528:(CPV1) and CPV2. CPV2 causes the most serious disease and affects domesticated dogs and wild canids. There are variants of CPV2 called CPV-2a and CPV-2b, identified in 1979 and 1984 respectively. Most of canine parvovirus infection are believed to be caused by these two strains, which have replaced the original strain, and the present day virus is different from the one originally discovered, although they are indistinguishable by most routine tests. An additional variant is CPV-2c, a Glu-426 mutant, and was discovered in Italy, Vietnam, and Spain. The antigenic patterns of 2a and 2b are quite similar to the original CPV2. Variant 2c however has a unique pattern of antigenicity. This has led to claims of ineffective vaccination of dogs, but studies have shown that the existing CPV vaccines based on CPV-2b provide adequate levels of protection against CPV-2c. A strain of CPV-2b (strain FP84) has been shown to cause disease in a small percentage of domestic cats, although vaccination for FPV seems to be protective. With severe disease, dogs can die within 48 to 72 hours without treatment by fluids. In the more common, less severe form, mortality is about 10 percent. Certain breeds, such as Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers, and Pit bull terriers as well as other black and tan colored dogs may be more susceptible to CPV2. Along with age and breed, factors such as a stressful environment, concurrent infections with bacteria, parasites, and canine coronavirus increase a dog's risk of severe infection. Dogs infected with parvovirus usually die from the dehydration it causes or secondary infection rather than the virus itself.
57:
36:
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813:. Appropriate vaccination should be performed starting at 7–8 weeks of age, with a booster given every 3–4 weeks until at least 16 weeks of age. Pregnant mothers should not be vaccinated as it will abort the puppies and could make the mother extremely sick. The virus is extremely hardy and has been found to survive in feces and other organic material such as soil for up to 1 year. It survives in extremely low and high temperatures. The only household
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can recover in two or three days if the IV fluids are begun as soon as symptoms are noticed and the CPV test confirms the diagnosis. If more severe, depending on treatment, puppies can remain ill from five days up to two weeks. However, even with hospitalization, there is no guarantee that the dog will be cured and survive.
824:
Puppies are generally vaccinated in a series of doses, extending from the earliest time that the immunity derived from the mother wears off until after that passive immunity is definitely gone. Older puppies (16 weeks or older) are given 3 vaccinations 3 to 4 weeks apart. The duration of immunity of
624:
This form is less common and affects puppies infected in the uterus or shortly after birth until about 8 weeks of age. The virus attacks the heart muscle and the puppy often dies suddenly or after a brief period of breathing difficulty due to pulmonary edema. On the microscopic level, there are many
443:
Once the dog can keep fluids down, the IV fluids are gradually discontinued, and very bland food slowly introduced. Oral antibiotics are administered for a number of days depending on the white blood cell count and the patient's ability to fight off secondary infection. A puppy with minimal symptoms
790:
Previously it has been thought that the virus does not undergo cross species infection. However studies in
Vietnam have shown that CPV2 can undergo minor antigenic shift and natural mutation to infect felids. Analyses of feline parvovirus (FPV) isolates in Vietnam and Taiwan revealed that more than
424:
In addition to fluids given to achieve adequate rehydration, each time the puppy vomits or has diarrhea in a significant quantity, an equal amount of fluid is administered intravenously. The fluid requirements of a patient are determined by the animal's body weight, weight changes over time, degree
349:
Survival rate depends on how quickly CPV is diagnosed, the age of the dog, and how aggressive the treatment is. There is no approved treatment, and the current standard of care is supportive care, involving extensive hospitalization, due to severe dehydration and potential damage to the intestines
452:
Kindred
Biosciences, a biopharmaceutical company, is developing a monoclonal antibody as a prophylactic therapy to prevent clinical signs of parvovirus infection and also as treatment of established parvovirus infection. In 2021, Kindred Biosciences announced the completion of a pivotal efficacy
439:
to the sick dog. Some veterinarians keep these dogs on site, or have frozen serum available. There have been no controlled studies regarding this treatment. Additionally, fresh frozen plasma and human albumin transfusions can help replace the extreme protein losses seen in severe cases and help
832:
A dog that successfully recovers from CPV2 generally remains contagious for up to three weeks, but it is possible it may remain contagious for up to six. Ongoing infection risk is primarily from fecal contamination of the environment due to the virus's ability to survive many months in the
833:
environment. Neighbours and family members with dogs should be notified of infected animals so that they can ensure that their dogs are vaccinated or tested for immunity. A modified live vaccine may confer protection in 3 to 5 days; the contagious individual should remain in
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assure adequate tissue healing. However, this is controversial with the availability of safer colloids such as
Hetastarch, as it will also increase the colloid osmotic pressure without the ill effect of predisposing that canine patient to future transfusion reaction.
