561:, the king named Felipe his heir. He formally adopted Felipe and married him to his daughter. However, the king died while Felipe was still too young to rule. Senquene and Felipe's father agreed that Senquene should rule temporarily until Felipe came of age. After Senquene took the kingship, Carlos was born. Senquene reneged on his vow to step down; he named Carlos his successor and had the previous king's daughter divorced from Felipe and remarried to Carlos. He placated Felipe's enraged family by naming Felipe the next captain general and arranging a marriage to one of his own daughters. This development caused unease for many Calusa, who saw it as a usurpation.
31:
650:
Francisco de
Reinoso. Reinoso wanted to fight back, but was prevented from doing so by Father Juan de Rogel, who led Mission San AntĂłn. In Spring 1567, Reinoso managed to compel Rogel to journey to Havana, allowing him to strike against the Calusa. Reinoso had Carlos captured and killed, along with his advisers, and installed Felipe in his place.
641:. However, relations with the Spanish soon soured. Carlos did reluctantly release his captive shipwreck survivors, but was angered when MenĂ©ndez refused to aid him against the Tocobaga. He was further dismayed when MenĂ©ndez put off consummating his marriage to Antonia (SolĂs de Merás is unclear as to whether they ever consummated the union).
200:
191:. As a result, he initially sought an alliance with the Spanish. The alliance soon failed due to the conflicting aims of the two parties, and the relationship between the Calusa and the Spanish turned violent. Eventually Carlos was captured and executed by Spanish officers. Felipe succeeded him as chief.
220:. Calusa society was highly organized, with considerable power vested in the chief. The chief's power derived from their paramount place in the Calusa religious system as well as their ability to control and distribute trade goods. William McGoun writes that the Calusa represented a highly stratified
207:
During Carlos' time, the Calusa were a major power in
Florida. Both the Spanish and French colonists considered Carlos the most powerful chief in the region. The Calusa did not practice substantive agriculture, but the abundant supply of fish and shellfish in their territory supported their large,
625:
Carlos jumped at the chance for an alliance with the powerful foreigners. He hoped such an alliance would help against his people's enemies, in particular the
Tocabaga. He also may have hoped it would give him the upper hand in his rivalry with Felipe, whom the Spanish chronicler Gonzalo SolĂs de
564:
Carlos II had an older sister, later baptized
Antonia, whom he loved greatly. By the time of contact with the Spanish, Antonia was one of Carlos' wives (according to Spanish reports Calusa chiefs were expected to take their sister as one of their wives). His queen or principal wife, whose name is
653:
Felipe proved a stronger king than Carlos, and therefore a greater danger to the
Spanish. Though he appeased the Spanish by ostensibly converting to Christianity, he did not abandon the traditional religious practice or the power it afforded him. In 1569, the Calusa attacked the landing party of
649:
Thereafter, the relationship between the Calusa and the
Spanish took a violent turn, as Carlos repeatedly plotted against the Spanish. He attempted three times to assassinate Menéndez. After Menéndez's departure, the Calusa were continuously hostile towards the Spanish outpost and its commander,
175:
Carlos inherited the throne from his father, who had been installed as regent while the designated heir, Felipe, was too young to rule. Carlos' father bypassed Felipe in favor of Carlos, creating tension between Carlos' and Felipe's families. Felipe served as war chief and was seen as a stronger
658:. Menéndez Márquez repelled the attack and had Felipe and twenty of his supporters killed. Pedro, whom Spanish sources call Carlos' "first cousin", succeeded Felipe as chief of the Calusa. Pedro was no more compliant than his predecessors had been, and the Spanish abandoned the region.
549:
Senquene was originally the chief priest, serving under his brother, the king. Their sister was married to the war chief (a position known to the
Spanish as "captain general") with whom she had a son, who was eventually known to the Spanish as Felipe. The king had no sons of his own.
