and breakdown voltage
11068:
to produce light. If one of the conductive plates is made with a transparent material, the light is visible. Light-emitting capacitors are used in the construction of electroluminescent panels, for applications such as backlighting for laptop computers. In this case, the entire panel is a capacitor
10561:
Capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and larger systems (such as factories) to shunt away and conceal current fluctuations from the primary power source to provide a "clean" power supply for signal or control circuits. Audio equipment, for example,
8729:
The assembly is encased to prevent moisture entering the dielectric – early radio equipment used a cardboard tube sealed with wax. Modern paper or film dielectric capacitors are dipped in a hard thermoplastic. Large capacitors for high-voltage use may have the roll form compressed to
6901:
Manufacturers often use this equation to supply an expected lifespan, in hours, for electrolytic capacitors when used at their designed operating temperature, which is affected by both ambient temperature, ESR, and ripple current. However, these ideal conditions may not exist in every use. The rule
6834:
Electrolytic capacitors generally have the shortest lifespans. Electrolytic capacitors are affected very little by vibration or humidity, but factors such as ambient and operational temperatures play a large role in their failure, which gradually occur as an increase in ESR (up to 300%) and as much
6687:
Current reversal occurs when the current changes direction. Voltage reversal is the change of polarity in a circuit. Reversal is generally described as the percentage of the maximum rated voltage that reverses polarity. In DC circuits, this is usually less than 100%, often in the range of 0 to 90%,
5707:
The usual breakdown route is that the field strength becomes large enough to pull electrons in the dielectric from their atoms thus causing conduction. Other scenarios are possible, such as impurities in the dielectric, and, if the dielectric is of a crystalline nature, imperfections in the crystal
5703:
The breakdown voltage is critically affected by factors such as the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts; sharp edges or points increase the electric field strength at that point and can lead to a local breakdown. Once this starts to happen, the breakdown quickly tracks through the dielectric
5616:
can then be applied. In other cases, such as with breakdown voltage, the effect is non-linear and ordinary (normal, e.g., linear) network analysis cannot be used, the effect must be considered separately. Yet another group of artifacts may exist, including temperature dependence, that may be linear
5315:
5235:
Capacitors are combined in series to achieve a higher working voltage, for example for smoothing a high voltage power supply. The voltage ratings, which are based on plate separation, add up, if capacitance and leakage currents for each capacitor are identical. In such an application, on occasion,
10793:
to introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current. When the secondary (start) winding is placed at an angle with respect to the primary (run) winding, a rotating electric field is created. The force of the rotational field is not constant, but is sufficient to start the rotor spinning. When the rotor
5029:
Connected in series, the schematic diagram reveals that the separation distance, not the plate area, adds up. The capacitors each store instantaneous charge build-up equal to that of every other capacitor in the series. The total voltage difference from end to end is apportioned to each capacitor
1068:
is constant, and directed perpendicularly to the plate surface, except for an area near the edges of the plates where the field decreases because the electric field lines "bulge" out of the sides of the capacitor. This "fringing field" area is approximately the same width as the plate separation,
1044:
is much smaller than the dimensions of the plates. This model applies well to many practical capacitors which are constructed of metal sheets separated by a thin layer of insulating dielectric, since manufacturers try to keep the dielectric very uniform in thickness to avoid thin spots which can
728:
across the device. Because the conductors (or plates) are close together, the opposite charges on the conductors attract one another due to their electric fields, allowing the capacitor to store more charge for a given voltage than when the conductors are separated, yielding a larger capacitance.
656:
within the other conductor, attracting opposite polarity charge and repelling like polarity charges, thus an opposite polarity charge will be induced on the surface of the other conductor. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an
8878:
for very small parts which leave no room to print the above-mentioned three-/four-character code onto them. The code consists of an uppercase letter denoting the two significant digits of the value followed by a digit indicating the multiplier. The EIA standard also defines a number of lowercase
11156:
or sustained high-current applications can overheat, especially in the center of the capacitor rolls. Capacitors used within high-energy capacitor banks can violently explode when a short in one capacitor causes sudden dumping of energy stored in the rest of the bank into the failing unit. High
8725:
or plastic – these are rolled up to save space. To reduce the series resistance and inductance for long plates, the plates and dielectric are staggered so that connection is made at the common edge of the rolled-up plates, not at the ends of the foil or metalized film strips that
6727:
For maximum life, capacitors usually need to be able to handle the maximum amount of reversal that a system may experience. An AC circuit experiences 100% voltage reversal, while underdamped DC circuits experience less than 100%. Reversal creates excess electric fields in the dielectric, causes
7870:
If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move
11049:
A capacitor can possess spring-like qualities in an oscillator circuit. In the image example, a capacitor acts to influence the biasing voltage at the npn transistor's base. The resistance values of the voltage-divider resistors and the capacitance value of the capacitor together control the
3027:
capacitor. Rather, one electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate, resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other. Thus the charge on the
10459:
is used in many applications to increase the power intensity (watts) of a volume of energy (joules) by releasing that volume within a very short time. Pulses in the nanosecond range and powers in the gigawatts are achievable. Short pulses often require specially constructed, low-inductance,
10400:
There are tradeoffs between capacitors and batteries as storage devices. Without external resistors or inductors, capacitors can generally release their stored energy in a very short time compared to batteries. Conversely, batteries can hold a far greater charge per their size. Conventional
6830:
at the point of failure prevents arcing by vaporizing the metallic film in that spot, neutralizing any short circuit with minimal loss in capacitance. When enough pinholes accumulate in the film, a total failure occurs in a metal-film capacitor, generally happening suddenly without warning.
7269:
may leak electrolyte, which is harmful to printed circuit boards. The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures, which increases equivalent series resistance. While widely used for power-supply conditioning, poor high-frequency characteristics make them unsuitable for many
8763:
Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a
10696:, between the various layers. These are often referred to as embedded capacitors. The layers in the board contributing to the capacitive properties also function as power and ground planes, and have a dielectric in between them, enabling them to operate as a parallel plate capacitor.
2827:
5695:
the breakdown is 100–300 MV/m; for oil, 15–25 MV/m; it can be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric. The dielectric is used in very thin layers and so absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors is limited. Typical ratings for capacitors used for general
1722:
802:, voltage is analogous to water pressure and electrical current through a wire is analogous to water flow through a pipe. A capacitor is like an elastic diaphragm within the pipe. Although water cannot pass through the diaphragm, it moves as the diaphragm stretches or un-stretches.
7204:
Ceramic capacitors are generally small, cheap and useful for high frequency applications, although their capacitance varies strongly with voltage and temperature and they age poorly. They can also suffer from the piezoelectric effect. Ceramic capacitors are broadly categorized as
6744:
circuits or timing circuits. The level of absorption depends on many factors, from design considerations to charging time, since the absorption is a time-dependent process. However, the primary factor is the type of dielectric material. Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or
8011:
4894:
Capacitors in a parallel configuration each have the same applied voltage. Their capacitances add up. Charge is apportioned among them by size. Using the schematic diagram to visualize parallel plates, it is apparent that each capacitor contributes to the total surface area.
3512:
10616:
to make the load appear to be mostly resistive. Individual motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power-factor correction, or larger sets of capacitors (usually with automatic switching devices) may be installed at a load center within a building or in a large utility
3637:
314:
Natural capacitors have existed since prehistoric times. The most common example of natural capacitance are the static charges accumulated between clouds in the sky and the surface of the Earth, where the air between them serves as the dielectric. This results in bolts of
8434:
11100:
which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts. This is easily capable of delivering a shock. Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high-voltage capacitors, for instance using a
10763:
In schematic diagrams, a capacitor used primarily for DC charge storage is often drawn vertically in circuit diagrams with the lower, more negative, plate drawn as an arc. The straight plate indicates the positive terminal of the device, if it is polarized (see
5597:
5037:
4190:
5607:
In practice, capacitors deviate from the ideal capacitor equation in several aspects. Some of these, such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear, or can be analyzed as nearly linear, and can be accounted for by adding virtual components to form
1366:
8111:
365:(although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time). Von Kleist found that touching the wire resulted in a powerful spark, much more painful than that obtained from an electrostatic machine. The following year, the Dutch physicist
11182:
3928:
2365:
As shown to the figure on the right, the interleaved plates can be seen as parallel plates connected to each other. Every pair of adjacent plates acts as a separate capacitor; the number of pairs is always one less than the number of plates, hence the
6573:
2538:
3180:
3290:
5617:
but invalidates the assumption in the analysis that capacitance is a constant. Finally, combined parasitic effects such as inherent inductance, resistance, or dielectric losses can exhibit non-uniform behavior at varying frequencies of operation.
7858:, where the voltage dependence stems not from a change in dielectric constant but in a voltage dependence of the spacing between the charges on the two sides of the capacitor. This effect is intentionally exploited in diode-like devices known as
5895:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Z_{\Sigma }&{=}Z_{\text{ESL}}+R_{\text{lead}}+(Z_{\text{C}}\parallel G_{\text{dielectric}})\\&{=}j\omega \cdot {\text{ESL}}+R_{\text{lead}}+{\frac {1}{j\omega \cdot C+G_{\text{dielectric}}}}.\end{aligned}}}
7265:, connected to the circuit by another foil plate. Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat, and high leakage current.
6800:
when manufactured by applying a voltage sufficient to initiate the proper internal chemical state. This state is maintained by regular use of the equipment. If a system using electrolytic capacitors is unused for a long period of time it can
11774:
8674:
at certain frequencies corresponding to characteristic response frequencies (excitation energies) of contributors to the dielectric constant. These resonances are the basis for a number of experimental techniques for detecting defects. The
4644:
7113:
Practical capacitors are available commercially in many different forms. The type of internal dielectric, the structure of the plates and the device packaging all strongly affect the characteristics of the capacitor, and its applications.
8347:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I(\omega )&=j\omega Q(\omega )=j\omega \oint _{\Sigma }{\boldsymbol {D}}({\boldsymbol {r}},\omega )\cdot d{\boldsymbol {\Sigma }}\\&=\leftV(\omega )={\frac {V(\omega )}{Z(\omega )}}\,,\end{aligned}}}
11170:
8745:
along radii of the body's circle, so the term is conventional. The leads (until bent) are usually in planes parallel to that of the flat body of the capacitor, and extend in the same direction; they are often parallel as manufactured.
6622:
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with solid manganese dioxide electrolyte are limited by ripple current and generally have the highest ESR ratings in the capacitor family. Exceeding their ripple limits can lead to shorts and burning
4385:
Impedance decreases with increasing capacitance and increasing frequency. This implies that a higher-frequency signal or a larger capacitor results in a lower voltage amplitude per current amplitude – an AC "short circuit" or
6626:
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors, the most common type of electrolytic, suffer a shortening of life expectancy at higher ripple currents. If ripple current exceeds the rated value of the capacitor, it tends to result in explosive
5638:, the dielectric in a capacitor becomes conductive. The voltage at which this occurs is called the breakdown voltage of the device, and is given by the product of the dielectric strength and the separation between the conductors,
4503:
6372:
At even higher frequencies, the inductive impedance dominates, so the capacitor undesirably behaves instead like an inductor. High-frequency engineering involves accounting for the inductance of all connections and components.
6095:
1586:
923:
In the long-time limit, after the charging/discharging current has saturated the capacitor, no current would come into (or get out of) either side of the capacitor; Therefore, the long-time equivalence of capacitor is an open
8796:
Most capacitors have designations printed on their bodies to indicate their electrical characteristics. Larger capacitors, such as electrolytic types usually display the capacitance as value with explicit unit, for example,
7608:
10786:
motors, the primary winding within the motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor, but is capable of sustaining one. To start the motor, a secondary "start" winding has a series non-polarized
6287:
5004:
2990:
The last formula above is equal to the energy density per unit volume in the electric field multiplied by the volume of field between the plates, confirming that the energy in the capacitor is stored in its electric field.
8846:= 47 nF (±10%) with a maximum working voltage of 330 V. The working voltage of a capacitor is nominally the highest voltage that may be applied across it without undue risk of breaking down the dielectric layer.
7192:
Most of the plastic films now used offer better stability and ageing performance than such older dielectrics such as oiled paper, which makes them useful in timer circuits, although they may be limited to relatively low
7158:
with their plates open to the atmosphere were commonly used in radio tuning circuits. Later designs use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates, with no significant air space between the plates.
4773:
3372:
7322:
circuits and are often designed to handle large currents, so they tend to be physically large. They are usually ruggedly packaged, often in metal cases that can be easily grounded/earthed. They also are designed with
6711:
and capacitance. The current and voltage tends to oscillate and may reverse direction several times, with each peak being lower than the previous, until the system reaches an equilibrium. This is often referred to as
847:
In an AC circuit, a capacitor behaves like a diaphragm in a pipe, allowing the charge to move on both sides of the dielectric while no electrons actually pass through. For DC circuits, a capacitor is analogous to a
10327:
In texts prior to the 1960s and on some capacitor packages until more recently, obsolete capacitance units were utilized in electronic books, magazines, and electronics catalogs. The old units "mfd" and "mf" meant
7137:
An assortment of capacitor types. From left: multilayer ceramic, ceramic disc, multilayer polyester film, tubular ceramic, polystyrene, metalized polyester film, aluminum electrolytic. Major scale divisions are in
5487:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{(volts)}}A_{\mathrm {eq} }&=A\left(1-{\frac {1}{n+1}}\right)\\{\text{(volts)}}B_{\text{1..n}}&={\frac {A}{n}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{n+1}}\right)\\A-B&=0\end{aligned}}}
1738:. For some simple capacitor geometries this additional capacitance term can be calculated analytically. It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large.
7142:
Most capacitors have a dielectric spacer, which increases their capacitance compared to air or a vacuum. In order to maximise the charge that a capacitor can hold, the dielectric material needs to have as high a
391:
and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term "battery", (denoting the increase of power with a row of similar units as in a
7871:
instantly, and so as frequency of an applied alternating voltage increases, the dipole response is limited and the dielectric constant diminishes. A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as
5905:
An ideal capacitor only stores and releases electrical energy, without dissipation. In practice, capacitors have imperfections within the capacitor's materials that result in the following parasitic components:
6740:" or "soakage". On discharging a capacitor and disconnecting it, after a short time it may develop a voltage due to hysteresis in the dielectric. This effect is objectionable in applications such as precision
3599:
7890:
11001:
capacitors etched on a chip to measure the magnitude and direction of the acceleration vector. They are used to detect changes in acceleration, in tilt sensors, or to detect free fall, as sensors triggering
6139:
As frequency increases, the capacitive impedance (a negative reactance) reduces, so the dielectric's conductance becomes less important and the series components become more significant. Thus, a simplified
464:, where the name referred to the device's ability to store a higher density of electric charge than was possible with an isolated conductor. The term became deprecated because of the ambiguous meaning of
5505:
7213:, which can operate at higher voltage. Modern multilayer ceramics are usually quite small, but some types have inherently wide value tolerances, microphonic issues, and are usually physically brittle.
8721:
stacks of plates and disks. Larger value capacitors usually use a metal foil or metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film to make the plates, and a dielectric film of impregnated
1264:
8035:
7117:
Values available range from very low (picofarad range; while arbitrarily low values are in principle possible, stray (parasitic) capacitance in any circuit is the limiting factor) to about 5 kF
5700:
applications range from a few volts to 1 kV. As the voltage increases, the dielectric must be thicker, making high-voltage capacitors larger per capacitance than those rated for lower voltages.
2983:{\displaystyle W={\frac {1}{2}}CV^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\varepsilon A}{d}}\left(Ed\right)^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\varepsilon AdE^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\varepsilon E^{2}({\text{volume of electric field}})}
777:
400:. In 1747, Leyden jars were made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils. The earliest unit of capacitance was the
13466:
Alam, Mohammed; Azarian, Michael H.; Osterman, Michael; Pecht, Michael (2010). "Effectiveness of embedded capacitors in reducing the number of surface mount capacitors for decoupling applications".
8692:, where the slow generation of minority carriers means that at high frequencies the capacitance measures only the majority carrier response, while at low frequencies both types of carrier respond.
6977:
11880:
10753:
absorbs. Snubber capacitors are usually employed with a low-value resistor in series, to dissipate energy and minimize RFI. Such resistor-capacitor combinations are available in a single package.
6015:) that slowly discharges the capacitor over time. This conductance dominates the total resistance at very low frequencies. Its value varies greatly depending on the capacitor material and quality.
2296:
794:, a capacitor is analogous to an elastic diaphragm within a pipe. This animation shows a diaphragm being stretched and un-stretched, which is analogous to a capacitor being charged and discharged.
8144:
6478:
5732:
5320:
4195:
3933:
3642:
10952:
Most capacitors are designed to maintain a fixed physical structure. However, various factors can change the structure of the capacitor, and the resulting change in capacitance can be used to
3054:
10920:
3191:
427:. More compact construction methods began to be used, such as a flexible dielectric sheet (like oiled paper) sandwiched between sheets of metal foil, rolled or folded into a small package.
256:
The earliest forms of capacitors were created in the 1740s, when
European experimenters discovered that electric charge could be stored in water-filled glass jars that came to be known as
6897:
5679:
3873:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I(t)&={\frac {V_{0}}{R}}e^{-t/\tau _{0}}\\V(t)&=V_{0}\left(1-e^{-t/\tau _{0}}\right)\\Q(t)&=CV_{0}\left(1-e^{-t/\tau _{0}}\right)\end{aligned}}}
1461:
732:
In practical devices, charge build-up sometimes affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:
8760:. Surface mount components avoid undesirable high-frequency effects due to the leads and simplify automated assembly, although manual handling is made difficult due to their small size.
13193:
11117:
may also have built-in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few seconds after power is removed. High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals
8730:
fit into a rectangular metal case, with bolted terminals and bushings for connections. The dielectric in larger capacitors is often impregnated with a liquid to improve its properties.
5310:
10969:
can be used for sensing purposes. Capacitors with an exposed and porous dielectric can be used to measure humidity in air. Capacitors are used to accurately measure the fuel level in
4542:
1978:
7477:
6011:(or reciprocally, a large resistance) in parallel with the capacitance, to account for imperfect dielectric material. This causes a small leakage current across the dielectric (see
2410:
must be done by an external power source to move charge from the negative to the positive plate against the opposing force of the electric field. If the voltage on the capacitor is
1898:
1235:
8595:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{r}(\omega )=\varepsilon '_{r}(\omega )-j\varepsilon ''_{r}(\omega )={\frac {1}{j\omega Z(\omega )C_{0}}}={\frac {C_{\text{cmplx}}(\omega )}{C_{0}}}\,,}
6222:
6005:
4382:
lags the AC current by 90°: the positive current phase corresponds to increasing voltage as the capacitor charges; zero current corresponds to instantaneous constant voltage, etc.
2340:
2027:
1846:
4842:
7601:
7197:
and frequencies, because of the limitations of the plastic film being used. Large plastic film capacitors are used extensively in suppression circuits, motor start circuits, and
12518:
8134:. The capacitance, being proportional to the dielectric constant, also exhibits this frequency behavior. Fourier transforming Gauss's law with this form for displacement field:
2201:
296:
systems, they stabilize voltage and power flow. The property of energy storage in capacitors was exploited as dynamic memory in early digital computers, and still is in modern
10562:
uses several capacitors in this way, to shunt away power line hum before it gets into the signal circuitry. The capacitors act as a local reserve for the DC power source, and
4390:. Conversely, for very low frequencies, the reactance is high, so that a capacitor is nearly an open circuit in AC analysis – those frequencies have been "filtered out".
714:
5972:
5226:{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {eq} }=\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{C_{i}}}\right)^{-1}=\left({1 \over C_{1}}+{1 \over C_{2}}+{1 \over C_{3}}+\dots +{1 \over C_{n}}\right)^{-1}}
1197:
7415:-shaped function of the electric field, which, in the case of a large area parallel plate device, translates into a capacitance that is a nonlinear function of the voltage.
