482:, but it is generally known that they also detect FPL viral antigen in feline feces. These tests are used extra-label because they allow rapid, inexpensive, in-house detection of the virus.) Positive fecal SNAP test results, including weak positives, are highly likely to be true positives in clinically affected animals. Some cats will have completed the shedding period by the time the test is run, leading to false-negative results. Electron microscopy, virus isolation and seroconversion can also be used to document active or recent infection.
57:
33:
334:). It persists long after evidence of the original body secretion has faded away, and can be transported long distances. Like all parvoviruses, FPLV is extremely resistant to inactivation and can survive for longer than one year in a suitable environment. Kitten deaths have been reported in households of fully vaccinated cats, possibly because of exposure to large amounts of virus in the environment. In a recent study,
474:
can be amplified from feces of cats vaccinated with modified live strains of the virus. Attenuated parvoviruses in MLV vaccines replicate in the blood and intestine, and post-vaccinal fecal shedding of FPV has been demonstrated, which can result in recent vaccinations giving false positive results on diagnostic tests. At least one of the ELISA antigen tests for dogs (SNAP®Parvo;
322:(MDA) efficiently protect kittens from fatal infection. This passively acquired immunity is later replaced by an active immune response obtained by vaccination or as a consequence of a natural infection. In kittens, the period of greatest susceptibility to infection is when maternal antibodies are absent, or waning, and vaccine-induced immunity has not yet fully developed.
637:
Cats with suspected or diagnosed FPLV should be kept in isolation. This non-enveloped virus is very resistant to environmental conditions and many disinfectants, is highly contagious, and rapidly accumulates in the environment due to high shedding of virus from affected animals. Strict protocols for
473:
The clinical diagnosis is usually supported by documenting parvovirus antigen in feces by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. The availability of validated assays varies by country but is becoming more common. PCR assays are so sensitive that FPV DNA
623:
A survival rate of about 50% has been reported with supportive therapies. Cats with FPLV that survive the first five days of treatment usually recover; however, the decrease in the cat's white blood cells compromises its immune system, leaving it vulnerable to secondary infection. Lifelong immunity
485:
Leukopenia on a complete blood count (nadir 50–3,000 WBC/μL) supports a diagnosis of FPLV. In an unvaccinated cat, the presence of antibodies against FPV indicates that the cat either has the disease or has had the disease in the past. Elevated IgM titers (1:10 or greater) indicate active infection
354:
Clinical signs usually develop in 4–6 days after exposure, but can show in 2–14 days. The virus infects and destroys actively dividing cells in bone marrow, lymphoid tissues, intestinal epithelium, and—in very young animals—in the cerebellum and retina. The virus primarily attacks the lining of the
713:
Kittens without maternally derived antibodies are especially vulnerable. FPLV vaccination can start as early as 4 weeks of age for kittens at high risk but are usually started at 6 weeks, then given every 3–4 weeks until 16 weeks of age. For cats older than 16 weeks, 2 doses, 3 to 4 weeks apart is
350:
The clinical manifestations of FPLV are variable based on the dose of the virus, the age of the cat, potential breed predispositions, and prior immunity from maternal antibodies, previous exposure, or vaccination. Most infections are subclinical, as evidenced by the high seroprevalence of anti-FPV
619:
In 2010, a retrospective study of 244 infected cats showed that "leukocyte and thrombocyte counts as well as serum albumin and potassium concentrations at presentation are prognostic indicators in cats with panleukopenia, whereas vaccination status, age, clinical signs, and housing conditions are
329:
An infected cat sheds large amounts of virus in all body secretions including feces, vomit, urine, saliva, and mucus during the acute phase of illness. It can continue to shed the virus for as long as six weeks after recovery. Subclinically ill cats can also shed the virus in body secretions. The
650:
on a fixed schedule with annual boosters has been widely discarded. Current recommendations are based on the philosophy of vaccinating each cat no more frequently than necessary. These recommendations take into account considerations for the efficacy and longevity of each specific vaccine; the
236:
Belonging to the family
Parvoviridae, FPLV have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes. This agent is one of the smallest animal viruses, barely 18 to 20 nm in diameter. Like other parvovirus genomes, it has hairpin structures at both ends of its genome: 3-genome Y-type structure and
706:
Selection or use of a specific type/brand of a vaccine may vary depending on the overall risk of viral infection to the specific animal in its environment, along with considerations for the time it takes to confer protection, its overall efficacy, the animal's health, and the potential risks
607:
It has been stated that cats with FPLV may be at risk for endocarditis or cardiomyopathy (since CPV-2 is a well-known cause of viral myocarditis in young puppies), but a 2017 retrospective study concluded that "Feline
Panleukopenia Virus Is Not Associated With Myocarditis or Endomyocardial
478:) detects FPV in feline feces and has a cut point for a positive test result that excludes most vaccinated cats. Thus, this ELISA is superior to PCR for screening cats for FPV infection and can also be performed in the veterinary clinic. (These are only approved and licensed for detecting
351:
antibodies among some populations of unvaccinated, healthy cats. The cats that become clinically ill are usually less than one year old, but older cats are also at risk. There is high mortality in clinically affected kittens and sudden death can occur.
