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should be kept of the work and reports made daily to the central office, so that the superintending department should be kept thoroughly informed as to what is taking place throughout the works, and at the same time no work could be done in the works without proper authority. The details of the system have been very largely modified as time went on, and a consecutive plan, such as Mr. Metcalfe proposed, would have been of great assistance to us in carrying out our system. There are certain points, however, in Mr. Metcalfe's plan, which I think our experience shows to be somewhat objectionable. He issues to each of the men a book, something like a check-book, containing sheets which they tear out and return to the office after stating on them the work which they have done. We have found that any record which passes through the average workman's hands, and which he holds for any length of time, is apt either to be soiled or torn. We have, therefore, adopted the system of having our orders sent from the central office to the small offices in the various departments of the works, in each of which there is a clerk who takes charge of all orders received from, and records returned to, the central office, as well as of all records kept in the department...
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appraised by weight ; while it is evident that, like fret work, the less they weigh often the more they cost. Then, supposing that by any means the gross cost of a job is known, there is usually a remainder in the drawings, patterns, &c, useful for further work of the same kind, which would enable estimates for such work to be made at a lower figure than if the whole work had to be done anew. Or else the cost of some individual component of the product may be required to be separated from the gross cost, as when parts are to be made for repairs, or are to be omitted, or combined. Then, further operations may change; work on some components formerly done by hand may now be done at a less cost by machine ; or labor at a different rate may be employed, the effect of which changes on the whole cost may be required to be anticipated.
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accompanied materials. On them, each department foreman placed the time and wages expanded, as well as the machines and materials used on that order while it was in his department. The completed set of slips thus provided a record of the costs of labor and materials used to complete each order. They also gave an accurate account of the cost of operating each department. In addition, the ticket acted as an authority to do work and to requisition materials. It also became a "roll call or time check" on the working force.
504:
pertinent statements are made as to the art of administration, and its dependence upon the application of certain principles which make up what may be called the science of administration. In arguing that men intrusted with executive positions be freed from burdensome details, he says: "There is a certain economy of attention by which the more active a man's work, the less he is able of contemplation. Foremen's heads may be put to better purposes than having to bear a constant burden of solicitude about clerical work."
75:
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946:... Captain Metcalfe's book supplies a link between the shops and the office, a link which has been too long missing. The link is in the form of a constant current of data composed of independent cards; each one bearing unmistakable evidence of the purpose of the expenditure which it records. These cards dispense with all books but those of final record, and, besides the " correspondence card"... consist of two essential kinds: 1. The Service card. 2. The Material card...
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way and to let the records take care of themselves. On the side of the offices there is a contrary tendency, requiring constant knowledge of how things are going and how similar results, when obtained under different circumstances, compare. These tendencies conflict, so that the office is always asking for more specific information than the shop is able to supply, except by guess.
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would be very different work if I were sure that an order once given would go of itself through the works, leaving a permanent trail by which I could follow it and decide positively where and by whom it was stopped. As it is, I spend so much of my time in "shooing" along my orders like a flock of sheep that I have but little left for the serious duties of my position.
33:
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have had the experience, during the past ten years, of organizing a system very similar to that of Mr. Metcalfe. The chief idea in our system, as in his, is, that the authority for doing all kinds of work should proceed from one central office to the various departments, and that there proper records
1005:
explained, that "the card may be passed around among several persons, and serves as an efficient 'tracer.' No one who has passed on it need be troubled again with the same question. The originator draws the line through his own name. If the first one 'gives it up' he, carries the line horizontally to
690:
For every act or name to be recorded, there shall be a separate card; so that the cards being combined or classified, the acts or names they represent will be so too. For this purpose I propose the use of single cards for all initial records, and their gradual consolidation by the simplest mechanical
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Metcalfe himself noted that "as an illustration of what this amounted to, I have in mind an establishment employing not many more than 100 men, where the books required to transact the morning's business number 18 and weigh about 60 lbs. This includes only those carried to and from the office more or
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I would divide the
Arsenal into three general departments, each independent of the other, but all directly dependent upon the Commanding Officer. Several functions might be united in the same person, and in the smaller arsenals the Commanding Officer might perform them all, as he does now in strictly
521:
Since the operations of good administration are in their nature gradual, and for their successful issue depend rather upon uniform attention to their progress than upon occasional violent efforts to adjust them to the current of affairs, it will be seen that the most useful teachings are those gained
503:
This is an exhaustive and elaborate treatise on the order, stock-room, and cost-accounting methods employed in arsenal work. The author, at the close of the work, gives a list of such parts of. the treatise as he considers general in their application. In an introductory chapter certain very sane and
463:
The trouble is not foreseeing necessities, nor in starting the work to meet them; but in constantly running over the back track to see that nothing ordered has been overlooked, and in settling disputes as to whether such and such an order was or was not actually given and received. Superintendence...
