963:
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1771:
of each element in the circuit are known. For a small signal analysis, every non-linear element can be linearized around its operation point to obtain the small-signal estimate of the voltages and currents. This is an application of Ohm's Law. The resulting linear circuit matrix can be solved with
1252:
An ideal independent source maintains the same voltage or current regardless of the other elements present in the circuit. Its value is either constant (DC) or sinusoidal (AC). The strength of voltage or current is not changed by any variation in the connected network.
1319:: In a linear network with several independent sources, the response in a particular branch when all the sources are acting simultaneously is equal to the linear sum of individual responses calculated by taking one independent source at a time.
1800:. Every time a diode switches from on to off or vice versa, the configuration of the linear network changes. Adding more detail to the approximation of equations increases the accuracy of the simulation, but also increases its running time.
1063:
is a network consisting of a closed loop, giving a return path for the current. Thus all circuits are networks, but not all networks are circuits (although networks without a closed loop are often imprecisely referred to as "circuits").
1068:
electrical networks, a special type consisting only of sources (voltage or current), linear lumped elements (resistors, capacitors, inductors), and linear distributed elements (transmission lines), have the property that signals are
1108:) sources, the result is a DC network. The effective resistance and current distribution properties of arbitrary resistor networks can be modeled in terms of their graph measures and geometrical properties.
1323:
Applying these laws results in a set of simultaneous equations that can be solved either algebraically or numerically. The laws can generally be extended to networks containing
1199:
because all of their, respectively, resistance, capacitance and inductance is assumed to be located ("lumped") at one place. This design philosophy is called the
993:
713:
1668:
1515:
686:
698:
1303:: Any network of voltage or current sources and resistors is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source in parallel with a single resistor.
1311:: Any network of voltage or current sources and resistors is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source in series with a single resistor.
1264:
depend upon a particular element of the circuit for delivering the power or voltage or current depending upon the type of source it is.
949:
718:
1104:
of resistive networks is less complicated than analysis of networks containing capacitors and inductors. If the sources are constant (
1661:
1167:
Passive networks do not contain any sources of electromotive force. They consist of passive elements like resistors and capacitors.
728:
107:
1878:
1682:
1510:
1505:
1339:
1101:
553:
79:
1796:
approximation of the equations governing the elements of a circuit. The circuit is treated as a completely linear network of
1179:; otherwise it is non-linear. Passive networks are generally taken to be linear, but there are exceptions. For instance, an
1762:
the voltages across and through each element of the circuit conform to the voltage/current equations governing that element.
1048:
568:
563:
190:
1654:
578:
1207:. This is the conventional approach to circuit design. At high enough frequencies, or for long enough circuits (such as
86:
1942:
1883:
60:
1164:. Active elements can inject power to the circuit, provide power gain, and control the current flow within the circuit.
2022:
Kumar, Ankush; Vidhyadhiraja, N. S.; Kulkarni, G. U . (2017). "Current distribution in conducting nanowire networks".
1726:
allow engineers to design circuits without the time, cost and risk of error involved in building circuit prototypes.
180:
126:
448:
93:
17:
2111:
1496:
363:
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942:
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185:
75:
64:
1915:
1295:: The voltage across a resistor is equal to the product of the resistance and the current flowing through it.
723:
428:
2002:
1739:
1453:
588:
328:
195:
1187:
if driven with a large enough current. In this region, the behaviour of the inductor is very non-linear.
318:
1920:
1221:
1208:
881:
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100:
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need to be able to predict the voltages and currents at all places within the circuit. Simple
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1477:
1279:: The sum of all currents entering a node is equal to the sum of all currents leaving the node.
693:
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238:
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1316:
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1124:. Such networks are generally nonlinear and require more complex design and analysis tools.
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across the component dimensions. A new design model is needed for such cases called the
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1327:. They cannot be used in networks that contain nonlinear or time-varying components.
1287:: The directed sum of the electrical potential differences around a loop must be zero.
1211:), the lumped assumption no longer holds because there is a significant fraction of a
962:
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811:
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A number of electrical laws apply to all linear resistive networks. These include:
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A distributed-element circuit that includes some lumped components is called a
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206:
1100:
is a network containing only resistors and ideal current and voltage sources.
2100:
1898:
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1592:
1195:
Discrete passive components (resistors, capacitors and inductors) are called
921:
906:
891:
831:
543:
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343:
248:
966:
A simple electric circuit made up of a voltage source and a resistor. Here,
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165:
1734:
More complex circuits can be analyzed numerically with software such as
1244:
Sources can be classified as independent sources and dependent sources.