714:
generally recommended, followed by a 6-month to 1-year booster. Thereafter, a booster vaccination every 3 years is usually recommended; a blood titer test can be done to determine individual antibody levels for catering the timing of boosters.
341:
Infection occurs when the virus enters the body through the mouth or nose. Whether illness results or not depends on the immunity in the victim vs. the number of individual virus particles (i.e. the amount of virus) entering the body.
638:
containment – with isolation, minimal handling, and disinfection of all potential sources of fomites – is warranted. Recovered cats can still shed the virus for up to six weeks and can carry it on their body for prolonged periods.
543:
It requires immediate, aggressive treatment if the cat is to survive, as it can be fatal in less than 24 hours. Several articles and publications provide guidance for rescuers and veterinarians for optimizing outcomes.
325:
Free-roaming cats are thought to be exposed to the virus during their first year of life. Those that develop a subclinical infection or survive acute illness mount a robust, long-lasting, protective immune response.
2531:
2590:
237:
5-terminal U-shaped structure, making it challenging to amplify the full-length genome of parvovirus despite its small size. Sequences in the genome show a high degree of nucleotide conservation in the
1784:
Truyen U, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Horzinek MC (July 2009).
299:
a combining form meaning "loss of" or "decrease of". Thus the word means universal loss of white blood cells. The universal part refers to both its worldwide distribution and to the fact that all
2060:
Martin V, Najbar W, Gueguen S, Grousson D, Eun HM, Lebreux B, Aubert A (October 2002). "Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon-omega in a placebo-controlled challenge trial".
311:
The feline panleukopenia virus is considered ubiquitous, meaning it is in virtually every place that is not regularly disinfected. The infection is highly contagious among unvaccinated cats.
616:
Mortality in affected felid litters varies between 20 and 100%. Mortality of FPLV is 25–90% in domestic cats with the acute form of the disease and up to 100% in cats with peracute disease.
248:(cat) family worldwide. It is a highly contagious, severe infection that causes gastrointestinal, immune system, and nervous system disease. Its primary effect is to decrease the number of
1415:
Zhang L, Liang R, Zhang G, Zhai Z, Deng Y, Li J, Cui S (November 2019). "Analysis of the microRNA expression profiles in feline kidney cell line infected with feline panleukopenia virus".
1968:
Meunier PC, Cooper BJ, Appel MJ, Lanieu ME, Slauson DO (November 1985). "Pathogenesis of canine parvovirus enteritis: sequential virus distribution and passive immunization studies".
588:
is effective in the treatment of parvoviral enteritis in dogs and also inhibits replication of FPV in cell culture. So far no data are available on its efficacy in FPV-infected cats.
674:
The FPLV vaccination is considered a "core" (essential for health) vaccine and is recommended for all domestic cats. Even cats kept indoors can be infected from fomite transmission.
570:
Feeding should be continued as long as possible. A highly digestible diet is preferred, but the individual animal's preferences may dictate giving whatever it will eat. In anorexic,
241:
after over 90 years since it has emerged; the VP2 gene codes for the capsid protein VP2, a main structural protein, which determines the major mutations during the evolution of CPV.