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Now, administration without records is like music without notes--by ear. Good as far as it goes--which is but a little way--it bequethes nothing to the future. Except in the very rudest industries, carried on as if from hand to mouth, all recognize that the present must prepare for the demands of the
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The card system of shop returns invented and introduced as a complete system by
Captain Henry Metcalfe, U. S. A., in the government shops of the Frankford Arsenal represents another such distinct advance in the art of management. The writer appreciates the difficulty of this undertaking as he was at
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Metcalfe's correspondence card did not receive much more media attention. An exception is
William Kent (1918), who even listed this card as forth basic card of Metcalfe's system. He acknowledged, that "the card system proposed by Capt. Metcalfe has been generally adopted in Government shops, but, as
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This card, forming no essential part of the system proposed, is used as a very convenient means of asking and answering the thousand and one little questions constantly arising between the different departments of any large administration, concerning which it is not so essential to have an immediate
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But in workshop accounts it is difficult for the accountant to apportion properly the gross sums with which he deals among the different objects on which they have been expended. There is a tendency on the side of the shops, in which the knowledge must originate, simply to work in the most efficient
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Metcalfe also issued each worker bound pads of service cards, printed with his name, hourly rate of pay, and payroll number. For each task, foremen inscribed the order number along with a brief work description, then later certified the time expended. These tickets were "as good as money," for their
802:
Building on locomotive shop practice, Metcalfe developed three classes of cards: the shop order, a "service" or labor record, and a materials receipt. The order card authorized the work and listed the steps necessary. Foremen handed it to workers, who returned it upon task completion. Forwarded from
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The special waist belt was integrated by
Metcalfe in a special designed Soldiers' accoutrements, which he patented in 1876 (see images). Metcalfe claimed, that the cartridge—block device would increase the rapidity of fire. Although this claim was seriously questioned, the Springfield armory adopted
563:
The main body of the work is devoted to a description and criticism of old systems of arsenal accounting (which will be found even to-day to correspond to methods used in many shops), together with the results of the author's study in devising better methods of organization and accounting. The card
526:
The key element in
Metcalfe's new system is the "continuous record of events." Chatfield, (1996) explained, that in that time and place "the usual production records were informal memorandum books carried by shop foremen, only the most cursory data were kept on job orders, which were often verbally
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just ahead of the lock... This cartridge block was affixed to the weapon by means of a special lock mechanism inletted into the stock. Several of these blocks, filled with cartridges, were to be carried on a special waist belt using a clip carrier made of spring steel with a leather fastening strap
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The messenger always takes the card to the person whose abbreviated title is nearest to the end of the line. Blank spaces are left for the insertion of such special names as may not be on the printed list. The same arrangement is used in forwarding other cards requiring action by different sets of
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The
Executive Officer; responsible for both units and values, accounting for the former by the Current service return, and for the latter by properly balanced statements of the cost of articles fabricated or otherwise transformed. The former accountability is cared for by the Stock Clerk, and the
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Suppose that the total cost of a year's expenses be known, the office may want to divide them among the yearly products by some better method than that of an average based, as is sometimes done, on their weights, or on some other remote relation to their cost. Stoves, and even harness, are often
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To continue the course of the card, as is often necessary, so that question and answer may explain each other, the recipient continues the line horizontally towards the left to his own title and then obliquely again to the next in order of receipt, and so on. To designate the originator of the
317:
for firearms, which was called "Means of
Attaching Magazines to Fire-Arms" from 1875. McChristian (2006) explained, that in those years many ammunition-carrying devices were developed but "the looped cartridge belt remained the average soldier's preference. But, it seemed that the army, in its
937:
