215:, where his work on oxidation rate theory, counter diffusion of ions and defect chemistry led to a better understanding of how reactions take place at the atomic level. His life and achievements were honoured in a Solid State Ionics symposium commemorating his 100th birthday in 2001, where he was described as the father of solid-state chemistry.
304:-mediated mechanism of mass transport in solids, Wagner then extended the analysis to electronic defects. For these works and his subsequent research on local equilibrium, his oxidation rate theory, and the concept of counter diffusion of cations, Wagner is considered by some as the "father of solid state chemistry."
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In 1931 he published a paper "Zur
Theorie der Gleichrichterwirkung" ("Theory of Rectifier Action") describing in the context of copper oxide semiconductors the basic equations of thermally activated charge carriers and their diffusion in rectifier junctions which were later described by others such
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In 1936 he published a crucial paper "On the mechanism of the formation of ionic crystals of higher order (double salts, spinels, silicates)", a concept of counter-diffusion of cations, which contributed to the understanding of all diffusion controlled, solid-state reactions. Over a twenty-year
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Wagner was interested in the measurement of thermodynamic activities of the components in solid and liquid alloys. He also researched problems of solid-state chemistry, especially the role of defects of ionic crystals on thermodynamic properties, electrical conductivity and
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was continued by
Malcolm Hebb and their techniques are now known as the Hebb-Wagner polarisation method. Wagner was a professor of metallurgy at MIT from 1949 until 1958. He then returned to Germany to take up the position of Director of the
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fabrication, used in devices such as solar energy conversion have been developed with the aid of Wagner's theories. Some examples of solid state electrochemical devices are typically, fuel cells, batteries, sensors and membranes.
311:, it was anticipated that German universities and research establishments would undergo a long period of rebuilding. Wagner was invited to the United States to become a scientific advisor at
340:
tested the theory in space shuttle experiments they discovered the theory did not work as they initially expected and realised the way engineers had been using it needed to be reconsidered.
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C. Wagner (1961). "Theorie der
Alterung von Niederschlägen durch Umlösen (Ostwald-Reifung)" [Theory of the aging of precipitates by dissolution-reprecipitation (Ostwald ripening)].
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227:, Germany; the son of Dr Julius Wagner who was the Head of Chemistry at the local institute and secretary of the German Bunsen Society of Physical Chemistry. Wagner graduated from the
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His subsequent published papers led to the new concept of chemical disorder now known as defect chemistry. Wagner spent one year as
Visiting Professor of Physical Chemistry, at the
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with a dissertation on the reaction rate in solutions, "Beiträge zur
Kenntnis der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit in Lösungen".
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and published a notable paper with
Schottky, "Theorie der geordneten Mischphasen" (Theory of arranged mixed phases).
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where he was
Professor of Physical Chemistry until 1945. He proposed an important law of oxidation kinetics in 1933.
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in Göttingen, continuing to contribute to publications. Many modern inventions based on solid-state technology and
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336:, now known as the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory, which helps predict the rate of coarsening in alloys. When
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who asked him to co-author a book on thermodynamic problems. Together with
Hermann Ulich they published
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period he produced an important body of work relating to the bulk transport processes in oxides.
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Wagner officially retired in 1966 but from 1967 to 1977 was a
Scientific Member of the
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John N. Lalena; David A. Cleary; Everett
Carpenter; Nancy F. Dean (9 January 2008).
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Out of the Crystal Maze : Chapters from The History of Solid State Physics
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Lillian Hoddeson; Ernst Braun; Jurgen Teichmann; Spencer Weart, eds. (1992).
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New Scientist Careers Guide: The Employer Contacts Book for Scientists
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1973 - Honorary member of the Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the
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in 1929, which is still considered a standard reference in the field.
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American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers
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Oxide Semiconductors for Solar Energy Conversion: Titanium Dioxide
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He became a research fellow at the Bodernstein Institute at the
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Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit in Lösungen
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Allen J. Bard; György Inzelt; Fritz Scholz (2 October 2012).
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at Göttingen, which was vacant due to the untimely death of
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760:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 448–.