486:
and if clinical signs are obvious (diarrhea, panleukopenia) the prognosis is poor. Elevated IgG titers (1:100 or greater) in a cat with clinical signs indicates a better prognosis.
1546:
1840:
Hartmann K, Hein J (2002). "Feline panleukopenie. Praxisrelevante fragen anhand eines fallbeispiels" [Feline panleukopenia. Practical questions based on a case study].
1238:
2535:
581:. This may provide protection for 2–4 weeks. Therapeutic efficacy of anti-FPV serum has been demonstrated in dogs, and similar beneficial effects may be expected in cats.
1220:
259:
Although it was once thought that only FPLV caused panleukopenia in cats, it has been confirmed that a feline panleukopenia illness can be caused by CPV 2a, 2b, and 2c.
338:
responses to FPLV infection were identified in feline kidney cells by sequencing, providing a possible link between miRNA expression and pathogenesis of FPV infection.
2299:
Day MJ, Horzinek MC, Schultz RD, Squires RA, et al. (Vaccination
Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA)) (January 2016).
221:. It causes a highly contagious disease in both dogs and cats separately. The disease is generally divided into two major genogroups: FPV containing the classical
470:
A presumptive clinical diagnosis of FPLV can be made for kittens with appropriate signalment, history, clinical findings and the history of no prior vaccination.
419:
Other signs include: fever, loss of skin elasticity due to dehydration, abdominal pain, sternal recumbency with splayed legs and head droop, nasal discharge and
1859:
766:
Mira F, Canuti M, Purpari G, Cannella V, Di Bella S, Occhiogrosso L, Schirò G, Chiaramonte G, Barreca S, Pisano P, Lastra A, Decaro N, Guercio A (March 2019).
2353:
1584:
Patterson EV, Reese MJ, Tucker SJ, Dubovi EJ, Crawford PC, Levy JK (February 2007). "Effect of vaccination on parvovirus antigen testing in kittens".
1280:
985:
2633:
1891:"Effect of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability, intestinal protein loss, and outcome in dogs with severe parvoviral enteritis"
860:"Regional adaptations and parallel mutations in Feline panleukopenia virus strains from China revealed by nearly-full length genome analysis"
330:
virus can be carried or transferred on an infected object (such as bedding, food dishes, fur) or by other animals, fleas, and humans (see:
577:
In a disease outbreak, unvaccinated kittens or adults can be given anti-FPV serum containing FPV antibodies injected subcutaneously or
1630:
2532:"Canine parovirus and feline panluekopenia: New ideas for prevention, risk assessment, and treatment (parts 1 & 2) (Proceedings)"
1249:
1372:
Addie DD, Toth S, Thompson H, Greenwood N, Jarrett JO (April 1998). "Detection of feline parvovirus in dying pedigree kittens".
919:"Genetic Analysis of Feline Panleukopenia Virus Full-length VP2 Gene in Domestic Cats Between 2006-2008 and 2012-2014, Portugal"
2435:
Scherk MA, Ford RB, Gaskell RM, Hartmann K, Hurley KF, Lappin MR, Levy JK, Little SE, Nordone SK, Sparkes AH (September 2013).
597:
436:
2676:
2262:
1725:
1568:
1319:
1200:
1167:
1056:
834:
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predisposes patients to secondary infections, especially bacterial and fungal, though secondary viral infections also occur.
585:
2557:
1957:. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. June 10–13, 1999.
1480:
451:
238:
2097:"Feline Panleukopenia Virus Is Not Associated With Myocarditis or Endomyocardial Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Cats"
1867:
2495:
Scott FW, Geissinger CM (May 1999). "Long-term immunity in cats vaccinated with an inactivated trivalent vaccine".
2361:
2638:
710:
Modified-live FPLV vaccines are not recommended in pregnant queens, very young kittens, or cats with FIV or FeLV.
450:. Fetuses infected in utero that survive and kittens less than a few weeks of age that become infected can have
2666:
1350:
730:
677:
Several types and brands of commercial FPLV vaccines are available to induce acquired immunity. These include:
2409:
497:
817:
Evermann JF, Kennedy MA (January 2011). "Chapter 16 - Viral
Infections". In Peterson ME, Kutzler MA (eds.).