To remedy this, foremen are often required to keep "little books," which can never cover all the ground of subsequent investigation, and which, just so far as they do cover it, turn these foremen into accountants, forcing them into work for which few are fitted, and taking from them time and
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Each order, after it was accepted by the factory, received a number. That number was then put on what were essentially routing slips prepared at the plant's office. These indicated which departments the order would pass through and what parts were to be fabricated and assembled. These slips
426:
When
Metcalfe was appointed Officer in charge at Frankford Arsenal, one specific concern was "being unable to account for costs within the workshops." One main reason was the lack of written records. Metcalfe (1886) was principally against this phenomenon, and explained in general terms:
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The independence of a representative unit of record is the basis of system I propose, combined with the use of a nomenclature by which all acts and their purposes may be set forth by the actors in such form as to be intelligible to those whose proper office it is to enroll and classify
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One side is blank and the other bears a double column of the titles and their abbreviations belonging to the persons most apt to correspond. One column is headed " From " and the other " To," so that a line drawn obliquely across the space between serves both as a signature and an
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It is safe to say that each of these steps in analysis is often attempted, and as often fails from lack of trustworthy data. If the accountant had the data he might classify them ; but they are known only to the shop; and then only from day to day forgotten as new works comes
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After an analysis of the existing organization of the
Arsenal, Metcalfe proposes a new organization and a system of administration of shop orders. It involved the participation of the foremen, storekeeper and clerks, and consisted of the following books and papers to be kept:
731:... These facilities may be either in charge of certain foremen, the costs of whose management we wish to compare, or may be too general in their nature to be assigned to any one department. The first are called departmental, and the second, general, standing orders...
913:
It is almost an axiom that bookkeeping consists in the classification of accounts. In commercial bookkeeping these accounts are relatively simple, and the heads of accounts being easily recognized, the balances between classes may be determined by positive
418:. Metcalfe was appointed Officer in charge of the gun-making workshop, and worked directly under the Commanding Officer of the Frankford Arsenal. In managing the metalworking Metcalfe had at any time "about a hundred orders under way, of different kinds."
174:
the next year. On August 28, 1886 Metcalfe was appointed
Ordnance and Gunnery Instructor at the West Point Military Academy, and published the "Course of Ordnance and Gunnery for the Instruction of the Cadets of the U. S. Military Academy." in 1890.
954:. These data is used "data to determine for each department the 'indirect expenses' or overhead costs as weIl as the 'direct expenses' or prime costs. His procedures for computing the former appear to be more sophisticated than those used hy the
47:, inventor and early organizational theorist, known for his 1873 invention of a detachable magazine for small arms, for his work on modern management accounting, the development of the "time card" and his theory on the role of middle management.
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determination to resist the belt, would go to almost any length to find an alternative. The most eccentric of these alternatives was a cartridge—block device submitted to the board by Lieutenant Henry Metcalfe of the Ordnance Department.
535:, each workman was given a book of cards, and as he moved from job to job, he noted the time spent on each to the nearest quarter day. In this way, a written record of costs literally followed the work through every factory department."
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In the new system that Metcalfe proposed, should "each material requisition or transfer be recorded on a separate 'shop order card,' which included spaces for pricing the article and for the job number to which it was charged. To assign
596:
The main difference in the proposed organization is, that the commanding officer gets the full responsibility for the Ordnance storekeeper, which in the old organization reported directly to the Chief of Ordnance of all US Arsenals.
978:
Another feature of Metcalfe's systems of cost accounting was the so-called "Correspondence Card," (see image) which shows how the order will flow around among the persons in the machine shop. The card as such is an early premature
455:(1977) notified more general that "to Metcalfe the basic managerial problems were coordination and control." Metcalfe had illustrated this basic problem in his 1886 article with a quote from a factory owner and manager in a larger
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the same time engaged in the slow evolution of a similar system in the Midvale Steel Works, which, however, was the result of a gradual development instead of a complete, well thought out invention as was that of Captain Metcalfe.