1987:
1982:
1977:
1406:
1365:
1212:
1052:
1032:
538:
30:
For electrical power transmission grids and distribution networks, see
2043:
1861:
1829:
1707:. In more complex cases the circuit may be analyzed with specialized
1434:
1391:
1024:
861:
836:
648:
170:
42:
2085:
1789:
1719:
1439:
1429:
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1020:
1016:
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608:
228:
1758:, that is, one where all nodes conform to Kirchhoff's current law
1754:
When faced with a new circuit, the software first tries to find a
1866:
583:
2067:. Stanford University, Electrical Engineering Department. 1999.
1743:
1715:
1396:
1028:
668:
175:
1785:
1735:
1711:
or estimation techniques such as the piecewise-linear model.
2021:
1175:
A network is linear if its signals obey the principle of
1749:
1035:) or a model of such an interconnection, consisting of
1145:
that can supply energy to the network indefinitely. A
1073:. They are thus more easily analyzed, using powerful
2074:
1718:(an analog circuit simulator), and languages such as
972:
1872:
1232:
design. An example of a semi-lumped circuit is the
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1152:An active network contains one or more sources of
987:
1779:
2098:
1156:. Practical examples of such sources include a
1729:
1219:. Networks designed to this model are called
1765:Once the steady state solution is found, the
1662:
943:
1239:
1149:network does not contain an active source.
1267:
27:Assemblage of connected electrical elements
1669:
1655:
950:
936:
154:
1742:, or symbolically using software such as
1687:To design any electrical circuit, either
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1137:An active network contains at least one
961:
699:Electromagnetism and special relativity
14:
2099:
1966:
1879:Network analysis (electrical circuits)
1683:Network analysis (electrical circuits)
1714:Circuit simulation software, such as
1183:with an iron core can be driven into
719:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
1750:Linearization around operating point
1203:and networks so designed are called
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1884:Mathematical methods in electronics
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1873:Design and analysis methodologies
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1943:Mechanicalâelectrical analogies
1190:
1170:
1132:
52:needs additional citations for
2050:
2015:
1909:
1780:Piecewise-linear approximation
1703:can be analyzed by hand using
1247:
13:
1:
2008:
1916:Network analyzer (electrical)
724:Relativistic electromagnetism
2003:Series and parallel circuits
1931:
1454:Series and parallel circuits
1256:
1222:distributed-element circuits
7:
1921:Network analyzer (AC power)
1803:
1730:Network simulation software
10:
2128:
2024:Journal of Applied Physics
1960:Through and across analogy
1680:
1118:components is known as an
449:LiĂ©nardâWiechert potential
29:
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1605:
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1580:Network analysis methods
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1502:
1495:
1459:
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1426:
1419:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1240:Classification of sources
1217:distributed-element model
1007:is an interconnection of
714:Mathematical descriptions
424:Electromagnetic radiation
414:Electromagnetic induction
354:Magnetic vector potential
349:Magnetic scalar potential
1268:Applying electrical laws
1209:power transmission lines
1111:A network that contains
1285:Kirchhoff's voltage law
1277:Kirchhoff's current law
1205:lumped-element circuits
1071:linearly superimposable
264:Electrostatic induction
259:Electrostatic discharge
2112:Electrical engineering
1894:Topology (electronics)
1000:
989:
694:Electromagnetic tensor
1889:Superposition theorem
1784:Software such as the
1756:steady state solution
1705:complex number theory
1317:Superposition theorem
1009:electrical components
990:
965:
687:Covariant formulation
479:Synchrotron radiation
419:Electromagnetic pulse
409:Electromagnetic field
1835:Open-circuit voltage
1815:Ground (electricity)
1774:Gaussian elimination
1697:electrical engineers
1497:Impedance transforms
1201:lumped-element model
988:{\displaystyle v=iR}
970:
729:Stressâenergy tensor
654:Reluctance (complex)
399:Displacement current
76:"Electrical network"
61:improve this article
2036:2017JAP...122d5101K
1967:Specific topologies
1956:(Firestone analogy)
1607:Two-port parameters
1529:Generator theorems
1154:electromotive force
1037:electrical elements
644:Magnetomotive force
529:Electromotive force
499:Alternating current
434:Jefimenko equations
394:Cyclotron radiation
1309:Thévenin's theorem
1121:electronic circuit
1091:transient response
1079:Laplace transforms
1061:electrical circuit
1005:electrical network
1001:
985:
492:Electrical network
329:Gauss magnetic law
294:Static electricity
254:Electric potential
2044:10.1063/1.4985792
1998:Potential divider
1950:(Maxwell analogy)
1948:Impedance analogy
1938:Hydraulic analogy
1709:computer programs
1679:
1678:
1262:Dependent sources
1098:resistive network
960:
959:
659:Reluctance (real)
629:Gyratorâcapacitor
574:Resonant cavities
464:Maxwell equations
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16:(Redirected from