56:
2585:
1039:
Marks SL (2016). "Rational
Approach to Diagnosing and Managing Infectious Causes of Diarrhea in Kittens".
624:
is thought to follow recovery from disease, and a carrier state of the disease has never been identified.
2383:
279:
In addition to members of the felid family, it can also affect other carnivorans (e.g. raccoon, mink).
189:
1658:"Diagnostic testing for feline panleukopenia in a shelter setting: a prospective, observational study"
1129:
703:
Combination vaccines that protect against several common viruses, including FPLV, are also available.
1346:
578:
2013:"Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon-omega in a placebo-controlled field trial"
384:
profuse watery to bloody diarrhea (bloody diarrhea is more common in dogs with parvovirus than cats)
1010:
858:
Leal É, Liang R, Liu Q, Villanova F, Shi L, Liang L, Li J, Witkin SS, Cui S (January 16, 2020).
2601:
489:
315:
1547:"Canine Parvo & Feline Panleuk: New ideas for prevention, treatment & risk assessment"
768:"Molecular Characterization and Evolutionary Analyses of Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 NS1 Gene"
395:
electrolyte and total protein concentrations that reflect dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea.
2671:
2661:
2187:
Stuetzer B, Hartmann K (August 2014). "Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases".
501:
2222:
Wolfesberger B, Tichy A, Affenzeller N, Galler A, Shibly S, Schwendenwein I (January 2012).
707:
associated with MLV vs killed, adjuvanted vs nonadjuvanted, intranasal/ocular vs injection.
2245:
Burkholder T, Feliciano CL, Vandewoude S, Baker HJ (2015). "Biology and
Diseases of Cats".
2164:
2147:
1625:
1623:
1424:
871:
195:
51:
8:
1082:"Feline host range of canine parvovirus: Recent emergence of new antigenic types in cats"
681:
540:
To contain the virus, cats with suspected or diagnosed FPLV should be kept in isolation.
529:
40:
2464:
2123:
2096:
1620:
1428:
875:
2477:
2436:
2327:
2300:
2268:
2254:
2042:
1993:
1955:
Treatment of dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus with lyophilized canine IgG
1915:
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1048:
948:
894:
859:
840:
826:
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693:
475:
2073:
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exposure, risk, and need of different cat populations; and socioeconomic limitations.
2512:
2469:
2332:
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2223:
2204:
2169:
2128:
2077:
2034:
1985:
1920:
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1601:
1564:
1527:
1452:
1440:
1389:
1329:
1315:
1196:
1163:
1150:
Sykes JE (2014). "Feline
Panleukopenia Virus Infection and Other Viral Enteritides".
1111:
1052:
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899:
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799:
505:
479:
455:
249:
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183:
44:
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2046:
1997:
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1522:
1505:
1401:
1177:
1066:
952:
917:
Miranda C, Vieira MJ, Silva E, Carvalheira J, Parrish CR, Thompson G (August 2017).
844:
2504:
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2312:
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2196:
2159:
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2024:
1977:
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1805:
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424:
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319:
1436:
884:
596:
Cats typically die due to complications associated with sepsis, dehydration, and
571:
403:
153:
2508:
276:
It is sometimes confusingly referred to as "cat plague" and "feline distemper".
2624:
2200:
1981:
1801:
667:
community cats (free-roaming and/or feral) or TNR (Trap Neuter Return) programs
420:
1889:
Mohr AJ, Leisewitz AL, Jacobson LS, Steiner JM, Ruaux CG, Williams DA (2003).
1673:
2655:
2455:
2113:
521:
493:
356:
105:
1597:
2516:
2473:
2336:
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1605:
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1444:
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944:
903:
803:
509:
432:
360:
141:
129:
117:
93:
81:
1989:
1393:
1385:
2317:
2029:
2012:
555:
525:
517:
428:
408:
218:
1938:
Greene CE, Addie DD (2005). "Feline panleukopenia". In Greene CE (ed.).
1752:
1080:
Ikeda Y, Nakamura K, Miyazawa T, Takahashi E, Mochizuki M (April 2002).