135:
in Philadelphia. Metcalfe superintendented the construction of the U.S. Government Building, took charge of the Ordnance Exhibit, and represented the Executive Departments of the U.S. government as Executive officer of the Board.
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of the most Important Mechanical Operations of an Arsenal or Machine Shop (see image). There was further classification of possible transactions, one in the scope of the foremen, and another in the scope of the
436:
This was not a specific problem at the Frankford Arsenal, but a problem of all industries in that time. Yates (1992) recalled, that this was the main reason why Henry Metcalfe, and others in those days as
516:
in great measure should be considered an art. Yet, certain principles of administration could be derived from the "great variety of cases" and turn into a "science of administration." Metcalfe explained:
335:
Metcalfe devices to 1,000 rifles. But there is no record of this device actually being tested. The type of rifle with the Metcalfe's detachable quick loader and cartridge packing box was presented at the
522:
from a continuous record of events... If there be a science correlative to the art of administration, it must, like every other physical science, be founded on the comparison of accumulated observations.
592:
By sharing the services of the stock clerk between these two officers in preparing papers which have so much in common, much work can be saved, and the result of what work is done be made more accurate.
527:
authorized and were sometimes lost track of entirely. Neither the foremen's jottings nor the formal shop ledger seemed a proper mechanism for on-the-spot recording of shop-floor events."
468:
These kind of experiences made Metcalfe come up with a so-called "shop-order system of accounts," which "made it possible to control the flow and improve basic cost accounting."
229:
In the 1870s Metcalfe, by then Lieutenant of the Ordnance Department at Springfield Armory, had come into prominence after construction several improvements to for small
82:
Metcalfe started his military career as assistant ordnance officer at the Ordnance Bureau in Washington, D.C., in early 1869. That year he was sequentially stationed at
584:
The Ordnance Storekeeper; responsible for units of property, for which he accounts on the arsenal Store return and its accompanying papers, prepared by the Stock Clerk.
325:
In simple terms, Metcalfe had designed a rectangular wooden block, bored along its upper edge for eight rifle cartridges, that could be attached to the side of the
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shown in some of the testimony given before Congressional Investigating Committees, much yet remains to be done in the way of cutting out unnecessary red tape..."
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Over the years Metcalfe's work has kept drawing some attention in the fields of Industrial engineering, and in the field of cost accounting. Nowadays Metcalfe's
1288:
Reid, William H. "The Development of Henry Metcalfe's Card System of Shop Returns at Frankford Arsenal, 1880–1881." Journal of Management 12.3 (1986): 415–423.
909:
Typical for the situation in that time is, that the article started with a description of what factory accounting is about, and what problems they are facing:
686:
Metcalfe's new system of administration proposed to use cards instead of books for original entries. Metcalfe (1886) summarized the intention of this system:
278:
170:
In 1885 Metcalfe published the book "The Cost of Manufactures and the Administration of Workshops, Public and Private," and presented this work to the
1302:
905:
The whole system, introduced in the 1885 publication, was summarized in the 1886 article, entitled "Metcalfe's cost of manufactures" in the journal
962:. He had developed a formula to determine a 'cast factor' based on each department's contribution to the work done by the enterprise as a whole."
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system is very generally used, and the author illustrates every form used; filled in, in almost every case, as they would be in actual work.
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reply as it is to ask the question or to make the statement while the need of it is fresh in one's mind. They are memoranda set in motion.
983:, although later flowcharts would not picture the people involved but the activities first. Metcalfe (1885) explained the card as follow:
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479:
839:
1881:
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Metcalfe presented one of the first fully developed systems of cost accounting. This system of methods was based on multiple elements:
155:. From late 1878 to late 1881 he was also Inspector of contract small-arms ammunition. On March 4, 1879 he was promoted to the rank of
1018:
After of his 1885 book, in 1886 Metcalfe wrote a paper summarizing his system, which he presented at the XIIIth Annual Meeting of the
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The Paymaster; responsible for values only, for which he accounts on his cash papers, with which this discussion is not yet concerned.
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1019:
171:
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for each block. The blocks were to be made and loaded with cartridges at the army's principal ammunition plant, Frankford Arsenal.
