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1215:(MoD) owns a 59 km (23 sq mi) area of the cape, known as the Cape Wrath Training Centre. The cape was used for training exercises from the early years of the 20th century, with the first by-laws established in 1933 to allow use of the area as a firing range. The area was used originally as a naval gunnery range and was bought by the MoD in 1999. Since 2005 the area has been used as a multi-services training area and is one of the sites used in the
91:
1952:
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The MoD owns a number of the surviving buildings in the area and operates observation posts and sentry posts during training. It is used for naval gunfire practice and for army artillery and mortar range firing. Disused military vehicles are often used as targets. The RAF uses An Garbh-eilean (Garvie
327:
which had up to ten pupils in the 1930s but closed in 1947. Building remains at locations such as
Kearvaig have been dated to the 18th century. The Cape has few archaeological remains which can be dated to earlier than this, although a promontory fort at Eilean nan Caorach to the east of the headland
1243:
estimated that the area would take 10 years to return to its normal environmental conditions. Concern has also been raised of the effects of military exercises on nesting birds, on sheep during lambing season and the effects of noise on local residents. A shell fired during exercises caused concern
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in the east and includes the entire coastline of the cape area. Just offshore is Stac Clò Kearvaig, also known as "The
Cathedral" due to the appearance of two spires and a natural window created by erosion. To the east lies Garvie Island (An Garbh-eilean), one of the main targets for live firing by
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was unsuccessful, and 15 died. An inquiry later blamed the ship's carpenter for being insufficiently familiar with the ship and for failing to shut all the scuttles. Like most of the crew, he had joined the ship just 10 days earlier. The wreck was found in 2004, 35 mi (56 km; 30 nmi)
1379:
where a
Ministry of Defence check-point blocks access to the cape during live firing exercises. It passes the farmsteads of Daill and Inshore, where the MoD uses the remaining house, before a track to the right links the road to the old hamlet of Kearvaig, where there is a beach and Kearvaig House
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to maintain a route along steep slopes. Materials for the road were quarried locally and there are a number of quarrying sites along it. The road is marked with milestones and crosses the Allt na
Guaille and Kearvaig River on contemporary arched bridges. The original slipway on the Kyle of Durness
1312:
Cape Wrath is also the turning point for the Cape Wrath
Marathon. It runs for 11 mi (18 km) to the lighthouse and the same distance back to the ferry dock on the Cape side. The final 4 mi (6.5 km) leg of the race is run from the mainland side from the ferry dock and finishes at
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exercises, Europe's largest military exercise, and by other NATO operations. Training is allowed on up to 120 days a year, usually taking place in the spring and autumn, although times can be unpredictable. The range is usually open for public access during the summer period and there is rarely
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and consists of 107 square miles (280 square kilometres) of moorland wilderness known as the Parph. The first road was built in 1828 by the lighthouse commission across the Parph/Durness. This road connects a passenger ferry that crosses the Kyle of
Durness with the buildings on the peninsula.
1388:. Margaret Davies, a walker, was found there dying of starvation in 2002. A minibus service operates along the road during the summer period linking the ferry slipway with the lighthouse. The road, ferry and minibus service are suspended during military training operations on the cape.
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Its exposed northerly position can give rise to some exceptionally low winter sunshine levels: in
January 1983 it recorded just 38 minutes of sunshine, a record low for Scotland. This exposed position, however, also means severe frost is rare compared to inland locations such as
1168:, is a 20 m (66 ft) tall white-washed tower built of granite with a single storey semi-circular base building. The light, which is 122 m (400 ft) above sea level, is visible for 22 nautical miles (41 kilometres).
1259:. The plans were opposed by the Durness Development Group which cited concerns that historic buildings might be destroyed and that visitors may be unable to access cliff top paths. The group registered an interest in the land using
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which is crossed by a passenger ferry service operating between May and
September. The road was built as part of the lighthouse construction in 1828 and, in places, uses a series of rock causeways to cross peat bogs and
1332:
335:, shelters built for shepherds, can be found across the Cape. The area declined in population in the mid-20th century and is now almost entirely unpopulated, although military and tourism use continues. The
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was built north of Daill with an associated storehouse similar to that at Clais
Charnach. This was linked by a rough track with the road being extended south the slipway at Ferry House during the 1830s.