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320:
has become available to diagnose CPV2, and can be used later in the disease when potentially less virus is being shed in the feces that may not be detectable by ELISA. Clinically, the intestinal form of the infection can sometimes be confused with
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with little or no clinical signs of disease. The virus may have already crossed the placenta to infect the fetus. This can lead to several abnormalities. In mild to moderate cases the pups can be born with neurological abnormalities such as
1175:
512:. It is possible that CPV2 is a mutant of an unidentified parvovirus (similar to feline parvovirus (FPV)) of some wild carnivore. CPV2 was thought to only cause diseases in canines, but newer evidence suggest pathogenicity in cats too.
413:. IV fluids are administered and antinausea and antibiotic injections are given subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously. The fluids are typically a mix of a sterile, balanced electrolyte solution, with an appropriate amount of
271:
balance and this may affect the dog critically. Secondary infections occur as a result of the weakened immune system. Because the normal intestinal lining is also compromised, blood and protein leak into the intestines, leading to
421:, and potassium chloride. Analgesic medications can be used to counteract the intestinal discomfort caused by frequent bouts of diarrhea; however, the use of opioid analgesics can result in secondary ileus and decreased motility.
637:
are the site of viral replication within cells. The disease may or may not be accompanied with the signs and symptoms of the intestinal form. However, this form is now rarely seen due to widespread vaccination of breeding dogs.
468:
as drugs which have the most potential as broad-spectrum antiviral agents against canine parvovirus and its various subspecies, raising the prospect these drugs may yield potential for future treatments of this disease.
544:
that carry the virus. Following ingestion, the virus replicates in the lymphoid tissue in the throat, and then spreads to the bloodstream. From there, the virus attacks rapidly dividing cells, notably those in the
611:
in the feces for up to three weeks, and the dog may remain an asymptomatic carrier and shed the virus periodically. The virus is usually more deadly if the host is concurrently infested with worms or other
531:
The variants of CPV-2 are defined by surface protein (VP capsid) features. This classification does not correlate well with phylogenies built from other parts of the viral genome, such as the NS1 protein.
791:
80% of the isolates were of the canine parvovirus type, rather than feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV). CPV2 may spread to cats easier than dogs and undergo faster rates of mutation within that species.
1173:
Tuteja, Deepika; Banu, Kauser; Mondal, Bhairab (2022). "Canine parvovirology – A brief updated review on structural biology, occurrence, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention".
480:
conditional approval to develop a Canine
Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody (CPMA) which targets the virus instead of its symptoms. Initial distribution of CPMA to veterinarians began in July 2023.
881:
Holmes, Edward C.; Parrish, Colin R.; Dubovi, Edward J.; Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie I.; Gerhold, Richard W.; Brown, Justin D.; Fox, Karen A.; Kohler, Dennis J.; Allison, Andrew B. (2013-02-15).
488:
Parvovirus CPV2 is a relatively new disease that appeared in the late 1970s. It was first recognized in 1978 and spread worldwide in one to two years. The virus is very similar to
341:
of the intestinal lining also point more towards parvovirus, especially in an unvaccinated dog. The cardiac form is typically easier to diagnose because the symptoms are distinct.