5275:
4340:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}X&=-{\frac {1}{\omega C}}=-{\frac {1}{2\pi fC}}\\Z&={\frac {1}{j\omega C}}=-{\frac {j}{\omega C}}=-{\frac {j}{2\pi fC}}\end{aligned}}}
957:
A surface-mount capacitor. The plates, not visible, are layered horizontally between ceramic dielectric layers, and connect alternately to either end-cap, which are visible.
11421:
11157:
voltage vacuum capacitors can generate soft X-rays even during normal operation. Proper containment, fusing, and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards.
7339:
materials, so the capacitance for these devices is more complex. For example, in charging such a capacitor the differential increase in voltage with charge is governed by:
4414:
1537:
11198:
6410:
6336:
6191:
6164:
5929:
1022:
10797:
Capacitor-run induction motors have a permanently connected phase-shifting capacitor in series with a second winding. The motor is much like a two-phase induction motor.
7382:
6314:
10566:
AC currents from the power supply. This is used in car audio applications, when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to the
10394:. Capacitors are commonly used in electronic devices to maintain power supply while batteries are being changed. (This prevents loss of information in volatile memory.)
7185:
Paper was used extensively in older capacitors and offers relatively high voltage performance. However, paper absorbs moisture, and has been largely replaced by plastic
6826:. For example, metal-film capacitors are more prone to damage from stress and humidity, but will self-heal when a breakdown in the dielectric occurs. The formation of a
6668:, have a somewhat negative coefficient at one temperature, positive at another, and zero in between. Such components may be specified for temperature-critical circuits.
11402:
7310:, carbon nanotubes, or highly porous electrode materials, offer extremely high capacitance (up to 5 kF as of 2010) and can be used in some applications instead of
12307:
12124:
8756:
packages for capacitors have been widely used. These packages are extremely small and lack connecting leads, allowing them to be soldered directly onto the surface of
6471:
4898:
4144:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I(t)&={\frac {V_{Ci}}{R}}e^{-t/\tau _{0}}\\V(t)&=V_{Ci}\,e^{-t/\tau _{0}}\\Q(t)&=C\,V_{Ci}\,e^{-t/\tau _{0}}\end{aligned}}}
545:, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he was granted U.S. Patent No. 672,913 for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes". Solid electrolyte
12814:
Science and
Technology of Integrated Ferroelectrics: Selected Papers from Eleven Years of the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics
2790:
is constant, as in the parallel plate model above, the electric field between the plates will be uniform (neglecting fringing fields) and will have a constant value
2509:
2141:
11164:
to limit in-rush currents at power-up of high voltage direct current (HVDC) circuits. This extends the life of the component and may mitigate high-voltage hazards.
10734:
capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points, thereby preserving their life; these were commonly found in
10336:(pF); but they are rarely used any more. Also, "Micromicrofarad" or "micro-microfarad" are obsolete units that are found in some older texts that is equivalent to
7096:
7067:
7038:
7009:
6448:
2822:
2699:{\displaystyle W=\int _{0}^{Q}V(q)\,\mathrm {d} q=\int _{0}^{Q}{\frac {q}{C}}\,\mathrm {d} q={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {Q^{2}}{C}}={\frac {1}{2}}VQ={\frac {1}{2}}CV^{2}}
2396:
2111:
2084:
2057:
1797:
1770:
1400:
895:
842:
411:
Leyden jars or more powerful devices employing flat glass plates alternating with foil conductors were used exclusively up until about 1900, when the invention of
12564:
6818:
play a primary role in their failure. Failure modes may differ. Some capacitors may experience a gradual loss of capacitance, increased leakage or an increase in
4674:
919:
In a circuit, a capacitor can behave differently at different time instants. However, it is usually easy to think about the short-time limit and long-time limit:
13227:
7216:
Glass and mica capacitors are extremely reliable, stable and tolerant to high temperatures and voltages, but are too expensive for most mainstream applications.
2474:
2451:
1153:
1130:
2788:
2764:
2744:
2724:
2529:
2428:
2360:
2238:
2161:
1918:
1511:
1491:
1420:
1255:
1107:
1087:
1066:
1042:
999:
979:
11140:. Capacitors containing PCBs were labelled as containing "Askarel" and several other trade names. PCB-filled paper capacitors are found in very old (pre-1975)
11077:
The hazards posed by a capacitor are usually determined, foremost, by the amount of energy stored, which is the cause of things like electrical burns or heart
10448:
applied the principle of energy storage in capacitors to construct dynamic digital memories for the first binary computers that used electron tubes for logic.
8870:
of preferred values, the former ANSI/EIA-198-D:1991, ANSI/EIA-198-1-E:1998 and ANSI/EIA-198-1-F:2002 as well as the amendment IEC 60062:2016/AMD1:2019 to
7275:
consuming circuits. Such remedies may not be applicable to modern high-frequency power supplies as these produce full output voltage even with reduced input.
15249:
530:. Mica capacitors were invented in 1909 by William Dubilier. Prior to World War II, mica was the most common dielectric for capacitors in the United States.
10800:
Motor-starting capacitors are typically non-polarized electrolytic types, while running capacitors are conventional paper or plastic film dielectric types.
6802:
11176:
Swollen electrolytic capacitors. The vent on the tops allows the release of pressurized gas build-up in the event of failure, preventing it from exploding.
6037:
11903:
4179:, describes the phase difference and the ratio of amplitudes between sinusoidally varying voltage and sinusoidally varying current at a given frequency.
3899:
of the system. As the capacitor reaches equilibrium with the source voltage, the voltages across the resistor and the current through the entire circuit
617:
Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric (orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.
7847:
The nonlinear capacitance of a microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric surface is used to study the domain structure of ferroelectric materials.
3527:
11791:
13675:
10373:. The mylar-film capacitor has very low inductance and low resistance, producing a 3.5 microsecond pulse with 24 million watts of power, to operate a
6724:
systems usually do not experience a voltage reversal. Reversal is also encountered in AC circuits, where the peak current is equal in each direction.
6236:
7231:
occurs in circuits wherever the simple conductor-insulator-conductor structure is formed unintentionally by the configuration of the circuit layout.
13265:
11586:
6577:
The Q factor is a measure of its efficiency: the higher the Q factor of the capacitor, the closer it approaches the behavior of an ideal capacitor.
377:
where he worked. He also was impressed by the power of the shock he received, writing, "I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France."
4187:
of frequencies, whence the circuit's reaction to the various frequencies may be found. The reactance and impedance of a capacitor are respectively
3311:
rather than an electric field. Its current-voltage relation is obtained by exchanging current and voltage in the capacitor equations and replacing
900:
Electrical current affects the charge differential across a capacitor just as the flow of water affects the volume differential across a diaphragm.
13749:
12543:
8660:. For practical purposes, when measurement errors are taken into account, often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum, or simply a calculation of
8431:
When a parallel-plate capacitor is filled with a dielectric, the measurement of dielectric properties of the medium is based upon the relation:
5724:
Real capacitor model that adds an inductance and resistance in series and a conductance in parallel to its capacitance. Its total impedance is:
4404:
A capacitor connected to an alternating voltage source has a displacement current to flowing through it. In the case that the voltage source is
8816:
Smaller capacitors, such as ceramic types, often use a shorthand-notation consisting of three digits and an optional letter, where the digits (
13184:
7154:
However, low value capacitors are available with a high vacuum between their plates to allow extremely high voltage operation and low losses.
735:
14799:
8024:, calculated in principle from an underlying microscopic analysis, for example, of the dipole behavior in the dielectric. See, for example,
7288:(OS-CON, OC-CON, KO, AO) use solid conductive polymer (or polymerized organic semiconductor) as electrolyte and offer longer life and lower
6905:
1717:{\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}CV^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\varepsilon A}{d}}\left(U_{d}d\right)^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\varepsilon AdU_{d}^{2}}
10656:(when charged up to the applied DC voltage), they are often used to separate the AC and DC components of a signal. This method is known as
2243:
11270:
Most real capacitors may have a small dielectric leakage current that passes through the resistive dielectric layer in between the plates.
7833:{\displaystyle W=\int _{0}^{V}dV\int _{0}^{V}dV'\,C(V')=\int _{0}^{V}dV'\int _{V'}^{V}dV\,C(V')=\int _{0}^{V}dV'\left(V-V'\right)C(V')\,,}
6781:
No material is a perfect insulator, thus all dielectrics allow some small level of current to leak through, which can be measured with a
6656:. Aging is fastest near the beginning of life of the component, and the device stabilizes over time. Electrolytic capacitors age as the
15031:
1155:
on the other plate (the situation for unevenly charged plates is discussed below), the charge on each plate will be spread evenly in a
12522:
10877:
8828: × 10, and the letter indicating the tolerance. Common tolerances are ±5%, ±10%, and ±20%, denotes as J, K, and M, respectively.
7395:, suggests that the capacitance is a function of the electric field strength, which in a large area parallel plate device is given by
14623:
13366:
Bezryadin, A.; Belkin, A.; et al. (2017). "Large energy storage efficiency of the dielectric layer of graphene nanocapacitors".
11084:
Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal
3507:{\displaystyle V_{0}=v_{\text{resistor}}(t)+v_{\text{capacitor}}(t)=i(t)R+{\frac {1}{C}}\int _{t_{0}}^{t}i(\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau }
6657:
15069:
11152:
capacitors may have vents or similar mechanism to allow the release of such pressures in the event of failure. Capacitors used in
7335:
The dielectric constant for a number of very useful dielectrics changes as a function of the applied electrical field, for example
7299:
is a component that, while not serving as its main use, has capacitance and is used to conduct signals through a conductive sheet.
4163:
11811:
6842:
5641:
14971:
14264:
11425:
6675:
effect. Vibration moves the plates, causing the capacitance to vary, in turn inducing AC current. Some dielectrics also generate
8679:
measures absorption as a function of frequency. Alternatively, the time response of the capacitance can be used directly, as in
1799:, and if both plates are separated from other materials in the environment, then the inner surface of the first plate will have
194:. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include
15074:
11618:
5613:
448:, a term that is still occasionally used today, particularly in high power applications, such as automotive systems. The term
361:
by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar. Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors and the jar as a
11014:
musical instrument by moving their hand since this changes the effective capacitance between the user's hand and the antenna.
7425:
6981:
This says that the capacitor's life decreases by half for every 10 degrees
Celsius that the temperature is increased, where:
6671:
Capacitors, especially ceramic capacitors, and older designs such as paper capacitors, can absorb sound waves resulting in a
6144:
model valid for a large frequency range simply treats the capacitor as being in series with an equivalent series inductance
5720:
14906:
14181:
13664:
13650:
13636:
13612:
13591:
13566:
13534:
13438:
13164:
13057:
12969:
12730:
12692:
12665:
12610:
12437:
12248:
12211:
12061:
12034:
12004:
11825:
11538:
11351:
11007:
12765:
11605:
After Volta's discovery of the electrochemical cell in 1800, the term was then applied to a group of electrochemical cells
8006:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {D(t)}}=\varepsilon _{0}\int _{-\infty }^{t}\varepsilon _{r}(t-t'){\boldsymbol {E}}(t')\,dt',}
4800:
518:'s wireless transmitting apparatus, porcelain capacitors were used for high voltage and high frequency application in the
13962:
13742:
7503:
10692:
Decoupling capacitors need not always be discrete components. Capacitors used in these applications may be built into a
6100:
553:
in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented
15019:
14918:
12575:
12174:
11457:
10660:
or "capacitive coupling". Here, a large value of capacitance, whose value need not be accurately controlled, but whose
10391:
4671:
The current of the capacitor may be expressed in the form of cosines to better compare with the voltage of the source:
13223:
10981:
Capacitors with a flexible plate can be used to measure strain or pressure. Industrial pressure transmitters used for
10386:
A capacitor can store electric energy when disconnected from its charging circuit, so it can be used like a temporary
5592:{\displaystyle P={\frac {1}{R}}\cdot {\frac {1}{n+1}}A_{\text{volts}}\left(A_{\text{farads}}+B_{\text{farads}}\right)}
686:
472:
becoming the recommended term in the UK from 1926, while the change occurred considerably later in the United States.
14953:
14792:
13945:
13841:
13133:
13023:
12996:
12938:
12892:
12857:
12826:
11897:
11386:
10741:, for instance. Similarly, in smaller scale circuits, the spark may not be enough to damage the switch but may still
8681:
3521:
810:. In the same way that the ratio of charge differential to voltage would be greater for a larger capacitance value (
15259:
14085:
13812:
13492:
Downie, Neil A and
Mathilde Pradier, 'Method and apparatus for monitoring fluid pressure", US Patent 7526961 (2009)
10985:
use pressure-sensing diaphragms, which form a capacitor plate of an oscillator circuit. Capacitors are used as the
8648:
is the capacitance without the dielectric. (Measurement "without the dielectric" in principle means measurement in
234:
to collect on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate. No current actually flows through a
8029:
7318:
capacitors are specifically designed to work on line (mains) voltage AC power circuits. They are commonly used in
6757:
allow very small levels of absorption. In some capacitors where dangerous voltages and energies exist, such as in
1428:
1361:{\displaystyle V=\int _{0}^{d}E(z)\,\mathrm {d} z=Ed={\frac {\sigma }{\varepsilon }}d={\frac {Qd}{\varepsilon A}}}
852:, storing the energy until pressure is released. Similarly, they can be used to smooth the flow of electricity in
14965:
14901:
14133:
13932:
11251:
8106:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {D}}(\omega )=\varepsilon _{0}\varepsilon _{r}(\omega ){\boldsymbol {E}}(\omega )\,,}
7841:
7342:
7118:
6793:
226:) is applied across the terminals of a capacitor, for example when a capacitor is connected across a battery, an
11506:
A History of
Electricity: (The Intellectual Rise in Electricity) from Antiquity to the Days of Benjamin Franklin
10397:
A capacitor can facilitate conversion of kinetic energy of charged particles into electric energy and store it.
6421:
4532:
910:
Just as capacitors block DC while passing AC, diaphragms displace no water unless there is a change in pressure.
15234:
13735:
11664:
11403:"Molecular Expressions: Electricity and Magnetism - Interactive Java Tutorials: Lightning: A Natural Capacitor"
10947:
10500:
8867:
8863:
5280:
249:, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy, although real-life capacitors do dissipate a small amount (see
13041:
2005 IEEE Instrumentation and
Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC): Ottawa, Ontario Canada, 16–19 May 2005
6382:
1048:
Since the separation between the plates is uniform over the plate area, the electric field between the plates
15091:
14959:
8859:
8855:
6289:, the inductance perfectly cancels the capacitance, so total reactance is zero. Since the total impedance at
5712:
as seen in semi-conductor devices. Breakdown voltage is also affected by pressure, humidity and temperature.
5684:
with dielectric thickness, all capacitors made with a particular dielectric have approximately equal maximum
3300:
1923:
139:
on two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from each other. The capacitor was originally known as the
11788:
11634:
11561:
6568:{\displaystyle Q(\omega )={\frac {|X_{C}(\omega )|}{\text{ESR}}}={\frac {1}{\omega C\cdot {\text{ESR}}}}\,.}
6227:
Inductive reactance increases with frequency. Because its sign is positive, it counteracts the capacitance.
1206:
14785:
14164:
13916:
10746:
10511:
and other specialty weapons. Experimental work is under way using banks of capacitors as power sources for
8831:
A capacitor may also be labeled with its working voltage, temperature, and other relevant characteristics.
7289:
6819:
6388:
6200:
6168:
5983:
5933:
4867:
2999:
2301:
1851:
11317:
7411:. This field polarizes the dielectric, which polarization, in the case of a ferroelectric, is a nonlinear
3175:{\displaystyle V(t)={\frac {Q(t)}{C}}=V(t_{0})+{\frac {1}{C}}\int _{t_{0}}^{t}I(\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau }
1983:
1802:
844:), the ratio of water displacement to pressure would be greater for a diaphragm that flexes more readily.
564:, the capacitor industry began to replace paper with thinner polymer films. One very early development in
15208:
15103:
13968:
13905:
13275:
11241:
10653:
8722:
7223:
are used to store small and larger amounts of energy, respectively, ceramic capacitors are often used in
5691:
For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 2–5 MV/m (or kV/mm); for
3285:{\displaystyle I(t)={\frac {\mathrm {d} Q(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}=C{\frac {\mathrm {d} V(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}}
293:
10365:
1109:
is small compared to the plate dimensions, it is small enough to be ignored. Therefore, if a charge of
15264:
15123:
15081:
14628:
14175:
13156:
12961:
12930:
12746:
Robinson's Manual of Radio
Telegraphy and Telephony by S.S. Robinson -- US Naval Institute 1924 Pg. 170
11996:
10598:
10360:
6593:
3366:
961:
The simplest model of a capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates each with an area of
17:
11769:
10301:
and replaces the decimal separator with the SI prefix symbol for the particular value (and the letter
4793:
in circuit analysis, the impedance of an ideal capacitor with no initial charge is represented in the
4660:
approaches 0, the capacitor resembles a short wire that strongly passes current at high frequencies. X
3023:) passing through it. Actual charges – electrons – cannot pass through the dielectric of an
2166:
2086:, and if the second plate is connected to ground, then the inner surface of the first plate will have
625:
A simple demonstration capacitor made of two parallel metal plates, using an air gap as the dielectric
15254:
15024:
15009:
14935:
14895:
14382:
14096:
13939:
13824:
13331:
Shinn, Eric; et al. (2012). "Nuclear energy conversion with stacks of graphene nanocapacitors".
11129:
8127:
7278:
Tantalum capacitors offer better frequency and temperature characteristics than aluminum, but higher
6135:, the total impedance and voltage drop is primarily resistive. Higher frequencies are more inductive.
5950:
1165:
13722:
11125:
or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events.
10993:, where one plate is moved by air pressure, relative to the fixed position of the other plate. Some
10558:
circuits as the energy storage element in the generation of higher voltages than the input voltage.
5252:
15036:
14941:
14929:
14391:
14249:
14101:
13957:
13252:"Fundamentals of Electronics, Volume 1b: Basic Electricity, Alternating Current, NAVPERS 93400A-1b"
12790:
12305:
Reed, C. W.; Cichanowski, S. W. (1994). "The fundamentals of aging in HV polymer-film capacitors".
12240:
11059:
8709:
8689:
8025:
6366:
1516:
366:
171:, a capacitor is a component designed specifically to add capacitance to some part of the circuit.
98:
6393:
6319:
6174:
6147:
5912:
1007:
15239:
15086:
14864:
14859:
14402:
14122:
13921:
10661:
10608:
in volt-amperes reactive (var). The purpose is to counteract inductive loading from devices like
10594:
10586:
10465:
10322:
7884:
7198:
6339:
6292:
4668:
approaches infinity, the capacitor resembles an open circuit that poorly passes low frequencies.
4639:{\displaystyle X_{C}={\frac {V_{0}}{I_{0}}}={\frac {V_{0}}{\omega CV_{0}}}={\frac {1}{\omega C}}}
4159:
3037:
3003:
Schematic showing polarity of voltage and direction of current for this current–voltage relation.
496:
358:
322:
150:
8131:
3358:. If the capacitor is initially uncharged while the switch is open, and the switch is closed at
2216:
The interleaved capacitor can be seen as a combination of several parallel connected capacitors.
432:
15180:
14977:
14571:
14138:
14003:
13979:
13716:
13251:
13039:
10765:
10512:
10445:
8757:
8738:
8716:
tantalum at top right; through-hole electrolytic at bottom right. Major scale divisions are cm.
7250:
7210:
7206:
6611:
6008:
5240:
541:, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline
538:
346:
157:
124:
93:
13577:
13543:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society LXXII, Appendix 8, 1782 (Volta coins the word
13315:
13123:
13106:
12924:
12874:
12812:
12716:
12427:
12234:
12197:
12024:
11990:
11680:
11528:
11504:
10760:
to equally distribute the voltage between these units. These are called "grading capacitors".
2535:) is equal to the total work done in establishing the electric field from an uncharged state.