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The sole inhabitants of the Cape are the Ure family, renting the main building. They converted it into a three-bedroomed home, and opened what is claimed to be
Britain's most remote cafe, the
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communities, although by 1845 the only families remaining on the Parph were those of shepherds. In the 1930s it supported a population of 30 to 40 people, including a small side school at
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between 1894 and 1903 as a signal station to track shipping around the Cape. This closed in 1932, although the buildings were reused at the start of World War II as a coastguard station.
412:. These rise to 281 m (922 ft) above sea level and include the highest sea cliffs on the British mainland at Clò Mòr around 4 mi (6.4 km) to the east of the headland.
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forces combine land, air and sea capabilities in assault mode for training manoeuvres, deploying ordnance up to 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs. Firing on the range is controlled from
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The MoD expressed an interest in extending its land holdings on the Cape in 2012 after being given the opportunity to purchase 24 ha (59 acres) surrounding
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and a petition opposing the sale attracted thousands of signatures. In May 2013, the MoD announced that it would not be continuing with the purchase.
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The cape is visited by between 2,000 and 6,000 tourists a year, attracted by the lack of settlements, plants, animals, cliffs, mountain backdrop and
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Numbers of seabirds in the area saw significant declines in the early 21st century with puffin numbers falling by 50%. An area of 1,015.2 hectares (
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416:, such as Stac an Dùnain at the cape itself and Stac Clò Kearvaig to the east, rise out of the sea off the coastline, with Duslic, a reef,
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1335:, to develop Cape Wrath as a visitor location. These may see the number of visitors rise to 10,000 and facilities at the Cape developed.
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1130: sq mi) in area. The area has been described as one of the few coastal wildernesses in Britain. Plant species include heather
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999:(SSSI). The cliffs around the cape are an internationally important nesting site for over 50000 seabirds, including colonies of puffin
505:
effect can also occur with the right angle of southerly winds, exemplified by the record December high of 17.7 °C (63.9 °F).
1746:
1239:
In 2008 a heath fire was caused on the range during a period of live firing. An area of around 137 ha (340 acres) was affected.
1043: mi) out to sea and includes the sea bed and marine environment which is a source of food for the bird population of the area.
1992:
1700:
http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/yorkshire-diver-first-to-see-wreck-for-nearly-90-years-1-2545421
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1283:. The tourist industry is estimated to be worth between £400,000 and £620,000 to the economy of the local area around Durness.
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450:, Kearvaig and Inshore into the mid-20th century. The land originally formed part of the Sutherland estates owned by the
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83:
454:. An area of 25,000 acres (10,000 hectares), covering almost all of the northern part of the peninsula, is owned by the
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Strong winds can be a feature of weather conditions at the cape, with gusts of 140 mph (230 km/h) recorded.
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Island) as a target for a range of training operations. It is the only place in the Northern Hemisphere where
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and is used as a military training area, including as live firing range. Areas of it are also designated as a
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Inland the landscape is primarily covered in peat and is often boggy with difficult terrain and a number of
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and a wide range of habitats are present. These include cliff-top sand dunes at the cape itself as well as
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Because its landscape is largely untouched by man, Cape Wrath has a wide diversity of wildlife, including
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off Cape Wrath, in 96 metres (315 ft; 52 fathoms) of water and undisturbed except for fishing nets.
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1753:, Citation for Special Protection Area, Scottish Natural Heritage, September 2009. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
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303:), Vikings are believed to have used the cape as a navigation point where they would turn their ships.
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before being requisitioned for wartime service, foundered off Cape Wrath in bad weather. A tow by HMS
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was built close to the lighthouse at the end of the 19th century to track shipping around the Cape.