748:
was the name of Carlos II's father and predecessor (Hann 5). However, Lewis (32) and
Marquardt (104–106) refer to the original king (Carlos II's father's brother) as "Senquene". Goggin and Sturtevant, Widmer, and McGoun follow Fontaneda in giving Senquene as the name of Carlos II's
577:
Carlos likely rose to the kingship in the 1550s; William
Marquart suggests 1556 based on events that happened that year. Carlos' succession evidently inspired challenges from other powerful chiefdoms. In 1556, the daughter of Oathchaqua, chief of the
590:
or
Serrope, who took her as his own wife. In doing so, Chief Surruque challenged Carlos' authority, disrupted the key alliance and trading route between the Calusa and Ais, and positioned himself as a significant power. A few years later, the
171:
in the region at the time, controlling the coastal areas of southwest Florida and wielding influence throughout the southern peninsula. Contemporary Europeans recognized him as the most powerful chief in Florida.
626:
Merás wrote was even more feared by his people than Carlos himself. According to historian Stephen Edward Reilly, this power struggle was the primary reason Carlos pursued an alliance with the Spanish.
629:
Carlos attempted to solidify the alliance with the Spanish by offering to wed his sister Antonia to Menéndez, who very reluctantly accepted. He allowed the Spanish to establish a small outpost and a
235:, a prisoner of the Calusa from about 1549 to 1566. Senquene is known in other Spanish sources as Carlos, leading scholars sometimes to call his son Carlos II. In 1568, Jesuit missionary
228:. This interpretation is based on Carlos' succession controversy, which suggests that power was at least partly vested in the institution of the throne rather than a hereditary line.
239:
wrote an account of the contentious succession of the recent kings, based on Calusa informants, which scholars have parsed to develop a model of the succession leading up to Carlos.
1003:
637:, near the main town of Calos. He also sent several prominent Calusa, including Felipe, a certain Sebastian, and Sebastian's son Pedro (relatives of Carlos), on a trip to
731:
The Calusa succession is charted in Goggin and Sturtevant 1964:193–194; Lewis 1978:32–33; Marquardt 1987:104-106; Widmer 1988:6; and McGoun 1993:12–16 and note.
554:
622:. Menéndez' primary goal in the voyage was to secure the release of Spanish shipwreck survivors living among the Calusa, including his son Juan.
599:
asserted themselves by capturing twelve Calusa nobles, including the sister of Carlos' wife. Beset with problems, Carlos struggled to respond.
586:, set out for Calusa to cement an alliance between their peoples by marrying Carlos. During the journey, she was captured by the chief of the
183:
in 1566. At this time, Carlos faced internal political pressure from Felipe as well as war with external enemies, most notably the
1042:
1062:
231:
Carlos inherited the chiefdom from his father and predecessor, whose name was given as Senquene by shipwreck survivor
163:
from about 1556 until his death. As his father, the preceding king, was also known as Carlos, he is sometimes called
36:
1057:
216:
and wielded influence over most peoples in the southern part of the peninsula, possibly stretching as far north as
741:
232:
1013:
985:
957:
934:
907:
888:
603:
180:
1037:
1052:
655:
209:
565:
unknown, was the sister of Felipe. Carlos had several other wives, many of whom were daughters of his
740:
There is some confusion in the sources concerning the names of Carlos' father and the previous king.
875:(1964). "The Calusa: A Stratified, Non-Agricultural Society (with notes on sibling marriage)". In
606:. Menéndez arrived in the Calusa region in 1566, five months after establishing the settlement of
607:
558:
975:
634:
872:
927:
Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeast Georgia During the Historic Period
1032:
8:
1005:
The Evolution of the Calusa: A Non-Agricultural Chiefdom on the Southwest Florida Coast
918:
203:
Approximate Calusa core territory (red) and sphere of influence (blue) in Carlos' time
1009:
981:
953:
930:
903:
884:
160:
92:
868:
1047:
876:
152:
123:
922:
583:
225:
217:
1026:
615:
199:
104:
30:
213:
579:
236:
208:
sedentary population. They controlled the southwest Florida coast from
619:
596:
188:
945:
611:
592:
587:
221:
184:
168:
638:
630:
566:
179:
Carlos was chief at the time of contact with the Spanish under
156:
48:
35:
Diorama of Carlos (right) and his principal wife (left) at the
602:
Carlos reigned at the time of contact with the Spanish under
946:"The Calusa Social Formation in Protohistoric South Florida"
618:. The Spanish landed at Carlos' capital, Calos, probably on
167:. Carlos ruled over one of the most powerful and prosperous
44:
952:. American Anthropological Association. pp. 98–116.
