Wolf - Knowledge

3394: 2254:

of six months when they have the same nutritional needs as adults. Wolf packs travel constantly in search of prey, covering roughly 9% of their territory per day, on average 25 km/d (16 mi/d). The core of their territory is on average 35 km (14 sq mi) where they spend 50% of their time. Prey density tends to be much higher on the territory's periphery. Wolves tend to avoid hunting on the fringes of their range to avoid fatal confrontations with neighbouring packs. The smallest territory on record was held by a pack of six wolves in northeastern Minnesota, which occupied an estimated 33 km (13 sq mi), while the largest was held by an Alaskan pack of ten wolves encompassing 6,272 km (2,422 sq mi). Wolf packs are typically settled, and usually leave their accustomed ranges only during severe food shortages. Territorial fights are among the principal causes of wolf mortality, one study concluding that 14–65% of wolf deaths in Minnesota and the

2484: oz) at birth and begin to see after nine to 12 days. The milk canines erupt after one month. Pups first leave the den after three weeks. At one-and-a-half months of age, they are agile enough to flee from danger. Mother wolves do not leave the den for the first few weeks, relying on the fathers to provide food for them and their young. Pups begin to eat solid food at the age of three to four weeks. They have a fast growth rate during their first four months of life: during this period, a pup's weight can increase nearly 30 times. Wolf pups begin play-fighting at the age of three weeks, though unlike young coyotes and foxes, their bites are gentle and controlled. Actual fights to establish hierarchy usually occur at five to eight weeks of age. This is in contrast to young coyotes and foxes, which may begin fighting even before the onset of play behaviour. By autumn, the pups are mature enough to accompany the adults on hunts for large prey. 3369:. Wolves apparently develop the "furious" phase of rabies to a very high degree. This, coupled with their size and strength, makes rabid wolves perhaps the most dangerous of rabid animals. Bites from rabid wolves are 15 times more dangerous than those of rabid dogs. Rabid wolves usually act alone, travelling large distances and often biting large numbers of people and domestic animals. Most rabid wolf attacks occur in the spring and autumn periods. Unlike with predatory attacks, the victims of rabid wolves are not eaten, and the attacks generally occur only on a single day. The victims are chosen at random, though most cases involve adult men. During the fifty years up to 2002, there were eight fatal attacks in Europe and Russia, and more than two hundred in southern Asia. 1303: 2889: 4800:

Alberto; Davy, Tom; Fedorov, Sergey; Fiore, Ivana; Fulton, Deirdre; Germonpré, Mietje; Haile, James; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Jamieson, Alexandra; Janssens, Luc; Kirillova, Irina; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Kuzmanovic-Cvetković, Julka; Kuzmin, Yaroslav; Losey, Robert J.; Dizdar, Daria Ložnjak; Mashkour, Marjan; Novak, Mario; Onar, Vedat; Orton, David; Pasaric, Maja; Radivojevic, Miljana; Rajkovic, Dragana; Roberts, Benjamin; Ryan, Hannah; Sablin, Mikhail; Shidlovskiy, Fedor; Stojanovic, Ivana; Tagliacozzo, Antonio; Trantalidou, Katerina; Ullén, Inga; Villaluenga, Aritza; Wapnish, Paula; Dobney, Keith; Götherström, Anders; Linderholm, Anna; Dalén, Love; Pinhasi, Ron; Larson, Greger; Skoglund, Pontus (2020).

1426: 2246:

from their natal (birth) packs. A new pack is usually founded by an unrelated dispersing male and female, travelling together in search of an area devoid of other hostile packs. Wolf packs rarely adopt other wolves into their fold and typically kill them. In the rare cases where other wolves are adopted, the adoptee is almost invariably an immature animal of one to three years old, and unlikely to compete for breeding rights with the mated pair. This usually occurs between the months of February and May. Adoptee males may mate with an available pack female and then form their own pack. In some cases, a lone wolf is adopted into a pack to replace a deceased breeder.

883: 844: 1398: 903: 812: 748: 716: 684: 780: 664: 1413:, a sloping back, and a heavily muscled neck. The wolf's legs are moderately longer than those of other canids, which enables the animal to move swiftly, and to overcome the deep snow that covers most of its geographical range in winter. The ears are relatively small and triangular. The wolf's head is large and heavy, with a wide forehead, strong jaws and a long, blunt muzzle. The skull is 230–280 mm (9–11 in) in length and 130–150 mm (5–6 in) in width. The teeth are heavy and large, making them better suited to crushing bone than those of other canids, though they are not as specialized as those found in 2780:, wolf populations have retained much of their historical range despite Soviet-era large scale extermination campaigns. Their numbers range from 1,500 in Georgia, to 20,000 in Kazakhstan and up to 45,000 in Russia. In Russia, the wolf is regarded as a pest because of its attacks on livestock, and wolf management means controlling their numbers by destroying them throughout the year. Russian history over the past century shows that reduced hunting leads to an abundance of wolves. The Russian government has continued to pay bounties for wolves and annual harvests of 20–30% do not appear to significantly affect their numbers. 2424:

badgers or marmots. An appropriated den is often widened and partly remade. On rare occasions, female wolves dig burrows themselves, which are usually small and short with one to three openings. The den is usually constructed not more than 500 m (550 yd) away from a water source. It typically faces southwards where it can be better warmed by sunlight exposure, and the snow can thaw more quickly. Resting places, play areas for the pups, and food remains are commonly found around wolf dens. The odor of urine and rotting food emanating from the denning area often attracts scavenging birds like

2210: 3311: 2382: 2499: 2714: 2654: 1739: 1999: 1139: 3247:

exterminating wolves has been found. Some nations help offset economic losses to wolves through compensation programs or state insurance. Domesticated animals are easy prey for wolves, as they have been bred under constant human protection, and are thus unable to defend themselves very well. Wolves typically resort to attacking livestock when wild prey is depleted. In Eurasia, a large part of the diet of some wolf populations consists of livestock, while such incidents are rare in North America, where healthy populations of wild prey have been largely restored.

2397:, mated pairs usually remaining together for life. Should one of the pair die, another mate is found quickly. With wolves in the wild, inbreeding does not occur where outbreeding is possible. Wolves become mature at the age of two years and sexually mature from the age of three years. The age of first breeding in wolves depends largely on environmental factors: when food is plentiful, or when wolf populations are heavily managed, wolves can rear pups at younger ages to better exploit abundant resources. Females are capable of producing pups every year, one 1621: 3235: 303: 1926: 3288:

ignoring nearby humans. Wolf attacks on dogs may occur both in house yards and in forests. Wolf attacks on hunting dogs are considered a major problem in Scandinavia and Wisconsin. Although the number of dogs killed each year by wolves is relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to prey on them. In many cultures, dogs are seen as family members, or at least working team members, and losing one can lead to strong emotional responses such as demanding more liberal hunting regulations.

2276: 2527: 1678: 2413: 159: 3090: 1530:. Most of the undercoat and some guard hairs are shed in spring and grow back in autumn. The longest hairs occur on the back, particularly on the front quarters and neck. Especially long hairs grow on the shoulders and almost form a crest on the upper part of the neck. The hairs on the cheeks are elongated and form tufts. The ears are covered in short hairs and project from the fur. Short, elastic and closely adjacent hairs are present on the limbs from the 3353:. Also, wolves with pups experience greater food stresses during this period. The majority of victims of predatory wolf attacks are children under the age of 18 and, in the rare cases where adults are killed, the victims are almost always women. Indian wolves have a history of preying on children, a phenomenon called "child-lifting". They may be taken primarily in the spring and summer periods during the evening hours, and often within human settlements. 117: 3329:, in which wolves gradually lose their fear of humans. The victims are repeatedly bitten on the head and face, and are then dragged off and consumed unless the wolves are driven off. Such attacks typically occur only locally and do not stop until the wolves involved are eliminated. Predatory attacks can occur at any time of the year, with a peak in the June–August period, when the chances of people entering forested areas (for livestock 1641:

tips on the hairs along the back form a broad stripe, with black hair tips on the shoulders, upper chest and rear of the body. The sides of the body, tail, and outer limbs are a pale dirty ochreous colour, while the inner sides of the limbs, belly, and groin are white. Apart from those wolves which are pure white or black, these tones vary little across geographical areas, although the patterns of these colours vary between individuals.

2784: 80: 2515:

their territory when hunting, using the same trails for extended periods. Wolves are nocturnal predators. During the winter, a pack will commence hunting in the twilight of early evening and will hunt all night, traveling tens of kilometres. Sometimes hunting large prey occurs during the day. During the summer, wolves generally tend to hunt individually, ambushing their prey and rarely giving pursuit.

1965:). This is more difficult during winter. Wolves in packs usually dominate cougars and can steal their kills or even kill them, while one-to-one encounters tend to be dominated by the cat, who likewise will kill wolves. Wolves more broadly affect cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominating territory and prey opportunities and disrupting the feline's behaviour. Wolf and 3074:" is derived. Some of his other fables concentrate on maintaining the trust between shepherds and guard dogs in their vigilance against wolves, as well as anxieties over the close relationship between wolves and dogs. Although Aesop used wolves to warn, criticize and moralize about human behaviour, his portrayals added to the wolf's image as a deceitful and dangerous animal. The 1984:, usually in disputes over carcasses. Striped hyenas feed extensively on wolf-killed carcasses in areas where the two species interact. One-to-one, hyenas dominate wolves, and may prey on them, but wolf packs can drive off single or outnumbered hyenas. There is at least one case in Israel of a hyena associating and cooperating with a wolf pack. 1538:. The winter fur is highly resistant to the cold. Wolves in northern climates can rest comfortably in open areas at −40 °C (−40 °F) by placing their muzzles between the rear legs and covering their faces with their tail. Wolf fur provides better insulation than dog fur and does not collect ice when warm breath is condensed against it. 3199:. His portrayal of wolves has been praised posthumously by wolf biologists for his depiction of them: rather than being villainous or gluttonous, as was common in wolf portrayals at the time of the book's publication, they are shown as living in amiable family groups and drawing on the experience of infirm but experienced elder pack members. 3271:(North America). The number of animals killed in single attacks varies according to species: most attacks on cattle and horses result in one death, while turkeys, sheep and domestic reindeer may be killed in surplus. Wolves mainly attack livestock when the animals are grazing, though they occasionally break into fenced enclosures. 3292:

behaviours, such as barking, social greeting, invitation to play or aggression. The historical use of shepherd dogs across Eurasia has been effective against wolf predation, especially when confining sheep in the presence of several livestock guardian dogs. Shepherd dogs are sometimes killed by wolves.

4335:

Bergström, Anders; Stanton, David W. G.; Taron, Ulrike H.; Frantz, Laurent; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ersmark, Erik; Pfrengle, Saskia; Cassatt-Johnstone, Molly; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Girdland-Flink, Linus; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Ollivier, Morgane; Speidel, Leo; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Westbury, Michael

3487:. Although closely related to domestic dogs, wolves do not show the same tractability as dogs in living alongside humans, being generally less responsive to human commands and more likely to act aggressively. A person is more likely to be fatally mauled by a pet wolf or wolf-dog hybrid than by a dog. 2514:

unaided. The size of a wolf hunting pack is related to the number of pups that survived the previous winter, adult survival, and the rate of dispersing wolves leaving the pack. The optimal pack size for hunting elk is four wolves, and for bison a large pack size is more successful. Wolves move around

2253:

and generally establish territories far larger than they require to survive assuring a steady supply of prey. Territory size depends largely on the amount of prey available and the age of the pack's pups. They tend to increase in size in areas with low prey populations, or when the pups reach the age

2040:

for rabies is eight to 21 days, and results in the host becoming agitated, deserting its pack, and travelling up to 80 km (50 mi) a day, thus increasing the risk of infecting other wolves. Although canine distemper is lethal in dogs, it has not been recorded to kill wolves, except in Canada

1776:

In North America, the wolf's diet is dominated by wild large hoofed mammals (ungulates) and medium-sized mammals. In Asia and Europe, their diet is dominated by wild medium-sized hoofed mammals and domestic species. The wolf depends on wild species, and if these are not readily available, as in Asia,

4404:

Loog, Liisa; Thalmann, Olaf; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Perri, Angela; Germonpré, Mietje; Bocherens, Herve; Witt, Kelsey E.; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Velasco, Marcela S.; Lundstrøm, Inge K. C.; Wales, Nathan; Sonet, Gontran; Frantz, Laurent; Schroeder, Hannes (May 2020).

3287:

Wolves kill dogs on occasion, and some wolf populations rely on dogs as an important food source. In Croatia, wolves kill more dogs than sheep, and wolves in Russia appear to limit stray dog populations. Wolves may display unusually bold behaviour when attacking dogs accompanied by people, sometimes

3246:

Livestock depredation has been one of the primary reasons for hunting wolves and can pose a severe problem for wolf conservation. As well as causing economic losses, the threat of wolf predation causes great stress on livestock producers, and no foolproof solution of preventing such attacks short of

2794:

In the Middle East, only Israel and Oman give wolves explicit legal protection. Israel has protected its wolves since 1954 and has maintained a moderately sized population of 150 through effective enforcement of conservation policies. These wolves have moved into neighboring countries. Approximately

2518:

When hunting large gregarious prey, wolves will try to isolate an individual from its group. If successful, a wolf pack can bring down game that will feed it for days, but one error in judgement can lead to serious injury or death. Most large prey have developed defensive adaptations and behaviours.

1546:

point where the pads come in contact with ice and snow. In warm climates, the fur is coarser and scarcer than in northern wolves. Female wolves tend to have smoother furred limbs than males and generally develop the smoothest overall coats as they age. Older wolves generally have more white hairs on

1360:

compared to the wolf is proposed to be due to the coyote retaining more of the mitochondrial genome of this unidentified canid. Similarly, a museum specimen of a wolf from southern China collected in 1963 showed a genome that was 12–14% admixed from this unknown canid. In North America, some coyotes

1172:) is widely accepted. Among the oldest fossils of the modern grey wolf is from Ponte Galeria in Italy, dating to 406,500 ± 2,400 years ago. Remains from Cripple Creek Sump in Alaska may be considerably older, around 1 million years old, though differentiating between the remains of modern wolves and 585:

in their names. Examples include Wulfhere ("Wolf Army"), Cynewulf ("Royal Wolf"), Cēnwulf ("Bold Wolf"), Wulfheard ("Wolf-hard"), Earnwulf ("Eagle Wolf"), Wulfstān ("Wolf Stone") Æðelwulf ("Noble Wolf"), Wolfhroc ("Wolf-Frock"), Wolfhetan ("Wolf Hide"), Scrutolf ("Garb Wolf"), Wolfgang ("Wolf Gait")

2993:

creation myth, the wolf was the first animal brought to Earth. When humans killed it, they were punished with death, destruction and the loss of immortality. For the Pawnee, Sirius is the "wolf star" and its disappearance and reappearance signified the wolf moving to and from the spirit world. Both

2537:

The wolf must give chase and gain on its fleeing prey, slow it down by biting through thick hair and hide, and then disable it enough to begin feeding. Wolves may wound large prey and then lie around resting for hours before killing it when it is weaker due to blood loss, thereby lessening the risk

1941:

are much rarer because of differences in habitat preferences. Wolves have been recorded on numerous occasions actively seeking out American black bears in their dens and killing them without eating them. Unlike brown bears, American black bears frequently lose against wolves in disputes over kills.