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Durness Community Centre. The marathon is held each year as the final event of a week of races,
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20:
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2412:, Royal Commission on the ancient and historical monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
2400:, Royal Commission on the ancient and historical monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
2385:, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2373:, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2361:, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2059:, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
1854:, Royal Commission on the ancient and historical monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
1851:
1837:, Royal Commission on the ancient and historical monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
1825:, Royal Commission on the ancient and historical monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
1822:
1623:, Royal Commission on the ancient and historical monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
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1555:, Royal Commission on the ancient and historical monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
1524:, Royal Commission on the ancient and historical monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
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was built in 1828 and the access road from the Kyle of Durness dates from the same period. A
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Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom, Region 3 North-east Scotland: Cape Wrath to St. Cyrus
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Ministry of Defence information, including access information and contact telephone numbers
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2185:, Public access to military areas, Ministry of Defence, 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
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2028:"Cape Wrath Lighthouse and Keepers' Cottages (Category A Listed Building) (LB488)"
1911:
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View of bridge at Daill on the Cape Wrath road looking east towards the Kyle of Durness
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An area of 123 km (47 sq mi) around the coastline is designated as a
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489:. The record low of −6.9 °C (19.6 °F) is comparable to those recorded in
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Much of the area has been used for sheep grazing, a use which continues today, and
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1653:, Highlands and Islands social enterprise zone, August 2013. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
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and was staffed until 1998, when it was converted to automatic operation by the
1120:, the largest of which, Loch Airigh na Beinne, is around 0.6 square kilometres (
1998:, 2009, pp.20–23, Ministry of Defence (available online). Retrieved 2013-02-06.
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1611:, pp.50–51, 2009, Ministry of Defence (available online). Retrieved 2013-02-06.
343:
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The cliff-top vegetation at sites such as Clò Mòr includes common scurvygrass
477:) climate. This is especially pronounced due to its western coastal location.
2479:
1729:, SPA designation, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
1456:, Northern Scotland – Cape Wrath to Orkney, Coast, BBC. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
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A rough road of around 11 mi (18 km) links the lighthouse with the
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in 2002 when it landed 8 mi (13 km) off-target near the mouth of
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2013:, Site details, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
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112 m (367 ft) above sea level, 1971–2000, Extremes 1960–2000
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Backpacker's Britain: Northern Scotland: thirty two and three day treks
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Cafe at the end of the universe ... where a cup of tea is guaranteed
1359:. Access is restricted at times by military operations on the Cape.
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of two or three houses with associated enclosures existed at Daill,
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of Scotland. It is the most north-westerly point in Great Britain.
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1768:, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 2006. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
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The Durness Development Group has made proposals, assisted by the
426: mi (1.0 km) north of the cape. The cape is part of the
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1672:, Red Duster (Merchant Navy Association). Retrieved 2012-11-14.
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is the closest village, 10 mi (16 km) southeast with
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Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North West Sutherland
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A complex of buildings close to the lighthouse were built by
1567:, Education in Sutherland, 2009-03-29. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
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From the south, the only route to the Cape is on foot from
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The cape is separated from the rest of the mainland by the
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Scottish National Trail aims to link landscape and history
1294:, 200 mi (320 km) through isolated country from
2076:, Defence Training Estate Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
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Fears over future as MoD buy-out of Cape Wrath land looms
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As with the rest of the British Isles, Cape Wrath has an
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NW will play part in largest military exercise in Europe
1794:, The Highland Council, June 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
1927:, Love of Scotland. Retrieved 2013-02-03. (archived at
1702:
Yorkshire diver first to see wreck for nearly 90 years
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Huge cost to economy if access to Cape Wrath is denied
2323:, BBC news website, 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2274:, BBC news website, 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
2262:, BBC news website, 2002-07-09. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2227:, BBC news website, 2003-02-24. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2212:, BBC news website, 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2200:, BBC news website, 2008-05-08. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2095:, BBC news website, 2010-01-10. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
1433:, BBC news website, 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
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39:
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What motivates communities to buy land they live on?
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Kyle of Durness storehouse to Cape Wrath lighthouse
1813:, Visit Scotland, 2004-11-18. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
1286:The Cape is the northern trail head of two trails.
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Source 2: Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute/KNMI
385:Cape Wrath is located in the traditional county of
278:
169:
1689:, Divernet news, 2004-05-31. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
1156:The lighthouse at Cape Wrath was built in 1828 by
430:, a 2,000 km (770 sq mi) area with
319:Cape Wrath was once the home of a series of small
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1971:
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1199:onto its target during an exercise at Cape Wrath.