295:
a combining form meaning (in biologic sciences) "white blood cell", and
935:
918:
601:
398:
368:
214:
1302:
Dubovi EJ (2017). "Parvoviridae". In Dubovi EJ, Maclachlan NJ (eds.).
1145:
1143:
784:
1504:
Kruse BD, Unterer S, Horlacher K, Sauter-Louis C, Hartmann K (2010).
364:
32:
2595:
1786:"Feline panleukopenia. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management"
2618:
1140:
685:
335:
2244:
2221:
1503:
647:
300:
245:
2564:. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis
1783:
1248:. European Advisory Board for Cat Diseases. 2015. Archived from
574:, vomiting and diarrheic cats parenteral nutrition is required.
2145:
1353:: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co
1279:
Brower AI, Radi C, Krueger D, Toohey-Kurth K (August 1, 2004).
513:
447:
391:
Clinical laboratory findings include (but are not limited to):
331:
2360:. American Association of Feline Practitioners. Archived from
1952:
1079:
318:, play an important role in the feline response to the virus.
1656:
Jacobson LS, Janke KJ, Giacinti J, Weese JS (December 2021).
1281:"Feline panleukopenia: A diagnostic laboratory's perspective"
1278:
916:
627:
244:
FPLV is known to infect all wild and domestic members of the
68:
2591:
How to Limit Parvo in
Shelters, Rescues and Transfer Animals
2586:
Feline
Distemper (Panleukopenia) from The Pet Health Library
2146:
Kailasan S, Agbandje-McKenna M, Parrish CR (November 2015).
1888:
1041:
2059:
986:"Overview of Feline Panleukopenia - Generalized Conditions"
2390:. European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases. January 5, 2008
1866:. European Advisory Board for Cat Diseases. Archived from
1655:
1583:
1371:
2434:
2298:
2094:
765:
287:
Formed within English using elements derived from Greek:
2224:"Clinical outcome of 73 cases with feline panleukopenia"
2011:
de Mari K, Maynard L, Eun HM, Lebreux B (January 2003).
2010:
1967:
2301:"WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats"
670:
owned pets (and based on "inside only" or "in and out")
1953:
Macintire DK, Smith-Carr S, Jones R, Swango L (1999).
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1586:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1506:"Prognostic factors in cats with feline panleukopenia"
2095:
McEndaffer L, Molesan A, Erb H, Kelly K (July 2017).
1842:
Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere
1019:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
857:
739:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
291:
a combining form meaning "universal" or "worldwide",
2437:"2013 AAFP Feline Vaccination Advisory Panel Report"
2148:"Parvovirus Family Conundrum: What Makes a Killer?"
1826:
1747:
1745:
1414:
821:. Saint Louis: W. B. Saunders. pp. 119–129.
2653:
2186:
1742:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
661:boarding facilities (or animals going into them)
2494:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
1942:. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. pp. 78–88.
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
816:
423:. Cats may sit at a water bowl, but not drink.
269:feline parvovirus (FPV or FP or "feline parvo")
2348:
2346:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1214:
1212:
723:
1703:
1701:
1190:
959:
2410:"Vaccination for animal health: an overview"
2279:
1839:
1770:
1490:
446:, mummification, abortion, or stillbirth of
233:type 2 (CPV-2) which appeared in the 1970s.
2343:
1937:
1563:(4th ed.). Elsevier. January 3, 2024.
1459:
1267:
1209:
759:
2558:"Vaccination Guidelines for Dogs and Cats"
2354:"Feline Vaccination Advisory Panel Report"
1698:
1136:. American Veterinary Medical Association.
628:Preventing transmission from infected cats
31:
2463:
2326:
2316:
2163:
2122:
2112:
2028:
1914:
1809:
1681:
1521:
1481:"Update on the treatment of parvoviruses"
1105:
934:
893:
883:
793:
783:
442:Infection in pregnant cats can result in
314:Antibodies against FPLV, produced by the
1341:
1339:
646:The practice of recommending and giving
2529:
2497:American Journal of Veterinary Research
1895:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
1544:
1510:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
632:
598:disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
266:feline infectious enteritis virus (FIE)
2654:
2444:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
2165:10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055150
1940:Infectious diseases of the dog and cat
1790:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
1662:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
1561:Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat
1478:
1301:
1218:
696:virus (MLV or "infectious") adjuvanted
437:disseminated intravascular coagulation
2600:
2599:
2416:. UK National Office of Animal Health
1708:Sykes JE (2015). "Viral Infections".