897:). Likewise, the greater the displaced water volume, the greater the elastic potential energy.
15192:
15146:
15014:
14912:
14849:
14640:
14592:
14413:
14229:
14144:
14075:
13911:
13428:
13150:
13013:
12843:
12682:
12651:
12164:
12051:
11480:
11447:
10821:
10817:
10742:
10693:
10618:
10567:
10481:
10387:
8765:
7876:
7872:
7851:
7279:
7228:
7194:
6737:
6660:. In contrast with ceramic capacitors, this occurs towards the end of life of the component.
6456:
4176:
2511:. The energy is stored in the increased electric field between the plates. The total energy
2407:
1735:
849:
583:
523:
397:
12986:
12955:
12334:
Klein, N.; Gafni, H. (1966). "The maximum dielectric strength of thin silicon oxide films".
12270:
Inuishi, Y.; Powers, D. A. (1957). "Electric breakdown and conduction through Mylar films".
6639:
have very low ESR ratings but exceeding rated ripple current may cause degradation failures.
6193:, which varies little with frequency. Unlike the previous model, this model is not valid at
4781:
with the voltage by +π/2 radians or +90 degrees, i.e. the current leads the voltage by 90°.
2479:
2116:
27:
Passive two-terminal electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field
15118:
15113:
15096:
14816:
14714:
14458:
14353:
14127:
14020:
13874:
13835:
13766:
13758:
13385:
13340:
12657:
12472:
12382:
12343:
12279:
12203:
11847:
11817:
11148:
11097:
10990:
10679:
10673:
10493:
8130:, with an imaginary part related to absorption of energy from the field by the medium. See
7311:
7074:
7045:
7016:
6987:
6823:
6426:
4172:
4168:
2793:
2369:
2089:
2062:
2035:
1775:
1748:
1543:
1371:
904:
866:
813:
807:
630:
500:
383:
was the first to combine several jars in parallel to increase the charge storage capacity.
179:
153:
145:
68:
13686:
12169:. Advanced Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Vol. 10. World Scientific.
11088:
or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as the
6115:
3015:) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge
1156:
8:
15244:
15165:
15108:
14947:
14869:
14844:
14808:
14434:
14342:
14234:
14070:
14047:
12138:"(PDF) Universality of the emergent scaling in finite random binary percolation networks"
11246:
11089:
10783:
10689:
as it is used to bypass the power supply or other high impedance component of a circuit.
10635:
10543:
8776:
7315:
7151:
as possible. The dielectric also needs to have as low a loss with frequency as possible.
6704:
6589:
6128:
would depend on the particular capacitor.) Lower frequencies are more capacitive. Around
6104:
5709:
1731:
1547:
412:
269:
13697:
13389:
13344:
12476:
12386:
12347:
12283:
11122:
6141:
6031:
2456:
2433:
1135:
1112:
167:. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a
15185:
15170:
15051:
14889:
14854:
14739:
14599:
14307:
14274:
14090:
13974:
13952:
13409:
13375:
13270:
13063:
12403:
12370:
12101:
11751:
11510:
11223:
11036:
10943:
10860:
10852:
rely on variable capacitors to tune the station frequency. Speakers use passive analog
10789:
7418:
Corresponding to the voltage-dependent capacitance, to charge the capacitor to voltage
7234:
7155:
6836:
6815:
6600:
6578:
5975:
3032:
of the current as well as proportional to the voltage, as discussed above. As with any
2773:
2749:
2729:
2709:
2514:
2413:
2345:
2223:
2146:
1903:
1496:
1476:
1405:
1240:
1092:
1072:
1051:
1027:
984:
964:
546:
261:
242:
235:
219:
42:
11192:
has a resistor connected between the terminals for safety, to dissipate stored energy.
4498:{\displaystyle I=C{\frac {{\text{d}}V}{{\text{d}}t}}=-\omega {C}{V_{0}}\sin(\omega t)}
613:
15141:
14734:
14655:
14546:
14498:
14327:
14254:
14216:
13660:
13646:
13632:
13608:
13587:
13562:
13530:
13434:
13401:
13160:
13129:
13053:
13019:
12992:
12965:
12934:
12888:
12853:
12822:
12726:
12688:
12661:
12606:
12488:
12433:
12408:
12244:
12207:
12170:
12137:
12057:
12030:
12000:
11893:
11889:
11821:
11688:
11660:
11534:
11453:
11382:
11378:
11347:
11231:
11093:
10829:
10613:
10504:
10464:) to supply huge pulses of current for many pulsed power applications. These include
10298:
8780:
8749:
7285:
7148:
6902:
of thumb for predicting lifespan under different conditions of use is determined by:
6717:
6691:
In DC circuits and pulsed circuits, current and voltage reversal are affected by the
6649:
6630:
6451:
6231:
5626:
4790:
4362:
3900:
2824:. In this case the stored energy can be calculated from the electric field strength
1513:
increases linearly, the capacitance scales with the linear dimension of a capacitor (
799:
791:
550:
511:
393:
384:
374:
132:
106:
13413:
13067:
11772:, Becker, H. I., "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor", issued 1957-07-23
11755:
6633:
generally have no ripple current limitation and have some of the lowest ESR ratings.
6090:{\displaystyle j\omega \cdot {\text{ESL}}+{\text{ESR}}-{\frac {j}{\omega \cdot C}}.}
1493:
of the plates increases with the square of the linear dimensions and the separation
594:
invented modern DRAM architecture, combining a single MOS transistor per capacitor.
14874:
14450:
14397:
14224:
13863:
13475:
13393:
13348:
13045:
12480:
12398:
12390:
12351:
12316:
12287:
11968:
11743:
11236:
11141:
10750:
10720:
10705:
10685:
10563:
10410:
10343:
Summary of obsolete capacitance units: (upper/lower case variations are not shown)
10297:
is a notation to state a capacitor's value in a circuit diagram. It avoids using a
8752:
have existed from the 1930s onward, and remain in widespread use. After the 1980s,
7880:
7266:
6713:
6676:
5030:
according to the inverse of its capacitance. The entire series acts as a capacitor
4180:
860:
649:
645:
641:. Examples of dielectric media are glass, air, paper, plastic, ceramic, and even a
561:
453:
331:
168:
41:"Capacitive" redirects here. For the term used when referring to touchscreens, see
14259:
10604:. Usually, the values of these capacitors are not given in farads but rather as a
8696:
absorption or reflection of light have advanced our knowledge of these materials.
5938:
due to the leads. This is usually significant only at relatively high frequencies.
3610:, the voltage across the capacitor is zero and the voltage across the resistor is
15064:
15059:
15041:
15004:
14999:
14924:
14884:
14727:
14660:
14513:
14244:
14154:
13998:
13602:
13552:
13524:
12757:
Gupta, Anunay; Yadav, Om
Prakash; DeVoto, Douglas; Major, Joshua (October 2018).
12600:
11795:
11524:
11341:
11153:
11065:
10982:
10853:
10777:
10757:
10738:
10735:
10724:
10709:
10609:
10601:
10406:
7108:
6741:
1261:
of the electric field over a line (in the z-direction) from one plate to another
465:
437:
354:
231:
175:
136:
35:
30:
This article is about the electronic component. For the physical phenomenon, see
13885:
11204:
An exploded electrolytic capacitor, showing fragments of paper and metallic foil
10581:
8733:
6282:{\displaystyle \omega _{0}{=}{\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {{\text{ESL}}\cdot {\text{C}}}}}}
4999:{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {eq} }=\sum _{i=1}^{n}C_{i}=C_{1}+C_{2}+\cdots +C_{n}}
1470:
dielectric material, large plate area, and small separation between the plates.
856:
DC circuits in the same way an accumulator dampens surges from a hydraulic pump.
633:
separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive region can either be a
174:
The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many
14994:
14702:
14483:
14473:
14239:
14042:
13684:; 1st Ed; G. W. A. Dummer and Harold Nordenberg; Maple Press; 288 pages; 1960.
13397:
12758:
12394:
11959:
Pillai, K. P. P. (1970). "Fringing field of finite parallel-plate capacitors".
11106:
11102:
11085:
10849:
10825:
10756:
Capacitors are also used in parallel with interrupting units of a high-voltage
10645:
10605:
10508:
10469:
10414:
8773:
8361:
7324:
7319:
7303:
7220:
7186:
6827:
6766:
6762:
6636:
6615:
5685:
4393:
Capacitors are different from resistors and inductors in that the impedance is
4354:
3308:
3033:
1200:
1160:
941:
Parallel plate capacitor model consists of two conducting plates, each of area
653:
591:
572:
565:
380:
265:
227:
13479:
13049:
12460:
8028:. The integral extends over the entire past history up to the present time. A
7883:. Under transient conditions, the displacement field can be expressed as (see
6387:
For a simplified model of a capacitor as an ideal capacitor in series with an
6107:
of voltages in an RLC circuit. Frequency is relative to the natural frequency
914:
15228:
15175:
15158:
15153:
14764:
14587:
14503:
14322:
14149:
14117:
13710:
13629:
Tantalum and
Niobium-Based Capacitors – Science, Technology, and Applications
13558:
13152:
Hands-On Electronics: A Practical Introduction to Analog and Digital Circuits
12492:
11747:
11692:
11562:"Experiments & Observations on Electricity: Letter IV to Peter Collinson"
11189:
11118:
11114:
10994:
8753:
7336:
6770:
6692:
5631:
Above a particular electric field strength, known as the dielectric strength
4778:
3895:
1258:
863:. The more a capacitor is charged, the higher the voltage across the plates (
642:
457:
273:
12811:
de Araujo, Carlos Paz; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy; Taylor, George W., eds. (2001).
12355:
7302:
Several other types of capacitor are available for specialist applications.
4768:{\displaystyle I=-I_{0}\sin({\omega t})=I_{0}\cos({\omega t}+{90^{\circ }})}
14645:
14633:
14521:
14488:
14317:
14302:
13869:
13405:
12884:
12412:
11972:
11449:
The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s
11078:
11023:
10927:
10640:
10547:
10489:
10456:
10433:
8779:
whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in
8713:
8653:
7144:
6696:
6194:
1727:
1542:
A parallel plate capacitor can only store a finite amount of energy before
1467:
1002:
937:
587:
534:
277:
203:
8811:
6648:
The capacitance of certain capacitors decreases as the component ages. In
6026:
5020:
1466:
Therefore, in a capacitor the highest capacitance is achieved with a high
907:
when subjected to high voltages, diaphragms burst under extreme pressures.
419:) created a demand for standard capacitors, and the steady move to higher
57:
14687:
14429:
14378:
14284:
14269:
14052:
14014:
13296:
11133:
10845:
10809:
10570:
10555:
7296:
7271:
7262:
6782:
6750:
6746:
6736:
Capacitors made with any type of dielectric material show some level of "
6700:
6672:
6653:
5942:
5697:
4885:
4877:
4398:
4387:
3337:
A simple resistor–capacitor circuit demonstrates charging of a capacitor.
675:
system of units, defined as the ratio of the positive or negative charge
661:
603:
579:
560:
With the development of plastic materials by organic chemists during the
542:
519:
476:
339:
191:
164:
83:
31:
13727:
13015:
Fractals, diffusion and relaxation in disordered complex systems. Part A
12887:, U. Böttger & S. Tiedke, editors ed.). Wiley-VCH. Chapter 16.
12461:"The role of instrumentation in the process of modeling real capacitors"
12458:
10856:, and analog equalizers use capacitors to select different audio bands.
2212:
621:
405:
15213:
14879:
14824:
14759:
14749:
14682:
14556:
14526:
14493:
14468:
14463:
14440:
14312:
14292:
14170:
14032:
14009:
13895:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13352:
11161:
10536:
10429:
8649:
7261:
plate with an oxide dielectric layer. The second electrode is a liquid
7224:
6721:
6708:
5012:
3328:
638:
554:
527:
424:
401:
388:
370:
362:
327:
309:
281:
257:
183:
14777:
13502:
12637:
12484:
12320:
12291:
11322:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co. p. 361
11293:
are not used as their glyphs look similar to other letters and digits.
10832:
loop stabilization. Signal processing circuits also use capacitors to
8704:
7500:
By the same token, the energy stored in the capacitor now is given by
7209:, which have predictable variation of capacitance with temperature or
5249:
To model the distribution of voltages from a single charged capacitor
1199:
coulombs per square meter, on the inside surface of each plate. From
953:
786:
14566:
14561:
14551:
14478:
14358:
14192:
14187:
14112:
14037:
12849:
12818:
12722:
11876:
11807:
10551:
10499:
Large capacitor banks (reservoir) are used as energy sources for the
10477:
10425:
10421:
10374:
10370:
10290:
8871:
8821:
8671:
8670:
Using this measurement method, the dielectric constant may exhibit a
8657:
6758:
853:
578:
The MOS capacitor was later widely adopted as a storage capacitor in
504:
484:
420:
350:
316:
289:
114:
11731:
11422:"A History of Science Volume II, Part VI: The Leyden Jar Discovered"
11128:
Some old, large oil-filled paper or plastic film capacitors contain
11041:
14834:
14829:
14744:
14692:
14672:
14650:
14536:
14531:
14419:
14408:
14337:
14107:
13380:
11620:
A history of science, technology and philosophy in the 18th century
11587:"Franklin and Electrostatics – Ben Franklin as my Lab Partner"
11217:
11137:
11011:
10970:
10833:
10286:
8769:
7258:
7254:
7242:
6608:
6604:
6413:
4184:
4164:
electrical impedance § Deriving the device-specific impedances
3342:
3304:
3029:
2203:. Note that the outer surface of both plates will have zero charge.
246:
187:
13695:; 1st Ed; Alexander Georgiev; Murray Hill Books; 191 pages; 1945.
10848:
to select information in particular frequency bands. For example,
8849:
7327:
breakdown voltages of at least five times the maximum AC voltage.
3594:{\displaystyle RC{\frac {\mathrm {d} i(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}+i(t)=0}
182:, often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a
14604:
14541:
14363:
14348:
14202:
14159:
13807:
13659:; 1st Ed; Cletus Kaiser; Van Nostrand Reinhold; 124 pages; 1993;
12459:
Bisquert, J.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Fabregat-Santiago, F. (2000).
12371:"Recovery of alumina nanocapacitors after high voltage breakdown"
10731:
10520:
10516:
10332:(μF); and the old units "mmfd", "mmf", "uuf", "μμf", "pfd" meant
10305:
for weight 1). The code is also used for part markings. Example:
10294:
7859:
7307:
7179:
7167:
3634:. With this assumption, solving the differential equation yields
2029:, but those charges do not affect the voltage between the plates.
721:
515:
460:, he developed to measure electricity, and translated in 1782 as
223:
199:
10597:. Such capacitors often come as three capacitors connected as a
7306:
store large amounts of energy. Supercapacitors made from carbon
2240:
number of plates in a capacitor, the total capacitance would be
143:, a term still encountered in a few compound names, such as the
14677:
14368:
14332:
14297:
13857:
13829:
13802:
13777:
11064:
A light-emitting capacitor is made from a dielectric that uses
11010:
use capacitors. Additionally, a user can adjust the pitch of a
11003:
10986:
10953:
10413:
has a density of 590 kJ/kg. There is an intermediate solution:
8688:
Another example of frequency dependent capacitance occurs with
7133:
6805:. Sometimes they fail with a short circuit when next operated.
6754:
1583:. The maximum energy that the capacitor can store is therefore
634:
335:
11623:(2nd ed.). London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 224.
14754:
14665:
14424:
14197:
13990:
13852:
13847:
13183:"Annex B: Special two-character code system for capacitors".
12759:"A Review of Degradation Behavior and Modeling of Capacitors"
10485:
10473:
10460:
high-voltage capacitors that are often used in large groups (
10402:
7855:
7171:
7163:
2532:
717:
668:
488:
480:
416:
285:
215:
207:
195:
11707:
British Standard Glossary of Terms in Electrical Engineering
10828:
as components of integrators or more complex filters and in
10531:
5688:, to the extent that the dielectric dominates their volume.
5239:
Series connection is also sometimes used to adapt polarized
3345:, a capacitor, a switch and a constant DC source of voltage
3333:
14697:
14080:
14026:
13927:
13880:
13818:
13673:; 1st Ed; William Mullin; Sams Publishing; 96 pages; 1964.
11659:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 112–126.
11121:, as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to
11110:
10998:
10813:
7850:
Another example of voltage dependent capacitance occurs in
7175:
5692:
915:
Circuit equivalence at short-time limit and long-time limit
725:
492:
440:
for Dubilier condensers, for use in wireless receiving sets
297:
211:
13128:(3rd ed.). Springer. §6.6 "Modulation Spectroscopy".
12308:
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
12082:
12070:
11730:
Ho, Janet; Jow, T. Richard; Boggs, Steven (January 2010).
10808:
The energy stored in a capacitor can be used to represent
10714:
7238:
Three aluminum electrolytic capacitors of varying capacity
6618:
have a specified rating value for maximum ripple current.
6592:
current is the AC component of an applied source (often a
1203:
the magnitude of the electric field between the plates is
13645:; 1st Ed; R. P. Deshpande; McGraw-Hill; 342 pages; 2014;
11855:
11810:; Lee, Ming-Kwei (May 2012). "MOS Capacitor and MOSFET".
11285:
In order to reduce the risk for read errors, the letters
8015:
indicating the lag in response by the time dependence of
7011:
is the rated life under rated conditions, e.g. 2000 hours
5499:
This is only correct if all capacitance values are equal.
5277:
connected in parallel to a chain of capacitors in series
4889:
Illustration of the parallel connection of two capacitors
13631:; 1st Ed; Yuri Freeman; Springer; 120 pages; 2018;
13465:
11045:
Example of a simple oscillator incorporating a capacitor
10593:
In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for
8879:
letters to specify a number of values not found in E24.
4515:, the capacitor has a maximum (or peak) current whereby
3051:). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation:
772:{\displaystyle C={\frac {\mathrm {d} Q}{\mathrm {d} V}}}
178:
are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two
13178:
13176:
13086:
13074:
12906:
12904:
11918:
11916:
8812:
Three-/four-character marking code for small capacitors
8768:. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with
6703:. The current and voltage reverse direction, forming a
5024:
Illustration of the serial connection of two capacitors
4411:
cos(ωt), the displacement current can be expressed as:
2113:, and the inner surface of the second plated will have
1980:. Note that the outer surface of both plates will have
1848:, and the inner surface of the second plated will have
1726:
The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume,
859:
Charged capacitors and stretched diaphragms both store
672:
230:
develops across the dielectric, causing a net positive
13108:
Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials
12985:
Czichos, Horst; Saito, Tetsuya; Smith, Leslie (2006).
12053:
Electromagnetism for Engineers: An Introductory Course
11961:
Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
11657:
Volta: Science and culture in the Age of Enlightenment
8621:
is the complex impedance with the dielectric present,
7292:
at higher cost than standard electrolytic capacitors.
6972:{\displaystyle L_{a}=L_{0}2^{\frac {T_{0}-T_{a}}{10}}}
6839:, which is used to determine chemical-reaction rates:
6256:
5945:
component to the total impedance, which wastes power:
4784:
4531:. The ratio of peak voltage to peak current is due to
2169:
1986:
1926:
1854:
1805:
13557:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA:
12810:
12756:
12574:. Sorrento Electronics. November 2003. Archived from
11377:(7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA:
10880:
8437:
8142:
8038:
7893:
7611:
7506:
7428:
7345:
7077:
7048:
7019:
6990:
6908:
6845:
6481:
6459:
6429:
6396:
6322:
6295:
6239:
6203:
6177:
6150:
6040:
5986:
5953:
5915:
5730:
5644:
5508:
5318:
5283:
5255:
5040:
4901:
4803:
4677:
4545:
4417:
4193:
3931:
3640:
3530:
3375:
3194:
3057:
2830:
2796:
2776:
2752:
2732:
2712:
2541:
2517:
2482:
2459:
2436:
2416:
2372:
2348:
2304:
2291:{\displaystyle C=\varepsilon _{o}{\frac {A}{d}}(n-1)}
2246:
2226:
2149:
2119:
2092:
2065:
2038:
1906:
1778:
1751:
1589:
1519:
1499:
1479:
1431:
1408:
1374:
1267:
1243:
1209:
1168:
1138:
1115:
1095:
1075:
1054:
1030:
1010:
987:
967:
869:
816:
738:
689:
13173:
12901:
12499:
12144:
12125:
Current percolation through resistors and capacitors
11928:
11913:
11687:. New York: Bonnier Corporation: 118–119. May 1892.