565:
and destruction of the intestinal crypts. Anaerobic bacteria that normally reside in the intestines can then cross into the bloodstream, a process known as translocation, with
1588:
Cavalli, Alessandra; Vito
Martella; Costantina Desario; Michele Camero; Anna Lucia Bellacicco; Pasquale De Palo; Nicola Decaro; Gabriella Elia; Canio Buonavoglia (March 2008).
1691:
Mira, F; Canuti, M; Purpari, G; Cannella, V; Di Bella, S; Occhiogrosso, L; Schirò, G; Chiaramonte, G; Barreca, S; Pisano, P; Lastra, A; Decaro, N; Guercio, A (29 March 2019).
350:
and bone marrow. A CPV test should be given as early as possible if CPV is suspected in order to begin early treatment and increase survival rate if the disease is found.
1098:"Kindred Biosciences Announces Positive Results from Pivotal Efficacy Study of Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody for the Prevention of Deaths in Dogs Infected by Parvovirus"
284:. Dogs have a distinctive odor in the later stages of the infection. The white blood cell level falls, further weakening the dog. Any or all of these factors can lead to
737:
long. CPV2 continues to evolve, and the success of new strains seems to depend on extending the range of hosts affected and improved binding to its receptor, the canine
1496:
Gamoh K, Senda M, Inoue Y, Itoh O (2005). "Efficacy of an inactivated feline panleucopenia virus vaccine against a canine parvovirus isolated from a domestic cat".
1817:
ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.050.1.01. Parvovirus. In: ICTVdB—The
Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA
2098:
1963:
Recent
Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases, Carmichael L. (Ed.) International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca NY (www.ivis.org), 2000; A0106.0100
1068:
461:
1807:. Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY; College of Vet Med, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
1770:
223:. Vaccines can prevent this infection, but mortality can reach 91% in untreated cases. Treatment often involves veterinary hospitalization. Canine
2200:
465:
1026:
1804:
592:
473:
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study showing a 100% survival rate for dogs treated with KIND-030 compared to a 41% survival rate for dogs treated with placebo.
1231:
1975:"Predominance of canine parvovirus (CPV) in unvaccinated cat populations and emergence of new antigenic types of CPVs in cats"
1638:
2248:
1675:
1395:
1002:
607:, a condition where part of the intestine prolapses into another part. Three to four days following infection, the virus is
1743:
596:
2191:
604:
2243:
1801:
Polymerase Chain
Reaction Amplification Of Parvoviral DNA From The Brains Of Dogs And Cats With Cerebellar Hypoplasia
305:
263:. Secondary signs are loss of weight and appetite or diarrhea followed by vomiting. Diarrhea and vomiting result in
673:. The lining of the blood vessels are also severely affected, which lead the lesions in this region to hemorrhage.
2205:
1076:
2233:
2129:
56:
1378:
Marks SL (2016). "Rational
Approach to Diagnosing and Managing Infectious Causes of Diarrhea in Kittens".
805:
Prevention is the only way to ensure that a puppy or dog remains healthy because the disease is extremely
829:
and has been found to be at least three years after the initial puppy series and a booster 1 year later.
595:(SIRS). SIRS leads to a range of complications such as hypercoagulability of the blood, endotoxaemia and
167:
1923:
Horiuchi M, Yamaguchi Y, Gojobori T, Mochizuki M, Nagasawa H, Toyoda Y, Ishiguro N, Shinagawa M (1998).
255:
Dogs that develop the disease show signs of the illness within three to ten days. The signs may include
20:
1778:
317:
1539:
Decaro N, Martella V, Desario C, Bellacicco A, Camero M, Manna L, d'Aloja D, Buonavoglia C (2006).