1707:
1336:
1152:Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases
1149:
1038:
750:Member species Species Virus name(s)
608:Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Cats".
2305:The Journal of Small Animal Practice
1347:"Feline Panleukopenia: Introduction"
560:intravenous fluids with electrolytes
1710:Small Animal Critical Care Medicine
1221:"Distemper (Panleukopenia) in Cats"
1184:
1003:
923:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
586:recombinant feline interferon omega
13:
2255:10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00013-4
2228:Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift
1907:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02516.x
1718:10.1016/B978-1-4557-0306-7.00096-9
1312:10.1016/B978-0-12-800946-8.00012-X
1160:10.1016/B978-1-4377-0795-3.00019-3
1049:10.1016/B978-0-323-22652-3.00001-3
827:10.1016/B978-1-4160-4889-3.00016-4
699:modified-live virus non adjuvanted
14:
2688:
2579:
1637:. University of Wisconsin Madison
1417:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
1227:. Veterinary Information Network.
1195:(2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
566:plasma or whole blood transfusion
345:
262:FPLV is commonly referred to as:
591:
55:
2550:
2523:
2488:
2428:
2402:
2376:
2238:
2215:
2180:
2139:
2088:
2053:
2004:
1961:
1946:
1931:
1882:
1852:
1649:
1577:
1553:
1538:
1523:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0604.x
1408:
1365:
1295:
1231:
1122:
306:
252:, causing the disease known as
1351:Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
1073:
1032:
910:
851:
810:
641:
387:vomiting (most common in cats)
1:
2074:10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00173-6
1193:The Oxford English Dictionary
1191:Weiner J, Simpson JA (1989).
717:
498:feline immunodeficiency virus
320:Maternally-derived antibodies
2677:Vaccine-preventable diseases
1437:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103945
1304:Fenner's Veterinary Virology
1219:Brooks W (January 9, 2017).
1086:Emerging Infectious Diseases
885:10.1371/journal.pone.0227705
611:
535:
465:
282:
229:), and CPV-2 containing the
7:
2509:10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.05.652
1013:Carnivore protoparvovirus 1
752:Carnivore protoparvovirus 1
690:killed virus non adjuvanted
584:Several studies have shown
272:feline parvoviral enteritis
210:Carnivore protoparvovirus 1
168:Carnivore protoparvovirus 1
25:Carnivore protoparvovirus 1
10:
2693:
2610:Feline panleukopenia virus
2384:"Vaccines and vaccination"
2247:Laboratory Animal Medicine
2201:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.027
1982:10.1177/030098588502200617
1802:10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.002
654:Recommendations vary for:
223:feline panleukopenia virus
190:Feline panleukopenia virus
2608:
2152:Annual Review of Virology
1674:10.1177/1098612X211005301
684:virus ("non-infectious")
180:
175:
50:
39:
30:
23:
2530:Karsten C (April 2015).
2456:10.1177/1098612x13500429
2114:10.1177/0300985817695516
1635:Shelter Medicine Program
1545:Karsten C (April 2015).
1011:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
2062:Veterinary Microbiology
1598:10.2460/javma.230.3.359
990:Merck Veterinary Manual
819:Small Animal Pediatrics
563:injections of vitamin B
374:Primary signs include:
363:and, ultimately, total
1860:"Feline panleukopenia"
1631:"Feline Panleukopenia"
1239:"Feline panleukopenia"
1130:"Feline panleukopenia"
1098:10.3201/eid0804.010228
490:Differential diagnoses
357:gastrointestinal tract
316:adaptive immune system
200:Raccoon parvovirus (?)
2667:Animal viral diseases
2017:The Veterinary Record
1479:Lappin M (May 2013).