1904:

Wolves typically dominate other canid species in areas where they both occur. In North America, incidents of wolves killing coyotes are common, particularly in winter, when coyotes feed on wolf kills. Wolves may attack coyote den sites, digging out and killing their pups, though rarely eating them.

1640:

ochreous (orange/red/brown) colours with light gray. The muzzle is pale ochreous gray, and the area of the lips, cheeks, chin, and throat is white. The top of the head, forehead, under and between the eyes, and between the eyes and ears is gray with a reddish film. The neck is ochreous. Long, black

1340:

showed admixture with Middle Eastern gray wolves and dogs. There is evidence of gene flow between golden jackals and Middle Eastern wolves, less so with European and Asian wolves, and least with North American wolves. This indicates the golden jackal ancestry found in North American wolves may have

4522:

Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Niemann, Jonas; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Vieira, Filipe G.; Carøe, Christian; Montero, Marc de Manuel; Kuderna, Lukas; Serres, Aitor; González-Basallote, Víctor Manuel; Liu, Yan-Hu; Wang, Guo-Dong; Marques-Bonet, Tomas;

3321:

The fear of wolves has been pervasive in many societies, though humans are not part of the wolf's natural prey. How wolves react to humans depends largely on their prior experience with people: wolves lacking any negative experience of humans, or which are food-conditioned, may show little fear of

3291:

Dogs that are employed to guard sheep help to mitigate human–wolf conflicts, and are often proposed as one of the non-lethal tools in the conservation of wolves. Shepherd dogs are not particularly aggressive, but they can disrupt potential wolf predation by displaying what is to the wolf ambiguous

3283:

carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Competition would favour the wolf, which is known to kill dogs; however, wolves usually live in pairs or in small packs in areas with high human persecution, giving them a disadvantage when facing large groups of dogs.

2755:

by 1770, in Central Europe by 1899, in France by the 1930s, and in much of Scandinavia by the early 1970s. They continued to survive in parts of Finland, Eastern Europe and Southern Europe. Since 1980, European wolves have rebounded and expanded into parts of their former range. The decline of the

2596:

The global wild wolf population in 2003 was estimated at 300,000. Wolf population declines have been arrested since the 1970s. This has fostered recolonization and reintroduction in parts of its former range as a result of legal protection, changes in land use, and rural human population shifts to

2337:

to assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances. Wolf howls can under certain conditions be heard over areas of up to 130 km

2245:

and competition within the pack for food. The distance travelled by dispersing wolves varies widely; some stay in the vicinity of the parental group, while other individuals may travel great distances of upwards of 206 km (128 mi), 390 km (240 mi), and 670 km (420 mi)

2232:

accompanied by their offspring. The average pack size in North America is eight wolves and 5.5 in Europe. The average pack across Eurasia consists of a family of eight wolves (two adults, juveniles, and yearlings), or sometimes two or three such families, with examples of exceptionally large packs

1813:

were among the most frequently consumed prey of North American wolves. Wolves can digest their meal in a few hours and can feed several times in one day, making quick use of large quantities of meat. A well-fed wolf stores fat under the skin, around the heart, intestines, kidneys, and bone marrow,

1501:

25 kg (55 lb). Females in any given wolf population typically weigh 2.3–4.5 kg (5–10 lb) less than males. Wolves weighing over 54 kg (119 lb) are uncommon, though exceptionally large individuals have been recorded in Alaska and Canada. In central Russia, exceptionally

4583:

Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Gopalakrishan, Shyam; Vieira, Filipe G.; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Raundrup, Katrine; Heide Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Meldgaard, Morten; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Mikkelsen, Johan Brus; Marquard-Petersen, Ulf; Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian; Dalén, Love;

3726:

Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; Schweizer, Rena M.; Thalmann, Olaf; Silva, Pedro; Fan, Zhenxin; Yurchenko, Andrey A.; Dobrynin, Pavel; Makunin, Alexey; Cahill, James A.; Shapiro, Beth; Álvares, Francisco; Brito, José C.;

1909:

relied on coyotes to accompany him and warn him of danger. Though they fed from his kills, he never allowed them to approach him. Interactions have been observed in Eurasia between wolves and golden jackals, the latter's numbers being comparatively small in areas with high wolf densities. Wolves

2700:

states of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan where wolves number over 4,000 as of 2018. Wolves also occupy much of the northern Rocky Mountains region and the northwest, with a total population over 3,000 as of the 2020s. In Mexico and parts of the southwestern United States, the Mexican and U.S.

2557:

Once prey is brought down, wolves begin to feed excitedly, ripping and tugging at the carcass in all directions, and bolting down large chunks of it. The breeding pair typically monopolizes food to continue producing pups. When food is scarce, this is done at the expense of other family members,

2362:

and anal gland scents. This is more effective at advertising territory than howling and is often used in combination with scratch marks. Wolves increase their rate of scent marking when they encounter the marks of wolves from other packs. Lone wolves will rarely mark, but newly bonded pairs will

4799:

Bergström, Anders; Frantz, Laurent; Schmidt, Ryan; Ersmark, Erik; Lebrasseur, Ophelie; Girdland-Flink, Linus; Lin, Audrey T.; Storå, Jan; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Anthony, David; Antipina, Ekaterina; Amiri, Sarieh; Bar-Oz, Guy; Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I.; Bulatović, Jelena; Brown, Dorcas; Carmagnini,

2451:

lasts 62–75 days with pups usually being born in the spring months or early summer in very cold places such as on the tundra. Young females give birth to four to five young, and older females from six to eight young and up to 14. Their mortality rate is 60–80%. Newborn wolf pups look similar to

2423:

Dens are usually constructed for pups during the summer period. When building dens, females make use of natural shelters like fissures in rocks, cliffs overhanging riverbanks and holes thickly covered by vegetation. Sometimes, the den is the appropriated burrow of smaller animals such as foxes,

6127:

Miquelle, D. G.; Stephens, P. A.; Smirnov, E. N.; Goodrich, J. M.; Zaumyslova, O. J.; Myslenkov, A. E. (2005). "Tigers and Wolves in the Russian Far East: Competitive Exclusion, Functional Redundancy and Conservation Implications". In Ray, J. C.; Berger, J.; Redford, K. H.; Steneck, R. (eds.).

4230:

Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; Vilà, Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue,

2363:

scent mark the most. These marks are generally left every 240 m (260 yd) throughout the territory on regular travelways and junctions. Such markers can last for two to three weeks, and are typically placed near rocks, boulders, trees, or the skeletons of large animals. Raised leg

2166:). Most fluke species reside in the wolf's intestines. Tapeworms are commonly found in wolves, which they get though their prey, and generally cause little harm in wolves, though this depends on the number and size of the parasites, and the sensitivity of the host. Symptoms often include 1497:. The mean body mass of the wolf is 40 kg (88 lb), the smallest specimen recorded at 12 kg (26 lb) and the largest at 79.4 kg (175 lb). On average, European wolves weigh 38.5 kg (85 lb), North American wolves 36 kg (79 lb), and Indian and 1892:. In Eurasian areas with dense human activity, many wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage. As prey in North America continue to occupy suitable habitats with low human density, North American wolves eat livestock and garbage only in dire circumstances. 1511: 1936:

typically dominate wolf packs in disputes over carcasses, while wolf packs mostly prevail against bears when defending their den sites. Both species kill each other's young. Wolves eat the brown bears they kill, while brown bears seem to eat only young wolves. Wolf interactions with

3356:

Cases of rabid wolves are low when compared to other species, as wolves do not serve as primary reservoirs of the disease, but can be infected by animals such as dogs, jackals and foxes. Incidents of rabies in wolves are very rare in North America, though numerous in the eastern

4692:

Iacolina, Laura; Scandura, Massimo; Gazzola, Andrea; Cappai, Nadia; Capitani, Claudia; Mattioli, Luca; Vercillo, Francesca; Apollonio, Marco (2010). "Y-chromosome microsatellite variation in Italian wolves: A contribution to the study of wolf-dog hybridization patterns".

3213:

and taught in several schools decades after its publication. Although credited with having changed popular perceptions on wolves by portraying them as loving, cooperative and noble, it has been criticized for its idealization of wolves and its factual inaccuracies.

4523:

Mirarab, Siavash; Fernandes, Carlos; Gaubert, Philippe; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Budd, Jane; Rueness, Eli Knispel; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018).

2346:

and whines. Wolves do not bark as loudly or continuously as dogs do in confrontations, rather barking a few times and then retreating from a perceived danger. Aggressive or self-assertive wolves are characterized by their slow and deliberate movements, high body

1210:. This suggests they either often processed carcasses, or that they competed with other carnivores and needed to consume their prey quickly. The frequency and location of tooth fractures in these wolves indicates they were habitual bone crackers like the modern 2965:

and guards the heavenly gate. In China, the wolf was traditionally associated with greed and cruelty and wolf epithets were used to describe negative behaviours such as cruelty ("wolf's heart"), mistrust ("wolf's look") and lechery ("wolf-sex"). In both

3456:

and large falcons, though this practice is declining, as experienced falconers are becoming few in number. Shooting wolves from aircraft is highly effective, due to increased visibility and direct lines of fire. Several types of dog, including the

8447: 1421:

have a flat chewing surface, but not to the same extent as the coyote, whose diet contains more vegetable matter. Females tend to have narrower muzzles and foreheads, thinner necks, slightly shorter legs, and less massive shoulders than males.

1657:

in North America acquired their colour from wolf-dog admixture after the first arrival of dogs across the Bering Strait 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. Research into the inheritance of white colour from dogs into wolves has yet to be undertaken.

1652:

of Alberta and British Columbia, the coat colour is predominantly black, some being blue-gray and some with silver and black. Differences in coat colour between sexes is absent in Eurasia; females tend to have redder tones in North America.

2672:

people can hunt wolves without restrictions, but others must acquire licenses for the hunting and trapping seasons. As many as 4,000 wolves may be harvested in Canada each year. The wolf is a protected species in national parks under the

1384:

was discovered through mitochondrial DNA analysis of jackals living in the Caucasus Mountains and in Bulgaria. In 2021, a genetic study found that the dog's similarity to the extant gray wolf was the result of substantial dog-into-wolf

5291:

Anderson, T. M.; Vonholdt, B. M.; Candille, S. I.; Musiani, M.; Greco, C.; Stahler, D. R.; Smith, D. W.; Padhukasahasram, B.; Randi, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Ostrander, E. A.; Tang, H.; Wayne, R. K.; Barsh, G. S. (2009).

1697:

Wolves occur across Eurasia and North America. However, deliberate human persecution because of livestock predation and fear of attacks on humans has reduced the wolf's range to about one-third of its historic range; the wolf is now

3440:

poles carrying a human scent. This method relies heavily on the wolf's fear of human scents, though it can lose its effectiveness when wolves become accustomed to the odor. Some hunters can lure wolves by imitating their calls. In

1283:

and Chinese indigenous breeds are basal members of the domestic dog clade. The divergence time for wolves in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia is estimated to be fairly recent at around 1,600 years ago. Among New World wolves, the

3408:

said wolves are difficult to hunt because of their elusiveness, sharp senses, high endurance, and ability to quickly incapacitate and kill hunting dogs. Historic methods included killing of spring-born litters in their dens,

3115:

Cycle, where he stands for the low nobility, whilst his adversary, Reynard the fox, represents the peasant hero. Isengrim is forever the victim of Reynard's wit and cruelty, often dying at the end of each story. The tale of

5498:

Newsome, Thomas M.; Boitani, Luigi; Chapron, Guillaume; Ciucci, Paolo; Dickman, Christopher R.; Dellinger, Justin A.; López-Bao, José V.; Peterson, Rolf O.; Shores, Carolyn R.; Wirsing, Aaron J.; Ripple, William J. (2016).

2701:

governments collaborated from 1977 to 1980 in capturing all Mexican wolves remaining in the wild to prevent their extinction and established captive breeding programs for reintroduction. As of 2024, the reintroduced

1547:

the tip of the tail, along the nose, and on the forehead. Winter fur is retained longest by lactating females, although with some hair loss around their teats. Hair length on the middle of the back is 60–70 mm (

3250:

The majority of losses occur during the summer grazing period, untended livestock in remote pastures being the most vulnerable to wolf predation. The most frequently targeted livestock species are sheep (Europe),

4280:

Hennelly, Lauren M.; Habib, Bilal; Modi, Shrushti; Rueness, Eli K.; Gaubert, Philippe; Sacks, Benjamin N. (2021). "Ancient divergence of Indian and Tibetan wolves revealed by recombination-aware phylogenomics".

2237:

levels in wolves rise significantly when a pack member dies, indicating the presence of stress. During times of prey abundance caused by calving or migration, different wolf packs may join together temporarily.

8541:

Espuno, Nathalie; Lequette, Benoit; Poulle, Marie-Lazarine; Migot, Pierre; Lebreton, Jean-Dominique (2004). "Heterogeneous response to preventive sheep husbandry during wolf recolonization of the French Alps".

2772:

as of 2007. In a study of wolf conservation in Sweden, it was found that there was little opposition between the policies of the European Union and those of the Swedish officials implementing domestic policy.

2089:. Although lyme disease can debilitate individual wolves, it does not appear to significantly affect wolf populations. Leptospirosis can be contracted through contact with infected prey or urine, and can cause 2618: 2725: 2677:. In Alaska, 7,000–11,000 wolves are found on 85% of the state's 1,517,733 km (586,000 sq mi) area. Wolves may be hunted or trapped with a license; around 1,200 wolves are harvested annually. 2332:

Wolves communicate using vocalizations, body postures, scent, touch, and taste. The phases of the moon have no effect on wolf vocalization, and despite popular belief, wolves do not howl at the Moon. Wolves

2597:

cities. Competition with humans for livestock and game species, concerns over the danger posed by wolves to people, and habitat fragmentation pose a continued threat to the wolf. Despite these threats, the

1865:. They also eat grass, which may provide some vitamins, but is most likely used mainly to induce vomiting to rid themselves of intestinal parasites or long guard hairs. They are known to eat the berries of 1541:

In cold climates, the wolf can reduce the flow of blood near its skin to conserve body heat. The warmth of the foot pads is regulated independently from the rest of the body and is maintained at just above

8454: 2756:

traditional pastoral and rural economies seems to have ended the need to exterminate the wolf in parts of Europe. As of 2016, estimates of wolf numbers include: 4,000 in the Balkans, 3,460–3,849 in the

2684:, wolf declines were caused by the expansion of agriculture, the decimation of the wolf's main prey species like the American bison, and extermination campaigns. Wolves were given protection under the 1437:

Adult wolves measure 105–160 cm (41–63 in) in length and 80–85 cm (31–33 in) at shoulder height. The tail measures 29–50 cm (11–20 in) in length, the ears 90–110 mm (

2224:. Its populations consist of packs and lone wolves, most lone wolves being temporarily alone while they disperse from packs to form their own or join another one. The wolf's basic social unit is the 8348:

Vanak, A. T.; Dickman, C. R.; Silva-Rodriguez, E. A.; Butler, J. R. A.; Ritchie, E. G. (2014). "Top-dogs and under-dogs: competition between dogs and sympatric carnivores". In Gompper, M. E. (ed.).

5228:

Gipson, Philip S.; Bangs, Edward E.; Bailey, Theodore N.; Boyd, Diane K.; Cluff, H. Dean; Smith, Douglas W.; Jiminez, Michael D. (2002). "Color Patterns among Wolves in Western North America".