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1954:Mobility analogy
1904:Prototype filter
1794:piecewise-linear
1768:operating points
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1340:network analysis
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1301:Norton's theorem
1077:methods such as
1075:frequency domain
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992:
991:
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952:
945:
938:
619:Electric machine
602:Magnetic circuit
564:Parallel circuit
554:Network analysis
519:Electric current
454:London equations
299:Triboelectricity
289:Potential energy
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148:Electromagnetism
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18:Electric circuit
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1962:(Trent analogy)
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1926:Continuity test
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1857:Circuit diagram
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1810:Digital circuit
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1701:linear circuits
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1242:
1234:combline filter
1197:lumped elements
1193:
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1135:
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1081:, to determine
1045:current sources
1041:voltage sources
995:, according to
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733:
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634:Induction motor
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509:Current density
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474:Poynting vector
384:
382:Electrodynamics
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373:
369:Right-hand rule
334:Magnetic dipole
324:BiotâSavart law
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239:Electric dipole
234:Electric charge
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32:Electrical grid
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1139:voltage source
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1128:Classification
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579:Series circuit
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50:This article
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1845:Voltage drop
1798:ideal diodes
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1191:By lumpiness
1174:
1171:By linearity
1166:
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1133:By passivity
1119:
1110:
1097:
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1057:capacitances
1004:
1002:
704:Four-current
639:Linear motor
524:Electrolysis
491:
404:Eddy current
364:Permeability
284:Polarization
279:Permittivity
123:
114:
104:
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90:
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2107:Electricity
2091:Electronics
1993:RLC circuit
1910:Measurement
1724:verilog-AMS
1248:Independent
1230:semi-lumped
1087:AC response
1083:DC response
1053:inductances
1049:resistances
1033:transistors
674:Transformer
504:Capacitance
429:Faraday law
224:Coulomb law
166:Electricity
2101:Categories
2009:References
1988:RL circuit
1983:RC circuit
1978:LC circuit
1681:See also:
1421:Components
1325:reactances
1213:wavelength
1185:saturation
1116:electronic
1025:capacitors
741:Scientists
589:Waveguides
569:Resistance
539:Inductance
319:AmpĂšre law
117:March 2016
87:newspapers
1932:Analogies
1862:Schematic
1830:Memristor
1820:Impedance
1535:theorems
1293:Ohm's law
1257:Dependent
1162:generator
1021:inductors
1017:resistors
1013:batteries
997:Ohm's law
897:Steinmetz
827:Kirchhoff
812:Jefimenko
807:Hopkinson
792:Helmholtz
787:Heaviside
649:Permeance
534:Impedance
274:Insulator
269:Gauss law
219:Conductor
196:Phenomena
191:Textbooks
171:Magnetism
2058:"HSPICE"
1804:See also
1790:Simulink
1720:VHDL-AMS
1347:Elements
1181:inductor
1102:Analysis
1029:switches
922:Wiechert
877:Poynting
767:Einstein
614:DC motor
609:AC motor
444:Lenz law
229:Electret
2032:Bibcode
1867:Netlist
1693:digital
1533:Network
1338:Linear
1158:battery
1147:passive
1039:(e.g.,
1011:(e.g.,
907:Thomson
882:Ritchie
872:Poisson
857:Neumann
852:Maxwell
847:Lorentz
842:Liénard
772:Faraday
757:Coulomb
584:Voltage
559:Ohm law
181:History
101:scholar
2077:Portal
2065:HSpice
1744:SapWin
1740:GNUCAP
1716:HSPICE
1689:analog
1113:active
1089:, and
1066:Linear
1059:). An
892:Singer
887:Savart
867:Ărsted
832:Larmor
822:Kelvin
777:Fizeau
747:AmpĂšre
669:Stator
176:Optics
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2061:(PDF)
1792:uses
1786:PLECS
1736:SPICE
1160:or a
917:Weber
912:Volta
902:Tesla
817:Joule
802:Hertz
797:Henry
782:Gauss
664:Rotor
108:JSTOR
94:books
1825:Load
1722:and
1670:edit
1663:talk
1656:view
837:Lenz
762:Davy
752:Biot
80:news
2040:doi
2028:122
1760:and
1738:or
1691:or
1141:or
1003:An
862:Ohm
63:by
2103::
2063:.
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1776:.
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1695:,
1236:.
1225:.
1106:DC
1096:A
1093:.
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1019:,
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980:i
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124:(
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105:·
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