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2124:Cape Wrath will not be closed to public, MP says
2277:
1682:
1680:
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1497:My travels: Mike Carter in Cape Wrath, Scotland
404:The sea cliffs around the cape are composed of
401:around 120 mi (200 km) to the south.
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2114:
1958:
1785:Assessment of Highland Special Landscape Areas
1248:and around 1 mi (2 km) from houses.
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2093:'Don't bomb' idea for Cape Wrath firing range
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1064:. Marine species present in the area include
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2173:, Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
2147:Military activities undertaken at Cape Wrath
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1333:Highlands and Islands Social Enterprise Zone
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1907:£22.5k for Cape Wrath community land buyout
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1687:Divers explore WW1 wreck of HMS Caribbean
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1431:Cape Wrath locals accuse MoD of land grab
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2359:Kyle of Durness to Cape Wrath lighthouse
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1604:'Archaeology on the edge – Cape Wrath',
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1375:The road, the U70, passes the hamlet of
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1164:. The lighthouse, which is a Category A
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349:On 27 September 1915, while sailing for
315:Former Lloyds signal station, Cape Wrath
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2016:
1976:Snap! Cape Wrath to grace playing cards
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1644:Outline development plan for Cape Wrath
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1324:, in 2009. The cafe was opened by the
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328:may date to the late prehistoric age.
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949:Stack Clò Kearvaig and Kearvaig beach
458:for use as a military training area.
23:. For the Morrisey-Mullen album, see
2496:Landforms of Highland (council area)
2349:
1692:
1593:
1413:Extreme points of the United Kingdom
257:The name Cape Wrath is derived from
2428:, 2002-12-18. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2346:, 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
2326:
2311:, 2012-12-21. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
2292:, 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
2284:MoD retreats from Cape Wrath buyout
2250:, 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
2156:, Royal Navy. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2135:
2132:, 2013-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
2111:, 2009-09-21. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
2001:
1982:, 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
1915:, 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
1872:, 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
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1656:
1540:, 2009-06-09. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
1505:, 2011-07-01. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
997:Site of Special Scientific Interest
235:Site of Special Scientific Interest
13:
1891:MoD drops Cape Wrath land purchase
1459:
1261:community right to buy legislation
90:
14:
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2434:
1304:, 460 mi (740 km) from
229:Much of the cape is owned by the
2333:Hundreds set to take on the Cape
1582:, p.86. Cicerone Press Limited.
274:
268:("turning point"), accordingly,
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89:
82:
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2210:New details emerge on cape fire
2198:MoD accused of 'wildlife crime'
1946:
1934:
1918:
1590:(online). Retrieved 2011-01-28.
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1060:acres) is also designated as a
977:. An area of 1,019.2 hectares (
19:For the television series, see
1207:Military post on way to ranges
1:
2024:Historic Environment Scotland
1418:
1097:habitats found at sea level.
1029:. The SPA extends 2 km (
2464:North West Highlands Geopark
1408:North West Highlands Geopark
1382:Mountain Bothies Association
1338:
1062:Special Area of Conservation
515:Climate data for Cape Wrath
428:North West Highlands Geopark
372:
252:
243:Special Area of Conservation
7:
2260:Inquiry into shell incident
1391:
1076:as well as species such as
704:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
634:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
10:
2527:
2383:Kearvaig River road bridge
2237:Protest over Nato exercise
2225:Concern over live shelling
2074:Public Information Leaflet
1991:'Ringing in the century',
1328:, and seats eight people.
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991:acres) is designated as a
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1477:Northern Lighthouse Board
1257:Northern Lighthouse Board
1241:Scottish Natural Heritage
1162:Northern Lighthouse Board
1104:. This area extends from
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381:Cliffs east of Cape Wrath
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2458:Cape Wrath Training Area
2183:Cape Wrath Training Area
2171:Cape Wrath Training Area
1804:Scotland's first geopark
1315:the Cape Wrath Challenge
210:parish of the county of
2501:Landforms of Sutherland
2469:25 January 2008 at the
2451:19 October 2015 at the
1953:Extremes for Cape Wrath
1941:Averages for Cape Wrath
1708:. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
1479:. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
1308:on the Scottish border.