1905:

There are no records of coyotes killing wolves, though coyotes may chase wolves if they outnumber them. According to a press release by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1921, the infamous

1409:, and is further distinguished from coyotes and jackals by a broader snout, shorter ears, a shorter torso and a longer tail. It is slender and powerfully built, with a large, deeply descending 499:

on humans are rare because wolves are relatively few, live away from people, and have developed a fear of humans because of their experiences with hunters, farmers, ranchers, and shepherds.

2294: 1706:

and Japan. In modern times, the wolf occurs mostly in wilderness and remote areas. The wolf can be found between sea level and 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Wolves live in forests, inland

8608: 2799:. The wolf also appears to be widespread in Iran. Turkey has an estimated population of about 7,000 wolves. Outside of Turkey, wolf populations in the Middle East may total 1,000–2,000. 1765:

that can be divided into large size 240–650 kg (530–1,430 lb) and medium size 23–130 kg (51–287 lb), and have a body mass similar to that of the combined mass of the

7642:"Identifying suitable habitat and corridors for Indian Grey Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) in Chotta Nagpur Plateau and Lower Gangetic Planes: A species with differential management needs" 2854:

has 2,000. 2017 evidence suggests that wolves range across all of mainland China. Wolves have been historically persecuted in China but have been legally protected since 1998. The last

2523:, geese, and hares, there is no risk to the wolf. Although people often believe wolves can easily overcome any of their prey, their success rate in hunting hoofed prey is usually low. 2312: 1961:

along portions of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent mountain ranges. Wolves and cougars typically avoid encountering each other by hunting at different elevations for different prey (

7563: 2444:. During pregnancy, female wolves remain in a den located away from the peripheral zone of their territories, where violent encounters with other packs are less likely to occur. 2519:

Wolves have been killed while attempting to bring down bison, elk, moose, muskoxen, and even by one of their smallest hoofed prey, the white-tailed deer. With smaller prey like

2506:

Single wolves or mated pairs typically have higher success rates in hunting than do large packs; single wolves have occasionally been observed to kill large prey such as moose,

2292: 2310: 7346: 1240:

from them 200,000 years ago. Other wolves appear to share most of their common ancestry much more recently, within the last 23,000 years (around the peak and the end of the

8091:"Territoriality and interpack aggression in wolves: Shaping a social carnivore's life history. Rudyard Kipling's Law of the Jungle Meets Yellowstone's Law of the Mountains" 1845:, and large insects when available. Wolves in some areas may consume fish and even marine life. Wolves also consume some plant material. In Europe, they eat apples, pears, 4635:

Wang, Guo-Dong; Zhang, Ming; Wang, Xuan; Yang, Melinda A.; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng; Lu, Heng; Feng, Xiaotian; Skoglund, Pontus; Wang, Lu; Fu, Qiaomei; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2019).

1632:

A wolf's coat colour is determined by its guard hairs. Wolves usually have some hairs that are white, brown, gray and black. The coat of the Eurasian wolf is a mixture of

1726:, deserts, and rocky peaks on mountains. Habitat use by wolves depends on the abundance of prey, snow conditions, livestock densities, road densities, human presence and 8287: 6249:

Dinets, Vladimir; Eligulashvili, Beniamin (2016). "Striped Hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena) in Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) packs: Cooperation, commensalism or singular aberration?".

7512: 4731:

Kopaliani, N.; Shakarashvili, M.; Gurielidze, Z.; Qurkhuli, T.; Tarkhnishvili, D. (2014). "Gene Flow between Wolf and Shepherd Dog Populations in Georgia (Caucasus)".

6607: 3933:; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Krofel, Miha; Moehlman, Patricia D.; Senn, Helen; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Viranta, Suvi; Werhahn, Geraldine (2019). 2842:. As of 2019, it is estimated that there are around 2,000–3,000 Indian wolves in the country. In East Asia, Mongolia's population numbers 10,000–20,000. In China, 1336:, and gray wolves. The African wolf is a descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry. One African wolf from the Egyptian 2293: 491:

societies. Although the fear of wolves exists in many human societies, the majority of recorded attacks on people have been attributed to animals suffering from

3393: 1773:. The variation in diet between wolves living on different continents is based on the variety of hoofed mammals and of available smaller and domesticated prey. 8733: 8200:

Creel, S.; Fox, J. E.; Hardy, A.; Sands, J.; Garrott, B.; Peterson, R. O. (2002). "Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk".

3977:

Iurino, Dawid A.; Mecozzi, Beniamino; Iannucci, Alessio; Moscarella, Alfio; Strani, Flavia; Bona, Fabio; Gaeta, Mario; Sardella, Raffaele (February 25, 2022).

2311: 540: 3322:

people. Although wolves may react aggressively when provoked, such attacks are mostly limited to quick bites on extremities, and the attacks are not pressed.

3128:

is portrayed as a villain capable of imitating human speech and disguising itself with human clothing. The character has been interpreted as an allegorical

15864: 6230:

Nayak, S.; Shah, S.; Borah, J. (2015). "Going for the kill: an observation of wolf-hyaena interaction in Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India".

2182:. Wolves can carry over 30 roundworm species, though most roundworm infections appear benign, depending on the number of worms and the age of the host. 7211: 2693: 1202:. It is proposed that these features were specialized adaptations for the processing of carcass and bone associated with the hunting and scavenging of 993:. Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its "cauda recurvata" (upturning tail) which is not found in any other 8683: 5583: 383:

species by its less pointed ears and muzzle, as well as a shorter torso and a longer tail. The wolf is nonetheless related closely enough to smaller

4042:

Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)".

3727:

Geffen, Eli; Leonard, Jennifer A.; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Johnson, Warren E.; o'Brien, Stephen J.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (2015).

7472: 6861: 2689: 2668:

In Canada, 50,000–60,000 wolves live in 80% of their historical range, making Canada an important stronghold for the species. Under Canadian law,

15624: 7371: 14204: 9020: 8589: 8448:"Wolf attacks on dogs in Scandinavia 1995–2005—Will wolves in Scandinavia go extinct if dog owners are allowed to kill a wolf attacking a dog?" 2598: 476: 5867: 1648:, wolves in the Canadian arctic being white and those in southern Canada, the U.S., and Mexico being predominantly gray. In some areas of the 399:

with them. The wolf's fur is usually mottled white, brown, gray, and black, although subspecies in the arctic region may be nearly all white.

15715: 15663: 14275: 3640:

Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I

3503:

Populations of Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan are included in Appendix I. Excludes domesticated form and dingo, which are referenced as

1896:

is not uncommon in wolves during harsh winters, when packs often attack weak or injured wolves and may eat the bodies of dead pack members.

15844: 5005:

Therrien, F. O. (2005). "Mandibular force profiles of extant carnivorans and implications for the feeding behaviour of extinct predators".

3086:

is said to have used wolves as illustrations of the dangers his followers, whom he represents as sheep, would face should they follow him.

7559: 7182: 6145: 6208: 2877: 7151: 2367:

is considered to be one of the most important forms of scent communication in the wolf, making up 60–80% of all scent marks observed.

1769:

members. The wolf specializes in preying on the vulnerable individuals of large prey, with a pack of 15 able to bring down an adult

15585: 14878: 7417:

The wolf in Eurasia—a regional approach to the conservation and management of a top-predator in Central Asia and the South Caucasus

2591: 7342: 7313: 3935:"Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. CIBIO. Vairão, Portugal, 28–30 May 2019" 15637: 8679:

Hunting the grisly and other sketches; an account of the big game of the United States and its chase with horse, hound, and rifle

5900: 1206:. Compared with modern wolves, some Pleistocene wolves showed an increase in tooth breakage similar to that seen in the extinct 7597:

Yadvendradev, V. Jhala; Giles, Robert H. Jr. (991). "The Status and Conservation of the Wolf in Gujarat and Rajasthan, India".

5579:"Dietary reconstruction and evidence of prey shifting in Pleistocene and recent gray wolves (Canis lupus) from Yukon Territory" 8164: 6899:

Thurber, J. M.; Peterson, R. O. (1993). "Effects of Population Density and Pack Size on the Foraging Ecology of Gray Wolves".

4092:

Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. (2018). "Paleogenomic Inferences of Dog Domestication". In Lindqvist, C.; Rajora, O. (eds.).

15751: 15681: 8970: 8949: 8924: 8899: 8874: 8849: 8828: 8807: 8788: 8602: 7063: 6202: 5479: 5168: 5138: 4109: 3854: 15642: 7508: 2621:(CITES), meaning international trade in the species (including parts and derivatives) is regulated. However, populations of 1957:, which may feed on smaller prey where wolves are present and may be suppressed by large wolf populations. Wolves encounter 15889: 5577:

Landry, Zoe; Kim, Sora; Trayler, Robin B.; Gilbert, Marisa; Zazula, Grant; Southon, John; Fraser, Danielle (June 1, 2021).

4887: 6498:

Jędrzejewski, W. O.; Schmidt, K.; Theuerkauf, J. R.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Kowalczyk, R. (2007). "Territory size of wolves

1946:, and will chase off those that attempt to scavenge from their kills. Wolverines escape from wolves in caves or up trees. 369:, though gray wolves, as popularly understood, only comprise naturally-occurring wild subspecies. The wolf is the largest 15899: 9374: 5723: 6563: 3453: 15874: 15536: 9013: 8974: 8357: 7929: 6871: 5785: 5756: 3474: 3139: 2658: 1380:, are first generation hybrids. Although mating between golden jackals and wolves has never been observed, evidence of 15859: 15808: 10744: 8525: 6642: 6467: 6139: 6003: 5076: 2720:

Europe, excluding Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, has 17,000 wolves in more than 28 countries. In many countries of the

2255: 2241:

Offspring typically stay in the pack for 10–54 months before dispersing. Triggers for dispersal include the onset of

1993: 1190:. Many Late Pleistocene wolf populations had more robust skulls and teeth than modern wolves, often with a shortened 410: 15554: 8744: 8141: 4768:"Unregulated hunting and genetic recovery from a severe population decline: The cautionary case of Bulgarian wolves" 3836: 1220:

studies suggest modern wolves and dogs descend from a common ancestral wolf population. A 2021 study found that the

15879: 15598: 8453:. Examensarbete, Institutionen för ekologi, Grimsö forskningsstation. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet. Archived from 4178:"Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds" 2582:

are eaten once they are exposed, followed by the muscles. A wolf can eat 15–19% of its body weight in one sitting.

5679:

Gable, T. D.; Windels, S. K.; Homkes, A. T. (2018). "Do wolves hunt freshwater fish in spring as a food source?".

4125:

Freedman, Adam H.; Gronau, Ilan; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ortega-Del Vecchyo, Diego; Han, Eunjung; et al. (2014).

15720: 15567: 11088: 7373:

Status, management and distribution of large carnivores—bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine—in Europe December 2012.

3979:"A Middle Pleistocene wolf from central Italy provides insights on the first occurrence of Canis lupus in Europe" 2688:(ESA) of 1973, and have since returned to parts of their former range thanks to both natural recolonizations and 2493: 959: 417: 273: 8555: 8497: 8480: 1702:(locally extinct) from much of its range in Western Europe, the United States and Mexico, and completely in the 1263:

A 2016 genomic study suggests that Old World and New World wolves split around 12,500 years ago followed by the

1107:/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the New Guinea singing dog and the dingo to be 460:, and garbage. Single wolves or mated pairs typically have higher success rates in hunting than do large packs. 7297: 3816: 2456:

pups. They are born blind and deaf and are covered in short soft grayish-brown fur. They weigh 300–500 g (

3436:

A popular method of wolf hunting in Russia involves trapping a pack within a small area by encircling it with

2914:

The wolf is a common motif in the mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout its historical range. The

15821: 15702: 15372: 13306: 9006: 8891: 4766:

Moura, A. E.; Tsingarska, E.; Dąbrowski, M. J.; Czarnomska, S. D.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Pilot, M. G. (2013).

3930: 3066:, playing on the concerns of Ancient Greece's settled, sheep-herding world. His most famous is the fable of " 2744:

IV). There is extensive legal protection in many European countries, although there are national exceptions.

8388:

Lescureux, Nicolas; Linnell, John D. C. (2014). "Warring brothers: The complex interactions between wolves (

7204: 1493: in). The size and weight of the modern wolf increases proportionally with latitude in accordance with 1302: 15904: 14871: 9246: 2406: 44: 8677: 2558:

especially non-pups. Wolves typically commence feeding by gorging on the larger internal organs, like the

2204: 1372:

originated from dog ancestry, which indicates female wolves will breed with male dogs in the wild. In the

947:

Cladogram and divergence of the gray wolf (including the domestic dog) among its closest extant relatives

15676: 15474: 13297: 10500: 8941: 8916: 7479: 5825:

Klein, D. R. (1995). "The introduction, increase, and demise of wolves on Coronation Island, Alaska". In

5154: 3782: 3659: 3333:

or berry and mushroom picking) increase. Cases of non-rabid wolf attacks in winter have been recorded in

2697: 2025: 1019: 444:

on the onset of sexual maturity and in response to competition for food within the pack. Wolves are also

15479: 3124:, is considered to have further contributed to the wolf's negative reputation in the Western world. The 3070:", which is directed at those who knowingly raise false alarms, and from which the idiomatic phrase "to 1271:

may have been the ancestor of the dog, with the dog's similarity to the extant wolf being the result of

479:(IUCN). Wolves have a long history of interactions with humans, having been despised and hunted in most 15854: 14762: 14418: 9264: 9228: 6031:

Jimenez, Michael D.; Asher, Valpa J.; Bergman, Carita; Bangs, Edward E.; Woodruff, Susannah P. (2008).

3163: 2935: 2899: 1817:

Nonetheless, wolves are not fussy eaters. Smaller-sized animals that may supplement their diet include

1267:

of the lineage that led to dogs from other Old World wolves around 11,100–12,300 years ago. An extinct

1133: 31: 15456: 12784: 15730: 15577: 15332: 11623: 9033: 4407:"Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a Late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia" 2674: 2003: 1625: 1065: 1006: 355: 289: 7401: 5433:

Sorkin, Boris (2008). "A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators".

15869: 15849: 14681: 14576: 13315: 11605: 11333: 11300: 11276: 11097: 10349: 5860: 3934: 3582: 3054: 3018: 3013:

The concept of people turning into wolves, and the inverse, has been present in many cultures. One

2681: 1425: 533: 96: 15694: 7398:

The Wolf Dilemma: Following the Practices of Several Actors in Swedish Large Carnivore Management.

3929:

Alvares, Francisco; Bogdanowicz, Wieslaw; Campbell, Liz A.D.; Godinho, Rachel; Hatlauf, Jennifer;

2355:, while submissive ones carry their bodies low, flatten their fur, and lower their ears and tail. 158: 15367: 15337: 14864: 14343: 13324: 13055: 12748: 12683: 12065: 11641: 11114: 10636: 9367: 8780: 6365:

Molnar, B.; Fattebert, J.; Palme, R.; Ciucci, P.; Betschart, B.; Smith, D. W.; Diehl, P. (2015).