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Introduction to High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion
259:. It was in Berlin that he first became acquainted with
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Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
555:"Life and achievements of Carl Wagner, 100th birthday"
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Rapp, Robert (July 1978). "Carl Wagner-In Memorial".
207:(25 May 1901 – 10 December 1977) was a German
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360:Wagner died on 10 December 1977 in Göttingen.
211:. He is best known for his pioneering work on
950:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
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673:Inorganic Materials Synthesis and Fabrication
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326:Max Planck Institute of Physical Chemistry
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811:Reed Business Information (26 May 1977).
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644:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 165–.
21:For other people named Carl Wagner, see
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638:Hermann Schmalzried (11 July 2008).
858:Janusz Nowotny (6 September 2011).
819:. Reed Business Information: 482–.
491:1975 - Corresponding member of the
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732:(7). NACE International: 219–225.
703:. ASM International. pp. 6–.
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485:1975 - Honorary Membership of the
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300:Wagner and Schottky proposed the
165:Technical University of Darmstadt
462:European Federation of Corrosion
291:Technische Universität Darmstadt
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697:A. S. Khanna (1 January 2002).
561:. 152–153. Elsevier BV: 15–17.
975:Max Planck Institute directors
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527:Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner theory
440:1972 - Honorary member of the
289:in 1933, before moving to the
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783:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Elektrochemie
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395:Austrian Industry Association
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960:20th-century German chemists
493:Brunswick Scientific Society
474:Austrian Academy of Sciences
452:German Society of Metallurgy
429:Brunswick Scientific Society
282:as Davydov and Shockley .
23:Carl Wagner (disambiguation)
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864:. CRC Press. pp. 20–.
641:Chemical Kinetics of Solids
512:Electrochemical engineering
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481:American Society for Metals
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757:Electrochemical Dictionary
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418:Carl Friedrich Gauss Medal
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231:and gained his PhD at the
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16:German chemist (1901–1977)
970:Leipzig University alumni
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479:1973 - Gold Medal of the
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235:in 1924 supervised by
442:German Bunsen Society
412:German Bunsen Society
287:University of Hamburg
233:University of Leipzig
213:solid-state chemistry
161:University of Hamburg
110:Solid state chemistry
100:University of Leipzig
945:Solid state chemists
586:"University Hamburg"
350:Max Planck Institute
257:University of Berlin
229:University of Munich
169:Max Planck Institute
124:Olin Palladium Award
96:University of Munich
466:Honorary member of
391:Wilhelm Exner Medal
317:Operation Paperclip
223:Wagner was born in
205:Carl Wilhelm Wagner
129:Wilhelm Exner Medal
843:has generic name (
559:Solid State Ionics
553:Martin, M (2002).
522:Solid-state ionics
307:At the end of the
276:University of Jena
261:Walter H. Schottky
157:University of Jena
147:Physical chemistry
114:Solid state ionics
871:978-1-4398-4846-3
767:978-3-642-29551-5
710:978-0-87170-762-8
683:978-0-470-19156-9
651:978-3-527-61552-0
624:978-0-19-534532-2
592:on 11 August 2017
381:Willis R. Whitney
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137:Scientific career
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70:(1977-12-10)
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910:1977 deaths
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84:Nationality
50:25 May 1901
32:Carl Wagner
899:Categories
533:References
448:Heyn Medal
321:V2-rockets
313:Fort Bliss
219:Early life
825:0262-4079
726:Corrosion
517:Diffusion
476:in Vienna
250:diffusion
92:Education
78:, Germany
76:Göttingen
596:7 August
506:See also
456:1973 -
450:of the
446:1972 -
427:of the
416:1964 -
410:of the
406:1961 -
393:of the
389:1959 -
383:Award,
379:1957 -
373:of the
369:1951 -
364:Honours
274:at the
225:Leipzig
54:Leipzig
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344:Legacy
243:Career
176:Thesis
143:Fields
131:(1959)
126:(1951)
120:Awards
87:German
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866:ISBN
845:help
821:ISSN
800:NASA
762:ISBN
705:ISBN
678:ISBN
646:ISBN
619:ISBN
598:2015
385:NACE
338:NASA
65:Died
47:Born
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