11635:"eFunda: Glossary: Units: Electric Capacitance: Jar"
11213:
10866:
of a tuned circuit is a function of the inductance (
10550:
where they smooth the output of a full or half wave
10369:
A capacitor discharging its stored energy through a
8804:
For typographical reasons, some manufacturers print
6034:
capacitor model. Its total equivalent impedance is:
5246:
Voltage distribution in parallel-to-series networks.
724:
of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one
652:
a charge on one conductor will exert a force on the
12653:
Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands-on Projects
11940:
11343:
Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology
11279:
8656:is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior, such as
7162:Several solid dielectrics are available, including
6788:
6383:
Dielectric loss § Discrete circuit perspective
4397:proportional to the defining characteristic; i.e.,
2406:To increase the charge and voltage on a capacitor,
319:when the breakdown voltage of the air is exceeded.
13579:Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization
12988:Springer Handbook of Materials Measurement Methods
12521:. Johanson Dielectrics. 2012-05-21. Archived from
11132:(PCBs). It is known that waste PCBs can leak into
11026:are now used on many consumer electronic products.
10965:The effects of varying the characteristics of the
10914:
8712:ceramic at top left; SMD tantalum at bottom left;
8594:
8346:
8105:
8005:
7832:
7595:
7471:
7376:
7090:
7061:
7032:
7003:
6971:
6891:
6695:of the system. Voltage reversal is encountered in
6567:
6465:
6442:
6404:
6330:
6308:
6281:
6216:
6185:
6158:
6089:
5999:
5966:
5923:
5894:
5673:
5591:
5486:
5304:
5269:
5225:
4998:
4836:
4767:
4638:
4497:
4339:
4143:
3872:
3593:
3506:
3296:independent of time, voltage and electric charge.
3284:
3174:
2982:
2816:
2782:
2758:
2738:
2718:
2698:
2523:
2503:
2468:
2445:
2422:
2390:
2354:
2334:
2290:
2232:
2195:
2155:
2135:
2105:
2078:
2051:
2021:
1972:
1912:
1892:
1840:
1791:
1764:
1716:
1546:occurs. The capacitor's dielectric material has a
1531:
1505:
1485:
1455:
1414:
1394:
1360:
1249:
1229:
1191:
1147:
1124:
1101:
1081:
1060:
1036:
1016:
993:
973:
889:
836:
771:
708:
660:An ideal capacitor is characterized by a constant
369:invented a similar capacitor, which was named the
13529:(5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
13317:Illustrated Guide to the National Electrical Code
13149:Kaplan, Daniel M.; White, Christopher G. (2003).
12984:
11732:"Historical Introduction to Capacitor Technology"
11006:deployment, and in many other applications. Some
10844:Capacitors and inductors are applied together in
10699:
8876:special two-character marking code for capacitors
8791:
7904:
7898:
7865:
3184:Taking the derivative of this and multiplying by
568:was described in British Patent 587,953 in 1944.
15226:
13456:by Gennady A. Mesyats -- Springer 2005 Page 1--5
10915:{\displaystyle f={\frac {1}{2\pi {\sqrt {LC}}}}}
10730:together, or destroying a solid-state switch. A
10323:Farad § Informal and deprecated terminology
13365:
13142:
12922:
12304:
12199:Wiley Survey of Instrumentation and Measurement
12094:
11787:A brief history of supercapacitors AUTUMN 2007
10664:is small at the signal frequency, is employed.
10424:systems, large capacitors store energy for the
8850:Two-character marking code for small capacitors
7330:
7098:is the expected lifespan under given conditions
6749:film exhibit relatively high absorption, while
6682:
6664:material. Some, designated C0G/NP0, but called
5978:. Becomes more relevant as frequency increases.
2401:
637:or an electrical insulator material known as a
13217:
13215:
13213:
13011:
12957:Quantum Field Theory of Non-equilibrium States
12923:Giuliani, Gabriele; Vignale, Giovanni (2005).
12845:What Every Engineer Should Know about Ceramics
12674:
8834:Example: A capacitor labeled or designated as
8375:is the voltage component at angular frequency
6822:(ESR), while others may fail suddenly or even
6688:whereas AC circuits experience 100% reversal.
6021:
5502:The power transferred in this arrangement is:
4664:approaches infinity as ω approaches zero. If X
186:medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film,
14793:
13743:
13186:SLOVENSKI STANDARD SIST EN 60062:2016/A1:2019
12710:
12708:
12706:
12704:
12269:
11882:Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology
11813:Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology
11768:
8639:capacitance with the dielectric present, and
7384:where the voltage dependence of capacitance,
2453:required to move a small increment of charge
648:chemically identical to the conductors. From
456:in 1780 to refer to a device, similar to his
357:could be stored by connecting a high-voltage
15250:Science and technology in the Dutch Republic
13523:Dorf, Richard C.; Svoboda, James A. (2001).
13121:
12022:
8808:on capacitors to indicate microfarads (μF).
8652:, an unattainable goal inasmuch as even the
7040:is the rated max/min operational temperature
6892:{\displaystyle L=Be^{\frac {e_{A}}{kT_{o}}}}
5674:{\displaystyle V_{\text{bd}}=E_{\text{ds}}d}
3907:capacitor, the capacitor's initial voltage (
2767:field will do work on the external circuit.
1456:{\displaystyle C={\frac {\varepsilon A}{d}}}
436:Advert from the 28 December 1923 edition of
245:in many common electrical devices. Unlike a
13522:
13246:
13244:
13210:
13148:
13104:
12643:
12166:Introduction to High Power Pulse Technology
12088:
12076:
12043:
11705:British Engineering Standards Association,
11496:
11160:High-voltage capacitors may benefit from a
11105:. Larger capacitors, such as those used in
10648:are frequently used as coupling capacitors.
10624:
10451:
4183:allows any signal to be constructed from a
2994:
2476:from the negative to the positive plate is
932:
14800:
14786:
13750:
13736:
13503:"Some Xenon Strobe and Flash Safety Hints"
13254:. 1965-04-12 – via Internet Archive.
13012:Coffey, William; Kalmykov, Yu. P. (2006).
12701:
12680:
12592:
12565:"The Effect of Reversal on Capacitor Life"
12333:
12023:Serway, Raymond A.; Vuille, Chris (2014).
11984:
11982:
11952:
11729:
11069:used for the purpose of generating light.
10683:supply and ground. An alternative name is
10576:
6643:
3040:is added to represent the initial voltage
2342:is the capacitance for a single plate and
163:The utility of a capacitor depends on its
13757:
13420:
13379:
12872:
12605:. Springer Science & Business Media.
12402:
12018:
12016:
11789:Batteries & Energy Storage Technology
11616:
11017:Changing the effective area of the plates
8588:
8336:
8099:
7988:
7826:
7738:
7665:
7589:
7560:
7519:
7462:
7367:
7147:as possible, while also having as high a
6561:
5305:{\displaystyle \left(B_{\text{n}}\right)}
4777:In this situation, the current is out of
4108:
4094:
4039:
3516:Taking the derivative and multiplying by
3495:
3163:
2746:is the voltage across the capacitor, and
2612:
2575:
1301:
582:, and as the basic building block of the
13575:
13554:Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics
13266:"1930 Catalog – Capacitors (Condensers)"
13241:
13092:
13080:
12978:
12916:
12876:Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscope
12841:
12835:
12764:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
12429:Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology
12162:
11725:
11723:
11721:
11719:
11717:
11715:
11654:
11559:
11523:
11502:
11445:
11040:
10976:Changing the distance between the plates
10652:Because capacitors pass AC but block DC
10639:
10580:
10530:
10364:
8732:
8703:
7241:
7233:
7132:
6731:
6099:
6025:
5719:
5019:
5011:
4884:
4876:
3332:
2998:
2770:If the gap between the capacitor plates
2211:
2207:
1973:{\textstyle V={\frac {Q_{1}-Q_{2}}{2C}}}
981:separated by a uniform gap of thickness
952:
936:
785:
620:
612:
431:
321:
14972:Application-specific integrated circuit
14807:
13671:Understanding Capacitors and their Uses
13115:
12714:
12687:. Laxmi Publications, Ltd. p. 63.
12649:
12049:
11988:
11979:
11478:
10715:Noise suppression, spikes, and snubbers
10585:A high-voltage capacitor bank used for
8212:
8204:
8086:
8040:
7970:
7901:
7895:
7472:{\displaystyle Q=\int _{0}^{V}C(V)\,dV}
7128:
6420:) is the ratio of the magnitude of its
5609:
2726:is the charge stored in the capacitor,
260:. Today, capacitors are widely used in
250:
241:Capacitors are widely used as parts of
14:
15227:
13313:
13297:"Capacitor MF - MMFD Conversion Chart"
13221:
13105:Kasap, Safa O.; Capper, Peter (2006).
13005:
12953:
12947:
12804:
12718:Practical Laser Safety, Second Edition
12598:
12368:
12232:
12013:
11958:
11840:
11806:
11311:
11309:
10539:capacitor in an amplifier power supply
7069:is the average operational temperature
6814:like humidity, mechanical stress, and
1893:{\textstyle -{\frac {Q_{1}-Q_{2}}{2}}}
1557:
1539:), or as the cube root of the volume.
1230:{\displaystyle E=\sigma /\varepsilon }
806:Capacitance is analogous to diaphragm
597:
571:Electric double-layer capacitors (now
14781:
13731:
13600:
13550:
13426:
13330:
13192:(preview). 2019-12-01. pp. 3–4.
13098:
12926:Quantum Theory of the Electron Liquid
12910:
12519:"Ceramic Capacitor Aging Made Simple"
12505:
12336:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
12150:
11946:
11934:
11922:
11712:
11584:
11485:. P. F. Collier & Son. p. 71
11452:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 23.
11372:
11072:
10526:
8786:
6217:{\displaystyle G_{\text{dielectric}}}
6000:{\displaystyle G_{\text{dielectric}}}
5715:
5602:
2362:is the number of interleaved plates.
2335:{\displaystyle C=\varepsilon _{o}A/d}
2022:{\textstyle {\frac {Q_{1}+Q_{2}}{2}}}
1841:{\textstyle {\frac {Q_{1}-Q_{2}}{2}}}
1257:between the plates is defined as the
14907:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
14182:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
12791:"Ask The Applications Engineer – 21"
12425:
12195:
12102:"Capacitor charging and discharging"
12056:. Elsevier Science. pp. 44–45.
11419:
11366:
11339:
11315:
10803:
10350:pF (picofarad) = mmf, mmfd, pfd, μμF
5620:
4837:{\displaystyle Z(s)={\frac {1}{sC}}}
4372:phase indicates that the AC voltage
2531:stored in a capacitor (expressed in
781:
475:Since the beginning of the study of
276:networks, they smooth the output of
13963:Programmable unijunction transistor
13601:Sze, Simon M.; Ng, Kwok K. (2006).
13582:(3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 270
12866:
12638:Xenon Strobe and Flash Safety Hints
12236:Practical Electronics for Inventors
11875:
11736:IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine
11594:Wright Center for Science Education
11585:Morse, Robert A. (September 2004).
11533:. Simon and Schuster. p. 136.
11530:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life
11306:
8606:denotes the real part and a double
7596:{\displaystyle dW=Q\,dV=\leftdV\,.}
6342:dissipation reaches its maximum of
5974:, a small series resistance in the
4861:
4785:Laplace circuit analysis (s-domain)
3341:A series circuit containing only a
24:
14919:Erasable programmable logic device
13864:Multi-gate field-effect transistor
13711:The First Condenser – A Beer Glass
13622:
13044:. IEEE. 2005. pp. 1350–1353.
12788:
12681:Dixit, J. B.; Yadav, Amit (2010).
12544:"Concise Guide to Capacitor Types"
11188:This high-energy capacitor from a
11144:ballasts, and other applications.
11053:
10629:
10432:, a capacitor is used to hold the
10392:rechargeable energy storage system
8198:
7929:
7102:
5740:
5337:
5334:
5050:
5047:
4911:
4908:
3560:
3541:
3497:
3272:
3253:
3233:
3214:
3165:
2614:
2577:
1303:
945:, separated by a gap of thickness
759:
749:
25:
15276:
14954:Complex programmable logic device
13842:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
13704:
13526:Introduction to Electric Circuits
13111:. Springer. Figure 20.22, p. 425.
12029:. Cengage Learning. p. 582.
11992:Electricity and Magnetism, 2nd Ed
11560:Franklin, Benjamin (1749-04-29).
10839:
10771:
10439:
10401:capacitors provide less than 360
10381:
8682:deep-level transient spectroscopy
6584:
3522:first-order differential equation
2196:{\textstyle V={\frac {Q_{1}}{C}}}
679:on each conductor to the voltage
398:clusters of electrochemical cells
14086:Heterostructure barrier varactor
13813:Chemical field-effect transistor
13604:Physics of Semiconductor Devices
13320:. Cengage Learning. p. 445.
12599:Kaiser, Cletus J. (2012-12-06).
12369:Belkin, A.; et al. (2017).
11216:
11197:
11181:
11169:
8394:part of the current, called the
8232:
6794:Aluminum electrolytic capacitors
6789:Electrolytic failure from disuse
2059:while the other is charged with
1772:while the other is charged with
1045:cause failure of the capacitor.
709:{\displaystyle C={\frac {Q}{V}}}
522:. On the receiver side, smaller
510:Porcelain was used in the first
479:, non-conductive materials like
113:
56:
34:. For an overview of types, see
14966:Field-programmable object array
14902:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
14134:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
13516:
13495:
13486:
13459:
13447:
13359:
13324:
13307:
13289:
13258:
13230:from the original on 2022-06-17
13199:from the original on 2022-06-17
13122:PY Yu; Cardona, Manuel (2001).
13032:
12782:
12771:from the original on 2020-06-05
12750:
12739:
12631:
12619:
12557:
12536:
12511:
12452:
12419:
12362:
12327:
12298:
12263:
12226:
12189:
12156:
12130:
12118:
11869:
11800:
11781:
11762:
11699:
11673:
11648:
11627:
11610:
11578:
11553:
11264:
11252:List of capacitor manufacturers
10812:, either in binary form, as in
10501:exploding-bridgewire detonators
10354:
8854:For capacitances following the
8413:part of the current and is the
7422:an integral relation is found:
6197:and very low frequencies where
5967:{\displaystyle R_{\text{lead}}}
1900:charge. Therefore, the voltage
1192:{\displaystyle \sigma =\pm Q/A}
444:Early capacitors were known as
423:required capacitors with lower
13551:Ulaby, Fawwaz Tayssir (1999).
13125:Fundamentals of Semiconductors
12640:. donklipstein.com. 2006-05-29
12465:IEEE Transactions on Education
12163:Pai, S. T.; Zhang, Qi (1995).
11596:. Tufts University. p. 23
11517:
11472:
11439:
11413:
11395:
11333:
11030:
10948:Capacitive displacement sensor
10874:) in series, and is given by:
10700:High-pass and low-pass filters
10589:on a power transmission system
10428:to use on demand. Also, for a
8792:Marking codes for larger parts
8783:, amongst other applications.
8572:
8566:
8534:
8528:
8507:
8501:
8479:
8473:
8454:
8448:
8330:
8324:
8316:
8310:
8298:
8292:
8281:
8275:
8260:
8254:
8222:
8208:
8181:
8175:
8156:
8150:
8096:
8090:
8082:
8076:
8050:
8044:
7985:
7974:
7966:
7949:
7866:Frequency-dependent capacitors
7823:
7812:
7753:
7742:
7680:
7669:
7575:
7564:
7459:
7453:
7364:
7358:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6501:
6491:
6485:
6367:root mean square (RMS) voltage
5806:
5780:
5270:{\displaystyle \left(A\right)}
4881:Several capacitors in parallel
4813:
4807:
4762:
4736:
4714:
4703:
4492:
4483:
4365:of the sinusoidal signal. The
4153:
4081:
4075:
4016:
4010:
3945:
3939:
3799:
3793:
3722:
3716:
3654:
3648:
3617:. The initial current is then
3582:
3576:
3554:
3548:
3492:
3486:
3442:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3405:
3399:
3322:
3266:
3260:
3227:
3221:
3204:
3198:
3160:
3154:
3113:
3100:
3085:
3079:
3067:
3061:
2977:
2969:
2572:
2566:
2385:
2373:
2285:
2273:
1368:The capacitance is defined as
1298:
1292:
903:Just as capacitors experience
13:
1:
15092:Hardware description language
14960:Field-programmable gate array
13682:Fixed and Variable Capacitors
13274:. p. 139. Archived from
13224:"EIA-198-D capacitance codes"
11709:, C. Lockwood & Son, 1926
11482:Electricity in Every-day Life
11346:. Routledge. pp. 63–76.
11300:
10816:, or in analogue form, as in
10667:
10316:
8667:, is sufficiently accurate.)
6450:to its resistance at a given
2032:If one plate is charged with
1745:If one plate is charged with
1741:For unevenly charged plates:
1558:capacitor's breakdown voltage
1532:{\displaystyle C\varpropto L}
537:), the inventor of the first
14165:Silicon controlled rectifier
14027:Organic light-emitting diode
13917:Diffused junction transistor
13576:Schroder, Dieter K. (2006).
13222:Zabkar, Franc (2011-09-15).
11681:"Sketch of Alessandro Volta"
11446:Keithley, Joseph F. (1999).
10824:. Capacitors can be used in
10747:radio frequency interference
8820:) denote the capacitance in
7331:Voltage-dependent capacitors
7219:Electrolytic capacitors and
6820:equivalent series resistance
6683:Current and voltage reversal
6405:{\displaystyle {\text{ESR}}}
6389:equivalent series resistance
6331:{\displaystyle {\text{ESR}}}
6186:{\displaystyle {\text{ESR}}}
6169:equivalent series resistance
6159:{\displaystyle {\text{ESL}}}
6012:
5934:equivalent series inductance
5924:{\displaystyle {\text{ESL}}}
5034:than any of its components.
5016:Several capacitors in series
4868:Series and parallel circuits
3188:yields the derivative form:
2402:Energy stored in a capacitor
1017:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
1001:filled with a dielectric of
629:A capacitor consists of two
7:
15104:Formal equivalence checking
13969:Static induction transistor
13906:Bipolar junction transistor
13858:MOS field-effect transistor
13830:Fin field-effect transistor
12572:Engineering Bulletin 96-004
11685:The Popular Science Monthly
11617:Wolf, A; McKie, D. (1962).
11242:Electric displacement field
11209:
10554:. They can also be used in
10280:
7493:does not depend on voltage
7377:{\displaystyle dQ=C(V)\,dV}
6808:
6376:
6309:{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}
6022:Simplified RLC series model
5941:Two resistances that add a
5708:structure can result in an
3307:, which stores energy in a
3028:electrodes is equal to the
1237:. The voltage(difference)
1132:is placed on one plate and
608:
404:, equivalent to about 1.11
396:), subsequently applied to
294:electric power transmission
10:
15281:
15124:Hierarchical state machine
15082:Transaction-level modeling
14176:Static induction thyristor
13693:The Electrolytic Capacitor
13157:Cambridge University Press
12962:Cambridge University Press
12931:Cambridge University Press
12842:Musikant, Solomon (1991).
12432:. Routledge. p. 501.
12395:10.1038/s41598-017-01007-9
12272:Journal of Applied Physics
11997:Cambridge University Press
11479:Houston, Edwin J. (1905).