5578: 2851: 2748: 2669: 1191: 523: 7289: 882: 843: 15782: 15629: 15391: 15259: 15232: 14567: 14319: 14132: 14008: 13620: 13602: 13430: 13124: 13115: 12757: 11495: 10287: 8820:

Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)

3844: 3382: 3117: 3094: 3067: 2734:

Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora

2685: 1377: 1049: 902: 811: 471:

The global wild wolf population was estimated to be 300,000 in 2003 and is considered to be of

17: 7314:"Mexican Wolf Population Grows for Eighth Consecutive Year | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service" 7174: 6630: 6459: 6453: 6449: 6129: 5746: 5126: 2888: 747: 715: 683: 448:, and fights over territory are among the principal causes of mortality. The wolf is mainly a 15777: 15429: 15137: 15044: 14956: 14744: 13999: 13981: 13972: 13963: 13448: 13439: 12811: 11581: 11572: 11563: 11512: 11450: 11432: 11423: 11360: 11309: 11147: 11138: 9575: 9318: 9219: 7236: 6192: 5995: 5989: 5773: 5469: 5158: 3210: 3134: 2046: 1878: 1430: 1253: 1233: 1203: 1127: 964: 779: 663: 472: 253: 35: 15769: 12766: 12662: 8089:

Cassidy, K; Smith, D. W.; Mech, L. D.; MacNulty, D. R.; Stahler, D. R.; Metz, M. C. (2006).

3808: 3802: 3798: 3729:"Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species" 3142:". The hunting of wolves, and their attacks on humans and livestock, feature prominently in 3041:

would turn into wolves by donning wolf skins and would kill people and raid graveyards. The

483:

communities because of their attacks on livestock, while conversely being respected in some

15803: 15510: 15438: 15029: 14887: 14585: 14486: 14445: 14159: 13670: 13398: 12724: 11789: 11539: 11530: 11486: 11441: 11064: 10570: 10305: 10131: 9282: 8405: 8209: 7653: 7606: 7143: 6727: 6575: 6511: 6378: 5688: 5592: 5442: 5305: 4702: 4648: 4536: 4418: 4349: 4290: 4189: 3990: 3740: 3635: 3305: 2757: 2386: 2348: 1747: 1241: 15655: 2609:

due to its relatively widespread range and stable population. The species is listed under

1510: 1397: 1138: 8: 15884: 15312: 14825: 14771: 14543: 13990: 13876: 13858: 13703: 13552: 13457: 12707: 12653: 12402: 12144: 12135: 11399: 10672: 10654: 10509: 10358: 9861: 9337: 7367: 4488: 4471: 3832: 2777: 2662: 2432:. Though they mostly avoid areas within human sight, wolves have been known to nest near 2394: 2376: 2285: 2078: 1938: 1353: 1318: 1229: 1076: 1027: 898: 878: 106: 11895: 8409: 8213: 7657: 7610: 7237:"Wolf Numbers in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan (excluding Isle Royale)—1976 to 2015" 6731: 6579: 6515: 6382: 5692: 5596: 5446: 5309: 4706: 4652: 4540: 4422: 4353: 4294: 4193: 3994: 3744: 14640: 13867: 13389: 13079: 12802: 12775: 12038: 11780: 11632: 10735: 10627: 10527: 10467: 9852: 9788: 9465: 9360: 9291: 8559: 8288:"These Non-Lethal Methods Encouraged by Science Can Keep Wolves From Killing Livestock" 8225: 7858: 7800: 7773: 7737: 7728: 7712: 7676: 7641: 7640:

Sharma, Lalit Kumar; Mukherjee, Tanoy; Saren, Phakir Chandra; Chandra, Kailash (2019).

7622: 7618: 7282: 6924: 6916: 6599: 6527: 6401: 6366: 6266: 6104: 6077: 5704: 5532: 5415: 5380: 5326: 5293: 5237: 4879: 4839: 4826: 4801: 4669: 4636: 4612: 4585: 4557: 4524: 4501: 4447: 4406: 4378: 4337: 4314: 4257: 4232: 4153: 4126: 4069: 4019: 3978: 3906: 3879: 3700: 3405: 3209:

is widely considered to be the most popular book on wolves, having been adapted into a

3182: 3143: 2883: 2733: 2267: 2250: 2163: 2094: 2058: 2033: 1962: 1870: 1686: 1494: 1381: 1373: 1264: 1162: 1144: 445: 425: 153: 60: 5893: 1099:, as modern wolves are not closely related to the population of wolves that was first 15764: 15487: 14519: 14436: 14216: 13712: 13679: 12603: 12110: 11832: 11614: 11468: 11342: 11226: 10579: 10409: 10367: 10314: 10094: 10076: 9834: 9300: 9148: 8945: 8920: 8895: 8870: 8845: 8824: 8818: 8803: 8784: 8598: 8521: 8353: 8221: 8090: 7925: 7850: 7805: 7742: 7681: 7415: 7293: 7059: 6867: 6735: 6638: 6591: 6523: 6463: 6406: 6198: 6135: 6109: 5999: 5781: 5752: 5608: 5527: 5475: 5454: 5372: 5331: 5164: 5134: 5072: 4843: 4831: 4748: 4674: 4637:"Genomic Approaches Reveal an Endemic Subpopulation of Gray Wolves in Southern China" 4617: 4562: 4493: 4452: 4434: 4383: 4365: 4318: 4306: 4262: 4207: 4158: 4105: 4024: 4006: 3911: 3860: 3850: 3812: 3758: 3559: 3310: 3063: 3030: 2958: 2931: 2903: 2796: 2769: 2765: 2752: 2531: 2303: 2175: 2171: 2134: 2037: 2021: 1802: 1672: 1272: 1061: 1053: 1040: 934: 15443: 8563: 8229: 7862: 6980:"A proposed ethogram of large-carnivore predatory behavior, exemplified by the wolf" 6928: 6603: 6531: 6502:: Linking local (Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland) and Holarctic-scale patterns". 6270: 5708: 5536: 5474:. Fauna Series 7. Fauna of the National Parks of the United States. pp. 75–76. 5419: 4505: 4073: 3078:

uses an image of a wolf lying with a lamb in a utopian vision of the future. In the

2209: 1777:

the wolf is more reliant on domestic species. Across Eurasia, wolves prey mostly on

1575: in), and the guard hairs on the shoulders generally do not exceed 90 mm ( 15362: 15269: 14798: 14631: 13909: 13339: 12629: 12411: 12161: 11351: 11250: 11034: 11025: 10609: 10400: 10391: 10185: 10176: 9734: 8551: 8492: 8413: 8217: 8183: 7840: 7795: 7785: 7732: 7724: 7671: 7661: 7614: 7452: 7421: 6991: 6908: 6583: 6519: 6396: 6386: 6258: 6099: 6089: 6056: 5826: 5696: 5600: 5522: 5512: 5450: 5407: 5384: 5362: 5321: 5313: 5014: 4869: 4821: 4813: 4779: 4740: 4710: 4664: 4656: 4607: 4597: 4552: 4544: 4483: 4442: 4426: 4373: 4357: 4298: 4252: 4244: 4197: 4148: 4138: 4097: 4059: 4051: 4014: 3998: 3901: 3891: 3748: 3577: 3528:

but not colloquial definition of 'wolf', and thus not in the scope of this article.

3398: 3252: 3186:

involves a wolf being captured for eating a duck, but is spared and sent to a zoo.

3155: 3121: 3003: 2983: 2927: 2907: 2448: 2398: 2017: 1974: 1970: 1645: 1535: 1345: 1187: 1012: 839: 566: 484: 15603: 15492: 6262: 5833:. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35. pp. 275–280. 3388: 3007: 302: 15894: 15738: 15292: 15212: 15074: 14816: 14807: 14735: 14690: 14352: 14302: 14293: 14168: 14114: 14058: 13927: 13900: 13793: 13611: 13570: 13535: 13280: 12343: 12056: 12023: 12014: 11521: 11259: 10708: 10158: 10085: 10043: 9779: 9584: 9518: 9495: 9237: 8935: 8910: 8885: 8860: 8839: 8774: 8513: 8417: 7666: 7258: 6587: 6391: 6076:

Elbroch, L. M.; Lendrum, P. E.; Newsby, J.; Quigley, H.; Thompson, D. J. (2015).

5700: 5604: 4714: 4602: 4143: 3896: 3694: 3642:(in Latin) (10 ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. pp. 39–40. 3480: 3268: 3195: 3190: 3129: 3033:

and involves people willingly turning into wolves to attack and kill others. The

2939: 2894: 2747:

Wolves have been persecuted in Europe for centuries, having been exterminated in

2453: 2381: 2359: 2242: 1998: 1649: 1337: 1280: 1268: 488: 15795: 15707: 15668: 7425: 5060: 4861: 4584:

Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018).

3099: 1738: 518: 15562: 15549: 15348: 15039: 14936: 14789: 14708: 14510: 14257: 14150: 14123: 13176: 12793: 12393: 12257: 11940: 11477: 11459: 11390: 11001: 10992: 10594: 10555: 9509: 9421: 9309: 9139: 9130: 8866: 7055: 4660: 4361: 4002: 3342: 3205: 2947: 2923: 2915: 2839: 2827: 2721: 2713: 2619:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

2550:, thus causing the animal to die within a few seconds to a minute. With small, 2547: 2225: 2029: 1966: 1882: 1221: 1168: 743: 433: 67: 8998: 6996: 6979: 6629:

Mech, L. David; Adams, L. G.; Meier, T. J.; Burch, J. W.; Dale, B. W. (2003).

6094: 5294:"Molecular and Evolutionary History of Melanism in North American Gray Wolves" 5018: 4784: 4767: 4548: 4202: 4177: 4176:

Skoglund, Pontus; Ersmark, Erik; Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Dalén, Love (2015).

3753: 3728: 3105:

Isengrim the wolf, a character first appearing in the 12th-century Latin poem

2986:, wolves are depicted as inhabitants of graveyards and destroyers of corpses. 2726:

Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats

1180:(which first appeared around 1.4 million years ago) as an early subspecies of 1064:(mtDNA) study as one of the guides in forming his decision, and listed the 38 15838: 15650: 15207: 15132: 15113: 14986: 14753: 14649: 14622: 14248: 13946: 13891: 13413: 13357: 13098: 12739: 12194: 11756: 10921: 10888: 10690: 10681: 10618: 10518: 10476: 10328: 9921: 9255: 9170: 8981: 5612: 4582: 4438: 4369: 4010: 3840: 3568: 3358: 3168: 3151: 3079: 2990: 2855: 2823: 2761: 2606: 2602: 2193: 2070: 2009: 1981: 1973:, where tigers significantly depress wolf numbers, sometimes to the point of 1954: 1766: 1703: 1418: 1333: 1211: 1115: 1100: 1092: 1088: 1080: 954: 775: 453: 441: 420:

as demonstrated by its physical adaptations to tackling large prey, its more

392: 351: 269: 126: 121: 88: 11378: 11190: 7829:, 1839) and Comparison with Representative Wolf and Domestic Dog Haplotypes" 7774:"Local villagers' perceptions of wolves in Jiuzhaigou County, western China" 6061: 6032: 5317: 4817: 4744: 3864: 3071: 2653: 1310: 15541: 15414: 15357: 15284: 15202: 15167: 15122: 15094: 15014: 14991: 14931: 14780: 14726: 14427: 14195: 14141: 13918: 13817: 13372: 13348: 13167: 13158: 12978: 12945: 12868: 12829: 12239: 12221: 12083: 11955: 11414: 10815: 10778: 10663: 10645: 10058: 10004: 9930: 9608: 9352: 9273: 9210: 9112: 7854: 7809: 7746: 7685: 6595: 6410: 6113: 5376: 5335: 4835: 4752: 4678: 4621: 4566: 4497: 4456: 4387: 4310: 4266: 4211: 4162: 4028: 3915: 3762: 3604: 3525: 3378: 3366: 3338: 3200: 3125: 2843: 2702: 2543: 2498: 2433: 2416: 2343: 2179: 2167: 2066: 1690: 1682: 1637: 1515: 1498: 1369: 1329: 1297: 1285: 1237: 1153: 711: 396: 8987: 6739: 5894:"Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal Canis aureus L. in Greece" 4586:"Population genomics of grey wolves and wolf-like canids in North America" 4521: 4248: 4101: 3777: 2645:

which prohibits commercial international trade in wild-sourced specimens.

1348:

of an extinct unidentified canid. This canid was genetically close to the

1341:

occurred before the divergence of the Eurasian and North American wolves.

15743: 15689: 15611: 15423: 15303: 15049: 14966: 14394: 13585: 13502: 13475: 13224: 13138: 13070: 12996: 12987: 12954: 12912: 12877: 12594: 12487: 12319: 11859: 11771: 11679: 11324: 10897: 10717: 10382: 10296: 10279: 10256: 10219: 10103: 10067: 9912: 9701: 9556: 9435: 9201: 9179: 9121: 9103: 8125: 7825:"Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Japanese Wolf (Canis Lupus Hodophilax 7457: 7440: 6497: 6367:"Environmental and intrinsic correlates of stress in free-ranging wolves" 4124: 3880:"How Much Is That in Dog Years? The Advent of Canine Population Genomics" 3422: 3362: 3326: 3301: 3239: 3147: 3042: 3038: 2831: 2610: 2082: 2062: 2042: 1906: 1893: 1826: 1758: 1620: 1225: 1096: 1072: 1024: 570: 514: 508: 496: 480: 414: 15502: 15466: 8126:"Never Cry Wolf: Science, Sentiment, and the Literary Rehabilitation of 5367: 5350: 4730: 3654: 2638: 15590: 15274: 15192: 15172: 14946: 14603: 13849: 13780: 13767: 13734: 13520: 13258: 13018: 12566: 12543: 12429: 12420: 12369: 12334: 12310: 12074: 11973: 11922: 11868: 11850: 11823: 11730: 11680: 11079: 11052: 10980: 10963: 10726: 10699: 10545: 10449: 10433: 10269: 10149: 9989: 9825: 9692: 9484: 9452: 9436: 8993: 8645:

Rajpurohit, K.S. (1999). "Child lifting: Wolves in Hazaribagh, India".

8518:

The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions With People

7845: 7824: 7626: 6920: 5241: 4883: 3804:

The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People

3484: 3442: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3159: 3107: 3014: 2554:

prey, wolves leap in a high arc and immobilize it with their forepaws.

2324: 2229: 2214: 1933: 1919: 1915: 1846: 1810: 1727: 1699: 1677: 1654: 1527: 1195: 437: 370: 8776:

Wolf Almanac, New and Revised: A Celebration Of Wolves And Their World

7790: 6458:. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 6078:"Recolonizing wolves influence the realized niche of resident cougars" 5517: 5500: 4430: 4302: 4233:"Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves" 2526: 981:

he listed the doglike carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and

440:

accompanied by their offspring. Offspring may leave to form their own

15616: 15523: 15251: 14978: 14534: 14469: 14082: 14022: 13808: 13629: 13244: 13236: 13185: 13035: 12921: 12903: 12617: 12451: 12284: 12126: 12092: 11904: 11596: 10870: 10340: 9816: 9384: 9063: 4064: 3234: 2999: 2995: 2835: 2815: 2806:

are important strongholds for wolves. The wolf has been protected in

2538:

of injury to themselves. With medium-sized prey, such as roe deer or

2364: 2221: 2159: 2151: 2143: 2113: 2102: 2074: 2050: 1943: 1925: 1862: 1858: 1830: 1806: 1790: 1786: 1762: 1715: 1711: 1543: 1523: 1386: 1325: 1257: 1252:. While some sources have suggested that this was a consequence of a 1207: 1176:

is difficult and ambiguous, with some authors choosing to include C.