1302:Scottish National Trail
1189:Forward Air Controllers
993:Special Protection Area
263:
239:Special Protection Area
72:Cape Wrath from the sea
1384:have converted into a
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1102:Special Landscape Area
1090:Cochlearia officinalis
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247:Special Landscape Area
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21:Cape Wrath (TV series)
2491:Headlands of Scotland
1663:Castle Mail Packet Co
1398:Cape Wrath Lighthouse
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1253:Cape Wrath Lighthouse
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1152:Cape Wrath Lighthouse
1146:Cape Wrath Lighthouse
1108:in the south-west to
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501:of England. A slight
406:Torridonian sandstone
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337:Cape Wrath Lighthouse
314:
1275:The Cape Wrath ferry
1074:bottle-nosed dolphin
941:Cliffs at Cape Wrath
564:Record high °C (°F)
1698:Robinson A (2004) [
1220:firing on Sundays.
1213:Ministry of Defence
933:Natural environment
774:Record low °C (°F)
456:Ministry of Defence
231:Ministry of Defence
130: /
2446:Cape Wrath tourism
2344:The Northern Times
2338:2014-02-25 at the
2309:The Northern Times
2248:The Northern Times
2242:2016-03-04 at the
2152:2014-05-12 at the
2109:The Northern Times
1925:Gazetteer: Climate
1912:The Northern Times
1869:The Northern Times
1809:2008-11-21 at the
1790:2014-04-29 at the
1749:2016-03-03 at the
1668:2012-11-29 at the
1649:2016-05-27 at the
1621:Eilean nan Caorach
1349:
1277:
1209:
1201:
1197:No. 6 Squadron RAF
1139:Juniperus communis
1026:Fulmarus glacialis
1002:Fratercula arctica
951:
943:
452:Duke of Sutherland
383:
317:
154:Scottish Highlands
25:Cape Wrath (album)
2506:Parish of Durness
2441:Visitors WWW site
1588:978-1-85284-458-5
1173:Lloyd's of London
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1158:Robert Stevenson
1133:Calluna vulgaris
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1066:harbour porpoise
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918:Source 1: YR.NO
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202:in Lewis) is a
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115:Coordinates:
113:
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2426:The Guardian
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2129:The Scotsman
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2031:. Retrieved
2018:
1993:
1987:
1980:The Scotsman
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1936:
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1353:Sandwood Bay
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1311:
1306:Kirk Yetholm
1296:Fort William
1285:
1278:
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1246:Loch Eriboll
1238:
1222:
1210:
1179:Military use
1170:
1155:
1137:
1131:
1115:
1106:Oldshoremore
1099:
1088:
1086:
1045:
1024:
1018:
1017:, kittiwake
1012:
1011:, guillemot
1006:
1005:, razorbill
1000:
995:(SPA) and a
967:golden eagle
952:
848:mm (inches)
507:
499:Scilly Isles
479:
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269:
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228:
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195:
161:
160:
139:58.62; -5.00
103:Location in
29:
1230:Faraid Head
1142:and ferns.
1078:sea squirts
1070:common seal
1023:and fulmar
959:hooded crow
357:, known as
194:, known as
137: /
2480:Categories
2011:Cape Wrath
1744:Cape Wrath
1727:Cape Wrath
1538:The Herald
1473:Cape Wrath
1419:References
1380:which the
1369:revetments
1322:Ozone Cafe
1281:lighthouse
1136:, juniper
1014:Uria aalge
1008:Alca torda
963:rock pipit
483:Altnaharra
414:Sea stacks
387:Sutherland
366:Birkenhead
351:Scapa Flow
212:Sutherland
162:Cape Wrath
97:Cape Wrath
36:Cape Wrath
1994:Sanctuary
1835:Achiemore
1607:Sanctuary
1553:Achiemore
1377:Achiemore
1339:Transport
1234:Balnakeil
1232:close to
971:cormorant
448:Achiemore
444:townships
399:Inverness
373:Geography
359:RMS
355:Caribbean
333:shielings
325:Achiemore
259:Old Norse
253:Etymology
216:Highlands
2467:Archived
2449:Archived
2336:Archived
2240:Archived
2150:Archived
2033:25 March
1895:BBC News
1807:Archived
1788:Archived
1747:Archived
1666:Archived
1647:Archived
1522:Kearvaig
1392:See also
1191:guide a
955:red deer
913:(49.62)
911:1,259.99
844:Average
497:and the
495:Hebrides
491:Shetland
487:Kinbrace
441:Crofting
437:status.