1886:
363:
as the nation's manufactory of small arms ammunition. By the end of the war, the arsenal employed over 1,000 workers. During the
63:. His father was former American Army ordnance officer, and later became professor of institutes and practice of medicine at the
17:
847:
885:, as described above, for the real time control of the order flow, and other real time registration of the daily operations.
858:
1876:
1866:
1412:
Report of the Committee on Awards of the World's Columbian Commission: Special Reports Upon Special Subjects Or Groups,
1006:
the left to his own title and then obliquely to the original questioner, or to whomever he may wish to ask about it."
921:
To get a better understanding of how factory accounting could and should work, the article gave an explicit example:
568:
Metcalfe started the description of the present and proposed organization of the arsenal with an illustration of the
44:
745:
449:, made considerable efforts to "developed systems of shop orders to control the flow of orders through factories."
336:
131:
for three months. The next two years he participated in the presentation of the U.S. Ordnance Department at the
1543:. "Evolving information use in firms, 1850–1920: ideology and information techniques and technologies." (1992).
831:
department, from which the system initially radiates, and towards which the system eventually should converge.
787:
68:
182:
from the Sultan of Turkey in 1876. He retired in 1893 after he had suffered an eye injury. He settled down in
757:
221:
to jobs. But Metcalfe had come into prominence in the 1870s for designing improvements for small firearms.
803:
one foreman to another through departments until fully checked off, the order card recycled to the office.
471:
156:
818:(see image), which was a similar card in simpler form. About the whole system Chandler (1977) notified:
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1436:
1521:
1111:
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1044:
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60:
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Each card of the new Card system for Frankford Arsenal was specially designed to fit its purpose:
375:'s "Emergency Militia" regiments. Among the innovations extensively tested at the Arsenal was the
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3. The keeping of an account of stock, in units of material as distinguished from their values.
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After efforts to improve the workshop administration at the Frankford Arsenal and tests at the
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843:
Classification of the most Important Mechanical Operations of an Arsenal or Machine Shop, 1885
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To coordinate this system of shop accounts, Metcalfe proposed one central source, a sort of
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In Metcalfe's time at the Arsenal, it served as a major site for the storage of weapons and
1851:
1846:
1631:
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446:
895:
on return work (see image); Proposed Daily Costs Sheet; Proposed Daily Credit Sheet; etc.
605:
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Hugo Diemer (1904) further summarized the essence of the Metcalfe's 1885 work as follows:
8:
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678:
less every day, and does not include those kept permanently at either end of the route."
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in Benicia, California, and from 1884 to August 1886 Assistant Ordnance Officer at the
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further clarified his history and acknowledged Metcalfe's contributions, stating:
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1. Shop-order tickets, or warrants of expense, and records of expense reported on.
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1065:
951:
207:
The Cost of Manufactures and the Administration of Workshops, Public and Private,
160:
1490:
Endless Novelty: Specialty Production and American Industrialization, 1865–1925.
1083:
The Cost of Manufactures and the Administration of Workshops, Public and Private
1062:
The Cost of Manufactures and the Administration of Workshops, Public and Private
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1. The prompt performance of work by the prominence given to unfinished orders.
473:
The Cost of Manufactures and the Administration of Workshops, Public and Private
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74:
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The information from these card system was the input for Metcalfe's system of
1840:
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4. Requisition books for materials to be purchased or to be drawn from store.
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means until they are finally transcribed into the permanent books of record.
508:
In the introduction of Metcalfe started arguing, that the administration of
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1552:
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456:
372:
218:
213:, and a new accounting system based on the principle of directly assigning
87:
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From late 1877 until late 1881 Metcalfe was Assistant Ordnance Officer at
1622:
1465:
Frederick Taylor and the public administration community: A reevaluation.
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Proposed Analysis of Services Performed on Components if Shop Order, 1885
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2. The determination of the most probable cost of work and of management.
681:
532:
496:
384:
380:
376:
32:
1558:
Control Through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management
1034:
I have read with very great interest Mr. Metcalfe's paper, as we at the
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on November 11, 1870. There he developed several improvements for small
1400:
The U.S. Army in the West, 1870–1880: Uniforms, Weapons, and Equipment.
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of performances, such as service performed on components of shop-order.