1108: 562:). The name "gray wolf" refers to the grayish colour of the species. 449: 421: 210: 170: 15385: 7009: 7007: 6912: 6819: 6817: 5866:. US Department of Agriculture Division of Publications. p. 2. 5069:

Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation

4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4874: 3674:

A. Lehrman (1987). "Anatolian Cognates of the PIE Word for 'Wolf'".

2132:. The most harmful to wolves, particularly pups, is the mange mite ( 15528: 15408: 15264: 15197: 15079: 14912: 14906: 14900: 14231: 13694: 13511: 13487: 12848: 12698: 12644: 12580: 12575: 12528: 12460: 12378: 12248: 11997: 11988: 11886: 11841: 11721: 11554: 11291: 11200: 11169: 11129: 11016: 10948: 10856: 10847: 10167: 9963: 9716: 9599: 9566: 9415: 9403: 9327: 9051: 7031: 6168: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5411: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 3450: 3446: 3430: 3410: 3280: 3223: 3026: 2971: 2967: 2847: 2803: 2634: 2339: 2234: 2155: 2147: 2106: 1874: 1798: 1782: 1743: 1502:

large males can reach a weight of 69–79 kg (152–174 lb).

1410: 1249: 1199: 461: 190: 7125: 7123: 6169:"Hyenas around the cities. The case of Kaftarkhoun (Kashan- Iran)" 4765: 4055: 3849:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577. 3089: 2910:, Italy, 13th century AD. (The twins are a 15th-century addition.) 2412: 1980:

In Israel, Palestine, Central Asia and India wolves may encounter

79: 15816: 15756: 15222: 15187: 15182: 15159: 15147: 15084: 15066: 15054: 15024: 15006: 14996: 14941: 14923: 14856: 14613: 14460: 14334: 14049: 13561: 12891: 12357: 11913: 11877: 11744: 11712: 11696: 11209: 10912: 10491: 9972: 9879: 9797: 9725: 9667: 9644: 9537: 9069: 8347: 7402:

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:821120/FULLTEXT01.pdf

7004: 6814: 6787: 6348: 6346: 6321: 6319: 6294: 6292: 5842: 5840: 4525:"Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis" 3928: 3846:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

3350: 3346: 3334: 3330: 3112: 2819: 2811: 2571: 2441: 2402: 2352: 2334: 2086: 1950: 1911: 1889: 1723: 1707: 1406: 1362: 1314: 1306: 1276: 1245: 1186:

Considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves by the

457: 429: 374: 347: 220: 7527: 6804: 6802: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6545: 6543: 6541: 5653: 5248: 5071:(2 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 482–510. 4941: 4902: 4127:"Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs" 3557: 2810:

since 1972. The Indian wolf is distributed across the states of

2783: 15515: 15451: 15323: 15227: 15034: 15019: 14961: 14717: 14664: 14409: 14097: 13831: 12551: 12212: 12047: 11804: 11241: 10013: 9939: 9888: 9870: 9843: 9764: 9626: 9409: 9397: 9057: 9045: 8934:

Mech, L. David; Smith, Douglas W.; MacNulty, Daniel R. (2015).

8626: 7924:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 405, 437. 7379: 7120: 7096: 7019: 6935: 6880: 6126: 5290: 5105: 5103: 5067:. In Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (eds.). 4919: 4917: 4175: 3976: 3725: 3462: 3458: 3437: 3264: 3226:

levels in instances such as snowmobiling near their territory.

3177: 3176:

both feature scenes in which wolves are hunted with hounds and

3034: 2962: 2943: 2919: 2788: 2622: 2579: 2575: 2520: 2511: 2425: 2098: 2054: 2013: 1958: 1866: 1854: 1834: 1833:

and their eggs. When such foods are insufficient, they prey on

1818: 1751: 1719: 1357: 1217: 982: 679: 582: 578: 492: 465: 388: 200: 180: 30:"Grey Wolf" and "Gray Wolf" redirect here. For other uses, see 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 7874: 7872: 6718:

Peters, R. P.; Mech, L. D. (1975). "Scent-marking in wolves".

6651: 6343: 6316: 6289: 6277: 6012: 5942: 5930: 5837: 5558: 5398:

Earle, M (1987). "A flexible body mass in social carnivores".

4403: 3955: 3279:

A review of the studies on the competitive effects of dogs on

3222:

Human presence appears to stress wolves, as seen by increased

2142:, unlike foxes. Endoparasites known to infect wolves include: 2057:, is largely survivable in wolves, but can be lethal to pups. 1344:

The common ancestor of the coyote and the wolf admixed with a

15790: 15237: 15217: 15177: 15127: 15102: 14699: 14558: 14501: 14374: 14177: 14034: 13661: 13643: 13266: 12936: 12185: 12170: 10831: 10122: 9617: 9076: 8715: 8713: 8657: 7823:

Ishiguro, Naotaka; Inoshima, Yasuo; Shigehara, Nobuo (2009).

6959: 6947: 6841: 6799: 6746: 6538: 5971: 5969: 5643: 5641: 5548: 5546: 4798: 4691: 3260: 3083: 3075: 3059: 2979: 2975: 2807: 2630: 2626: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2539: 2507: 2429: 2139: 2125: 2090: 1922:, usually in disputes over carcasses, sometimes eating them. 1850: 1838: 1778: 1770: 1633: 1531: 1414: 1349: 1057: 994: 978: 969: 807: 547: 403: 379: 366: 343: 230: 143: 137: 8937:

Wolves on the Hunt: The Behavior of Wolves Hunting Wild Prey

8887:

The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species

7509:"Conservation in conflict: Advancement and the Arabian wolf" 6978:

MacNulty, Daniel; Mech, L. David; Smith, Douglas W. (2007).

6429: 5260: 5100: 4914: 2978:

Hinduism, the wolf is a symbol of the night and the daytime

2409:

begin in the second half of winter and lasts for two weeks.

1522:

The wolf has very dense and fluffy winter fur, with a short

1465: in) in height, and the hind feet are 220–250 mm ( 1034:

36 wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies:

15142: 14073: 12969: 12294: 9903: 9635: 9493: 8556:

10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1195:HRTPSH]2.0.CO;2

8498:

10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0253:TFTEWN]2.0.CO;2

8317: 8305: 8255: 8236: 8105: 7922:

The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art

7869: 7692: 7639: 7578: 7343:"Status of large carnivore populations in Europe 2012–2016" 7284:

Beyond Wolves: The Politics of Wolf Recovery and Management

7108: 6775: 6075: 5497: 4338:"Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs" 4334: 3256: 3045:

believed wolves were once men and viewed them as brothers.

3022: 2951: 2567: 2437: 2129: 2121: 2117: 1842: 1822: 1104: 8710: 8481:"Tools for the Edge: What's New for Conserving Carnivores" 8058: 7084: 6829: 6699: 6476: 6417: 6364: 6331: 5966: 5954: 5918: 5794: 5638: 5543: 5025: 2802:

In southern Asia, the northern regions of Afghanistan and

14951: 12203: 11812: 10140: 9157: 8540: 8431:

Boitani, L. (1983). "Wolf and dog competition in Italy".

7822: 7560:"Turkey's Wolves Are Texting Their Travels to Scientists" 6763: 5133:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 110–112. 4472:"Deciphering the Origin of Dogs: From Fossils to Genomes" 4096:. Population Genomics. Springer, Cham. pp. 273–306. 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3521: 2926:

connected the wolf with their god of war and agriculture

2041:

and Alaska. The canine parvovirus, which causes death by

1794: 974: 362: 8965: 8088: 8034: 8010: 6030: 4279: 1356:

from the other canid species. The basal position of the

6687: 6304: 5576: 3242:, an escaped wolf shot for killing livestock in England 1095:

techniques reveal that the modern wolf and the dog are

8591:

The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans

8070: 7896: 5831:

Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world

5206: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5090: 5088: 3707: 3542: 3325:

Predatory attacks may be preceded by a long period of

2871: 2419:

pups stimulating their mother to regurgitate some food

1929:

A wolf, a bear, coyotes and ravens compete over a kill

8698: 8329: 8046: 8022: 7998: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7950: 7938: 7884: 7753: 7539: 6191:

Mills, M. G. L.; Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998).

6131:

Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity

5227: 4517: 4515: 1256:, other studies have suggested that this a result of 13034: 10430: 8267: 7141: 7072: 6675: 6663: 6493: 6491: 3025:

as punishment for his evil deeds. The legend of the

1899: 1644:

In North America, the coat colours of wolves follow

1405:

The wolf is the largest extant member of the family

1313:, Poland. Left: product of a male wolf and a female 556: 538: 526: 6628: 6248: 6194:

Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan

5806: 5626: 5272: 5194: 5177: 5085: 3558:Boitani, L.; Phillips, M. & Jhala, Y. (2023) . 3006:symbol for clans of the Pacific Northwest like the 310:Global wolf range based on IUCN's 2023 assessment. 8511: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8199: 7281: 5678: 4986: 4929: 4512: 4229: 4044:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2694:repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States 2338:(50 sq mi). Other vocalizations include 1793:. In North America, important range-wide prey are 8933: 7037: 7025: 7013: 6977: 6941: 6488: 5584:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4634: 4041: 3790: 2205:Pack (canine) § Pack behavior in grey wolves 1809:. Prior to their extirpation from North America, 522:, which is itself thought to be derived from the 15836: 10830: 8387: 7596: 7551: 7259:"How many wild wolves are in the United States?" 7205:"Wolf Recovery under the Endangered Species Act" 5987: 4802:"Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs" 4726: 4724: 4695:Mammalian Biology—Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 3465:, have been specifically bred for wolf hunting. 3002:the "wolf trail". The wolf is also an important 2724:, the wolf is strictly protected under the 1979 43:"Wolves" redirects here. For football club, see 9028: 8638: 8520:. University Press, Cambridge. pp. 21–47. 8366: 7713:"Reconsidering the distribution of gray wolves" 7407: 7229: 7210:. US Fish and Wildlife Service. February 2007. 7172: 6898: 6190: 6166: 5751:. University of California Press. p. 144. 5748:The Last Wild Wolves: Ghosts of the Rain Forest 5153: 4087: 4085: 4083: 2974:, the wolf is ridden by gods of protection. In 1114:, and therefore should not be assessed for the 1091:that Linnaeus studied in Sweden. Studies using 8505: 7502: 7500: 7478:. Wolves and Humans Foundation. Archived from 7337: 7335: 6637:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 163. 6229: 5738: 5493: 5491: 5120: 5118: 4578: 4576: 3825: 3693:Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). 3629: 3627: 3625: 3583:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en 3468: 1888:In times of scarcity, wolves will readily eat 1291: 477:International Union for Conservation of Nature 14872: 11694: 9535: 9368: 9014: 8909:Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi, eds. (2003). 8816: 8800:Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages 8663: 8597:. Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning (NINA). 8156: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7816: 7590: 6971: 6965: 6953: 6823: 6793: 6757: 6447: 5988:Sunquist, Melvin E.; Sunquist, Fiona (2002). 5899:. World Wildlife Fund Greece. pp. 1–47. 5885: 5666: 5266: 5254: 5223: 5221: 5147: 5109: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 4980: 4923: 4908: 4792: 4721: 4469: 4091: 3877: 3796: 9382: 8424: 7473:"The Wolf in Russia—situations and problems" 7441:"Hunting as Sustainable Wildlife Management" 7306: 7135: 6892: 6120: 5981: 5715: 5284: 5058: 4998: 4685: 4463: 4273: 4169: 4118: 4080: 3719: 3692: 3132:. Villainous wolf characters also appear in 2861: 2112:Wolves are often infested with a variety of 1829:and smaller carnivores. They frequently eat 953:In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist 15865:Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances 8912:Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation 8908: 8731: 8725: 8632: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8534: 8472: 8352:. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–93. 8350:Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation 8323: 8311: 8261: 8249: 8111: 7878: 7704: 7698: 7584: 7557: 7533: 7497: 7432: 7385: 7332: 7251: 7166: 7144:"Schedule 3 (section 26) Protected Species" 7129: 7114: 7102: 7090: 6886: 6847: 6835: 6808: 6781: 6769: 6711: 6705: 6657: 6564:"Wolf-Pack Buffer Zones as Prey Reservoirs" 6549: 6482: 6435: 6423: 6352: 6337: 6325: 6298: 6283: 6160: 6069: 6024: 6018: 5975: 5960: 5948: 5936: 5924: 5846: 5800: 5647: 5564: 5552: 5488: 5342: 5115: 5031: 4855: 4853: 4573: 4035: 3961: 3922: 3622: 3189:Wolves are among the central characters of 2233:consisting of up to 42 wolves being known. 1814:particularly during the autumn and winter. 1666: 1429:A wolf skeleton housed in the Wolf Museum, 14879: 14865: 9555: 9375: 9361: 9021: 9007: 8669: 8644: 8341: 7908: 7413: 7288:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 6717: 6358: 6242: 5852: 5765: 5744: 5426: 5218: 5037: 4470:Freedman, Adam H; Wayne, Robert K (2017). 4225: 4223: 4221: 3871: 3831: 3673: 3372: 3317:(1833) by François Grenier de Saint-Martin 3048: 2878:Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology 2585: 1589: in), but can reach 110–130 mm ( 377:, and is further distinguished from other 301: 115: 78: 13778: 10267: 9450: 8682:. G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 179–207. 8675: 8496: 7844: 7799: 7789: 7771: 7736: 7675: 7665: 7456: 6995: 6622: 6555: 6441: 6400: 6390: 6223: 6184: 6103: 6093: 6060: 5891: 5818: 5672: 5526: 5516: 5391: 5366: 5325: 4873: 4825: 4783: 4759: 4668: 4611: 4601: 4556: 4487: 4446: 4377: 4256: 4201: 4152: 4142: 4063: 4018: 3905: 3895: 3752: 3581: 3229: 2705:population numbers over 250 individuals. 2358:Scent marking involves urine, feces, and 2138:), though they rarely develop full-blown 597:Canine phylogeny with ages of divergence 12124: 8570: 8445: 8082: 7558:Şekercioğlu, Çağan (December 15, 2013). 7273: 7197: 7052:The Wolf: His Place in the Natural World 6853: 5721: 5501:"Food habits of the world's grey wolves" 5461: 5004: 4850: 4628: 3392: 3309: 3274: 3233: 3088: 2887: 2782: 2712: 2690:reintroductions in Yellowstone and Idaho 2652: 2592:List of gray wolf populations by country 2525: 2497: 2411: 2380: 2208: 1997: 1969:interactions are well-documented in the 1942:Wolves also dominate and sometimes kill 1924: 1885:, grain crops, and the shoots of reeds. 1737: 1676: 1619: 1509: 1424: 1396: 1361:and wolves show varying degrees of past 1352:and evolved after the divergence of the 1301: 1137: 11198: 9961: 9482: 8587: 8430: 7919: 7772:Xu, Yu; Yang, Biao; Dou, Liang (2015). 7765: 7633: 7465: 7185:from the original on September 30, 2019 6863:The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior 5994:. University of Chicago Press. p. 5348: 5163:. Oxford University Press. p. 45. 5131:Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition 5124: 4218: 3807:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3633: 1389:, with little evidence of the reverse. 1317:; right: from a female wolf and a male 456:as well as smaller animals, livestock, 14: 15837: 14291: 12527: 8858: 8817:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). 8797: 8719: 8478: 8335: 8193: 8162: 8117: 8076: 8064: 8040: 8016: 7992: 7980: 7944: 7902: 7710: 7506: 7438: 7349:from the original on September 2, 2019 7142:Government of Canada (July 29, 2019). 7043: 6448:Nowak, R. M.; Paradiso, J. L. (1983). 6310: 5858: 5771: 5432: 3713: 3686: 3667: 2930:, and believed their city's founders, 2487: 15390: 15389: 14860: 13765: 13222: 12526: 11678: 10813: 10254: 9434: 9356: 9002: 8837: 8772: 8704: 8512:Coppinger, R.; Schneider, R. (1995). 8439: 8144:from the original on October 12, 2013 8123: 8052: 8028: 8004: 7968: 7956: 7890: 7759: 7545: 7515:from the original on November 7, 2019 7049: 6693: 6681: 6669: 5906:from the original on December 9, 2017 5829:; Fritts, S. H.; Seip, D. R. (eds.). 5824: 5397: 5278: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5094: 4399: 4397: 4330: 4328: 3972: 3970: 1949:Wolves may interact and compete with 15822:2F15C6CE-6C7A-4AF8-AE71-087151318E0E 15731:309809e8-1a21-45a0-80a0-1f13fee46c52 15568:3610bdd7-7432-4d43-9f6e-6684deb82987 8883: 8285: 8273: 7566:from the original on October 6, 2019 7173:State of Alaska (October 29, 2019). 7078: 6561: 5812: 5632: 5622:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 5467: 4992: 4935: 4859: 4489:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110937 3315:Country children surprised by a wolf 3295: 2768:, and around 2,500 in the northwest 1103:. In 2019, a workshop hosted by the 985:. He classified the domestic dog as 361:have been recognized, including the 15845:IUCN Red List least concern species 10745:South African small-spotted genet ( 7420:. Fauna & Flora International. 7279: 7217:from the original on August 3, 2019 6859: 6045:, in Montana, Alberta, and Wyoming" 5780:. Chartwell Crestline. p. 53. 4476:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 3878:Larson, G.; Bradley, D. G. (2014). 3696:The Wolves of North America, Part I 3569:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3413:with dogs (usually combinations of 3146:, and are included in the works of 2872:In folklore, religion and mythology 2198: 1044:(Meyer, 1793). Wozencraft included 327: 24: 14886: 8686:from the original on June 24, 2015 8286:Levy, Max G. (December 11, 2020). 7729:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.021 7619:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00354.x 7179:Alaska Department of Fish and Game 7154:from the original on April 9, 2019 6631:"Ch.8-The Denali Wolf-Prey System" 6610:from the original on July 24, 2018 6167:Monchot, H.; Mashkour, H. (2010). 6134:. Island Press. pp. 179–207. 5873:from the original on July 24, 2019 5059:Paquet, P.; Carbyn, L. W. (2003). 4890:from the original on July 31, 2019 4394: 4325: 3967: 3775: 3652: 3475:Wolves as pets and working animals 3140:The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats 3062:featured wolves in several of his 2922:, the god of light and order. The 2659:Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge 2323:Problems playing these files? See 2274: 1761:, the wolf feeds predominantly on 1194:, a pronounced development of the 513:The English "wolf" stems from the 25: 15916: 11089:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 8959: 8614:from the original on May 17, 2014 6211:from the original on May 16, 2016 6148:from the original on June 3, 2016 5859:Merrit, Dixon (January 7, 1921). 5722:Woodford, Riley (November 2004). 4231:Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). 3203:'s largely fictional 1963 memoir 3037:have traditionally believed that 3021:being transformed into a wolf by 2858:was captured and killed in 1905. 2256:Denali National Park and Preserve 1994:Parasites and pathogens of wolves 1900:Interactions with other predators 1288:diverged around 5,400 years ago. 10814: 8823:. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 8734:"Can You Turn a Wolf into a Dog" 8279: 8222:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00554.x 7391: 7361: 7239:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6524:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2007.04826.x 6232:Canid Biology & Conservation 5455:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x 2648: 2546:, severing nerve tracks and the 2308: 2290: 2261: 1685:in a mountainous habitat in the 1376:, ten percent of dogs including 1368:In more recent times, some male 1060:. Wozencraft referred to a 1999 901: 881: 842: 810: 778: 746: 714: 682: 662: 586:and Wolfdregil ("Wolf Runner"). 428:, including individual or group 157: 13223: 10255: 8844:. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. 8766: 7507:Fisher, A. (January 29, 2019). 7038:Mech, Smith & MacNulty 2015 7026:Mech, Smith & MacNulty 2015 7014:Mech, Smith & MacNulty 2015 6942:Mech, Smith & MacNulty 2015 5724:"Alaska's Salmon-Eating Wolves" 5570: 3942:IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group 3769: 2942:includes the feared giant wolf 2494:Hunting behavior of gray wolves 2370: 1857:. In North America, wolves eat 1757:Like all land mammals that are 1324:In the distant past, there was 1148:, the wolf's immediate ancestor 13766: 9247:Northern Rocky Mountain wolf ( 8732:Tucker, P.; Weide, B. (1998). 8396:) in a conservation context". 8134:The Canadian Historical Review 5861:"World's Greatest Animal Dead" 3797:Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1995). 3646: 3597: 3514: 3497: 3397:Carcasses of hunted wolves in 3111:, is a major character in the 2982:must escape from its jaws. In 1392: 1166:(which in turn descended from 546:may also be the source of the 13: 1: 10501:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 8966:The International Wolf Center 8892:University of Minnesota Press 6455:Walker's Mammals of the World 6263:10.1080/09397140.2016.1144292 6049:The Canadian Field-Naturalist 3535: 2866: 2696:has been concentrated in the 1987: 1000: 14763:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 14419:North American river otter ( 13307:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 10361:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 9265:Alexander Archipelago wolf ( 9229:Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf ( 8971:Staying Safe in Wolf Country 8676:Roosevelt, Theodore (1909). 8418:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.032 7667:10.1371/journal.pone.0215019 6866:. Garland STPM. p. 33. 6588:10.1126/science.198.4314.320 6392:10.1371/journal.pone.0137378 5892:Giannatos, G. (April 2004). 5701:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.03.007 5605:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110368 5351:"Wolf of a different colour" 4715:10.1016/j.mambio.2010.02.004 4603:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007745 4144:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016 3897:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004093 3217: 3120:", first written in 1697 by 2898:, sculpture of the mythical 2401:annually being the average. 2385:Korean wolves mating in the 2185: 1275:between the two. The dingo, 1121: 502: 45:Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. 7: 15890:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 11624:Somalian slender mongoose ( 8942:University of Chicago Press 8917:University of Chicago Press 8514:"Evolution of working dogs" 7426:10.13140/RG.2.2.10128.20480 7414:Goldthorpe, Gareth (2016). 7404:Retrieved 30 September 2023 3801:. In Serpell, James (ed.). 3783:Online Etymology Dictionary 3660:Online Etymology Dictionary 3469:As pets and working animals 3449:, wolves are traditionally 3389:Human uses of hunted wolves 2795:300–600 wolves inhabit the 2061:carried by wolves include: 2026:infectious canine hepatitis 2012:carried by wolves include: 1309:in the wild animal park at 1292:Admixture with other canids 1156:descent of the extant wolf 1020:Mammal Species of the World 973:is the Latin word meaning " 589: 565:Since pre-Christian times, 464:and parasites, notably the 10: 15921: 15900:Habitats Directive species 14577:Asian small-clawed otter ( 13316:American hog-nosed skunk ( 13298:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 11606:Angolan slender mongoose ( 11301:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 10350:Small-toothed palm civet ( 8588:Linnell, J. D. C. (2002). 8182:(3): 11–13. Archived from 7261:. Wolf Conservation Center 6251:Zoology in the Middle East 5778:Wolves: Spirit of the Wild 4661:10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.008 4362:10.1038/s41586-022-04824-9 4003:10.1038/s41598-022-06812-5 3472: 3386: 3376: 3299: 3164:Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneyev 3052: 2881: 2875: 2708: 2661:in New Mexico, as part of 2589: 2502:Wolves pursuing a bull elk 2491: 2374: 2265: 2258:were due to other wolves. 2202: 2191: 1991: 1670: 1661: 1295: 1134:Origin of the domestic dog 1131: 1125: 1010: 1004: 557: 539: 506: 424:, and its highly advanced 42: 32:Grey Wolf (disambiguation) 29: 15875:Mammals described in 1758 15398: 15373:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid 15368:Grizzly–black bear hybrid 15346: 15321: 15301: 15283: 15250: 15158: 15111: 15093: 15065: 15005: 14977: 14922: 14894: 14662: 14611: 14602: 14556: 14532: 14499: 14482: 14458: 14407: 14390: 14373: 14344:Saharan striped polecat ( 14332: 14315: 14274: 14229: 14212: 14203: 14194: 14095: 14071: 14047: 14030: 14021: 13944: 13889: 13847: 13830: 13806: 13789: 13774: 13761: 13733: 13692: 13659: 13642: 13583: 13533: 13500: 13483: 13474: 13411: 13370: 13337: 13325:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 13278: 13257: 13235: 13231: 13218: 13154: 13137: 13096: 13068: 13056:Mediterranean monk seal ( 13051: 13017: 12967: 12934: 12899: 12890: 12864: 12847: 12828: 12785:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 12749:South American fur seal ( 12737: 12720: 12696: 12684:South American sea lion ( 12679: 12642: 12625: 12616: 12592: 12564: 12542: 12538: 12522: 12486: 12459: 12450: 12391: 12365: 12356: 12332: 12308: 12293: 12282: 12183: 12157: 12109: 12066:South American gray fox ( 12036: 12010: 11986: 11969: 11954: 11939: 11802: 11769: 11752: 11743: 11710: 11690: 11674: 11642:Common slender mongoose ( 11594: 11552: 11508: 11412: 11386: 11377: 11322: 11289: 11272: 11239: 11222: 11189: 11168: 11127: 11115:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 11110: 11077: 11060: 11051: 11014: 10988: 10979: 10962: 10946: 10910: 10884: 10869: 10845: 10826: 10822: 10809: 10777: 10773: 10637:Crested servaline genet ( 10592: 10553: 10544: 10489: 10463: 10448: 10426: 10380: 10336: 10327: 10278: 10263: 10250: 10218: 10120: 10056: 10039: 10030: 10002: 9985: 9952: 9901: 9814: 9777: 9760: 9751: 9714: 9690: 9681: 9665: 9597: 9564: 9551: 9531: 9478: 9461: 9446: 9430: 9392: 9192: 9094: 9040: 8664:Heptner & Naumov 1998 8544:Wildlife Society Bulletin 7920:Werness, Hope B. (2007). 