11057:
11034:
10941:
10937:
10775:
10718:
10703:
10671:
10633:
10361:Applications of capacitors
10358:
10320:
9855:
8890:
8428:is the complex impedance.
7106:
6776:
6594:switched-mode power supply
6380:
6316:is just the real-value of
6166:and a frequency-dependent
5624:
4873:For capacitors in parallel
4865:
4157:
3326:
601:
307:
303:
40:
29:
15201:
15134:
15050:
15025:Digital signal processing
15010:Logic in computer science
14987:
14936:Programmable logic device
14896:Hybrid integrated circuit
14815:
14713:
14613:
14580:
14512:
14449:
14377:
14345:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
14283:
14215:
14097:Hybrid integrated circuit
14061:
13989:
13940:Light-emitting transistor
13894:
13776:
13765:
13480:10.1108/03056121011015068
13427:Floyd, Thomas L. (2017).
13050:10.1109/IMTC.2005.1604368
12991:. Springer. p. 475.
12196:Dyer, Stephen A. (2004).
11130:polychlorinated biphenyls
10409:, whereas a conventional
10390:, or like other types of
10347:μF (microfarad) = mf, mfd
8772:(or varicaps), which are
8699:
8032:in time then results in:
7840:where interchange of the
4857:is the complex frequency.
4656:approaches infinity. If X
3315:with the inductance
2143:. Therefore, the voltage
1422:above into this equation
1024:. It is assumed the gap
590:technology. In 1966, Dr.
112:
105:
89:
74:
64:
55:
15037:Switching circuit theory
14942:Programmable Array Logic
14930:Programmable logic array
14392:Backward-wave oscillator
14102:Light emitting capacitor
13958:Point-contact transistor
13928:Junction Gate FET (JFET)
13398:10.1088/1361-6528/aa935c
13314:Miller, Charles (2011).
12684:Electrical Power Quality
12628:. McGraw-Hill 1960 p. 90
12241:McGraw Hill Professional
12026:College Physics, 10th Ed
11989:Purcell, Edward (2011).
11748:10.1109/mei.2010.5383924
11257:
11060:light emitting capacitor
10625:Suppression and coupling
10452:Pulsed power and weapons
8026:linear response function
5008:For capacitors in series
3303:of the capacitor is the
2995:Current–voltage relation
2974:volume of electric field
949:containing a dielectric.
933:Parallel-plate capacitor
514:. In the early years of
367:Pieter van Musschenbroek
131:is a device that stores
99:Pieter van Musschenbroek
15260:18th-century inventions
15087:Register-transfer level
14403:Crossed-field amplifier
13922:Field-effect transistor
13607:(3rd ed.). Wiley.
13433:. Pearson. p. 10.
12954:Rammer, Jørgen (2007).
12650:Prutchi, David (2012).
12356:10.1109/T-ED.1966.15681
12089:Dorf & Svoboda 2001
12077:Dorf & Svoboda 2001
11503:Benjamin, Park (1895).
11420:Williams, Henry Smith.
11373:Floyd, Thomas (2005) .
11050:oscillatory frequency.
10960:Changing the dielectric
10595:power-factor correction
10587:power-factor correction
10577:Power-factor correction
10466:electromagnetic forming
8748:Small, cheap discoidal
8739:electrolytic capacitors
7885:electric susceptibility
7267:Poor quality capacitors
7251:Electrolytic capacitors
7199:power-factor correction
6644:Capacitance instability
6612:electrolytic capacitors
6466:{\displaystyle \omega }
5612:. The usual methods of
5241:electrolytic capacitors
4851:is the capacitance, and
4160:reactance (electronics)
3925:. The equations become
3367:Kirchhoff's voltage law
3038:constant of integration
539:electrolytic capacitors
359:electrostatic generator
14978:Tensor Processing Unit
14572:Voltage-regulator tube
14139:MOS integrated circuit
14004:Constant-current diode
13980:Unijunction transistor
13657:The Capacitor Handbook
12602:The Capacitor Handbook
11973:10.1049/piee.1970.0232
11319:A Text-Book of Physics
11316:Duff, Wilmer (1916) .
11046:
10916:
10818:analog sampled filters
10766:electrolytic capacitor
10649:
10590:
10540:
10513:electromagnetic armour
10482:pulse forming networks
10378:
8758:printed circuit boards
8741:
8717:
8596:
8348:
8107:
8007:
7854:such as semiconductor
7834:
7597:
7473:
7378:
7312:rechargeable batteries
7247:
7239:
7195:operating temperatures
7139:
7092:
7063:
7034:
7005:
6973:
6893:
6658:electrolyte evaporates
6569:
6467:
6444:
6406:
6369:across the capacitor.
6332:
6310:
6283:
6218:
6187:
6160:
6136:
6097:
6091:
6001:
5968:
5925:
5902:
5896:
5675:
5593:
5488:
5306:
5271:
5227:
5085:
5025:
5017:
5000:
4940:
4890:
4882:
4838:
4769:
4640:
4499:
4341:
4145:
3874:
3595:
3508:
3338:
3286:
3176:
3004:
2984:
2818:
2784:
2760:
2740:
2720:
2700:
2525:
2505:
2504:{\displaystyle dW=Vdq}
2470:
2447:
2424:
2392:
2356:
2336:
2292:
2234:
2217:
2197:
2163:between the plates is
2157:
2137:
2136:{\displaystyle -Q_{1}}
2107:
2080:
2053:
2023:
1974:
1920:between the plates is
1914:
1894:
1842:
1793:
1766:
1718:
1533:
1507:
1487:
1457:
1416:
1396:
1362:
1251:
1231:
1193:
1149:
1126:
1103:
1083:
1062:
1038:
1018:
995:
975:
958:
950:
891:
838:
795:
773:
710:
626:
618:
441:
353:, Germany, found that
347:Ewald Georg von Kleist
342:
125:electrical engineering
94:Ewald Georg von Kleist
15235:Electrical components
15193:Electronic literature
15147:Hardware acceleration
15015:Computer architecture
14913:Emitter-coupled logic
14850:Printed circuit board
14641:Electrolytic detector
14414:Inductive output tube
14230:Low-dropout regulator
14145:Organic semiconductor
14076:Printed circuit board
13912:Darlington transistor
13759:Electronic components
13018:. Wiley. p. 17.
12852:. Figure 3.9, p. 43.
12658:John Wiley & Sons
12233:Scherz, Paul (2006).
12204:John Wiley & Sons
11818:John Wiley & Sons
11655:Pancaldi, G. (2003).
11149:catastrophically fail
11123:dielectric absorption
11044:
11035:Further information:
10991:condenser microphones
10917:
10719:Further information:
10704:Further information:
10694:printed circuit board
10643:
10584:
10534:
10494:particle accelerators
10368:
8838:has a capacitance of
8736:
8726:comprise the plates.
8707:
8597:
8349:
8108:
8008:
7877:dielectric relaxation
7875:, and is governed by
7873:dielectric dispersion
7852:semiconductor devices
7835:
7598:
7474:
7379:
7297:feedthrough capacitor
7280:dielectric absorption
7246:3D model of capacitor
7245:
7237:
7229:parasitic capacitance
7136:
7093:
7091:{\displaystyle L_{a}}
7064:
7062:{\displaystyle T_{a}}
7035:
7033:{\displaystyle T_{0}}
7006:
7004:{\displaystyle L_{0}}
6974:
6894:
6803:lose its conditioning
6738:dielectric absorption
6732:Dielectric absorption
6570:
6468:
6445:
6443:{\displaystyle X_{C}}
6407:
6333:
6311:
6284:
6230:At the RLC circuit's
6219:
6188:
6161:
6103:
6092:
6029:
6002:
5969:
5926:
5897:
5723:
5676:
5610:an equivalent circuit
5594:
5489:
5307:
5272:
5228:
5065:
5023:
5015:
5001:
4920:
4888:
4880:
4839:
4770:
4641:
4500:
4342:
4146:
3875:
3596:
3509:
3336:
3287:
3177:
3002:
2985:
2819:
2817:{\displaystyle E=V/d}
2785:
2761:
2741:
2721:
2701:
2526:
2506:
2471:
2448:
2425:
2393:
2391:{\displaystyle (n-1)}
2357:
2337:
2293:
2235:
2215:
2208:Interleaved capacitor
2198:
2158:
2138:
2108:
2106:{\displaystyle Q_{1}}
2081:
2079:{\displaystyle Q_{2}}
2054:
2052:{\displaystyle Q_{1}}
2024:
1975:
1915:
1895:
1843:
1794:
1792:{\displaystyle Q_{2}}
1767:
1765:{\displaystyle Q_{1}}
1736:parasitic capacitance
1719:
1534:
1508:
1488:
1458:
1417:
1397:
1395:{\displaystyle C=Q/V}
1363:
1252:
1232:
1194:
1150:
1127:
1104:
1084:
1063:
1039:
1019:
996:
976:
956:
940:
892:
890:{\displaystyle V=Q/C}
850:hydraulic accumulator
839:
837:{\displaystyle C=Q/V}
789:
774:
716:A capacitance of one
711:
624:
616:
584:charge-coupled device
533:Charles Pollak (born
501:decoupling capacitors
435:
325:
190:bead of metal, or an
180:electrical conductors
15119:Finite-state machine
15097:High-level synthesis
15032:Circuit minimization
14459:Beam deflection tube
14128:Metal-oxide varistor
14021:Light-emitting diode
13875:Thin-film transistor
13836:Floating-gate MOSFET
12821:. Figure 2, p. 504.
12050:Hammond, P. (2013).
11999:. pp. 110–111.
11407:micro.magnet.fsu.edu
11098:photoflash capacitor
10878:
10680:decoupling capacitor
10674:decoupling capacitor
10544:Reservoir capacitors
10515:and electromagnetic
8824:(pF), calculated as
8777:semiconductor diodes
8708:Capacitor packages:
8610:the imaginary part,
8435:
8140:
8036:
7891:
7842:order of integration
7609:
7504:
7426:
7343:
7129:Dielectric materials
7075:
7046:
7017:
6988:
6906:
6843:
6479:
6457:
6427:
6422:capacitive reactance
6394:
6320:
6293:
6237:
6201:
6175:
6148:
6038:
5984:
5951:
5913:
5728:
5642:
5506:
5316:
5281:
5253:
5243:for bipolar AC use.
5038:
4899:
4801:
4675:
4543:
4533:capacitive reactance
4415:
4191:
4171:, the vector sum of
3929:
3638:
3528:
3373:
3192:
3055:
2828:
2794:
2774:
2750:
2730:
2710:
2539:
2515:
2480:
2457:
2434:
2414:
2370:
2346:
2302:
2244:
2224:
2167:
2147:
2117:
2090:
2063:
2036:
1984:
1924:
1904:
1852:
1803:
1776:
1749:
1587:
1544:dielectric breakdown
1517:
1497:
1477:
1429:
1406:
1372:
1265:
1241:
1207:
1166:
1136:
1113:
1093:
1073:
1052:
1028:
1008:
985:
965:
905:dielectric breakdown
867:
814:
736:
687:
375:University of Leiden
154:electronic component
146:condenser microphone
69:Electronic component
15166:Digital photography
14948:Generic Array Logic
14870:Combinational logic
14845:Printed electronics
14809:Digital electronics
14435:Traveling-wave tube
14235:Switching regulator
14071:Printed electronics
14048:Step recovery diode
13825:Depletion-load NMOS
13717:How Capacitors Work
13390:2017Nanot..28W5401B
13345:2013Cmplx..18c..24S
12477:2000ITEdu..43..439F
12426:Bird, John (2007).
12387:2017NatSR...7..932B
12348:1966ITED...13..281K
12284:1957JAP....28.1017I
11513:. pp. 522–524.
11511:J. Wiley & Sons
11340:Bird, John (2010).
11247:Electroluminescence
11008:fingerprint sensors
10870:) and capacitance (
10636:capacitive coupling
10309:for 4.7 nF or
8737:Several axial-lead
8500:
8472:
7938:
7879:processes, such as
7773:
7731:
7700:
7653:
7632:
7548:
7449:
7316:Alternating current
7211:class 2 dielectrics
7207:class 1 dielectrics
7156:Variable capacitors
6705:harmonic oscillator
6601:types of capacitors
6581:is its reciprocal.
6105:Bode magnitude plot
5710:avalanche breakdown
4652:approaches zero as
3903:. In the case of a
3901:decay exponentially
3482:
3150:
2601:
2562:
1732:dielectric strength
1713:
1548:dielectric strength
1288:
720:(F) means that one
598:Theory of operation
547:tantalum capacitors
270:alternating current
262:electronic circuits
243:electrical circuits
52:
15114:Asynchronous logic
14890:Integrated circuit
14855:Electronic circuit
14740:Crystal oscillator
14600:Variable capacitor
14275:Switched capacitor
14217:Voltage regulators
14091:Integrated circuit
13975:Tetrode transistor
13953:Pentode transistor
13946:Organic LET (OLET)
13933:Organic FET (OFET)
13723:Capacitor Tutorial
13430:Electronic Devices
13353:10.1002/cplx.21427
13301:www.justradios.com
12873:Yasuo Cho (2005).
12546:. EETech Media LLC
12375:Scientific Reports
12106:All About Circuits
11794:2014-01-06 at the
11375:Electronic Devices
11224:Electronics portal
11113:units and medical
11073:Hazards and safety
11047:
11037:Hartley oscillator
10944:capacitive sensing
10912:
10861:resonant frequency
10836:a current signal.
10790:starting capacitor
10650:
10614:transmission lines
10591:
10541:
10527:Power conditioning
10505:slapper detonators
10379:
8787:Capacitor markings
8781:phase-locked loops
8750:ceramic capacitors
8742:
8718:
8677:conductance method
8592:
8488:
8460:
8344:
8342:
8103:
8003:
7921:
7830:
7759:
7712:
7686:
7639:
7618:
7593:
7534:
7479:which agrees with
7469:
7435:
7374:
7286:Polymer capacitors
7248:
7240:
7140:
7088:
7059:
7030:
7001:
6969:
6889:
6837:Arrhenius equation
6650:ceramic capacitors
6631:Ceramic capacitors
6614:, as well as some
6579:Dissipation factor
6565:
6463:
6440:
6412:, the capacitor's
6402:
6328:
6306:
6279:
6277:
6214:
6183:
6156:
6137:
6098:
6087:
5997:
5964:
5921:
5903:
5892:
5890:
5716:Equivalent circuit
5671:
5603:Non-ideal behavior
5589:
5484:
5482:
5302:
5267:
5223:
5026:
5018:
4996:
4891:
4883:
4834:
4765:
4636:
4495:
4337:
4335:
4141:
4139:
3870:
3868:
3591:
3504:
3461:
3365:, it follows from
3339:
3282:
3172:
3129:
3005:
2980:
2814:
2780:
2756:
2736:
2716:
2696:
2587:
2548:
2521:
2501:
2469:{\displaystyle dq}
2466:
2446:{\displaystyle dW}
2443:
2420:
2388:
2352:
2332:
2288:
2230:
2218:
2193:
2153:
2133:
2103:
2076:
2049:
2019:
1970:
1910:
1890:
1838:
1789:
1762:
1714:
1699:
1529:
1503:
1483:
1453:
1412:
1392:
1358:
1274:
1247:
1227:
1189:
1159:layer of constant
1148:{\displaystyle -Q}
1145:
1125:{\displaystyle +Q}
1122:
1099:
1079:
1058:
1034:
1014:
991:
971:
959:
951:
887:
834:
796:
769:
706:
627:
619:
512:ceramic capacitors
495:have been used as
442:
343:
251:Non-ideal behavior
236:perfect dielectric
220:electric potential
176:types of capacitor
50:
43:Capacitive sensing
15265:German inventions
15222:
15221:
15171:Digital telephone
15142:Computer hardware
15109:Synchronous logic
14775:
14774:
14735:Ceramic resonator
14547:Mercury-arc valve
14499:Video camera tube
14451:Cathode-ray tubes
14211:
14210:
13819:Complementary MOS
13700:
13689:
13678:
12911:Sze & Ng 2006
12485:10.1109/13.883355
12321:10.1109/94.326658
12292:10.1063/1.1722899
11379:Pearson Education
11232:Capacitance meter
11094:disposable camera
10910:
10907:
10830:negative feedback
10804:Signal processing
10299:decimal separator
10278:
10277:
9845:
9844:
8635:is the so-called
8586:
8563:
8548:
8334:
8030:Fourier transform
7149:breakdown voltage
6966:
6886:
6718:critically damped
6716:. In comparison,
6559:
6556:
6533:
6532:
6400:
6326:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6265:
6232:natural frequency
6211:
6181:
6154:
6082:
6061:
6053:
5994:
5961:
5919:
5883:
5879:
5845:
5833:
5803:
5790:
5774:
5761:
5665:
5652:
5627:Breakdown voltage
5621:Breakdown voltage
5581:
5568:
5553:
5544:
5523:
5450:
5421:
5403:
5394:
5380:
5326:
5295:
5207:
5181:
5161:
5141:
5101:
4832:
4791:Laplace transform
4634:
4616:
4581:
4449:
4443:
4433:
4363:angular frequency
4331:
4304:
4283:
4251:
4224:
3973:
3679:
3568:
3459:
3418:
3396:
3280:
3241:
3127:
3092:
2975:
2954:
2922:
2886:
2871:
2845:
2783:{\displaystyle d}
2759:{\displaystyle C}
2739:{\displaystyle V}
2719:{\displaystyle Q}
2681:
2662:
2649:
2632:
2610:
2524:{\displaystyle W}
2423:{\displaystyle V}
2355:{\displaystyle n}
2271:
2233:{\displaystyle n}
2191:
2156:{\displaystyle V}
2017:
1968:
1913:{\displaystyle V}
1888:
1836:
1688:
1645:
1630:
1604:
1506:{\displaystyle d}
1486:{\displaystyle A}
1451:
1415:{\displaystyle V}
1356:
1330:
1250:{\displaystyle V}
1102:{\displaystyle d}
1082:{\displaystyle d}
1061:{\displaystyle E}
1037:{\displaystyle d}
994:{\displaystyle d}
974:{\displaystyle A}
800:hydraulic analogy
792:hydraulic analogy
782:Hydraulic analogy
767:
704:
551:Bell Laboratories
549:were invented by
528:resonant circuits
394:battery of cannon
387:investigated the
385:Benjamin Franklin
345:In October 1745,
282:resonant circuits
133:electrical energy
121:
120:
107:Electronic symbol
76:Working principle
16:(Redirected from
15272:
15255:Dutch inventions
14875:Sequential logic
14802:
14795:
14788:
14779:
14778:
14629:electrical power
14514:Gas-filled tubes
14398:Cavity magnetron
14225:Linear regulator
13774:
13773:
13752:
13745:
13738:
13729:
13728:
13696:
13685:
13674:
13665:978-9-40118092-4
13651:978-0-07184856-5
13637:978-3-31967869-6
13618:
13614:978-0-47006830-4
13597:
13593:978-0-47173906-7
13572:
13568:978-0-13011554-6
13540:
13536:978-0-47138689-6
13511:
13510:
13507:donklipstein.com
13499:
13493:
13490:
13484:
13483:
13463:
13457:
13451:
13445:
13444:
13440:978-0-13441444-7
13424:
13418:
13417:
13383:
13363:
13357:
13356:
13328:
13322:
13321:
13311:
13305:
13304:
13293:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13283:
13262:
13256:
13255:
13248:
13239:
13238:
13236:
13235:
13219:
13208:
13207:
13205:
13204:
13198:
13191:
13180:
13171:
13170:
13166:978-0-52189351-0
13146:
13140:
13139:
13119:
13113:
13112:
13102:
13096:
13090:
13084:
13078:
13072:
13071:
13059:978-0-78038879-6
13036:
13030:
13029:
13009:
13003:
13002:
12982:
12976:
12975:
12971:978-0-52187499-1
12951:
12945:
12944:
12920:
12914:
12908:
12899:
12898:
12870:
12864:
12863:
12839:
12833:
12832:
12808:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12798:
12793:. Analog Devices
12786:
12780:
12779:
12777:
12776:
12770:
12763:
12754:
12748:
12743:
12737:
12736:
12732:978-0-82478240-5
12715:Winburn (1989).