219:. CPV is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their
741:
681:
This type of infection can occur when a pregnant female dog is infected with CPV2. The adult may
641:
Even less frequently, the disease may also lead to a generalized infection in neonates and cause
550:
2153:
1693:"Molecular Characterization and Evolutionary Analyses of Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 NS1 Gene"
2238:
2228:
1925:"Differences in the evolutionary pattern of feline panleukopenia virus and canine parvovirus"
687:
1973:
Ikeda, Y; Mochizuki M; Naito R; Nakamura K; Miyazawa T; Mikami T; Takahashi E (2000-12-05).
1877:
1541:"First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in pups with haemorrhagic enteritis in Spain"
1332:
821:. The dilute bleach solution needs to be in a 1:30 ratio to disinfect and kill parvovirus.
784:
501:
489:
51:
2142:
1799:
Schatzberg, S.J.; N.J. Haley; S.C. Bar; A. deLahunta; J.N. Kornegay; N.J.H. Sharp (2002).
8:
2124:
1421:"Feline host range of canine parvovirus: recent emergence of new antigenic types in cats"
613:
525:
354:
313:
285:
43:
1881:
1336:
2040:
2016:"One-Step Immunochromatography Assay Kit for Detecting Antibodies to Canine Parvovirus"
2015:
1748:
Proceedings of the 28th World
Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association
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1540:
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1123:
915:
882:
810:
205:
1900:
1865:
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1320:
259:, vomiting, fever, and diarrhea (usually bloody). Generally, the first sign of CPV is
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1996:
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1905:
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1866:"High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus"
1587:
1525:
1405:
1321:"High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus"
2072:
2063:
Schultz R (2006). "Duration of immunity for canine and feline vaccines: a review".
2035:
2027:
1986:
1936:
1895:
1885:
1838:
1714:
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1642:
1609:
1601:
1590:"Evaluation of the Antigenic Relationships among Canine Parvovirus Type 2 Variants"
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1552:
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1383:
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1340:
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1145:
1135:
1124:"Inhibitory Effects of Antiviral Drug Candidates on Canine Parvovirus in F81 cells"
951:
910:
894:
883:"Frequent Cross-Species Transmission of Parvoviruses among Diverse Carnivore Hosts"
757:
646:
436:
382:
334:
309:
2031:
19:
This article is about canine parvovirus type 2. For canine parvovirus type 1, see
2076:
1842:
1291:
153:
1192:
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Dogs become infected through oral contact with CPV2 in feces, infected soil, or
2176:
2014:
Oh J, Ha G, Cho Y, Kim M, An D, Hwang K, Lim Y, Park B, Kang B, Song D (2006).
955:
854:
800:
749:
699:
682:
670:
608:
370:
2222:
1252:
Carmichael L (2005). "An annotated historical account of canine parvovirus".
1200:
906:
826:
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vaccines for CPV2 has been tested for all major vaccine manufacturers in the
761:
581:
402:
244:
105:
1890:
1829:
Truyen U (2006). "Evolution of canine parvovirus—a need for new vaccines?".
1345:
939:
779:. CPV2a and CPV2b have been isolated from a small percentage of symptomatic
435:
from a donor dog that has already survived CPV is sometimes used to provide
2084:
2049:
2000:
1991:
1974:
1941:
1924:
1909:
1850:
1728:
1623:
1574:
1517:
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1436:
1364:
1273:
1232:"Monoclonal antibodies show promise as new therapy for veterinary patients"
1208:
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has also been reported secondarily to sepsis. Dogs with CPV are at risk of
457:
429:
410:
398:
141:
129:
117:
93:
81:
1950:
1509:
496:); they are 98% identical, differing only in two amino acids in the viral
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1605:
898:
738:
726:
600:
575:
554:
378:
322:
281:
268:
264:
1798:
1419:
Ikeda Y, Nakamura K, Miyazawa T, Takahashi E, Mochizuki M (April 2002).
717:
1122:
Zhou H, Su X, Lin L, Zhang J, Qi Q, Guo F, Xu F, Yang B (August 2019).