6997:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-119R1.1 6966:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6954:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6824:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6794:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6758:Heptner & Naumov 1998 6095:10.1186/s40555-015-0122-y 5726:. Wildlifenews.alaska.gov 5667:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5471:The Wolves of Isle Royale 5267:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5255:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5230:Wildlife Society Bulletin 5110:Heptner & Naumov 1998 5019:10.1017/S0952836905007430 4981:Heptner & Naumov 1998 4924:Heptner & Naumov 1998 4909:Heptner & Naumov 1998 4785:10.1007/s10592-013-0547-y 4549:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.041 4203:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019 3754:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060 2906:, from the legend of the 2862:Relationships with humans 2675:Canada National Parks Act 2004:Yellowstone National Park 1883:European black nightshade 1505: 1382:jackal-wolf hybridization 1028:W. Christopher Wozencraft 1007:Subspecies of Canis lupus 896: 876: 869: 837: 805: 773: 741: 709: 677: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 309: 300: 285: 280: 259: 252: 154:Scientific classification 152: 135: 113: 104: 86: 77: 53: 15860:Mammals of North America 14700:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 14568:African clawless otter ( 14320:African striped weasel ( 14133:Yellow-throated marten ( 14009:Formosan ferret-badger ( 13713:Western mountain coati ( 13704:Eastern mountain coati ( 13621:Western lowland olingo ( 13603:Eastern lowland olingo ( 13431:Southern spotted skunk ( 13125:Southern elephant seal ( 13116:Northern elephant seal ( 12906:Pagophilus groenlandicus 11683:("dog-like" carnivorans) 11496:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 11117:Mungotictis decemlineata 9992:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 9439:("cat-like" carnivorans) 9220:British Columbian wolf ( 8838:Lopez, Barry H. (1978). 8802:. Detselig Enterprises. 8781:Rowman & Littlefield 8516:. In Serpell, J. (ed.). 8479:Shivik, John A. (2006). 7175:"Wolf Hunting in Alaska" 6197:. IUCN. pp. 24–25. 3843:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 3490: 3255:(northern Scandinavia), 3166:, and others. Tolstoy's 3055:List of fictional wolves 2846:has roughly 650 wolves, 2682:contiguous United States 2657:Captive Mexican wolf at 2530:Two wolves feeding on a 2116:exoparasites, including 1667:Distribution and habitat 1017:In the third edition of 534:Proto-Indo-European root 452:and feeds on large wild 15880:Pleistocene carnivorans 14745:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 14000:Burmese ferret-badger ( 13982:Chinese ferret-badger ( 13973:Bornean ferret badger ( 13964:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 13449:Eastern spotted skunk ( 13440:Western spotted skunk ( 13170:Leptonychotes weddellii 12812:Subantarctic fur seal ( 12758:Australasian fur seal ( 11582:Black-footed mongoose ( 11564:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 11513:White-tailed mongoose ( 11451:Indian brown mongoose ( 11433:Short-tailed mongoose ( 11424:Small Indian mongoose ( 11361:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 11334:Alexander's kusimanse ( 11310:Common dwarf mongoose ( 11277:Pousargues's mongoose ( 11139:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 11098:Grandidier's mongoose ( 10352:Arctogalidia trivirgata 9576:Sunda clouded leopard ( 9319:Alaskan Interior wolf ( 8884:Mech, L. David (1981). 8633:Mech & Boitani 2003 8398:Biological Conservation 8324:Mech & Boitani 2003 8312:Mech & Boitani 2003 8262:Mech & Boitani 2003 8250:Mech & Boitani 2003 8112:Mech & Boitani 2003 7879:Mech & Boitani 2003 7711:Larson, Greger (2017). 7699:Mech & Boitani 2003 7585:Mech & Boitani 2003 7562:. National Geographic. 7534:Mech & Boitani 2003 7439:Baskin, Leonid (2016). 7386:Mech & Boitani 2003 7345:. European Commission. 7130:Mech & Boitani 2003 7115:Mech & Boitani 2003 7103:Mech & Boitani 2003 7091:Mech & Boitani 2003 6887:Mech & Boitani 2003 6848:Mech & Boitani 2003 6836:Mech & Boitani 2003 6809:Mech & Boitani 2003 6782:Mech & Boitani 2003 6770:Mech & Boitani 2003 6706:Mech & Boitani 2003 6658:Mech & Boitani 2003 6550:Mech & Boitani 2003 6483:Mech & Boitani 2003 6436:Mech & Boitani 2003 6424:Mech & Boitani 2003 6353:Mech & Boitani 2003 6338:Mech & Boitani 2003 6326:Mech & Boitani 2003 6299:Mech & Boitani 2003 6284:Mech & Boitani 2003 6062:10.22621/cfn.v122i1.550 6019:Mech & Boitani 2003 5976:Mech & Boitani 2003 5961:Mech & Boitani 2003 5949:Mech & Boitani 2003 5937:Mech & Boitani 2003 5925:Mech & Boitani 2003 5847:Mech & Boitani 2003 5801:Mech & Boitani 2003 5745:McAllister, I. (2007). 5648:Mech & Boitani 2003 5565:Mech & Boitani 2003 5553:Mech & Boitani 2003 5468:Mech, L. David (1966). 5349:Hedrick, P. W. (2009). 5318:10.1126/science.1165448 5160:Encyclopedia of Mammals 5032:Mech & Boitani 2003 4860:Mech, L. David (1974). 4818:10.1126/science.aba9572 3962:Mech & Boitani 2003 3373:Human hunting of wolves 3238:A 1905 postcard of the 3049:In fable and literature 3029:has been widespread in 2918:associated wolves with 2601:classifies the wolf as 2586:Status and conservation 1733: 1636:(yellow to orange) and 1378:livestock guardian dogs 1260:homogenising ancestry. 1023:published in 2005, the 528: 517: 15233:Congolese spotted lion 14586:Congo clawless otter ( 14489:Hydrictis maculicollis 14487:Spotted-necked otter ( 14446:Southern river otter ( 14397:Pteronura brasiliensis 14160:European pine marten ( 13671:South American coati ( 13399:Palawan stink badger ( 12725:New Zealand sea lion ( 11790:Japanese raccoon dog ( 11487:Crab-eating mongoose ( 11442:Indian grey mongoose ( 11065:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 10876:(bone-crushing hyenas) 10571:Central African oyan ( 10132:Chinese mountain cat ( 9283:Mackenzie River wolf ( 8859:Marvin, Garry (2012). 8433:Acta Zoologica Fennica 8163:Grooms, Steve (2008). 6041:, and a Grizzly Bear, 5991:Wild cats of the world 5772:Fuller, T. K. (2019). 3931:Jhala, Yadvendradev V. 3799:"2-Origins of the dog" 3634:Linnæus, Carl (1758). 3505:Canus lupus familiaris 3483:are sometimes kept as 3402: 3383:Wolf hunting with dogs 3318: 3243: 3230:Predation on livestock 3118:Little Red Riding Hood 3102: 3095:Little Red Riding Hood 3068:The Boy Who Cried Wolf 2961:, the wolf represents 2911: 2791: 2717: 2686:Endangered Species Act 2665: 2534: 2503: 2420: 2390: 2279: 2217: 2006: 1930: 1754: 1694: 1629: 1519: 1434: 1402: 1321: 1149: 1050:New Guinea singing dog 402:Of all members of the 15778:Paleobiology Database 15333:Polecat–ferret hybrid 14826:Back-striped weasel ( 14772:Black-footed ferret ( 14544:Smooth-coated otter ( 14322:Poecilogale albinucha 13991:Javan ferret-badger ( 13877:Sumatran hog badger ( 13859:Northern hog badger ( 13553:Crab-eating raccoon ( 13458:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 13179:Lobodon carcinophagus 12915:Histriophoca fasciata 12708:Australian sea lion ( 12654:California sea lion ( 12403:American black bear ( 12145:Black-backed jackal ( 12136:Side-striped jackal ( 11976:Chrysocyon brachyurus 11400:Long-nosed mongoose ( 10673:Rusty-spotted genet ( 10510:Large-spotted civet ( 10359:Sulawesi palm civet ( 10288:Owston's palm civet ( 9862:Andean mountain cat ( 9338:Alaskan tundra wolf ( 8798:Graves, Will (2007). 8773:Busch, R. H. (2007). 8446:Backeryd, J. (2007). 8165:"The Mixed Legacy of 7605:(4). Wiley: 476–483. 7485:on September 23, 2007 7400:Ramsey, Morag (2015) 6037:, Killed by Cougars, 5774:"Ch3-What wolves eat" 5528:10536/DRO/DU:30085823 5157:; Norris, S. (2001). 4772:Conservation Genetics 4745:10.1093/jhered/esu014 4249:10.1101/gr.197517.115 4102:10.1007/13836_2018_27 3576:: e.T3746A247624660. 3396: 3313: 3275:Competition with dogs 3237: 3135:The Three Little Pigs 3092: 2891: 2786: 2764:, 1,100–2,400 in the 2760:, 1,700–2,240 in the 2716: 2656: 2590:Further information: 2529: 2501: 2415: 2384: 2278: 2213:Indian wolves at the 2212: 2047:electrolyte imbalance 2001: 1928: 1741: 1680: 1655:Black-coloured wolves 1623: 1513: 1431:Abruzzo National Park 1428: 1401:A North American wolf 1400: 1305: 1269:Late Pleistocene wolf 1254:population bottleneck 1204:Pleistocene megafauna 1141: 1132:Further information: 1128:Evolution of the wolf 1071:under the biological 1038:(Linnaeus, 1758) and 1011:Further information: 965:binomial nomenclature 468:, may infect wolves. 395:, to produce fertile 387:species, such as the 373:member of the family 334:), also known as the 36:Wolf (disambiguation) 15563:Fauna Europaea (new) 14641:Long-tailed weasel ( 14219:Lyncodon patagonicus 13868:Greater hog badger ( 13390:Sunda stink badger ( 13080:Hawaiian monk seal ( 12803:Guadalupe fur seal ( 12776:Antarctic fur seal ( 12767:Galápagos fur seal ( 12663:Galápagos sea lion ( 11781:Common raccoon dog ( 11633:Cape gray mongoose ( 11573:Jackson's mongoose ( 11533:Paracynictis selousi 11524:Cynictis penicillata 11148:Durrell's vontsira ( 10736:Giant forest genet ( 10528:Large Indian civet ( 10468:Small Indian civet ( 10077:Sunda leopard cat ( 9853:Southern tiger cat ( 9789:African golden cat ( 9466:African palm civet ( 9292:Baffin Island wolf ( 8292:Smithsonian Magazine 8202:Conservation Biology 7599:Conservation Biology 7536:, pp. 323, 327. 7458:10.3106/041.041.0402 7148:Justice Laws Website 7058:. pp. 217–218. 7050:Zimen, Erik (1981). 6984:Journal of Mammalogy 6901:Journal of Mammalogy 6635:The Wolves of Denali 6562:Mech, L. D. (1977). 6173:Journal of Taphonomy 5125:Miklosi, A. (2015). 4535:(21): 3441–3449.e5. 4336:V. (July 14, 2022). 3605:"Appendices | CITES" 3524:are included in the 3306:List of wolf attacks 2934:, were suckled by a 2758:Carpathian Mountains 2387:Tama Zoological Park 2174:, irritation of the 1975:localized extinction 1939:American black bears 1748:Denali National Park 1626:La Boissière-du-Doré 1244:), originating from 1242:Last Glacial Maximum 1236:to other wolves and 1142:Life restoration of 550:word for the animal 426:expressive behaviour 15905:Paraphyletic groups 15338:Polecat–mink hybrid 14684:M. aistoodonnivalis 14520:Hairy-nosed otter ( 14437:Neotropical otter ( 14217:Patagonian weasel ( 13680:White-nosed coati ( 12880:Cystophora cristata 12871:Erignathus barbatus 12604:Northern fur seal ( 12381:Helarctos malayanus 12017:Atelocynus microtis 11724:U. cinereoargenteus 11615:Egyptian mongoose ( 11542:Rhynchogale melleri 11540:Meller's mongoose ( 11531:Selous's mongoose ( 11515:Ichneumia albicauda 11469:Collared mongoose ( 11343:Angolan kusimanse ( 11227:Liberian mongoose ( 10580:West African oyan ( 10479:Civettictis civetta 10410:Golden palm civet ( 10368:Masked palm civet ( 10343:Arctictis binturong 10317:Hemigalus derbyanus 10315:Banded palm civet ( 10306:Hose's palm civet ( 10095:Rusty-spotted cat ( 9334:(taxonomy disputed) 9301:Northwestern wolf ( 8750:on December 8, 2015 8722:, pp. 121–140. 8635:, pp. 300–304. 8410:2014BCons.171..232L 8214:2002ConBi..16..809C 8095:Yellowstone Science 8067:, pp. 21, 123. 7717:Zoological Research 7658:2019PLoSO..1415019S 7611:1991ConBi...5..476J 7511:. Middle East Eye. 7388:, pp. 318–320. 7368:European Commission 7280:Nie, M. A. (2003). 7132:, pp. 321–324. 7105:, pp. 122–125. 6889:, pp. 119–121. 6860:Fox, M. W. (1978). 6826:, pp. 249–254. 6796:, pp. 234–238. 6732:1975AmSci..63..628P 6580:1977Sci...198..320M 6516:2007Ecogr..30...66J 6450:"Carnivora;Canidae" 6383:2015PLoSO..1037378M 6355:, pp. 2–3, 28. 6328:, pp. 202–208. 6301:, pp. 211–213. 6286:, pp. 208–211. 6021:, pp. 264–265. 5951:, pp. 263–264. 5939:, pp. 261–263. 5849:, pp. 266–268. 5693:2018MamBi..91...30G 5669:, pp. 213–231. 5597:2021PPP...57110368L 5567:, pp. 109–110. 5447:2008Letha..41..333S 5400:American Naturalist 5368:10.1038/hdy.2009.77 5310:2009Sci...323.1339A 5304:(5919): 1339–1343. 5257:, pp. 168–169. 4983:, pp. 164–270. 4911:, pp. 129–132. 4733:Journal of Heredity 4707:2010MamBi..75..341I 4653:2019iSci...20..110W 4541:2018CBio...28E3441G 4423:2020MolEc..29.1596L 4354:2022Natur.607..313B 4295:2021MolEc..30.6687H 4194:2015CBio...25.1515S 3995:2022NatSR..12.2882I 3964:, pp. 239–245. 3745:2015CBio...25.2158K 3703:, Inc. p. 390. 3520:Domestic and feral 2787:A wolf in southern 2778:former Soviet Union 2488:Hunting and feeding 2454:German Shepherd Dog 2377:Canine reproduction 2164:thorny-headed worms 2079:bovine tuberculosis 1354:African hunting dog 1319:West Siberian Laika 1198:muscle, and robust 1077:nominate subspecies 899:Black-backed jackal 879:Side-striped jackal 409:, the wolf is most 354:. More than thirty 107:Conservation status 15138:Lord Morton's mare 14799:European polecat ( 14632:Colombian weasel ( 14282:(African polecats) 13910:Caucasian badger ( 13838:(Eurasian badgers) 13288:(hog-nosed skunks) 13025:("southern seals") 12924:Halichoerus grypus 12855:("northern seals") 12727:Phocarctos hookeri 12632:Eumetopias jubatus 12630:Steller sea lion ( 12412:Asian black bear ( 12162:African wild dog ( 12116:(wolf-like canids) 11393:Atilax paludinosus 11352:Common kusimanse ( 11279:Dologale dybowskii 11251:Gambian mongoose ( 11035:Western falanouc ( 11026:Eastern falanouc ( 10995:Cryptoprocta ferox 10900:Parahyaena brunnea 10655:Johnston's genet ( 10610:Abyssinian genet ( 10562:(African linsangs) 10470:Viverricula indica 10401:Brown palm civet ( 10392:Asian palm civet ( 10299:Cynogale bennettii 10290:Chrotogale owstoni 10186:European wildcat ( 10177:Black-footed cat ( 9767:Leptailurus serval 9735:Asian golden cat ( 9501:(Asiatic linsangs) 9303:C. l. occidentalis 8176:International Wolf 8124:Jones, K. (2001). 7846:10.2108/zsj.26.765 7833:Zoological Science 6720:American Scientist 6660:, pp. 66–103. 6082:Zoological Studies 5127:"Ch. 5.5.2—Wolves" 5007:Journal of Zoology 3983:Scientific Reports 3701:Dover Publications 3425:), poisoning with 3406:Theodore Roosevelt 3403: 3319: 3244: 3183:Peter and the Wolf 3144:Russian literature 3103: 2954:'s faithful pets. 2912: 2902:feeding the twins 2884:Wolves in heraldry 2792: 2718: 2666: 2535: 2504: 2421: 2391: 2280: 2268:Wolf communication 2218: 2172:allergic reactions 2059:Bacterial diseases 2034:canine coronavirus 2007: 1963:niche partitioning 1931: 1871:lily of the valley 1755: 1742:A wolf carrying a 1718:(including Arctic 1695: 1630: 1520: 1435: 1403: 1374:Caucasus Mountains 1322: 1226:Indian plains wolf 1150: 1145:Canis mosbachensis 989:, and the wolf as 977:", and under this 61:Middle Pleistocene 15855:Mammals of Europe 15832: 15831: 15765:Open Tree of Life 15392:Taxon identifiers 15383: 15382: 15045:Jackal–dog hybrid 14957:Sheep–goat hybrid 14854: 14853: 14850: 14849: 14846: 14845: 14842: 14841: 14838: 14837: 14817:Siberian weasel ( 14808:American ermine ( 14736:Japanese weasel ( 14691:Mountain weasel ( 14675: 14598: 14597: 14384: 14369: 14368: 14365: 14364: 14353:Striped polecat ( 14303:Marbled polecat ( 14285: 14270: 14269: 14242: 14190: 14189: 14169:Japanese marten ( 14115:American marten ( 14108: 13966:M. cucphuongensis 13957: 13940: 13939: 13928:European badger ( 13901:Japanese badger ( 13841: 13794:American badger ( 13757: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13729: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13653: 13612:Northern olingo ( 13596: 13571:Cozumel raccoon ( 13546: 13470: 13469: 13424: 13383: 13291: 13272: 13214: 13213: 13210: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13202: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13188:Ommatophoca rossi 13161:Hydrurga leptonyx 13148: 13145:(Antarctic seals) 13118:M. angustirostris 13109: 13092: 13091: 13058:Monachus monachus 13045: 13028: 13013: 13012: 13009: 13008: 12858: 12841: 12824: 12823: 12686:Otaria flavescens 12675: 12674: 12586: 12554:Odobenus rosmarus 12518: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12469: 12446: 12445: 12442: 12441: 12344:Spectacled bear ( 12302: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12118: 12105: 12104: 12024:Crab-eating fox ( 12015:Short-eared dog ( 11963: 11948: 11935: 11934: 11817: 11759:Otocyon megalotis 11703: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11654: 11653: 11522:Yellow mongoose ( 11373: 11372: 11260:Banded mongoose ( 11229:Liberiictus kuhni 11183: 11164: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11047: 11046: 10973: 10942: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10878: 10839: 10805: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10757: 10756: 10709:Servaline genet ( 10628:Bourlon's genet ( 10603: 10564: 10540: 10539: 10422: 10421: 10394:P. hermaphroditus 10246: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10214: 10213: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10159:African wildcat ( 10116: 10115: 10086:Flat-headed cat ( 10026: 10025: 9810: 9809: 9747: 9746: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9585:Clouded leopard ( 9544: 9519:Spotted linsang ( 9503: 9468:Nandinia binotata 9350: 9349: 9321:C. l. pambasileus 9258:C. l. labradorius 9238:Hudson Bay wolf ( 9222:C. l. columbianus 8983:Death of a Legend 8951:978-0-226-25514-9 8926:978-0-226-51696-7 8901:978-0-8166-1026-6 8876:978-1-86189-879-1 8851:978-0-7432-4936-2 8841:Of Wolves and Men 8830:978-1-886106-81-9 8809:978-1-55059-332-7 8790:978-1-59921-069-8 8604:978-82-426-1292-2 8189:on June 21, 2010. 