403:
139:
59:, where his father Dr. John Thomas Metcalfe was attending physician to
86:
III, at the Military Academy as assistant professor of Spanish and as
1384:, Springfield Armory Museum - Collection Record. Accessed 23.11.2014.
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892:
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It attains these objects by using three forms of cards, viz. :
151:, where he started developing a new shop order system and conducted
1522:
For the record: The embodiment of organizational memory, 1850-1920.
399:
347:
230:
159:. From late 1881 to late 1884 he was Assistant Ordnance Officer at
1579:
The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business.
930:
The article continued to stipulate the main problem at the time:
572:(see images). About the proposed organization Metcalfe declared:
509:
421:
395:
117:
43:(October 29, 1847 – August 17, 1927) was an officer in the
1433:
National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form and Addenda
1022:
in Chicago. In the following discussion there was a response by
854:
and Return of Work done in Machine Shop, Frankford Arsenal, 1885
1435:. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Archived from
368:
233:. In those years he received patents for the innovation as the
127:. In 1875, he was inspector at the small arms manufacturing at
359:. This arsenal, which opened in 1816, had developed after the
1028:
Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
493:
The Cost of Manufactures and the Administration of Workshops,
432:
future, and hence records, more or less elaborate, are kept'.
1787:
Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
1506:
Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
1116:
Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
868:
The Cost of Manufactures and the Administration of Workshops
1531:" Business and Economic History 19.1 (1990): pages 172–182.
618:... the following books and papers kept by foremen :
1785:
in: Metcalfe, Henry. "The Shop-order system of accounts."
1414:
Volume 2. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901. page 1226
798:
Scranton (2000) explained some more how the system works:
600:
459:, which employed some 1,400 people. He had told Metcalfe:
112:
in 1870, he was appointed executive ordnance assistant at
806:
collation in the office authorized payroll disbursements.
777:
205:
Metcalfe is especially noted for his 1885 publication of
1151:
Improvement in Means of Attaching Magazines to Fire-Arms
247:
Improvement in Means of Attaching Magazines to Fire-Arms
367:
in 1863, the arsenal had provided tens of thousands of
186:, where he kept making some inventions over the years.
994:
question he should draw the line through his own name.
702:
The system has three principal objects in view :
682:
Card system for cost accounting and production control
1504:
Henry Metcalfe, "The Shop-Order System of Accounts,"
1221:
History of Accounting: An International Encyclopedia.
1099:
A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery: Text
1590:
Quote in Metcalfe (1886) as cited in Chandler (1977)
538:
1144:
Improvement in Hook Attachment of bans of fire-arms
491:, Metcalfe wrote down his experiences and ideas in
243:
Improvement in Hook Attachment of bans of fire-arms
1814:First 1861 edition was by James Gilchrist Benton (
609:Metcalfe's Symbolic Tree of Costs in Arsenal, 1885
224:
402:equipment, repair and cleaning of small arms and
321:McChristian (2006) further explained it essence:
1838:
1254:In Search of the Lost Grail of Middle Management
891:of data such as Monthly abstracts of purchases;
1618:
1616:
1382:U.S. RIFLE MODEL 1873 TRAPDOOR .45-70 SN# 31830
284:Means of Attaching Magazines to Fire-Arms, 1875
27:American military officer and business theorist
1316:" at goordnance.army.mil, Accessed 24-11-2014.
1297:"Class of 1868. No 2227. Henry Metcalfe," in:
422:Basic managerial problems at Frankford Arsenal
71:, and was commissioned in the Ordnance Corps.
1687:Bookkeeping and cost accounting for factories
1132:". U.S. Patent No. 120,990. 14 November 1871.
394:pieces, a depot for the repair of artillery,
1613:
1335:United States Army Adjutant General's Office
938:attention which could be fa better employed.
834:
577:military matters. His assistants would be:
67:. Metcalfe graduated on June 15, 1868, from
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1459:
1457:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1153:". U.S. Patent No. 167,006. 24 August 1875.
740:New Card system for Frankford Arsenal, 1886
406:, the manufacture of percussion powder and
120:for which he obtained a series of patents.