862:
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224:
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Diagnosis is made through detection of CPV2 in the feces by either an
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326:
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232:
35:
2147:
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1184:
1027:
International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium 2003
806:
634:
630:
626:
562:
418:
406:
338:
330:
260:
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1922:
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329:. Parvovirus, however, is more serious and the presence of bloody
1972:
666:
645:
and viral replication and attack in other tissues other than the
505:
358:
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points of necrosis of the heart muscle that are associated with
1538:
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273:
216:
2125:
Canine Parvovirus Information - Common Symptoms and Treatments
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240:
220:
208:
68:
1380:
August's Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 7
1176:
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
848:
768:
2138:
Parvovirus Infection In Your Dog Parvo Virus Enteritis—CPV
456:
Preliminary research in kidney cell lines have identified
1690:
1073:
Proceedings of the CVC Veterinary Conference, Kansas City
780:
772:
509:
236:
228:
212:
573:. The most common bacteria involved in severe cases are
1319:
Shackelton LA, Parrish CR, Truyen U, Holmes EC (2005).
1023:
Intensive Care Treatment of Severe Parvovirus Enteritis
760:. In contrast, FPV seems to evolve only through random
1289:
629:
infiltration. The formation of excess fibrous tissue (
288:
and death. Younger animals have worse survival rates.
940:"Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases"
353:
Supportive care ideally also consists of crystalloid
1864:
Shackelton L, Parrish C, Truyen U, Holmes E (2005).
844:
1495:
938:Hartmann, Katrin; Steutzer, Bianca (August 2014).
425:of dehydration at presentation, and surface area.
993:Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995).
794:
2220:
1666:Nelson, Richard W.; Couto, C. Guillermo (1998).
1474:Proceedings of the Western Veterinary Conference
1172:
1166:
937:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
721:, meaning small, as the virus is only 20 to 26
1121:
591:species. This can lead to a syndrome known as
1048:
1016:
1014:
2099:"Resources – Koret Shelter Medicine Program"
1684:
1251:
977:
447:
1314:
1312:
1115:
1062:
1060:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1020:
361:(e.g., Hetastarch), antinausea injections (
2091:
2013:
1792:
1069:"Treatment of Severe Parvoviral Enteritis"
1049:Jones, T.C.; Hunt, R.D.; King, W. (1997).
1011:
500:protein VP2. It is also highly similar to
34:
2062:
2039:
1990:
1966:
1940:
1899:
1889:
1718:
1708:
1661:
1659:
1641:. WoodTV.com-Grand Rapids. Archived from
1613:
1564:
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1444:
1412:
1354:
1344:
1285:
1283:
1149:
1139:
1066:
914:
676:
243:. Felines (cats) are also susceptible to
1828:
1765:
1763:
1545:Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B
1309:
1254:Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B
1057:
1033:
995:Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine
295:
1741:
1581:
1296:A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology
997:(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company.
748:, possibly due to a rate of nucleotide
593:systemic inflammatory response syndrome
2221:
1656:
1636:
1280:
633:) is often evident in surviving dogs.
227:often infects other mammals including
16:Contagious virus mainly affecting dogs
2152:
2151:
1760:
1491:
1489:
1377:
1229:
874:
280:escape into the bloodstream, causing
1630:
247:, a different strain of parvovirus.
1470:"Treatment of Parvoviral Enteritis"
837:until other animals are protected.
597:acute respiratory distress syndrome
13:
1486:
1461:
1388:10.1016/B978-0-323-22652-3.00001-3
1230:Jacob, Julie (November 21, 2023).
535:
14:
2260:
2118:
1744:"Canine Parvovirus and Distemper"
1290:Carter, G.R.; Wise, D.J. (2004).
1639:"Virus killing Kent County dogs"
1637:TV.com, Wood (August 23, 2008).
1557:10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00974.x
1266:10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00868.x
1021:Silverstein, Deborah C. (2003).
847:
712:family. The name comes from the
300:A test kit of a CPV positive dog
55:
2056:
2007:
1957:
1916:
1857:
1822:
1811:
1735:
1532:
1468:Macintire, Douglass K. (2006).