1386:10.1136/vr.142.14.353
1374:The Veterinary Record
754:canine parvovirus CPV
502:feline leukemia virus
452:cerebellar hypoplasia
16:Species of parvovirus
2318:10.1111/jsap.2_12431
2249:. pp. 555–576.
2101:Veterinary Pathology
2030:10.1136/vr.152.4.105
1970:Veterinary Pathology
1712:. pp. 504–508.
1306:. pp. 245–257.
1154:. pp. 187–194.
633:Quarantine/isolation
547:Treatment involves:
254:feline panleukopenia
196:Mink enteritis virus
52:Virus classification
1429:2019InfGE..7503945Z
1285:Veterinary Medicine
876:2020PLoSO..1527705L
359:, causing internal
41:Electron micrograph
2562:VetMed.UCDavis.edu
2364:on October 2, 2019
2189:Veterinary Journal
1225:Veterinary Partner
936:10.1111/tbed.12483
496:, enteric toxins,
476:IDEXX Laboratories
367:of the intestinal
2649:
2648:
2602:Taxon identifiers
2538:on March 20, 2019
2264:978-0-12-409527-4
1727:978-1-4557-0306-7
1668:(12): 1192–1199.
1570:978-1-4160-6130-4
1321:978-0-12-800946-8
1202:978-0-19-861186-8
1169:978-1-4377-0795-3
1058:978-0-323-22652-3
1043:. pp. 1–22.
836:978-1-4160-4889-3
785:10.3390/v11040308
506:cryptosporidiosis
480:canine parvovirus
456:retinal dysplasia
250:white blood cells
231:canine parvovirus
206:
205:
184:Canine parvovirus
45:canine parvovirus
2684:
2642:
2641:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2597:
2596:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2534:. Archived from
2527:
2521:
2520:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2467:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2388:ABCDCatsVets.org
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2296:
2277:
2276:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2116:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2068:(2–3): 115–127.
2057:
2051:
2050:
2032:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1870:on March 2, 2019
1864:ABCDCatsVets.org
1856:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1516:(6): 1271–1276.
1501:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1457:
1456:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1255:on July 31, 2020
1254:
1246:ABCDCatsVets.org
1243:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
982:
957:
956:
938:
929:(4): 1178–1183.
914:
908:
907:
897:
887:
855:
849:
848:
814:
808:
807:
797:
787:
763:
757:
756:
747:
745:
727:
460:optic neuropathy
444:fetal resorption
431:and may develop
414:thrombocytopenia
213:is a species of
60:
59:
35:
21:
20:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2604:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2528:
2524:
2493:
2489:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2297:
2280:
2265:
2243:
2239:
2220:
2216:
2185:
2181:
2144:
2140:
2093:
2089:
2058:
2054:
2009:
2005:
1966:
1962:
1951:
1947:
1936:
1932:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1838:
1827:
1782:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1728:
1706:
1699:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1502:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1460:
1413:
1409:
1380:(14): 353–356.
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1322:
1300:
1296:
1277:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1189:
1185:
1170:
1148:
1141:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1078:
1074:
1059:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
984:
983:
960:
915:
911:
870:(1): e0227705.
856:
852:
837:
815:
811:
764:
760:
743:
741:
733:Protoparvovirus
729:
728:
724:
720:
658:animal shelters
644:
635:
630:
614:
594:
579:intraperitoneal
572:hypoproteinemic
538:
468:
348:
309:
301:species of cats
285:
171:
155:Protoparvovirus
119:Quintoviricetes
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2630:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2580:External links
2578:
2576:
2575:
2549:
2522:
2503:(5): 652–658.
2487:
2450:(9): 785–808.
2427:
2401:
2375:
2342:
2278:
2263:
2237:
2214:
2195:(2): 150–155.
2179:
2158:(1): 425–450.
2138:
2107:(4): 669–675.
2087:
2052:
2023:(4): 105–108.
2003:
1976:(6): 617–624.
1960:
1945:
1930:
1901:(6): 791–798.
1881:
1851:
1825:
1796:(7): 538–546.
1769:
1741:
1726:
1697:
1648:
1619:
1592:(3): 359–363.