1680:
1678:
1500:
1498:
1484:
1482:
1174:". U.S. Patent No. 1,308,437. 1 July 1919.
1160:". U.S. Patent No. 174,696. 14 March 1876.
1146:". U.S. Patent No. 149,141. 31 March 1874.
1064:is recognized as the first modern book on
1763:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1636:New York, Volume 27. 1904. pages 626–658.
1264:
1262:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1139:". U.S. Patent No. 125,604. 9 April 1872.
625:2. Reports of material returned to store.
555:Proposed Organization of an Arsenal, 1885
193:on August 17, 1927. He was buried at the
1709:See also: Alfred Dupont Chandler (1979)
1564:
1454:
1387:
1284:
1282:
1020:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
969:
857:
846:
838:
644:And the following by storekeepers :
604:
550:
547:Present Organization of an Arsenal, 1885
542:
499:(1904) summarized this work as follows:
478:
346:
342:
272:Improvement in Metallic Cartridges, 1871
172:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
138:
73:
31:
1747:"Metcalfe's cost of manufactures," in:
1675:
1495:
1479:
1086:. New York, J. Wiley & Sons. 1885;
601:System of administration of shop orders
14:
1872:United States Military Academy faculty
1839:
1734:
1711:Pioneers in Modern Factory Management.
1405:
1274:Biographical Register of the Officers.
1259:
1197:
1158:Improvement in Soldiers' Accouterments
965:
308:Soldiers' Accoutrements, sheet 2, 1876
296:Soldiers' Accoutrements, sheet 1, 1876
261:Improvements for small firearms, 1870s
251:Improvement in Soldiers' Accouterments
1862:Military personnel from New York City
1857:United States Military Academy alumni
1423:
1279:
1192:Annual Report of the Secretary of War
1190:United States. War Department (1873)
123:On June 23, 1874, he was promoted to
1608:The evolution of management thought,
1508:, 7 (May 1886 meeting), page 440–488
371:and vast supplies of ammunition for
1417:
1167:", US patents 841800, Oct 28, 1905.
24:
1307:
1130:Improvement in metallic cartridges
664:And the following by clerks :
410:, and the testing of new forms of
383:that saw extensive service in the
235:Improvement in metallic cartridges
78:National Armory, Springfield, 1878
25:
1898:
1882:People from Cold Spring, New York
1824:
1276:George Cullum (ed.), 2009. p. 378
1112:The Shop-order system of accounts
669:12. Register of orders of supply.
539:Present and proposed organization
209:which presented a new method for
45:United States Army Ordnance Corps
1627:Bibliography of Works Management
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1398:Douglas C. McChristian (2006).
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355:Late 1870s Metcalfe joined the
225:Improvements for small firearms
1887:Burials at West Point Cemetery
1337:. January 1, 1928. p. 841
1319:
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1001:An 1886 review in the journal
13:
1:
1610:6th edition (2009), page 101.
1227:eds. 1996/2014. pages 269–70.
1178:
1137:Improvement in Scabbard-Frogs
1026:, which was published in the
942:Now the article states that:
253:, 1876. A selection of their
239:Improvement in Scabbard-Frogs
1102:John Wiley & Sons. 1891.
1013:
641:6. All statements of costs.
628:3. Stock books of all kinds.
337:World's Columbian Exposition
50:
7:
1877:American business theorists
1867:United States Army officers
1769:"Correspondence Card," in:
1241:Handbook of Cost Management
1239:, Michael W. Maher (2005).
814:there was also designed an
387:, which lasted until 1890.
69:West Point Military Academy
10:
1903:
1252:Quentin R. Skrabec (2003)
1122:
1043:About fifteen years later
816:Employment of Service Card
661:11 . Teamsters' receipts.
652:8. " Material " day-books.
622:1. Reports of fabrication.
1700:Metcalfe (1886, p. 444–5)
1663:Metcalfe (1885, p. 19–20)
1476:Metcalfe (1886, page 481)
1467:Suny Press, 1989. page 28
1345:– via Google Books.
974:Correspondence Card, 1885
835:System of cost accounting
588:latter by the Cost Clerk.
178:Metcalfe was awarded the
167:in Watervliet, New York.