1371:
1245:
1223:
1067:Macintire, Douglass K. (2008).
619:
504:(MEV), and the parvoviruses of
1668:Small Animal Internal Medicine
1090:
931:
795:Prevention and decontamination
520:There are two types of canine
1:
2131:Parvovirus Information Center
2032:10.1128/CVI.13.4.520-524.2006
868:
2249:Vaccine-preventable diseases
2077:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.013
1870:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1843:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.003
1425:Emerging Infectious Diseases
344:
291:
7:
2133:from The Pet Health Library
1775:The Merck Veterinary Manual
1193:10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101765
840:
693:
515:
168:Carnivore protoparvovirus 1
10:
2265:
1325:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
956:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.027
798:
744:. CPV2 has a high rate of
483:
21:Carnivore bocaparvovirus 1
18:
2160:
448:Treatments in development
276:and loss of protein, and
50:
42:
33:
28:
2244:Infraspecific virus taxa
2192:Canine parvovirus type 2
817:that kills the virus is
783:and is more common than
557:. There is depletion of
250:
1891:10.1073/pnas.0406765102
1670:(2nd ed.). Mosby.
1346:10.1073/pnas.0406765102
1053:. Blackwell Publishing.
725:in diameter. It has an
1992:10.1006/viro.2000.0653
1942:10.1006/viro.1998.9335
1777:. 2006. Archived from
1742:Lobetti, Remo (2003).
1437:10.3201/eid0804.010228
677:Infection of the fetus
301:
2234:Animal viral diseases
2020:Clin. Vaccine Immunol
1510:10.1136/vr.157.10.285
688:cerebellar hypoplasia
385:, and broad-spectrum
299:
192:(also referred to as
46:of canine parvovirus
1606:10.1128/CVI.00444-07
1594:Clin Vaccine Immunol
1051:Veterinary Pathology
899:10.1128/JVI.02428-12
785:feline panleukopenia
627:mononuclear cellular
614:intestinal parasites
502:mink enteritis virus
490:feline panleukopenia
478:Elanco Animal Health
52:Virus classification
1882:2005PNAS..102..379S
1771:"Canine Parvovirus"
1337:2005PNAS..102..379S
887:Journal of Virology
767:CPV2 affects dogs,
561:in lymph nodes and
526:canine minute virus
389:injections such as
314:electron microscopy
44:Electron micrograph
2143:Parvovirus in dogs
944:Veterinary Journal
752:that is more like
599:(ARDS). Bacterial
415:B-complex vitamins
325:or other forms of
302:
29:Canine parvovirus
2216:
2215:
2162:Canine parvovirus
2154:Taxon identifiers
1710:10.3390/v11040308
1677:978-0-8151-6351-0
1397:978-0-323-22652-3
1382:. pp. 1–22.
1141:10.3390/v11080742
1004:978-0-7216-6795-9
551:intestinal crypts
472:In May 2023, the
211:mainly affecting
190:Canine parvovirus
187:
186:
181:Canine parvovirus
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1143:
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1113:
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1110:
1109:
1094:
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1085:
1084:
1075:. Archived from
1064:
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1008:
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975:
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972:
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928:
918:
893:(4): 2342–2347.
878:
857:
852:
851:
758:Influenzavirus A
702:single-stranded
683:develop immunity
647:gastrointestinal
462:closantel sodium
437:passive immunity
383:prochlorperazine
335:white blood cell
310:hemagglutination
267:that upsets the
60:
59:
38:
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2263:
2259:
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2169:
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2107:
2105:
2097:
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2061:
2057:
2012:
2008:
1971:
1967:
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1958:
1921:
1917:
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1827:
1823:
1816:
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1462:
1417:
1413:
1398:
1376:
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1317:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1288:
1281:
1260:(7–8): 303–11.
