285:
Heine was regarded with suspicion by
Japanese troops. Unlike his younger family members, he had not learned to speak Japanese during the period of civilian administration. He was given the option to leave the islands, but preferred to remain with his family and was placed under house arrest. He and
236:
section with around 300 members. In about 1931, Heine organised an association of atoll churches in response to increased activity from
Japanese missionaries. The organisation met every two years, with Marshallese evangelists given the opportunity to participate in framing mission policy. The
301:
Heine had one child from his first marriage to
Arbella and eight children from his second marriage to her sister Nenij. He established a "a large and influential family", with a number of descendants marrying into other part-European families. His grandchildren
293:
Heine was executed by beheading by the
Japanese authorities in April 1944, along with his son-in-law Claude and daughter-in-law Grace. The executions were witnessed by Claude's 12-year-old son John.
238:
155:
633:
311:
201:. He married Arbella and chose to remain in the Marshall Islands. After her death in childbirth, he married her sister Nenij in accordance with Marshallese custom.
209:
According to his biographer John
Garrett, after recovering from his illness Heine experienced an "evangelical conversion within the Marshallese church, a classic
623:
428:
Lanwi, Mary (2004). "Mission School to
National Mission: Creating the Handicraft Industry". In Loeak, Anono Lieom; Kiluwe, Veronica C.; Crowl, Linda (eds.).
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248:. Heine and other ABCFM missionaries, including Jessie Hoppin, visited Japan on a number of occasions, and he had contacts in the
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on the
Japanese administration, including a 1937 article titled "In Defence of Japan" which refuted criticisms made by the
158:. He was detained by Japanese troops during World War II and executed by beheading in 1944, along with two family members.
232:(ABCFM), commonly known as the Boston Mission. He ran a mission school on Jaluit Atoll with around 250 students and a
437:
319:
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meetings were banned by the
Japanese during World War II but were revived in 1946 and ultimately developed into the
510:"'Keeping an eye out for women': implicit feminism, political leadership, and social change in the Pacific Islands"
580:
263:
197:. He was nursed back to health by two Marshallese sisters, Arbella and Nenij, who were teachers in the local
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473:
454:
167:
54:
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282:, most Americans withdrew from the Marshall Islands leaving Heine in charge of ABCFM activities.
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In 2019, the board of Global
Ministries adopted a resolution honouring Heine on behalf of the
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181:. He was an agent of the New Zealand trading firm Henderson and McFarlane Ltd, dealing in
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252:. One of his great-grandchildren was named after the Japanese Protestant missionary
520:
135:
79:
581:"Unintentionally a Missionary: Carl Heine, an Australian in the Marshall Islands"
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After World War I, the
Marshall Islands became part of the Japanese-administered
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have all been prominent public figures, with Hilda serving multiple terms as
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his wife were placed in solitary confinement upon the commencement of
213:" leading him to become involved in church work. He became fluent in
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95:
597:
Where Nets Were Cast: Christianity in Oceania Since World War II
542:"Rev. Carl Heine and his legacy in the Marshall Islands honored"
474:"In Defence of Japan: What Is Happening in the Marshall Islands"
455:"Marshall Islands Copra: How Japanese Encourage Good Production"
239:
United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands
156:
United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands
138:. He arrived in the islands in 1896 as a sailor and settled on
75:
186:
170:, Australia. He was of German descent on his paternal side.
590:(11). South Pacific Association for Mission Studies: 16–20.
333:. A plaque was presented to his granddaughter Hilda Heine.
173:
Heine first arrived in the Marshall Islands in 1890 – then
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Congregationalist missionaries in the Marshall Islands
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
414:
The Economic Organization of the Marshall Islanders
508:Spark, Ceridwen; Cox, John; Corbett, Jack (2021).
605:
507:
417:(Thesis). U.S. Commercial Company. p. 34.
624:Australian immigrants to the Marshall Islands
432:. Institute of Pacific Studies. p. 103.
430:Life in the Republic of the Marshall Islands
644:Australian civilians killed in World War II
599:. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies.
519:. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 75.
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134:) was an Australian-born missionary in the
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536:
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649:People executed by Japan by decapitation
588:South Pacific Journal of Mission Studies
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256:. Heine wrote a number of articles for
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327:Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
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177:– as a sailor on the merchant barque
150:minister in 1906, he worked for the
639:Australian people of German descent
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629:Australian Protestant missionaries
204:
14:
665:
654:Australian people executed abroad
544:. Global Ministries. 31 July 2019
320:president of the Marshall Islands
224:In 1906, Heine was ordained as a
189:. In 1892, Heine became ill with
453:Heine, Carl (21 February 1935).
278:in 1941 and the outbreak of the
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446:
421:
404:
1:
480:. Vol. vii, no. 11.
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264:Permanent Mandates Commission
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472:Heine, Carl (23 June 1937).
154:(ABCFM) and what is now the
19:For the German surgeon, see
7:
10:
670:
572:
221:into Christian practices.
219:incorporated local beliefs
168:Singleton, New South Wales
55:Singleton, New South Wales
18:
442:– via Google Books.
101:
90:
62:
40:
28:
517:The Contemporary Pacific
297:Personal life and legacy
478:Pacific Islands Monthly
459:Pacific Islands Monthly
411:Mason, Leonard (1947).
331:United Church of Christ
270:Detention and execution
259:Pacific Islands Monthly
595:Garrett, John (1997).
579:Garrett, John (1994).
276:attack on Pearl Harbor
250:Imperial Japanese Navy
175:a German protectorate
146:woman. Ordained as a
16:Australian missionary
525:10.1353/cp.2021.0003
234:Christian Endeavour
91:Cause of death
288:U.S. bombing raids
280:War in the Pacific
246:South Seas Mandate
166:Heine was born in
125:Carl Russell Heine
84:South Seas Mandate
21:Carl Wilhelm Heine
226:Congregationalist
148:Congregationalist
132: April 1944
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70: April 1944
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228:minister by the
193:while ashore at
136:Marshall Islands
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127:(28 June 1870 –
80:Marshall Islands
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205:Missionary work
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118:(granddaughter)
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274:Following the
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254:Joseph Nijima
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199:Sunday school
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195:Namorik Atoll
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142:, marrying a
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546:. Retrieved
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496:Garrett 1997
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399:Garrett 1994
384:Garrett 1997
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372:Garrett 1994
353:Garrett 1994
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304:Dwight Heine
300:
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179:George Noble
178:
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140:Jaluit Atoll
124:
123:
106:Dwight Heine
94:Executed by
51:28 June 1870
31:The Reverend
619:1944 deaths
614:1870 births
316:Hilda Heine
215:Marshallese
183:coconut oil
144:Marshallese
116:Hilda Heine
57:, Australia
608:Categories
563:Lanwi 2004
548:3 February
337:References
312:Carl Heine
308:Mary Lanwi
241:(UCCCMI).
162:Early life
111:Mary Lanwi
108:(grandson)
47:1870-06-28
35:Carl Heine
290:in 1942.
191:dysentery
102:Relatives
96:beheading
72:(aged 73)
211:re-birth
573:Sources
436:
314:, and
217:, and
76:Jaluit
584:(PDF)
513:(PDF)
187:copra
550:2024
434:ISBN
329:and
185:and
63:Died
41:Born
521:doi
610::
586:.
533:^
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486:^
476:.
457:.
391:^
360:^
345:^
322:.
310:,
306:,
266:.
129:c.
82:,
78:,
67:c.
552:.
527:.
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461:.
49:)
45:(
23:.
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