1576:
1569:
1552:
1537:
1489:
1458:
1407:
1364:
1335:
1320:
1294:
1266:
1230:
1208:
1201:
1183:
1168:
1139:
1121:
1092:(4): 341–346.
1072:
1057:
1031:
1002:
958:
909:
850:
835:
809:
758:
721:
719:
716:
701:
700:
697:
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688:
672:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
643:
640:
634:
631:
629:
626:
613:
610:
602:Leukocytopenia
593:
590:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
552:
537:
534:
467:
464:
421:conjunctivitis
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
347:
346:Clinical signs
344:
308:
305:
303:are infected.
284:
281:
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273:
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267:
204:
203:
202:
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139:
135:
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127:
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115:
111:
110:
103:
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98:
91:
87:
86:
79:
72:
71:
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61:
48:
47:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2689:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2640:
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2631:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2311:(1): E1–E45.
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1847:
1844:(in German).
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1291:(8): 714–721.
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1006:
991:
987:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
905:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
846:
842:
838:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
805:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
755:
753:
740:
736:
734:
726:
722:
715:
711:
708:
704:
698:
695:
694:modified-live
692:
689:
687:
683:
680:
679:
678:
675:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
649:
639:
625:
621:
617:
609:
605:
603:
599:
592:Complications
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
565:
562:
559:
557:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
541:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:toxoplasmosis
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:salmonellosis
491:
487:
483:
481:
477:
471:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
394:
393:
392:
386:
383:
380:
377:
376:
375:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
352:
343:
339:
337:
333:
327:
323:
321:
317:
312:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
280:
277:
271:
268:
265:
264:
263:
260:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:that infects
216:
212:
211:
199:
197:
194:
192:(FPLV; CPV-1)
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
179:
176:Member virus
174:
170:
169:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:Cossaviricota
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
92:
89:
88:
85:
84:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2672:Parvovirinae
2662:Cat diseases
2609:
2566:. Retrieved
2561:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:the original
2525:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2447:
2443:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2413:
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2362:the original
2357:
2308:
2304:
2246:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:the original
1863:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1793:
1789:
1760:. Retrieved
1757:HansenDx.com
1756:
1709:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1634:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1560:
1555:
1540:
1513:
1509:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1303:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1257:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1245:
1233:
1224:
1192:
1186:
1151:
1133:
1124:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1040:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:
1012:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
989:
926:
922:
912:
867:
863:
853:
818:
812:
775:
771:
761:
751:
749:
742:. Retrieved
738:
732:
725:
712:
709:
705:
702:
676:
673:
653:
645:
636:
622:
618:
615:
606:
595:
583:
576:
569:
551:anti-emetics
546:
542:
539:
510:pancreatitis
488:
484:
472:
469:
441:
433:septic shock
418:
390:
373:
353:
349:
340:
328:
324:
313:
310:
307:Transmission
296:
292:
288:
286:
278:
275:
261:
258:
253:
243:
235:
226:
222:
209:
208:
207:
186:(CPV; CPV-2)
167:
166:
154:
143:Parvoviridae
142:
131:Piccovirales
130:
118:
106:
95:Shotokuvirae
94:
83:Monodnaviria
82:
75:
65:(unranked):
24:
18:
2358:CatVets.com
2234:(9): 11–17.
642:Vaccination
556:antibiotics
526:peritonitis
518:endotoxemia
516:with acute
514:septicaemia
429:hypothermic
409:neutropenia
404:lymphopenia
219:carnivorans
2656:Categories
2414:NOAH.co.uk
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744:January 8,
718:References
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427:cases are
399:leukopenia
369:epithelium
361:ulceration
215:parvovirus
2568:March 13,
2542:March 13,
2420:March 14,
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2368:March 13,
1874:March 13,
1762:March 13,
1641:March 13,
1453:195788346
1330:242082110
1259:March 13,
612:Prognosis
536:Treatment
466:Diagnosis
365:sloughing
283:Etymology
162:Species:
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1134:AVMA.org
1116:11971764
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864:PLOS ONE
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731:"Genus:
664:breeders
648:vaccines
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378:anorexia
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1174:S2CID
1063:S2CID
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246:felid
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2634:NCBI
2570:2019
2544:2019
2513:PMID
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