12712:
12699:
12698:
12694:978-9-38038674-4
12678:
12672:
12671:
12667:978-1-11817070-0
12647:
12641:
12635:
12629:
12623:
12617:
12616:
12612:978-9-40118090-0
12596:
12590:
12589:
12587:
12586:
12580:
12569:
12561:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12551:
12540:
12534:
12533:
12531:
12530:
12515:
12509:
12503:
12497:
12496:
12456:
12450:
12449:
12447:
12446:
12439:978-0-75068139-1
12423:
12417:
12416:
12406:
12366:
12360:
12359:
12331:
12325:
12324:
12302:
12296:
12295:
12278:(9): 1017–1022.
12267:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12257:
12250:978-0-07177644-8
12239:(2nd ed.).
12230:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12220:
12213:978-0-47122165-4
12193:
12187:
12186:
12184:
12183:
12160:
12154:
12148:
12142:
12141:
12134:
12128:
12122:
12116:
12115:
12113:
12112:
12098:
12092:
12086:
12080:
12074:
12068:
12067:
12063:978-1-48314978-3
12047:
12041:
12040:
12036:978-1-30514282-4
12020:
12011:
12010:
12006:978-1-13950355-6
11986:
11977:
11976:
11967:(6): 1201–1204.
11956:
11950:
11944:
11938:
11932:
11926:
11920:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11902:. Archived from
11888:(2nd ed.).
11887:
11873:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11863:
11844:
11838:
11837:
11835:
11834:
11827:978-0-47053794-7
11804:
11798:
11785:
11779:
11778:
11777:
11773:
11766:
11760:
11759:
11727:
11710:
11703:
11697:
11696:
11677:
11671:
11670:
11652:
11646:
11645:
11643:
11642:
11631:
11625:
11624:
11614:
11608:
11607:
11602:
11601:
11591:
11582:
11576:
11575:
11573:
11572:
11566:
11557:
11551:
11550:
11548:
11547:
11540:978-0-74326084-8
11525:Isaacson, Walter
11521:
11515:
11514:
11500:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11490:
11476:
11470:
11469:
11467:
11466:
11443:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11433:
11424:. Archived from
11417:
11411:
11410:
11399:
11393:
11392:
11370:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11360:
11353:978-0-08089056-2
11337:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11327:
11313:
11294:
11292:
11288:
11283:
11271:
11268:
11237:Capacitor plague
11226:
11221:
11220:
11201:
11185:
11173:
11142:fluorescent lamp
10933:
10925:
10921:
10919:
10918:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10908:
10900:
10888:
10782:In single phase
10751:filter capacitor
10739:ignition systems
10721:High-pass filter
10706:High-pass filter
10686:bypass capacitor
10411:alkaline battery
10405:per kilogram of
10313:for 2.2 F.
10312:
10308:
10304:
9847:
9846:
8882:
8881:
8845:
8843:
8647:
8634:
8620:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8593:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8575:
8565:
8564:
8561:
8554:
8549:
8547:
8546:
8545:
8514:
8496:
8468:
8447:
8446:
8427:
8408:
8389:
8378:
8374:
8359:
8353:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8343:
8335:
8333:
8319:
8305:
8288:
8284:
8239:
8235:
8215:
8207:
8202:
8201:
8128:complex function
8112:
8110:
8109:
8104:
8089:
8075:
8074:
8065:
8064:
8043:
8023:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7984:
7973:
7965:
7948:
7947:
7937:
7932:
7920:
7919:
7907:
7881:Debye relaxation
7839:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7822:
7808:
7804:
7803:
7784:
7772:
7767:
7752:
7730:
7725:
7724:
7711:
7699:
7694:
7679:
7664:
7652:
7647:
7631:
7626:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7559:
7547:
7542:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7448:
7443:
7421:
7410:
7394:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6918:
6917:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6870:
6869:
6860:
6824:catastrophically
6677:piezoelectricity
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6514:
6513:
6504:
6498:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6249:
6248:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6081:
6067:
6062:
6059:
6054:
6051:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5891:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5834:
5831:
5820:
5812:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5753:
5744:
5743:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5614:network analysis
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5529:
5524:
5516:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5435:
5422:
5414:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5365:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5327:
5324:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5193:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5167:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5127:
5116:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5087:
5084:
5079:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4976:
4975:
4963:
4962:
4950:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4862:Circuit analysis
4856:
4850:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4820:
4796:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4746:
4729:
4728:
4713:
4696:
4695:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4597:
4596:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4530:
4514:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4464:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4381:
4371:
4360:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4313:
4305:
4303:
4292:
4284:
4282:
4268:
4252:
4250:
4233:
4225:
4223:
4212:
4181:Fourier analysis
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4124:
4107:
4106:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4055:
4038:
4037:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3990:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3924:
3915:
3892:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3848:
3821:
3820:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3768:
3741:
3740:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3696:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3665:
3633:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3544:
3538:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3460:
3452:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3364:
3356:charging circuit
3353:
3318:
3314:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3256:
3250:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3217:
3211:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3093:
3088:
3074:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2838:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2674:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2580:
2561:
2556:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1597:
1582:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1402:. Substituting
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1306:
1287:
1282:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
980:
978:
977:
972:
896:
894:
893:
888:
883:
861:potential energy
843:
841:
840:
835:
830:
778:
776:
775:
770:
768:
766:
762:
756:
752:
746:
715:
713:
712:
707:
705:
697:
657:electric field.
646:depletion region
562:Second World War
454:Alessandro Volta
332:Museum Boerhaave
326:Battery of four
137:electric charges
135:by accumulating
117:
80:
79:
60:
53:
49:
21:
15280:
15279:
15275:
15274:
15273:
15271:
15270:
15269:
15225:
15224:
15223:
15218:
15197:
15130:
15065:Place and route
15060:Logic synthesis
15046:
15042:Gate equivalent
15005:Logic synthesis
15000:Boolean algebra
14983:
14925:Macrocell array
14885:Boolean circuit
14811:
14806:
14776:
14771:
14709:
14624:audio and video
14609:
14576:
14508:
14445:
14373:
14354:Photomultiplier
14279:
14207:
14155:Quantum circuit
14063:
14057:
13999:Avalanche diode
13985:
13897:
13890:
13779:
13768:
13761:
13756:
13719:– Howstuffworks
13707:
13625:
13623:Further reading
13615:
13594:
13569:
13537:
13519:
13514:
13501:
13500:
13496:
13491:
13487:
13464:
13460:
13452:
13448:
13441:
13425:
13421:
13364:
13360:
13329:
13325:
13312:
13308:
13295:
13294:
13290:
13281:
13279:
13264:
13263:
13259:
13250:
13249:
13242:
13233:
13231:
13220:
13211:
13202:
13200:
13196:
13189:
13182:
13181:
13174:
13167:
13147:
13143:
13136:
13120:
13116:
13103:
13099:
13091:
13087:
13079:
13075:
13060:
13038:
13037:
13033:
13026:
13010:
13006:
12999:
12983:
12979:
12972:
12964:. p. 158.
12952:
12948:
12941:
12933:. p. 111.
12921:
12917:
12909:
12902:
12895:
12871:
12867:
12860:
12840:
12836:
12829:
12809:
12805:
12796:
12794:
12789:Guinta, Steve.
12787:
12783:
12774:
12772:
12768:
12761:
12755:
12751:
12744:
12740:
12733:
12725:. p. 189.
12713:
12702:
12695:
12679:
12675:
12668:
12648:
12644:
12636:
12632:
12624:
12620:
12613:
12597:
12593:
12584:
12582:
12578:
12567:
12563:
12562:
12558:
12549:
12547:
12542:
12541:
12537:
12528:
12526:
12517:
12516:
12512:
12504:
12500:
12457:
12453:
12444:
12442:
12440:
12424:
12420:
12367:
12363:
12332:
12328:
12303:
12299:
12268:
12264:
12255:
12253:
12251:
12243:. p. 100.
12231:
12227:
12218:
12216:
12214:
12206:. p. 397.
12194:
12190:
12181:
12179:
12177:
12161:
12157:
12149:
12145:
12136:
12135:
12131:
12123:
12119:
12110:
12108:
12100:
12099:
12095:
12087:
12083:
12075:
12071:
12064:
12048:
12044:
12037:
12021:
12014:
12007:
11987:
11980:
11957:
11953:
11945:
11941:
11933:
11929:
11921:
11914:
11906:
11900:
11892:. p. 214.
11885:
11874:
11870:
11861:
11859:
11846:
11845:
11841:
11832:
11830:
11828:
11805:
11801:
11796:Wayback Machine
11786:
11782:
11775:
11767:
11763:
11728:
11713:
11704:
11700:
11679:
11678:
11674:
11667:
11653:
11649:
11640:
11638:
11633:
11632:
11628:
11615:
11611:
11599:
11597:
11589:
11583:
11579:
11570:
11568:
11564:
11558:
11554:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11522:
11518:
11501:
11497:
11488:
11486:
11477:
11473:
11464:
11462:
11460:
11444:
11440:
11431:
11429:
11418:
11414:
11401:
11400:
11396:
11389:
11371:
11367:
11358:
11356:
11354:
11338:
11334:
11325:
11323:
11314:
11307:
11303:
11298:
11297:
11290:
11286:
11284:
11280:
11275:
11274:
11269:
11265:
11260:
11222:
11215:
11212:
11205:
11202:
11193:
11186:
11177:
11174:
11147:Capacitors may
11107:microwave ovens
11075:
11066:phosphorescence
11062:
11056:
11054:Producing light
11039:
11033:
10983:process control
10956:those factors.
10950:
10942:Main articles:
10940:
10931:
10923:
10899:
10892:
10887:
10879:
10876:
10875:
10850:radio receivers
10842:
10826:analog circuits
10806:
10780:
10778:Motor capacitor
10774:
10758:circuit breaker
10749:(RFI), which a
10736:contact breaker
10727:
10725:Low-pass filter
10717:
10712:
10710:Low-pass filter
10702:
10676:
10670:
10646:film capacitors
10638:
10632:
10630:Signal coupling
10627:
10610:electric motors
10579:
10529:
10509:nuclear weapons
10470:Marx generators
10462:capacitor banks
10454:
10442:
10415:supercapacitors
10407:specific energy
10384:
10363:
10357:
10325:
10319:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10283:
8852:
8841:
8839:
8814:
8794:
8789:
8702:
8666:
8646:
8640:
8628:
8622:
8611:
8602:where a single
8580:
8576:
8560:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8541:
8537:
8518:
8513:
8492:
8464:
8442:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8418:
8409:determines the
8399:
8380:
8376:
8365:
8355:
8341:
8340:
8320:
8306:
8304:
8250:
8246:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8211:
8203:
8197:
8193:
8159:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8121:
8085:
8070:
8066:
8060:
8056:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8021:
8016:
7992:
7977:
7969:
7958:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7925:
7915:
7911:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7868:
7815:
7796:
7789:
7785:
7777:
7768:
7763:
7745:
7726:
7717:
7716:
7704:
7695:
7690:
7672:
7657:
7648:
7643:
7627:
7622:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7567:
7552:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7529:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7494:
7490:
7480:
7444:
7439:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7419:
7400:
7396:
7385:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7333:
7304:Supercapacitors
7221:supercapacitors
7187:film capacitors
7131:
7119:supercapacitors
7111:
7109:Capacitor types
7105:
7103:Capacitor types
7082:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7053:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7024:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
6995:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6956:
6952:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6926:
6922:
6913:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6811:
6791:
6779:
6767:microwave ovens
6763:television sets
6742:sample and hold
6734:
6685:
6646:
6637:Film capacitors
6616:film capacitors
6587:
6553:
6543:
6538:
6524:
6509:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6434:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6364:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6300:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6270:
6262:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6134:
6127:
6113:
6071:
6066:
6058:
6050:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6024:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5889:
5888:
5876:
5872:
5856:
5851:
5842:
5838:
5830:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5800:
5796:
5787:
5783:
5771:
5767:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5718:
5662:
5658:
5649:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5629:
5623:
5605:
5578:
5574:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5546:
5533:
5528:
5515:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5481:
5480:
5470:
5458:
5457:
5439:
5434:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5369:
5364:
5357:
5353:
5343:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5214:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5108:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
4990:
4986:
4971:
4967:
4958:
4954:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4924:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4870:
4864:
4854:
4848:
4824:
4819:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4789:When using the
4787:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4739:
4724:
4720:
4706:
4691:
4687:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4626:
4621:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4529:
4522:
4516:
4508:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4440:
4439:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4348:
4334:
4333:
4317:
4312:
4296:
4291:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4237:
4232:
4216:
4211:
4201:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4166:
4156:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4095:
4084:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3979:
3975:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3887:
3881:
3867:
3866:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3787:
3786:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3681:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3657:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3604:
3559:
3558:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3496:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3451:
3415:
3411:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3359:
3352:
3346:
3331:
3325:
3316:
3312:
3293:
3271:
3270:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3232:
3231:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3164:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3119:
3107:
3103:
3075:
3073:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
2997:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2914:
2905:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2690:
2686:
2673:
2654:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2624:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2576:
2557:
2552:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2210:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1708:
1703:
1680:
1671:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1596:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1561:
1556:which sets the
1555:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:Since the area
1464:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1384:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1322:
1302:
1283:
1278:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1219:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1181:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:, and assuming
1074:
1071:
1070:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1006:
1005:
986:
983:
982:
966:
963:
962:
935:
917:
879:
868:
865:
864:
826:
815:
812:
811:
784:
758:
757:
748:
747:
745:
737:
734:
733:
696:
688:
685:
684:
654:charge carriers
611:
606:
600:
573:supercapacitors
566:film capacitors
524:mica capacitors
466:steam condenser
438:The Radio Times
312:
306:
268:while allowing
97:
77:
75:
46:
39:
36:Capacitor types
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15278:
15268:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15240:Energy storage
15237:
15220:
15219:
15217:
15216:
15211:
15205:
15203:
15199:
15198:
15196:
15195:
15190:
15189:
15188:
15183:
15181:cinematography
15173:
15168:
15163:
15162:
15161:
15151:
15150:
15149:
15138:
15136:
15132:
15131:
15129:
15128:
15127:
15126:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15100:
15099:
15094:
15084:
15079:
15078:
15077:
15072:
15062:
15056:
15054:
15048:
15047:
15045:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15028:
15027:
15020:Digital signal
15017:
15012:
15007:
15002:
14997:
14995:Digital signal
14991:
14989:
14985:
14984:
14982:
14981:
14975:
14969:
14963:
14957:
14951:
14945:
14939:
14933:
14927:
14922:
14916:
14910:
14904:
14899:
14893:
14887:
14882:
14877:
14872:
14867:
14862:
14857:
14852:
14847:
14842:
14837:
14832:
14827:
14821:
14819:
14813:
14812:
14805:
14804:
14797:
14790:
14782:
14773:
14772:
14770:
14769:
14768:
14767:
14762:
14752:
14747:
14742:
14737:
14732:
14731:
14730:
14719:
14717:
14711:
14710:
14708:
14707:
14706:
14705:
14703:Wollaston wire
14695:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14669:
14668:
14663:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14638:
14637:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14617:
14615:
14611:
14610:
14608:
14607:
14602:
14597:
14596:
14595:
14584:
14582:
14578:
14577:
14575:
14574:
14569:
14564:
14559:
14554:
14549:
14544:
14539:
14534:
14529:
14524:
14518:
14516:
14510:
14509:
14507:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14484:Selectron tube
14481:
14476:
14474:Magic eye tube
14471:
14466:
14461:
14455:
14453:
14447:
14446:
14444:
14443:
14438:
14432:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14411:
14406:
14400:
14395:
14388:
14386:
14375:
14374:
14372:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14289:
14287:
14281:
14280:
14278:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14227:
14221:
14219:
14213:
14212:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14185:
14179:
14173:
14168:
14162:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14136:
14131:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14105:
14099:
14094:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14067:
14065:
14059:
14058:
14056:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14043:Schottky diode
14040:
14035:
14030:
14024:
14018:
14012:
14007:
14001:
13995:
13993:
13987:
13986:
13984:
13983:
13977:
13972:
13966:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13949:
13948:
13937:
13936:
13935:
13930:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13902:
13900:
13892:
13891:
13889:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13872:
13867:
13861:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13839:
13833:
13827:
13822:
13816:
13810:
13805:
13800:
13795:
13790:
13784:
13782:
13771:
13763:
13762:
13755:
13754:
13747:
13740:
13732:
13726:
13725:
13720:
13714:
13706:
13705:External links
13703:
13702:
13701:
13690:
13679:
13668:
13654:
13640:
13624:
13621:
13620:
13619:
13613:
13598:
13592:
13573:
13567:
13548:
13541:
13535:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13512:
13494:
13485:
13458:
13446:
13439:
13419:
13374:(49): 495401.
13368:Nanotechnology
13358:
13323:
13306:
13288:
13257:
13240:
13209:
13172:
13165:
13159:. p. 19.
13141:
13134:
13114:
13097:
13095:, p. 305.
13085:
13083:, p. 347.
13073:
13058:
13031:
13024:
13004:
12997:
12977:
12970:
12946:
12939:
12915:
12913:, p. 217.
12900:
12893:
12865:
12858:
12834:
12827:
12803:
12781:
12749:
12738:
12731:
12700:
12693:
12673:
12666:
12660:. p. 10.
12642:
12630:
12618:
12611:
12591:
12556:
12535:
12510:
12508:, p. 169.
12498:
12471:(4): 439–442.
12451:
12438:
12418:
12361:
12342:(2): 281–289.
12326:
12315:(5): 904–922.
12297:
12262:
12249:
12225:
12212:
12188:
12176:978-9810217143
12175:
12155:
12153:, p. 170.
12143:
12129:
12117:
12093:
12091:, p. 260.
12081:
12079:, p. 263.
12069:
12062:
12042:
12035:
12012:
12005:
11978:
11951:
11939:
11937:, p. 157.
11927:
11925:, p. 168.
11912:
11909:on 2023-01-23.
11898:
11868:
11839:
11826:
11808:Sze, Simon Min
11799:
11780:
11761:
11711:
11698:
11672:
11665:
11647:
11626:
11609:
11577:
11552:
11539:
11516:
11495:
11471:
11459:978-0780311930
11458:
11438:
11412:
11394:
11387:
11381:. p. 10.
11365:
11352:
11332:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11296:
11295:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11262:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11228:
11227:
11211:
11208:
11207:
11206:
11203:
11196:
11194:
11187:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11168:
11115:defibrillators
11103:Brinkley stick
11074:
11071:
11058:Main article:
11055:
11052:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11027:
11024:touch switches
11020:
11018:
11015:
10995:accelerometers
10979:
10977:
10974:
10963:
10961:
10939:
10936:
10934:is in farads.