948:. In Patterson, Thomas C.; Gailey, Christine W. (eds.).
1024:
867:
929:. University of Florida Press. pp. 19–49.
610:in northeast Florida and ejecting the French
917:Lewis, Clifford M. (1978). "The Calusa". In
194:
832:
830:
766:
764:
718:
716:
943:
725:
827:
198:
761:
713:
1025:
1001:
973:
644:
916:
881:Explorations in Cultural Anthropology
473:
471:
469:
467:
451:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
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420:
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388:
386:
384:
382:
380:
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370:
368:
366:
345:
338:
336:
333:
328:
326:
323:
318:
252:
250:
248:
246:
244:
977:Prehistoric Peoples of South Florida
897:
16:Paramount chief of the Calusa people
950:Power Relations and State Formation
13:
224:, and may have been emerging as a
14:
1074:
883:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 179–219.
37:Florida Museum of Natural History
29:
1008:. University of Alabama Press.
980:. University of Alabama Press.
902:. University of Florida Press.
848:
839:
818:
809:
800:
791:
782:
773:
742:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda
553:As the Calusa, unusually among
233:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda
944:Marquardt, William H. (1987).
752:
734:
704:
695:
686:
677:
668:
1:
1043:16th-century Native Americans
861:
58:
1002:Widmer, Randolph J. (1988).
7:
1063:People from Spanish Florida
974:McGoun, William E. (1993).
854:McGoun, pp. 15–16 and note.
572:
10:
1079:
614:from their settlement of
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
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463:
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431:
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410:
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392:
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374:
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331:
321:
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308:
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302:
300:
294:
292:
290:
282:
278:
276:
274:
272:
270:
268:
266:
264:
262:
260:
258:
195:Background and succession
151:(died 1567), was king or
129:
122:
118:
110:
98:
88:
84:
76:
68:
54:
43:
28:
23:
661:
604:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
181:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1058:Native American leaders
722:McGoun, p. 16 and note.
710:McGoun 1993: 15–16, 35.
557:, apparently practiced
176:leader by many Calusa.
900:Missions to the Calusa
898:Hann, John H. (1991).
873:Sturtevant, William C.
656:Pedro Menéndez Márquez
559:patrilineal succession
204:
202:
555:Southeastern peoples
1038:16th-century births
919:Milanich, Jerald T.
877:Goodenough, Ward H.
701:McGoun 1993:14, 17.
674:McGoun 1993:17, 21.
645:Death and aftermath
635:San AntĂłn de Carlos
72:Senquene (Carlos I)
1053:History of Florida
824:McGoun, pp. 12–13.
788:Marquardt 1987:106
692:McGoun 1993:24–26.
683:McGoun, pp. 34–35.
205:
80:Felipe (installed)
547:
546:
161:Southwest Florida
138:
137:
134:
133:
93:Southwest Florida
1070:
1019:
998:
996:
994:
970:
968:
966:
940:
913:
894:
855:
852:
846:
843:
837:
834:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
806:McGoun, p. 9–11.
804:
798:
795:
789:
786:
780:
779:McGoun 1993: 34.
777:
771:
768:
759:
756:
750:
738:
732:
729:
723:
720:
711:
708:
702:
699:
693:
690:
684:
681:
675:
672:
242:
241:
210:Charlotte Harbor
143:, also known as
120:
119:
63:
60:
33:
21:
20:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1023:
1022:
1016:
992:
990:
988:
964:
962:
960:
937:
923:Proctor, Samuel
910:
891:
869:Goggin, John M.