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1224:
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1167:
1120:
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1107:
1105:
1096:
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846:
843:
803:
797:
696:
679:
622:
605:intussusception
538:
536:Intestinal form
518:
486:
450:
393:/enrofloxacin,
347:
294:
253:
183:
171:
155:Protoparvovirus
119:Quintoviricetes
54:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2252:
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2120:
2119:External links
2117:
2115:
2114:
2090:
2065:Vet. Microbiol
2055:
2006:
1965:
1956:
1915:
1856:
1831:Vet. Microbiol
1821:
1810:
1791:
1759:
1734:
1683:
1676:
1655:
1629:
1580:
1551:(10): 468–72.
1531:
1485:
1460:
1411:
1396:
1370:
1331:(2): 379–384.
1308:
1292:"Parvoviridae"
1279:
1244:
1222:
1165:
1114:
1102:prnewswire.com
1089:
1056:
1032:
1010:
1003:
976:
950:(2): 150–155.
930:
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870:
867:
866:
865:
859:
858:
855:Viruses portal
842:
839:
801:DA2PPC Vaccine
796:
793:
733:is about 5000
729:symmetry. The
698:CPV2 is a non-
695:
692:
678:
675:
671:adrenal cortex
621:
618:
537:
534:
517:
514:
485:
482:
449:
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371:metoclopramide
346:
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2010:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
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1976:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1935:(2): 440–52.
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:(2): 379–84.
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1795:
1781:on 2006-05-03
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1645:on 2008-08-27
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1504:(10): 285–7.
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1079:on 2014-01-02
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836:
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828:
827:United States
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
802:
792:
788:
787:in big cats.
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
762:genetic drift
759:
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583:
582:Campylobacter
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564:
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552:
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543:
533:
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404:
403:metronidazole
400:
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248:
246:
245:panleukopenia
242:
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109:
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107:Cossaviricota
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67:
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41:
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22:
2239:Dog diseases
2229:Parvovirinae
2161:
2130:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2026:(4): 520–4.
2023:
2019:
2009:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1959:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1813:
1800:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:the original
1774:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1737:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1667:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1632:
1600:(3): 534–9.
1597:
1593:
1583:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1501:
1497:
1477:. Retrieved
1473:
1463:
1431:(4): 341–6.
1428:
1424:
1414:
1379:
1373:
1328:
1324:
1300:. Retrieved
1295:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1237:December 13,
1235:. Retrieved
1225:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1104:. 2021-06-02
1101:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1072:
1050:
1022:
994:
969:17 September
967:. Retrieved
947:
943:
933:
890:
886:
876:
831:
823:
815:disinfectant
804:
789:
775:, and other
766:
750:substitution
716:
709:Parvoviridae
707:
697:
680:
649:tissues and
640:
623:
620:Cardiac form
586:
580:
574:
539:
530:
519:
487:
471:
458:nitazoxanide
455:
451:
442:
430:blood plasma
427:
423:
411:enrofloxacin
399:enrofloxacin
352:
348:
312:test, or by
303:
254:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:
180:
166:
154:
143:Parvoviridae
142:
131:Piccovirales
130:
118:
106:
95:Shotokuvirae
94:
83:Monodnaviria
82:
75:
65:(unranked):
2186:Wikispecies
2071:(1): 75–9.
1985:(1): 13–9.
1837:(1): 9–13.
754:RNA viruses
739:transferrin
735:nucleotides
727:icosahedral
653:, but also
601:myocarditis
576:Clostridium
569:leading to
559:lymphocytes
555:bone marrow
547:lymph nodes
433:transfusion
379:ondansetron
363:antiemetics
337:count, and
323:coronavirus
282:endotoxemia
269:electrolyte
265:dehydration
2223:Categories
2108:2018-10-25
1805:ACVIM 2002
1785:2007-04-22
1753:2007-04-22
1703:(4): 308.
1649:2011-08-10
1479:2007-06-09
1302:2014-01-30
1187:: 101765.
1134:(8): 742.