10906:
10903:
10898:
10895:
10891:
10886:
10883:
10846:tuned circuits
10841:
10840:Tuned circuits
10838:
10805:
10802:
10776:Main article:
10773:
10772:Motor starters
10770:
10716:
10713:
10701:
10698:
10672:Main article:
10669:
10666:
10634:Main article:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10606:reactive power
10578:
10575:
10548:power supplies
10535:A 10,000
10528:
10525:
10492:research, and
10453:
10450:
10446:John Atanasoff
10444:In the 1930s,
10441:
10440:Digital memory
10438:
10383:
10382:Energy storage
10380:
10359:Main article:
10356:
10353:
10352:
10351:
10348:
10318:
10315:
10282:
10279:
10276:
10275:
10272:
10269:
10266:
10263:
10260:
10257:
10254:
10251:
10248:
10245:
10242:
10238:
10237:
10234:
10231:
10228:
10225:
10222:
10219:
10216:
10213:
10210:
10207:
10204:
10200:
10199:
10196:
10193:
10190:
10187:
10184:
10181:
10178:
10175:
10172:
10169:
10166:
10162:
10161:
10158:
10155:
10152:
10149:
10146:
10143:
10140:
10137:
10134:
10131:
10128:
10124:
10123:
10120:
10117:
10114:
10111:
10108:
10105:
10102:
10099:
10096:
10093:
10090:
10086:
10085:
10082:
10079:
10076:
10073:
10070:
10067:
10064:
10061:
10058:
10055:
10052:
10048:
10047:
10044:
10041:
10038:
10035:
10032:
10029:
10026:
10023:
10020:
10017:
10014:
10010:
10009:
10006:
10003:
10000:
9997:
9994:
9991:
9988:
9985:
9982:
9979:
9976:
9972:
9971:
9968:
9965:
9962:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9950:
9947:
9944:
9941:
9938:
9934:
9933:
9930:
9927:
9924:
9921:
9918:
9915:
9912:
9909:
9906:
9903:
9900:
9896:
9895:
9892:
9889:
9886:
9883:
9880:
9877:
9874:
9871:
9868:
9865:
9862:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9851:
9843:
9842:
9839:
9836:
9833:
9830:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9815:
9812:
9809:
9805:
9804:
9801:
9798:
9795:
9792:
9789:
9786:
9783:
9780:
9777:
9774:
9771:
9767:
9766:
9763:
9760:
9757:
9754:
9751:
9748:
9745:
9742:
9739:
9736:
9733:
9729:
9728:
9725:
9722:
9719:
9716:
9713:
9710:
9707:
9704:
9701:
9698:
9695:
9691:
9690:
9687:
9684:
9681:
9678:
9675:
9672:
9669:
9666:
9663:
9660:
9657:
9653:
9652:
9649:
9646:
9643:
9640:
9637:
9634:
9631:
9628:
9625:
9622:
9619:
9615:
9614:
9611:
9608:
9605:
9602:
9599:
9596:
9593:
9590:
9587:
9584:
9581:
9577:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9567:
9564:
9561:
9558:
9555:
9552:
9549:
9546:
9543:
9539:
9538:
9535:
9532:
9529:
9526:
9523:
9520:
9517:
9514:
9511:
9508:
9505:
9501:
9500:
9497:
9494:
9491:
9488:
9485:
9482:
9479:
9476:
9473:
9470:
9467:
9463:
9462:
9459:
9456:
9453:
9450:
9447:
9444:
9441:
9438:
9435:
9432:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9421:
9418:
9415:
9412:
9409:
9406:
9403:
9400:
9397:
9394:
9391:
9387:
9386:
9383:
9380:
9377:
9374:
9371:
9368:
9365:
9362:
9359:
9356:
9353:
9349:
9348:
9345:
9342:
9339:
9336:
9333:
9330:
9327:
9324:
9321:
9318:
9315:
9311:
9310:
9307:
9304:
9301:
9298:
9295:
9292:
9289:
9286:
9283:
9280:
9277:
9273:
9272:
9269:
9266:
9263:
9260:
9257:
9254:
9251:
9248:
9245:
9242:
9239:
9235:
9234:
9231:
9228:
9225:
9222:
9219:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9201:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9187:
9184:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9163:
9159:
9158:
9155:
9152:
9149:
9146:
9143:
9140:
9137:
9134:
9131:
9128:
9125:
9121:
9120:
9117:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9105:
9102:
9099:
9096:
9093:
9090:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9079:
9076:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9045:
9044:
9041:
9038:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8997:
8994:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8976:
8973:
8969:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8930:
8927:
8924:
8921:
8918:
8915:
8912:
8909:
8906:
8903:
8900:
8897:
8893:
8892:
8889:
8886:
8872:IEC 60062
8851:
8848:
8813:
8810:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8774:reverse-biased
8701:
8698:
8690:MOS capacitors
8664:
8654:quantum vacuum
8644:
8626:
8591:
8583:
8579:
8574:
8571:
8568:
8559:
8552:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8521:
8517:
8512:
8509:
8506:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8445:
8441:
8362:imaginary unit
8339:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8309:
8303:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8186:
8183:
8180:
8177:
8174:
8171:
8168:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8119:
8102:
8098:
8095:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8081:
8078:
8073:
8069:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8042:
8019:
8002:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7961:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7936:
7931:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7867:
7864:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7818:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7802:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7780:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7751:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7729:
7723:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7663:
7660:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7570:
7566:
7563:
7558:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7468:
7465:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7398:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7332:
7329:
7325:direct current
7320:electric motor
7130:
7127:
7107:Main article:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7085:
7081:
7070:
7056:
7052:
7041:
7027:
7023:
7012:
6998:
6994:
6965:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6946:
6942:
6935:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6868:
6864:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6828:glow discharge
6810:
6807:
6790:
6787:
6778:
6775:
6771:defibrillators
6733:
6730:
6684:
6681:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6624:
6586:
6585:Ripple current
6583:
6564:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6537:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6512:
6508:
6503:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6462:
6437:
6433:
6414:quality factor
6378:
6375:
6362:
6348:
6303:
6299:
6269:
6260:
6253:
6247:
6243:
6207:
6132:
6125:
6111:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6057:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:§ Leakage
5990:
5979:
5957:
5939:
5887:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5850:
5841:
5837:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5799:
5795:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5770:
5766:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5717:
5714:
5686:energy density
5670:
5661:
5657:
5648:
5634:
5625:Main article:
5622:
5619:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5587:
5577:
5573:
5564:
5559:
5549:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5519:
5514:
5511:
5500:
5494:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5399:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5339:
5336:
5331:
5322:
5321:
5300:
5291:
5287:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5247:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5220:
5217:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5010:
5009:
5006:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4905:
4875:
4874:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4852:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4786:
4783:
4764:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4536:
4527:
4520:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4447:
4437:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4408:
4355:imaginary unit
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4155:
4152:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3921:
3912:
3885:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3626:
3614:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3354:is known as a
3350:
3324:
3321:
3309:magnetic field
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3048:
3034:antiderivative
2996:
2993:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2779:
2755:
2735:
2715:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2520:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2465:
2462:
2442:
2439:
2419:
2403:
2400:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2351:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2229:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2152:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2100:
2096:
2073:
2069:
2046:
2042:
2030:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1966:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1909:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1786:
1782:
1759:
1755:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1576:
1569:
1553:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1502:
1482:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1424:
1411:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1246:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1161:charge density
1157:surface charge
1144:
1141:
1121:
1118:
1098:
1078:
1057:
1033:
1013:
990:
970:
934:
931:
930:
929:
925:
916:
913:
912:
911:
908:
901:
898:
886:
882:
878:
875:
872:
857:
845:
833:
829:
825:
822:
819:
783:
780:
765:
761:
755:
751:
744:
741:
703:
700:
695:
692:
683:between them:
610:
607:
602:Main article:
599:
596:
592:Robert Dennard
526:were used for
381:Daniel Gralath
305:
302:
288:to particular
278:power supplies
266:direct current
228:electric field
222:difference (a
119:
118:
110:
109:
103:
102:
91:
87:
86:
81:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15277:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15232:
15230:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15209:Metastability
15207:
15206:
15204:
15202:Design issues
15200:
15194:
15191:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15178:
15177:
15176:Digital video
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15160:
15157:
15156:
15155:
15154:Digital audio
15152:
15148:
15145:
15144:
15143:
15140:
15139:
15137:
15133:
15125:
15122:
15121:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15089:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15067:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15057:
15055:
15053:
15049:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15026:
15023:
15022:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14996:
14993:
14992:
14990:
14986:
14979:
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14803:
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14783:
14780:
14766:
14765:mercury relay
14763:
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14588:Potentiometer
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14504:Williams tube
14502:
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14323:Fleming valve
14321:
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14150:Photodetector
14148:
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14118:Memtransistor
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13767:Semiconductor
13764:
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13713:– SparkMuseum
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13559:Prentice Hall
13556:
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13468:Circuit World
13462:
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13319:
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13302:
13298:
13292:
13278:on 2017-07-11
13277:
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13145:
13137:
13135:3-540-25470-6
13131:
13127:
13126:
13118:
13110:
13109:
13101:
13094:
13093:Schroder 2006
13089:
13082:
13081:Schroder 2006
13077:
13069:
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13047:
13043:
13042:
13035:
13027:
13025:0-470-04607-4
13021:
13017:
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13008:
13000:
12998:3-540-20785-6
12994:
12990:
12989:
12981:
12973:
12967:
12963:
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12958:
12950:
12942:
12940:0-521-82112-6
12936:
12932:
12928:
12927:
12919:
12912:
12907:
12905:
12896:
12894:3-527-40532-1
12890:
12886:
12882:
12878:
12877:
12869:
12861:
12859:0-8247-8498-7
12855:
12851:
12847:
12846:
12838:
12830:
12828:90-5699-704-1
12824:
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12655:
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12646:
12639:
12634:
12627:
12622:
12614:
12608:
12604:
12603:
12595:
12581:on 2014-07-14
12577:
12573:
12566:
12560:
12545:
12539:
12525:on 2012-12-26
12524:
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12127:PLoS one 2017
12126:
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12002:
11998:
11994:
11993:
11985:
11983:
11974:
11970:
11966:
11962:
11955:
11949:, p. 69.
11948:
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11924:
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11917:
11905:
11901:
11899:0-471-33372-7
11895:
11891:
11884:
11883:
11878:
11877:Sze, Simon M.
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11507:
11499:
11484:
11483:
11475:
11461:
11455:
11451:
11450:
11442:
11428:on 2007-10-24
11427:
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11404:
11398:
11390:
11388:0-13-127827-4
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11190:defibrillator
11184:
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10791:
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10784:squirrel cage
10779:
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8898:
8895:
8894:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8880:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8847:
8837:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8809:
8807:
8802:
8800:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8761:
8759:
8755:
8754:surface mount
8751:
8746:
8740:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8724:
8715:
8711:
8706:
8697:
8693:
8691:
8686:
8684:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8643:
8638:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8614:
8609:
8605:
8589:
8581:
8577:
8569:
8557:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8531:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8515:
8510:
8504:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8476:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8451:
8443:
8439:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8416:
8412:
8406:
8402:
8397:
8393:
8387:
8383:
8372:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8337:
8327:
8321:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8285:
8278:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8263:
8257:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8241:
8228:
8225:
8219:
8216:
8194:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8178:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8153:
8147:
8135:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8118:
8113:
8100:
8093:
8079:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8047:
8031:
8027:
8022:
8013:
8000:
7996:
7993:
7989:
7981:
7978:
7962:
7959:
7955:
7952:
7944:
7940:
7934:
7926:
7922:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7827:
7819:
7816:
7809:
7805:
7800:
7797:
7793:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7778:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7749:
7746:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7673:
7666:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7605:Integrating:
7603:
7590:
7586:
7583:
7579:
7571:
7568:
7561:
7556:
7553:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7498:
7487:
7483:
7466:
7463:
7456:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7429:
7416:
7414:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7392:
7388:
7371:
7368:
7361:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7338:
7337:ferroelectric
7328:
7326:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7298:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7282:and leakage.
7281:
7276:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7244:
7236:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7190:
7188:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7157:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7135:
7126:
7122:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7083:
7079:
7071:
7054:
7050:
7042:
7025:
7021:
7013:
6996:
6992:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6963:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6933:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6899:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6862:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6838:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6806:
6804:
6799:
6795:
6786:
6784:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6743:
6739:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6667:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6582:
6580:
6575:
6562:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6518:
6510:
6506:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6474:
6460:
6453:
6435:
6431:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6390:
6384:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6341:
6340:average power
6301:
6297:
6267:
6258:
6251:
6245:
6241:
6233:
6228:
6225:
6224:is relevant.
6205:
6196:
6171:
6170:
6143:
6131:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6116:damping ratio
6110:
6106:
6102:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6055:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6033:
6028:
6014:
6010:
5988:
5980:
5977:
5955:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5885:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5839:
5835:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5797:
5793:
5784:
5777:
5768:
5764:
5755:
5750:
5747:
5736:
5722:
5713:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5668:
5659:
5655:
5646:
5637:
5628:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5585:
5575:
5571:
5562:
5557:
5547:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5517:
5512:
5509:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5453:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5410:
5408:
5397:
5383:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5329:
5298:
5289:
5285:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5218:
5215:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5109:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5042:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5014:
5007:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4903:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4879:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4733:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4707:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4669:
4646:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4534:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4445:
4435:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4407:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4257:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4078:
4072:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4013:
4007:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3936:
3920:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3896:time constant
3891:
3884:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3713:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3645:
3632:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3551:
3545:
3534:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3501:
3489:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3276:
3263:
3257:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3224:
3218:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3169:
3157:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2777:
2768:
2753:
2733:
2713:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2569:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2534:
2518:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2463:
2460:
2440:
2437:
2417:
2409:
2399:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2363:
2349:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2227:
2214:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2150:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2098:
2094:
2071:
2067:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1907:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1784:
1780:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1500:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1423:
1409:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1260:
1259:line integral
1244:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1142:
1139:
1119:
1116:
1096:
1076:
1055:
1046:
1031:
1011:
1004:
988:
968:
955:
948:
944:
939:
926:
922:
921:
920:
909:
906:
902:
899:
884:
880:
876:
873:
870:
862:
858:
855:
851:
846:
831:
827:
823:
820:
817:
809:
805:
804:
803:
801:
793:
788:
779:
763:
753:
742:
739:
730:
727:
723:
719:
701:
698:
693:
690:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
658:
655:
651:
650:Coulomb's law
647:
644:
643:semiconductor
640:
636:
632:
623:
615:
605:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:electrophorus
455:
451:
447:
439:
434:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
318:
311:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:analog filter
271:
267:
264:for blocking
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
54:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
15135:Applications
14839:
14722:
14522:Cold cathode
14489:Storage tube
14379:Vacuum tubes
14328:Neutron tube
14303:Beam tetrode
14285:Vacuum tubes
13870:Power MOSFET
13692:
13681:
13670:
13656:
13642:
13628:
13603:
13583:
13578:
13553:
13544:
13525:
13517:Bibliography
13506:
13497:
13488:
13471:
13467:
13461:
13454:Pulsed Power
13453:
13449:
13429:
13422:
13371:
13367:
13361:
13339:(3): 24–27.
13336:
13332:
13326:
13316:
13309:
13300:
13291:
13280:. Retrieved
13276:the original
13271:Allied Radio
13269:
13260:
13232:. Retrieved
13201:. Retrieved
13185:
13151:
13144:
13124:
13117:
13107:
13100:
13088:
13076:
13040:
13034:
13014:
13007:
12987:
12980:
12956:
12949:
12925:
12918:
12881:Polar Oxides
12880:
12875:
12868:
12844:
12837:
12813:
12806:
12795:. Retrieved
12784:
12773:. Retrieved
12752:
12745:
12741:
12717:
12683:
12676:
12652:
12645:
12633:
12625:
12621:
12601:
12594:
12583:. Retrieved
12576:the original
12571:
12559:
12548:. Retrieved
12538:
12527:. Retrieved
12523:the original
12513:
12501:
12468:
12464:
12454:
12443:. Retrieved
12428:
12421:
12378:
12374:
12364:
12339:
12335:
12329:
12312:
12306:
12300:
12275:
12271:
12265:
12254:. Retrieved
12235:
12228:
12217:. Retrieved
12198:
12191:
12180:. Retrieved
12165:
12158:
12146:
12132:
12120:
12109:. Retrieved
12105:
12096:
12084:
12072:
12052:
12045:
12025:
11991:
11964:
11960:
11954:
11942:
11930:
11904:the original
11881:
11871:
11860:. Retrieved
11858:. 2017-08-09
11851:
11842:
11831:. Retrieved
11812:
11802:
11783:
11764:
11742:(1): 20–25.
11739:
11735:
11706:
11701:
11684:
11675:
11656:
11650:
11639:. Retrieved
11629:
11619:
11612:
11604:
11598:. Retrieved
11593:
11580:
11569:. Retrieved
11567:. p. 28
11555:
11544:. Retrieved
11529:
11519:
11505:
11498:
11487:. Retrieved
11481:
11474:
11463:. Retrieved
11448:
11441:
11430:. Retrieved
11426:the original
11415:
11406:
11397:
11374:
11368:
11357:. Retrieved
11342:
11335:
11324:. Retrieved
11318:
11281:
11266:
11159:
11146:
11127:
11083:
11079:fibrillation
11076:
11063:
11048:
10966:
10951:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10858:
10843:
10807:
10799:
10796:
10788:
10781:
10762:
10755:
10745:undesirable
10728:
10691:
10684:
10677:
10657:
10651:
10592:
10560:
10546:are used in
10542:
10498:
10476:(especially
10461:
10457:Pulsed power
10455:
10443:
10434:high voltage
10419:
10399:
10396:
10385:
10355:Applications
10342:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10326:
10284:
10274:900 μF
10247:0.90 pF
10236:800 μF
10209:0.80 pF
10198:700 μF
10171:0.70 pF
10160:600 μF
10133:0.60 pF
10122:500 μF
10095:0.50 pF
10084:450 μF
10057:0.45 pF
10046:400 μF
10019:0.40 pF
10008:350 μF
9981:0.35 pF
9970:300 μF
9943:0.30 pF
9932:250 μF
9905:0.25 pF
9841:910 μF
9814:0.91 pF
9803:820 μF
9776:0.82 pF
9765:750 μF
9738:0.75 pF
9727:680 μF
9700:0.68 pF
9689:620 μF
9662:0.62 pF
9651:560 μF
9624:0.56 pF
9613:510 μF
9586:0.51 pF
9575:470 μF
9548:0.47 pF
9537:430 μF
9510:0.43 pF
9499:390 μF
9472:0.39 pF
9461:360 μF
9434:0.36 pF
9423:330 μF
9396:0.33 pF
9385:300 μF
9358:0.30 pF
9347:270 μF
9320:0.27 pF
9309:240 μF
9282:0.24 pF
9271:220 μF
9244:0.22 pF
9233:200 μF
9206:0.20 pF
9195:180 μF
9168:0.18 pF
9157:160 μF
9130:0.16 pF
9119:150 μF
9092:0.15 pF
9081:130 μF
9054:0.13 pF
9043:120 μF
9016:0.12 pF
9005:110 μF
8978:0.11 pF
8967:100 μF
8940:0.10 pF
8875:
8853:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8825:
8817:
8815:
8805:
8803:
8798:
8795:
8762:
8747:
8743:
8728:
8719:
8714:through-hole
8694:
8687:
8680:
8676:
8669:
8661:
8641:
8636:
8630:
8623:
8616:
8612:
8607:
8603:
8430:
8423:
8419:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8400:
8395:
8391:
8385:
8381:
8370:
8366:
8356:
8136:
8132:permittivity
8123:
8116:
8114:
8017:
8014:
7869:
7849:
7846:
7604:
7499:
7485:
7481:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7390:
7386:
7334:
7301:
7294:
7284:
7277:
7249:
7218:
7215:
7203:
7191:
7184:
7161:
7153:
7145:permittivity
7141:
7138:centimetres.
7123:
7116:
7112:
6980:
6900:
6833:
6812:
6797:
6792:
6780:
6735:
6726:
6707:between the
6697:RLC circuits
6690:
6686:
6670:
6665:
6662:
6647:
6603:, primarily
6598:
6588:
6576:
6475:
6417:
6386:
6371:
6229:
6226:
6167:
6138:
6129:
6122:
6118:
6108:
5932:
5904:
5706:
5702:
5690:
5682:
5632:
5630:
5606:
5496:
5031:
4788:
4776:
4670:
4647:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4506:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4349:
4167:
3918:
3909:
3904:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3630:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3517:
3515:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3340:
3298:
3185:
3183:
3045:
3041:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:The current
3006:
2769:
2405:
2398:multiplier.