1799:Frederick Winslow Taylor
1783:Frederick Winslow Taylor
1722:Metcalfe (1886, pge 450)
1645:Metcalfe (1885, page 16)
1577:Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.
1361:Army Cemeteries Explorer
1024:Frederick Winslow Taylor
313:Specially noted was his
61:Bellevue Hospital Center
1731:Metcalfe (1986, p. 442)
1488:Philip Scranton (2000)
1424:Means, Mary C. (1971).
1118:7 (1886): pages 440–86.
1106:Articles, a selection:
649:7. " Stock " day-books.
200:
153:time and motion studies
129:Providence Tool Company
1833:at goordnance.army.mil
1831:Captain Henry Metcalfe
1760:Metcalfe (1885, p. 89)
1672:Metcalfe (1885, p. 20)
1654:Metcalfe (1885, p. 83)
1331:Official Army Register
1314:Captain Henry Metcalfe
1058:
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960:Carnegie's steel works
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658:10. Memorandum orders.
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41:Captain Henry Metcalfe
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36:Captain Henry Metcalfe
18:Captain Henry Metcalfe
1225:Richard Vangermeersch
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1036:Midvale Steel Company
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351:The Frankford Arsenal
350:
343:The Frankford Arsenal
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191:Cooperstown, New York
184:Cold Spring, New York
143:Benicia Arsenal, 1878
142:
133:Centennial Exposition
77:
55:Metcalfe was born in
35:
1684:William Kent (1918)
1632:Engineering Magazine
1463:Schachter, Hindy L.
1301:United States Army (
1270:2227. Henry Metcalfe
447:Horace Lucian Arnold
197:on August 20, 1927.
1773:Jan. 1886. page 22.
1426:"Frankford Arsenal"
1223:Michael Chatfield,
1194:. Volume 3, page 91
966:Correspondence Card
899:Sheets for Analysis
570:organization scheme
495:published in 1885.
379:, an early form of
365:Gettysburg Campaign
195:West Point Cemetery
84:Rock Island Arsenal
65:New York University
1527:2013-05-14 at the
1442:on January 4, 2014
1170:Metcalfe, Henry. "
1165:Road map exhibitor
1163:Metcalfe, Henry. "
1156:Metcalfe, Henry. "
1149:Metcalfe, Henry. "
1142:Metcalfe, Henry. "
1135:Metcalfe, Henry. "
1128:Metcalfe, Henry. "
1110:Metcalfe, Henry. "
1030:Taylor explained:
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864:
856:
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829:production control
726:3. Material cards.
698:And more general:
611:
557:
549:
489:Watervliet Arsenal
485:
361:American Civil War
353:
211:production control
165:Watervliet Arsenal
145:
114:Springfield Armory
80:
38:
1789:7 (1886): p. 475.
1604:Arthur G. Bedeian
1357:"Metcalfe, Henry"
1299:Cullums Register.
1213:Michael Chatfield
1080:Metcalfe, Henry.
723:2. Service cards.
672:13. Invoice book.
655:9. Stock ledgers.
357:Frankford Arsenal
327:Springfield rifle
189:Metcalfe died in
180:Order of Osmanieh
149:Frankford Arsenal
90:of Major-General
16:(Redirected from
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1444:. Retrieved
1437:the original
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1365:. Retrieved
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1327:"Casualties"
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1363:. U.S. Army
883:Card system
810:Beside the
533:labor costs
497:Hugo Diemer
408:Minié balls
385:Indian Wars
381:machine gun
377:Gatling Gun
1841:Categories
1771:Mechanics,
1749:Mechanics,
1446:January 3,
1402:page 185–6
1179:References
981:flow chart
907:Mechanics.
636:time books
512:and other
416:time fuses
94:. After a
1561:. page 12
1518:Yates, J.
1243:. p. 736.
1014:Reception
1003:Mechanics
956:railroads
893:Time Book
852:Time Book
514:workshops
412:gunpowder
404:harnesses
392:artillery
339:in 1893.
51:Biography
1805:. p. 111
1713:page 445
1525:Archived
1492:page 100
1256:. page 4
991:address.
510:arsenals
453:Chandler
400:infantry
231:firearms
118:firearms
1691:page 93
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