1108:2023-03-25
1083:2011-08-10
869:References
863:Parvovirus
835:quarantine
811:contagious
799:See also:
588:Salmonella
567:bacteremia
553:, and the
522:parvovirus
494:parvovirus
395:ampicillin
387:antibiotic
375:dolasetron
367:maropitant
365:) such as
278:endotoxins
225:parvovirus
206:contagious
1217:246781209
1201:0147-9571
907:0022-538X
746:evolution
704:DNA virus
700:enveloped
635:Myofibers
466:closantel
391:cefazolin
355:IV fluids
345:Treatment
327:enteritis
292:Diagnosis
162:Species:
90:Kingdom:
2177:Q2931887
2171:Wikidata
2103:UC DAVIS
2085:16707236
2050:16603622
2001:11112475
1979:Virology
1929:Virology
1910:15626758
1851:16765539
1729:30934948
1624:18160619
1575:17123424
1526:24254820
1518:16157570
1498:Vet. Rec
1455:11971764
1406:78691815
1365:15626758
1274:16316389
1209:35182832
1185:Elsevier
1160:31412574
964:24923754
925:23221559
841:See also
807:virulent
756:such as
742:receptor
694:Virology
631:fibrosis
563:necrosis
516:Variants
506:raccoons
492:(also a
476:granted
419:dextrose
407:timentin
359:colloids
339:necrosis
333:, a low
331:diarrhea
261:lethargy
257:lethargy
138:Family:
102:Phylum:
2041:1459639
1951:9791034
1878:Bibcode
1720:6520740
1697:Viruses
1615:2268271
1566:7165763
1446:2730235
1333:Bibcode
1151:6724046
1128:Viruses
916:3571474
706:in the
667:kidneys
643:lesions
542:fomites
524:called
484:History
357:and/or
204:) is a
176:Virus:
150:Genus:
126:Order:
114:Class:
2083:
2048:
2038:
1999:
1949:
1908:
1901:544290
1898:
1849:
1727:
1717:
1674:
1622:
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1573:
1563:
1524:
1516:
1453:
1443:
1404:
1394:
1363:
1356:544290
1353:
1298:. IVIS
1272:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1158:
1148:
1001:
962:
923:
913:
905:
819:bleach
777:canids
769:wolves
731:genome
718:parvus
669:, and
571:sepsis
498:capsid
464:, and
274:anemia
241:skunks
239:, and
233:wolves
217:wolves
2206:10788
1522:S2CID
1402:S2CID
1213:S2CID
773:foxes
714:Latin
663:lungs
659:liver
655:brain
651:heart
510:foxes
409:, or
308:or a
306:ELISA
286:shock
251:Signs
229:foxes
221:feces
209:virus
202:parvo
200:, or
76:Realm
69:Virus
2201:NCBI
2081:PMID
2046:PMID
1997:PMID
1947:PMID
1906:PMID
1847:PMID
1725:PMID
1672:ISBN
1620:PMID
1571:PMID
1514:PMID
1451:PMID
1392:ISBN
1361:PMID
1270:PMID
1239:2023
1205:PMID
1197:ISSN
1156:PMID
999:ISBN
971:2020
960:PMID
921:PMID
903:ISSN
809:and
781:cats
609:shed
585:and
508:and
474:USDA
381:and
237:cats
215:and
213:dogs
198:CPV2
2073:doi
2069:117
2036:PMC
2028:doi
1987:doi
1983:278
1937:doi
1933:249
1896:PMC
1886:doi
1874:102
1839:doi
1835:117
1715:PMC
1705:doi
1610:PMC
1602:doi
1561:PMC
1553:doi
1506:doi
1502:157
1441:PMC
1433:doi
1384:doi
1351:PMC
1341:doi
1329:102
1262:doi
1189:doi
1146:PMC
1136:doi
952:doi
948:201
911:PMC
895:doi
318:PCR
194:CPV
2225::
2203::
2188::
2173::
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2018:.
1995:.
1981:.
1977:.
1945:.
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