2364:
2219:
1740:
1728:permittivity
1725:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1550:
1541:
1472:
1468:permittivity
1465:
1425:
1047:
1003:permittivity
960:
946:
942:
918:
797:
731:
680:
676:
664:
659:
628:
588:image sensor
580:memory chips
577:
570:
559:
535:Karol Pollak
532:
520:transmitters
509:
474:
469:
461:
452:was used by
450:condensatore
449:
445:
443:
429:
410:
379:
373:, after the
344:
313:
272:to pass. In
255:
240:
216:oxide layers
204:plastic film
173:
162:
144:
140:
128:
122:
47:
14865:Memory cell
14688:Transformer
14430:Sutton tube
14270:Charge pump
14123:Memory cell
14053:Zener diode
14015:Laser diode
13898:transistors
13780:transistors
12626:Electronics
11134:groundwater
11031:Oscillators
11022:Capacitive
10810:information
10658:AC coupling
10599:three phase
10571:car battery
10556:charge pump
10268:9.0 μF
10265:900 nF
10259:9.0 nF
10256:900 pF
10250:9.0 pF
10230:8.0 μF
10227:800 nF
10221:8.0 nF
10218:800 pF
10212:8.0 pF
10192:7.0 μF
10189:700 nF
10183:7.0 nF
10180:700 pF
10174:7.0 pF
10154:6.0 μF
10151:600 nF
10145:6.0 nF
10142:600 pF
10136:6.0 pF
10116:5.0 μF
10113:500 nF
10107:5.0 nF
10104:500 pF
10098:5.0 pF
10078:4.5 μF
10075:450 nF
10069:4.5 nF
10066:450 pF
10060:4.5 pF
10040:4.0 μF
10037:400 nF
10031:4.0 nF
10028:400 pF
10022:4.0 pF
10002:3.5 μF
9999:350 nF
9993:3.5 nF
9990:350 pF
9984:3.5 pF
9964:3.0 μF
9961:300 nF
9955:3.0 nF
9952:300 pF
9946:3.0 pF
9926:2.5 μF
9923:250 nF
9917:2.5 nF
9914:250 pF
9908:2.5 pF
9835:9.1 μF
9832:910 nF
9826:9.1 nF
9823:910 pF
9817:9.1 pF
9797:8.2 μF
9794:820 nF
9788:8.2 nF
9785:820 pF
9779:8.2 pF
9759:7.5 μF
9756:750 nF
9750:7.5 nF
9747:750 pF
9741:7.5 pF
9721:6.8 μF
9718:680 nF
9712:6.8 nF
9709:680 pF
9703:6.8 pF
9683:6.2 μF
9680:620 nF
9674:6.2 nF
9671:620 pF
9665:6.2 pF
9645:5.6 μF
9642:560 nF
9636:5.6 nF
9633:560 pF
9627:5.6 pF
9607:5.1 μF
9604:510 nF
9598:5.1 nF
9595:510 pF
9589:5.1 pF
9569:4.7 μF
9566:470 nF
9560:4.7 nF
9557:470 pF
9551:4.7 pF
9531:4.3 μF
9528:430 nF
9522:4.3 nF
9519:430 pF
9513:4.3 pF
9493:3.9 μF
9490:390 nF
9484:3.9 nF
9481:390 pF
9475:3.9 pF
9455:3.6 μF
9452:360 nF
9446:3.6 nF
9443:360 pF
9437:3.6 pF
9417:3.3 μF
9414:330 nF
9408:3.3 nF
9405:330 pF
9399:3.3 pF
9379:3.0 μF
9376:300 nF
9370:3.0 nF
9367:300 pF
9361:3.0 pF
9341:2.7 μF
9338:270 nF
9332:2.7 nF
9329:270 pF
9323:2.7 pF
9303:2.4 μF
9300:240 nF
9294:2.4 nF
9291:240 pF
9285:2.4 pF
9265:2.2 μF
9262:220 nF
9256:2.2 nF
9253:220 pF
9247:2.2 pF
9227:2.0 μF
9224:200 nF
9218:2.0 nF
9215:200 pF
9209:2.0 pF
9189:1.8 μF
9186:180 nF
9180:1.8 nF
9177:180 pF
9171:1.8 pF
9151:1.6 μF
9148:160 nF
9142:1.6 nF
9139:160 pF
9133:1.6 pF
9113:1.5 μF
9110:150 nF
9104:1.5 nF
9101:150 pF
9095:1.5 pF
9075:1.3 μF
9072:130 nF
9066:1.3 nF
9063:130 pF
9057:1.3 pF
9037:1.2 μF
9034:120 nF
9028:1.2 nF
9025:120 pF
9019:1.2 pF
8999:1.1 μF
8996:110 nF
8990:1.1 nF
8987:110 pF
8981:1.1 pF
8961:1.0 μF
8958:100 nF
8952:1.0 nF
8949:100 pF
8943:1.0 pF
8415:capacitance
8396:conductance
8126:) is now a
7272:vacuum tube
7263:electrolyte
6798:conditioned
6783:megohmmeter
6751:polystyrene
6747:polysulfone
6701:underdamped
6673:microphonic
6654:Curie point
6030:Simplified
6009:conductance
5943:real-valued
5698:electronics
4797:domain by:
4399:capacitance
4388:AC coupling
4154:AC circuits
3916:) replaces
3905:discharging
3323:DC circuits
2430:, the work
1201:Gauss's law
662:capacitance
604:Capacitance
543:electrolyte
477:electricity
421:frequencies
340:Netherlands
328:Leyden jars
290:frequencies
258:Leyden jars
214:, air, and
192:electrolyte
165:capacitance
84:Capacitance
32:Capacitance
15245:Capacitors
15229:Categories
15214:Runt pulse
15186:television
14880:Logic gate
14825:Transistor
14817:Components
14760:reed relay
14750:Parametron
14683:Thermistor
14661:resettable
14620:Connector
14581:Adjustable
14557:Nixie tube
14527:Crossatron
14494:Trochotron
14469:Iconoscope
14464:Charactron
14441:X-ray tube
14313:Compactron
14293:Acorn tube
14250:Buck–boost
14171:Solaristor
14033:Photodiode
14010:Gunn diode
14006:(CLD, CRD)
13788:Transistor
13643:Capacitors
13381:2011.11867
13333:Complexity
13282:2017-07-11
13234:2022-06-18
13203:2022-06-17
12797:2013-03-17
12775:2021-07-23
12585:2013-03-17
12550:2023-09-07
12529:2013-03-17
12506:Ulaby 1999
12445:2013-03-17
12381:(1): 932.
12256:2013-03-17
12219:2013-03-17
12182:2013-03-17
12151:Ulaby 1999
12111:2009-02-19
11947:Ulaby 1999
11935:Ulaby 1999
11923:Ulaby 1999
11862:2019-09-20
11833:2019-10-06
11770:US 2800616
11666:0691096856
11641:2013-03-17
11600:2009-08-10
11571:2009-08-09
11546:2013-03-17
11489:2013-03-17
11465:2013-03-17
11432:2013-03-17
11359:2013-03-17
11326:2016-12-01
11301:References
11162:pre-charge
10967:dielectric
10854:crossovers
10668:Decoupling
10644:Polyester
10619:substation
10537:microfarad
10478:TEA lasers
10430:flash tube
10330:microfarad
10321:See also:
10317:Historical
10289:following
10271:90 μF
10262:90 nF
10253:90 pF
10233:80 μF
10224:80 nF
10215:80 pF
10195:70 μF
10186:70 nF
10177:70 pF
10157:60 μF
10148:60 nF
10139:60 pF
10119:50 μF
10110:50 nF
10101:50 pF
10081:45 μF
10072:45 nF
10063:45 pF
10043:40 μF
10034:40 nF
10025:40 pF
10005:35 μF
9996:35 nF
9987:35 pF
9967:30 μF
9958:30 nF
9949:30 pF
9929:25 μF
9920:25 nF
9911:25 pF
9838:91 μF
9829:91 nF
9820:91 pF
9800:82 μF
9791:82 nF
9782:82 pF
9762:75 μF
9753:75 nF
9744:75 pF
9724:68 μF
9715:68 nF
9706:68 pF
9686:62 μF
9677:62 nF
9668:62 pF
9648:56 μF
9639:56 nF
9630:56 pF
9610:51 μF
9601:51 nF
9592:51 pF
9572:47 μF
9563:47 nF
9554:47 pF
9534:43 μF
9525:43 nF
9516:43 pF
9496:39 μF
9487:39 nF
9478:39 pF
9458:36 μF
9449:36 nF
9440:36 pF
9420:33 μF
9411:33 nF
9402:33 pF
9382:30 μF
9373:30 nF
9364:30 pF
9344:27 μF
9335:27 nF
9326:27 pF
9306:24 μF
9297:24 nF
9288:24 pF
9268:22 μF
9259:22 nF
9250:22 pF
9230:20 μF
9221:20 nF
9212:20 pF
9192:18 μF
9183:18 nF
9174:18 pF
9154:16 μF
9145:16 nF
9136:16 pF
9116:15 μF
9107:15 nF
9098:15 pF
9078:13 μF
9069:13 nF
9060:13 pF
9040:12 μF
9031:12 nF
9022:12 pF
9002:11 μF
8993:11 nF
8984:11 pF
8964:10 μF
8955:10 nF
8946:10 pF
8868:E24 series
8844:10 pF
8650:free space
7489:only when
7225:resonators
7201:circuits.
7125:material.
6759:flashtubes
6722:overdamped
6709:inductance
6381:See also:
6210:dielectric
6142:RLC series
6032:RLC series
6007:, a small
5993:dielectric
5878:dielectric
5802:dielectric
4866:See also:
4535:(denoted X
4177:resistance
4158:See also:
3520:, gives a
3329:RC circuit
3327:See also:
808:elasticity
639:dielectric
631:conductors
555:transistor
497:insulators
446:condensers
425:inductance
406:nanofarads
389:Leyden jar
371:Leyden jar
363:dielectric
310:Leyden jar
308:See also:
284:they tune
218:. When an
184:dielectric
149:. It is a
18:Capacitors
15070:Placement
14860:Flip-flop
14840:Capacitor
14723:Capacitor
14567:Trigatron
14562:Thyratron
14552:Neon lamp
14479:Monoscope
14359:Phototube
14343:Pentagrid
14308:Barretter
14193:Trancitor
14188:Thyristor
14113:Memristor
14038:PIN diode
13815:(ChemFET)
13698:(archive)
13687:(archive)
13676:(archive)
13545:condenser
13474:(1): 22.
12850:CRC Press
12819:CRC Press
12723:CRC Press
12493:1557-9638
11693:0161-7370
11138:landfills
10971:airplanes
10897:π
10834:integrate
10662:reactance
10568:lead–acid
10552:rectifier
10472:, pulsed
10426:amplifier
10422:car audio
10375:dye laser
10371:flashtube
10338:picofarad
10334:picofarad
10291:IEC 60062
8874:define a
8836:473K 330V
8822:picofarad
8770:varactors
8672:resonance
8658:dichroism
8570:ω
8532:ω
8523:ω
8505:ω
8490:ε
8483:−
8477:ω
8462:ε
8452:ω
8440:ε
8411:imaginary
8328:ω
8314:ω
8296:ω
8279:ω
8270:ω
8258:ω
8233:Σ
8226:⋅
8220:ω
8199:Σ
8195:∮
8191:ω
8179:ω
8170:ω
8154:ω
8094:ω
8080:ω
8068:ε
8058:ε
8048:ω
7956:−
7941:ε
7930:∞
7927:−
7923:∫
7913:ε
7844:is used.
7794:−
7761:∫
7714:∫
7688:∫
7641:∫
7620:∫
7536:∫
7437:∫
6950:−
6699:that are
6551:⋅
6545:ω
6519:ω
6489:ω
6461:ω
6452:frequency
6361:, where V
6298:ω
6268:⋅
6242:ω
6076:⋅
6073:ω
6064:−
6048:⋅
6045:ω
5864:⋅
5861:ω
5828:⋅
5825:ω
5794:∥
5741:Σ
5526:⋅
5465:−
5432:−
5362:−
5216:−
5187:⋯
5110:−
5067:∑
4981:⋯
4922:∑
4757:∘
4741:ω
4734:
4708:ω
4701:
4685:−
4628:ω
4600:ω
4487:ω
4481:
4458:ω
4455:−
4395:inversely
4322:π
4310:−
4298:ω
4289:−
4277:ω
4242:π
4230:−
4218:ω
4209:−
4173:reactance
4169:Impedance
4127:τ
4115:−
4058:τ
4046:−
3993:τ
3981:−
3851:τ
3839:−
3831:−
3771:τ
3759:−
3751:−
3699:τ
3687:−
3502:τ
3490:τ
3463:∫
3417:capacitor
3170:τ
3158:τ
3131:∫
2957:ε
2925:ε
2877:ε
2589:∫
2550:∫
2380:−
2313:ε
2280:−
2255:ε
2121:−
1947:−
1872:−
1856:−
1820:−
1691:ε
1636:ε
1524:∝
1442:ε
1350:ε
1328:ε
1325:σ
1276:∫
1225:ε
1217:σ
1176:±
1170:σ
1140:−
1012:ε
854:rectified
586:(CCD) in
505:telephony
485:porcelain
470:capacitor
462:condenser
351:Pomerania
317:lightning
158:terminals
156:with two
141:condenser
129:capacitor
51:Capacitor
14835:Inductor
14830:Resistor
14745:Inductor
14715:Reactive
14693:Varistor
14673:Resistor
14651:Antifuse
14537:Ignitron
14532:Dekatron
14420:Klystron
14409:Gyrotron
14338:Nuvistor
14255:Split-pi
14141:(MOS IC)
14108:Memistor
13866:(MuGFET)
13860:(MOSFET)
13832:(FinFET)
13414:44693636
13406:29027908
13228:Archived
13194:Archived
13068:37739028
12885:R. Waser
12766:Archived
12413:28428625
11879:(2002).
11792:Archived
11756:23077215
11637:. eFunda
11527:(2003).
11210:See also
11096:, has a
11012:theremin
10521:coilguns
10517:railguns
10287:RKM code
10281:RKM code
8498:″
8470:′
7997:′
7982:′
7963:′
7860:varicaps
7820:′
7801:′
7782:′
7750:′
7722:′
7709:′
7677:′
7662:′
7572:′
7557:′
7259:tantalum
7255:aluminum
6809:Lifespan
6627:failure.
6609:aluminum
6605:tantalum
6377:Q factor
4185:spectrum
3395:resistor
3343:resistor
3305:inductor
3030:integral
928:circuit.
924:circuit.
609:Overview
413:wireless
247:resistor
188:sintered
90:Invented
15075:Routing
14909:(3D IC)
14646:Ferrite
14614:Passive
14605:Varicap
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14542:Krytron
14364:Tetrode
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13838:(FGMOS)
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6777:Leakage
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6365:is the
6359:
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5393:(volts)
5325:(volts)
5032:smaller
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3893:is the
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516:Marconi
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78:
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14974:(ASIC)
14968:(FPOA)
14962:(FPGA)
14956:(CPLD)
14921:(EPLD)
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14333:Nonode
14298:Audion
14178:(SITh)
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14029:(OLED)
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13942:(LET)
13924:(FET)
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13844:(IGBT)
13821:(CMOS)
13808:BioFET
13803:BiCMOS
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9975:b?/c?
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8891:Digit
8799:220 μF
8700:Styles
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6590:Ripple
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5567:farads
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101:(1746)
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14938:(PLD)
14932:(PLA)
14915:(ECL)
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14437:(TWT)
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14416:(IOT)
14405:(CFA)
14394:(BWO)
14318:Diode
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14104:(LEC)
14023:(LED)
13982:(UJT)
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13064:S2CID
12769:(PDF)
12762:(PDF)
12579:(PDF)
12568:(PDF)
11907:(PDF)
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10820:and
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3571:+
3565:t
3561:d
3555:)
3552:t
3549:(
3546:i
3542:d
3535:C
3532:R
3518:C
3498:d
3493:)
3487:(
3484:i
3479:t
3472:0
3468:t
3457:C
3454:1
3449:+
3446:R
3443:)
3440:t
3437:(
3434:i
3431:=
3428:)
3425:t
3422:(
3413:v
3409:+
3406:)
3403:t
3400:(
3391:v
3387:=
3382:0
3378:V
3361:t
3351:0
3348:V
3317:L
3313:C
3294:C
3277:t
3273:d
3267:)
3264:t
3261:(
3258:V
3254:d
3247:C
3244:=
3238:t
3234:d
3228:)
3225:t
3222:(
3219:Q
3215:d
3208:=
3205:)
3202:t
3199:(
3196:I
3186:C
3166:d
3161:)
3155:(
3152:I
3147:t
3140:0
3136:t
3125:C
3122:1
3117:+
3114:)
3109:0
3105:t
3101:(
3098:V
3095:=
3090:C
3086:)
3083:t
3080:(
3077:Q
3071:=
3068:)
3065:t
3062:(
3059:V
3049:0
3046:t
3044:(
3042:V
3021:t
3019:(
3017:Q
3013:t
3011:(
3009:I
2978:)
2970:(
2965:2
2961:E
2952:2
2949:1
2944:=
2939:2
2935:E
2931:d
2928:A
2920:2
2917:1
2912:=
2907:2
2902:)
2898:d
2895:E
2891:(
2884:d
2880:A
2869:2
2866:1
2861:=
2856:2
2852:V
2848:C
2843:2
2840:1
2835:=
2832:W
2812:d
2808:/
2804:V
2801:=
2798:E
2778:d
2754:C
2734:V
2714:Q
2692:2
2688:V
2684:C
2679:2
2676:1
2671:=
2668:Q
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2660:2
2657:1
2652:=
2647:C
2642:2
2638:Q
2630:2
2627:1
2622:=
2619:q
2615:d
2608:C
2605:q
2598:Q
2593:0
2585:=
2582:q
2578:d
2573:)
2570:q
2567:(
2564:V
2559:Q
2554:0
2546:=
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2519:W
2499:q
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2490:=
2487:W
2484:d
2464:q
2461:d
2441:W
2438:d
2418:V
2386:)
2383:1
2377:n
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2350:n
2330:d
2326:/
2322:A
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2309:=
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2283:1
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2269:d
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2259:o
2251:=
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2228:n
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2180:Q
2174:=
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2151:V
2129:1
2125:Q
2099:1
2095:Q
2072:2
2068:Q
2045:1
2041:Q
2015:2
2009:2
2005:Q
2001:+
1996:1
1992:Q
1965:C
1962:2
1955:2
1951:Q
1942:1
1938:Q
1931:=
1928:V
1908:V
1886:2
1880:2
1876:Q
1867:1
1863:Q
1834:2
1828:2
1824:Q
1815:1
1811:Q
1785:2
1781:Q
1758:1
1754:Q
1710:2
1705:d
1701:U
1697:d
1694:A
1686:2
1683:1
1678:=
1673:2
1668:)
1664:d
1659:d
1655:U
1650:(
1643:d
1639:A
1628:2
1625:1
1620:=
1615:2
1611:V
1607:C
1602:2
1599:1
1594:=
1591:E
1580:d
1577:d
1574:U
1567:V
1563:V
1554:d
1551:U
1527:L
1521:C
1501:d
1481:A
1449:d
1445:A
1436:=
1433:C
1410:V
1390:V
1386:/
1382:Q
1379:=
1376:C
1353:A
1345:d
1342:Q
1336:=
1333:d
1320:=
1317:d
1314:E
1311:=
1308:z
1304:d
1299:)
1296:z
1293:(
1290:E
1285:d
1280:0
1272:=
1269:V
1245:V
1221:/
1214:=
1211:E
1187:A
1183:/
1179:Q
1173:=
1143:Q
1120:Q
1117:+
1097:d
1077:d
1056:E
1032:d
989:d
969:A
947:d
943:A
885:C
881:/
877:Q
874:=
871:V
832:V
828:/
824:Q
821:=
818:C
764:V
760:d
754:Q
750:d
743:=
740:C
702:V
699:Q
694:=
691:C
681:V
677:Q
665:C
415:(
45:.
38:.
20:)
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