864:
859:
858:
853:
849:
844:
840:
835:
828:
823:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:McGoun 1993: 9.
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
774:
769:
762:
757:
753:
739:
735:
730:
726:
721:
714:
709:
705:
700:
696:
691:
687:
682:
678:
673:
669:
664:
647:
575:
421:King's daughter
347:
340:
197:
153:paramount chief
124:Posthumous name
103:
61:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1076:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1021:
1020:
1014:
999:
986:
971:
958:
941:
935:
914:
908:
895:
889:
863:
860:
857:
856:
847:
845:McGoun, p. 13.
838:
836:McGoun, p. 14.
826:
817:
815:McGoun, p. 12.
808:
799:
790:
781:
772:
770:Widmer 1988:6.
760:
751:
733:
724:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
666:
665:
663:
660:
646:
643:
584:Cape Canaveral
574:
571:
545:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
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510:
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478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
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465:
464:
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460:
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456:
453:
452:
450:
449:Carlos II
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
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432:
430:
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273:
271:
269:
267:
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263:
261:
259:
257:
255:
253:
251:
249:
247:
245:
218:Cape Canaveral
196:
193:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
126:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
56:
52:
51:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1075:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
989:
983:
979:
978:
972:
961:
955:
951:
947:
942:
938:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
911:
905:
901:
896:
892:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
851:
842:
833:
831:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
765:
758:Hann 267–269.
755:
747:
743:
737:
728:
719:
717:
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
667:
659:
657:
651:
642:
640:
636:
632:
627:
623:
621:
617:
616:Fort Caroline
613:
609:
608:St. Augustine
605:
600:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
570:
568:
567:vassal chiefs
562:
560:
556:
551:
543:
512:
507:
477:
475:
466:
454:
415:
413:
365:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
351:
317:
314:
298:
296:
288:
286:
285:
280:
256:
254:
243:
240:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:south to the
211:
201:
192:
190:
186:
182:
177:
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166:
162:
158:
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128:
125:
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75:
71:
67:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1004:
993:November 27,
991:. Retrieved
976:
963:. Retrieved
949:
926:
899:
880:
850:
841:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
775:
754:
745:
736:
727:
706:
697:
688:
679:
670:
652:
648:
628:
624:
601:
576:
563:
552:
548:
230:
206:
178:
174:
164:
148:
144:
140:
139:
105:Havana, Cuba
18:
1033:1567 deaths
214:Florida Bay
149:King Calusa
69:Predecessor
62: 1556
1027:Categories
1015:0817303588
987:0817306862
959:0913167231
936:0813005353
909:0813010756
890:0070237603
862:References
346:Senquene's
341:(Carlos I)
237:Juan Rogel
159:people of
633:mission,
620:Mound Key
612:Huguenots
597:Tampa Bay
334:War chief
189:Tampa Bay
169:chiefdoms
165:Carlos II
130:Carlos II
77:Successor
925:(eds.).
746:Senquene
593:Tocobaga
588:Surruque
573:Kingship
339:Senquene
222:chiefdom
185:Tocobaga
965:May 10,
879:(ed.).
749:father.
187:around
155:of the
114:Antonia
47:of the
1048:Calusa
1012:
984:
956:
933:
906:
887:
639:Havana
631:Jesuit
434:Felipe
329:Sister
157:Calusa
141:Carlos
111:Spouse
64:- 1567
49:Calusa
24:Carlos
744:says
662:Notes
319:Queen
226:state
145:Calos
55:Reign
1010:ISBN
995:2012
982:ISBN
967:2018
954:ISBN
931:ISBN
904:ISBN
885:ISBN
348:wife
324:King
102:1567
99:Died
89:Born
45:King
595:of
582:of
580:Ais
147:or
1029::
921:;
871:;
829:^
763:^
715:^
569:.
59:c.
1018:.
997:.
969:.
939:.
912:.
893:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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