321:crofting
198:An Carbh
192:Am Parbh
150:Location
105:Scotland
41:Am Parbh
1943:, YR.NO
1929:Archive
1852:Inshore
1403:Durness
1267:Tourism
1255:by the
1193:Typhoon
1125:⁄
1118:lochans
1110:Durness
1095:montane
1082:sponges
1055:⁄
1038:⁄
986:⁄
908:(5.45)
903:(6.34)
898:(5.44)
893:(5.50)
888:(3.95)
883:(3.26)
878:(2.78)
873:(2.18)
868:(2.48)
863:(4.00)
858:(3.06)
853:(5.18)
839:(19.6)
834:(22.8)
824:(31.1)
819:(36.5)
814:(39.4)
809:(39.2)
804:(34.9)
789:(23.9)
784:(19.6)
769:(42.4)
764:(37.6)
759:(39.9)
754:(44.6)
749:(48.2)
744:(50.9)
739:(50.0)
734:(46.4)
729:(43.0)
724:(38.8)
719:(36.7)
714:(36.0)
709:(36.1)
699:(49.9)
694:(45.1)
689:(47.3)
684:(51.8)
679:(55.2)
674:(58.3)
669:(57.6)
664:(54.0)
659:(51.4)
654:(46.4)
649:(44.4)
644:(43.3)
639:(43.7)
629:(80.4)
624:(63.9)
619:(60.8)
614:(72.0)
609:(75.0)
604:(80.4)
599:(78.8)
594:(78.1)
589:(75.9)
584:(66.4)
579:(64.0)
574:(57.0)
569:(61.0)
468:Oceanic
462:Climate
435:geopark
421:⁄
395:Durness
389:within
307:History
214:in the
208:Durness
206:in the
122:58°37′N
1955:, KNMI
1609:vol 38
1586:
975:gannet
906:138.31
901:160.95
896:138.28
891:139.62
886:100.44
861:101.49
520:Month
493:, the
472:Köppen
432:UNESCO
353:, HMS
299:as in
245:and a
125:5°00′W
44:
1996:no.38
1823:Daill
1386:bothy
1048:2,508
979:2,518
881:82.91
876:70.49
871:55.43
866:62.87
851:131.5
829:(27)
799:(28)
794:(21)
779:(21)
559:Year
270:wrath
264:hvarf
2035:2019
1584:ISBN
1355:and
1300:The
1290:The
1226:NATO
1211:The
1187:RAF
1080:and
1072:and
973:and
856:77.7
837:−6.9
832:−5.1
822:−0.5
787:−4.5
782:−6.9
742:10.5
737:10.0
682:11.0
677:12.9
672:14.6
667:14.2
662:12.2
657:10.8
627:26.9
622:17.7
617:16.0
612:22.2
607:23.9
602:26.9
597:26.0
592:25.6
587:24.4
582:19.1
577:17.8
572:13.9
567:16.1
556:Dec
553:Nov
550:Oct
547:Sep
544:Aug
541:Jul
538:Jun
535:May
532:Apr
529:Mar
526:Feb
523:Jan
503:föhn
408:and
241:, a
237:, a
204:cape
59:Cape
1195:of
817:2.5
812:4.1
807:4.0
802:1.6
767:5.8
762:3.1
757:4.4
752:7.0
747:9.0
732:8.0
727:6.1
722:3.8
717:2.6
712:2.2
707:2.3
697:9.9
692:7.3
687:8.5
652:8.0
647:6.9
642:6.3
637:6.5
485:or
475:Cfb
301:cat
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