8043:, pp. 64–70. 8019:, pp. 38–45. 7791:10.7717/peerj.982 7065:978-0-285-62411-5 6850:, pp. 46–49. 6811:, pp. 42–46. 6696:, pp. 39–41. 6574:(4314): 320–321. 6552:, pp. 19–26. 6438:, pp. 12–13. 6313:, pp. 77–85. 6204:978-2-8317-0442-5 5681:Mammalian Biology 5518:10.1111/mam.12067 5481:978-1-4102-0249-9 5215:, pp. 19–20. 5170:978-0-7607-1969-5 5140:978-0-19-104572-1 5061:"Ch23: Gray wolf 4866:Mammalian Species 4812:(6516): 557–564. 4431:10.1111/mec.15329 4411:Molecular Ecology 4348:(7918): 313–320. 4303:10.1111/mec.16127 4289:(24): 6687–6700. 4283:Molecular Ecology 4188:(11): 1515–1519. 4111:978-3-030-04752-8 3856:978-0-8018-8221-0 3837:"Order Carnivora" 3833:Wozencraft, W. C. 3776:Harper, Douglas. 3716:, pp. 74–75. 3653:Harper, Douglas. 3509:Canus lupus dingo 3296:Attacks on humans 3253:domestic reindeer 3031:European folklore 2959:Chinese astronomy 2932:Romulus and Remus 2904:Romulus and Remus 2797:Arabian Peninsula 2770:Iberian peninsula 2766:Italian Peninsula 2732:II) and the 1992 2544:biting the throat 2542:, wolves kill by 2532:white-tailed deer 2313: 2295: 2176:intestinal mucosa 2135:Sarcoptes scabiei 2038:incubation period 2036:. In wolves, the 2022:canine parvovirus 1803:white-tailed deer 1673:Wolf distribution 1536:calcaneal tendons 1526:and long, coarse 1363:genetic admixture 1273:genetic admixture 1160:from the earlier 1062:mitochondrial DNA 1054:taxonomic synonym 957:published in his 951: 950: 941: 940: 926: 925: 914: 913: 855: 854: 823: 822: 791: 790: 759: 758: 727: 726: 695: 694: 314: 313: 147: 130: 93:Canis lupus lupus 27:Species of canine 16:(Redirected from 15912: 15825: 15824: 15812: 15811: 15799: 15798: 15786: 15785: 15773: 15772: 15760: 15759: 15747: 15746: 15734: 15733: 15724: 15723: 15711: 15710: 15708:NBNSYS0000005184 15698: 15697: 15685: 15684: 15672: 15671: 15659: 15658: 15646: 15645: 15633: 15632: 15620: 15619: 15607: 15606: 15594: 15593: 15581: 15580: 15571: 15570: 15558: 15557: 15545: 15544: 15532: 15531: 15519: 15518: 15506: 15505: 15496: 15495: 15483: 15482: 15470: 15469: 15460: 15459: 15447: 15446: 15434: 15433: 15432: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15387: 15386: 15363:ABC Islands bear 15293:Macropod hybrids 15270:Hybrid orangutan 15030:Dingo–dog hybrid 14881: 14874: 14867: 14858: 14857: 14790:Malayan weasel ( 14709:Steppe polecat ( 14682:Sichuan weasel ( 14674: 14673: 14669: 14609: 14608: 14546:L. perspicillata 14511:Eurasian otter ( 14388: 14387: 14383: 14382: 14378: 14289: 14288: 14284: 14283: 14279: 14258:Greater grison ( 14241: 14240: 14236: 14210: 14209: 14201: 14200: 14151:Nilgiri marten ( 14124:Pacific marten ( 14107: 14106: 14102: 14028: 14027: 14011:M. subaurantiaca 13956: 13955: 13954:(ferret-badgers) 13951: 13845: 13844: 13840: 13839: 13835: 13787: 13786: 13776: 13775: 13763: 13762: 13657: 13656: 13652: 13651: 13647: 13595: 13594: 13590: 13545: 13544: 13540: 13481: 13480: 13423: 13422: 13421:(spotted skunks) 13418: 13382: 13381: 13377: 13290: 13289: 13285: 13276: 13275: 13271: 13270: 13262: 13233: 13232: 13220: 13219: 13177:Crabeater seal ( 13152: 13151: 13147: 13146: 13142: 13108: 13107: 13106:(elephant seals) 13103: 13082:N. schauinslandi 13049: 13048: 13044: 13043: 13039: 13032: 13031: 13027: 13026: 13022: 12897: 12896: 12862: 12861: 12857: 12856: 12852: 12845: 12844: 12840: 12839: 12833: 12794:Brown fur seal ( 12769:A. galapagoensis 12656:Z. californianus 12623: 12622: 12590: 12589: 12585: 12584: 12570: 12540: 12539: 12532: 12524: 12523: 12468: 12467: 12463: 12457: 12456: 12372:Melursus ursinus 12363: 12362: 12306: 12305: 12301: 12298: 12291: 12290: 12258:Ethiopian wolf ( 12122: 12121: 12117: 12114: 11967: 11966: 11962: 11959: 11952: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11833:Blanford's fox ( 11816: 11809: 11750: 11749: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11699: 11692: 11691: 11684: 11676: 11675: 11478:Ruddy mongoose ( 11460:Javan mongoose ( 11391:Marsh mongoose ( 11384: 11383: 11363:C. platycephalus 11196: 11195: 11187: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11058: 11057: 11002:Malagasy civet ( 10986: 10985: 10977: 10976: 10972: 10967: 10960: 10959: 10955: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10874: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10835: 10828: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10811: 10810: 10775: 10774: 10602: 10599: 10563: 10560: 10551: 10550: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10446: 10445: 10441: 10428: 10427: 10334: 10333: 10276: 10275: 10265: 10264: 10252: 10251: 10046:Otocolobus manul 10037: 10036: 9959: 9958: 9835:Geoffroy's cat ( 9758: 9757: 9688: 9687: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9562: 9561: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9540: 9533: 9532: 9510:Banded linsang ( 9502: 9499: 9491: 9490: 9480: 9479: 9459: 9458: 9448: 9447: 9440: 9432: 9431: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9354: 9353: 9310:Greenland wolf ( 9240:C. l. hudsonicus 9160:C. l. familiaris 9140:Himalayan wolf ( 9131:Mongolian wolf ( 9124:C. l. campestris 9023: 9016: 9009: 9000: 8999: 8955: 8930: 8905: 8880: 8855: 8834: 8813: 8794: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8749: 8743:. Archived from 8738: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8613: 8596: 8585: 8568: 8567: 8550:(4): 1195–1208. 8538: 8532: 8531: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8460:on July 17, 2019 8459: 8452: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8394:Canis familiaris 8385: 8364: 8363: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8234: 8233: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8173: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7917: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7867: 7866: 7848: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7803: 7793: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7740: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7669: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7504: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7411: 7405: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7287: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7209: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7047: 7041: 7040:, p. 82–89. 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6812: 6806: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6744: 6743: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6536: 6535: 6495: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6404: 6394: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6107: 6097: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6009: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5898: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5835: 5834: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5651: 5645: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5520: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5370: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5225: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5175: 5174: 5155:Macdonald, D. W. 5151: 5145: 5144: 5122: 5113: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5056: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4877: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4829: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4672: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4605: 4596:(11): e1007745. 4580: 4571: 4570: 4560: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4491: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4450: 4417:(9): 1596–1610. 4401: 4392: 4391: 4381: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4227: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4156: 4146: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4089: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4022: 3974: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3899: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3739:(#16): 2158–65. 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3631: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3555: 3529: 3518: 3512: 3501: 3481:wolf-dog hybrids 3399:Volgograd Oblast 3156:Nikolay Nekrasov 3122:Charles Perrault 2984:Tantric Buddhism 2908:founding of Rome 2743: 2739: 2731: 2642: 2614: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2449:gestation period 2315: 2314: 2297: 2296: 2277: 2228:consisting of a 2199:Social structure 2018:canine distemper 2002:Wolf with mange 1971:Russian Far East 1616: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1518:, northern India 1492: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1346:ghost population 1307:Wolf–dog hybrids 1188:Late Pleistocene 1112:Canis familiaris 1013:Pleistocene wolf 987:Canis familiaris 905: 885: 872: 871: 846: 840:African wild dog 814: 782: 750: 718: 686: 666: 653: 652: 646: 645: 639: 638: 632: 631: 625: 624: 618: 617: 611: 610: 604: 603: 594: 593: 567:Germanic peoples 560: 559: 544: 543: 531: 436:consisting of a 434:nuclear families 432:. It travels in 329: 305: 295: 265: 162: 161: 141: 124: 119: 118: 99:in Bardu, Norway 82: 71: 64: 57:Temporal range: 51: 50: 21: 15920: 15919: 15915: 15914: 15913: 15911: 15910: 15909: 15870:Holarctic fauna 15850:Mammals of Asia 15835: 15834: 15833: 15828: 15820: 15815: 15807: 15802: 15794: 15789: 15781: 15776: 15768: 15763: 15755: 15750: 15742: 15739:Observation.org 15737: 15729: 15727: 15719: 15714: 15706: 15701: 15693: 15688: 15680: 15675: 15667: 15662: 15654: 15649: 15641: 15636: 15628: 15623: 15615: 15610: 15602: 15597: 15589: 15584: 15576: 15574: 15566: 15561: 15553: 15548: 15540: 15535: 15527: 15522: 15514: 15509: 15501: 15499: 15491: 15486: 15478: 15473: 15465: 15463: 15455: 15450: 15442: 15437: 15428: 15427: 15422: 15413: 15412: 15407: 15394: 15384: 15379: 15342: 15317: 15297: 15279: 15246: 15213:Panthera hybrid 15154: 15107: 15103:Elephant hybrid 15089: 15075:Clymene dolphin 15061: 15001: 14973: 14918: 14917: 14890: 14885: 14855: 14834: 14810:M. richardsonii 14754:European mink ( 14671: 14670: 14668: 14658: 14650:American mink ( 14623:Amazon weasel ( 14594: 14552: 14528: 14495: 14478: 14454: 14403: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14361: 14328: 14311: 14281: 14280: 14278: 14266: 14249:Lesser grison ( 14238: 14237: 14235: 14225: 14186: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14091: 14067: 14043: 14017: 13953: 13952: 13950: 13936: 13885: 13837: 13836: 13834: 13826: 13802: 13783: 13770: 13749: 13721: 13688: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13638: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13579: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13529: 13496: 13466: 13433:S. angustifrons 13420: 13419: 13417: 13407: 13380:(stink badgers) 13379: 13378: 13376: 13366: 13358:Striped skunk ( 13333: 13327:C. semistriatus 13287: 13286: 13284: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13253: 13247:Ailurus fulgens 13227: 13194: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13133: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13088: 13064: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13005: 12963: 12930: 12886: 12854: 12853: 12851: 12837: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12820: 12733: 12716: 12692: 12671: 12638: 12612: 12579: 12574: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12565: 12560: 12534: 12530: 12502: 12482: 12465: 12464: 12438: 12387: 12352: 12328: 12299: 12297: 12287: 12266: 12195:Golden jackal ( 12179: 12153: 12115: 12113: 12101: 12032: 12026:Cerdocyon thous 12006: 11982: 11960: 11958: 11945: 11943: 11931: 11896:Rüppell's fox ( 11810: 11808: 11798: 11783:N. procyonoides 11765: 11757:Bat-eared fox ( 11739: 11704: 11700: 11686: 11682: 11650: 11635:H. pulverulenta 11590: 11548: 11504: 11471:U. semitorquata 11426:U. auropunctata 11408: 11369: 11318: 11285: 11268: 11235: 11218: 11180: 11178: 11173: 11172: 11156: 11123: 11106: 11073: 11067:Galidia elegans 11043: 11010: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10956: 10951: 10930: 10922:Spotted hyena ( 10906: 10889:Striped hyena ( 10875: 10873: 10865: 10836: 10834: 10818: 10793: 10753: 10691:Aquatic genet ( 10682:Pardine genet ( 10619:Angolan genet ( 10600: 10598: 10588: 10573:P. richardsonii 10561: 10559: 10536: 10519:Malayan civet ( 10485: 10477:African civet ( 10453: 10452: 10442: 10437: 10436: 10432: 10418: 10376: 10323: 10308:Diplogale hosei 10272: 10259: 10234: 10194: 10112: 10052: 10032: 10022: 9998: 9981: 9954: 9948: 9922:Eurasian lynx ( 9897: 9806: 9773: 9753: 9743: 9710: 9683: 9675: 9670: 9653: 9593: 9545: 9541: 9527: 9500: 9487: 9474: 9455: 9442: 9438: 9426: 9388: 9381: 9351: 9346: 9340:C. l. tundrarum 9285:C. l. mackenzii 9256:Labrador wolf ( 9249:C. l. irremotus 9231:C. l. crassodon 9194: 9188: 9171:Eurasian wolf ( 9096: 9090: 9036: 9027: 8989:Cry of the Wild 8962: 8952: 8927: 8902: 8877: 8852: 8831: 8810: 8791: 8769: 8764: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8736: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8689: 8687: 8674: 8670: 8662: 8658: 8643: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8594: 8586: 8571: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8510: 8506: 8477: 8473: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8444: 8440: 8435:(174): 259–264. 8429: 8425: 8386: 8367: 8360: 8346: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8296: 8294: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8237: 8198: 8194: 8186: 8171: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8122: 8118: 8110: 8106: 8087: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7918: 7909: 7901: 7897: 7889: 7885: 7877: 7870: 7821: 7817: 7770: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7709: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7652:(4): e0215019. 7638: 7634: 7595: 7591: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7556: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7505: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7437: 7433: 7412: 7408: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7341: 7340: 7333: 7323: 7321: 7320:. March 5, 2024 7312: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7278: 7274: 7264: 7262: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7188: 7186: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7121: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7048: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7016:, pp. 1–3. 7012: 7005: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6913:10.2307/1382426 6897: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6822: 6815: 6807: 6800: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6747: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6611: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6539: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6426:, pp. 1–2. 6422: 6418: 6377:(9). e0137378. 6363: 6359: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6297: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6247: 6243: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6142: 6125: 6121: 6074: 6070: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5838: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5720: 5716: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5654: 5646: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5544: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5431: 5427: 5396: 5392: 5347: 5343: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5178: 5171: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5101: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5057: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4875:10.2307/3503924 4858: 4851: 4797: 4793: 4764: 4760: 4729: 4722: 4690: 4686: 4633: 4629: 4581: 4574: 4529:Current Biology 4520: 4513: 4468: 4464: 4402: 4395: 4333: 4326: 4278: 4274: 4237:Genome Research 4228: 4219: 4182:Current Biology 4174: 4170: 4137:(1). e1004016. 4123: 4119: 4112: 4090: 4081: 4040: 4036: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3937: 3927: 3923: 3890:(1): e1004093. 3876: 3872: 3857: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3795: 3791: 3774: 3770: 3733:Current Biology 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3691: 3687: 3672: 3668: 3651: 3647: 3632: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3556: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3519: 3515: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3477: 3471: 3391: 3385: 3377:Main articles: 3375: 3308: 3300:Main articles: 3298: 3277: 3232: 3220: 3196:The Jungle Book 3191:Rudyard Kipling 3130:sexual predator 3057: 3051: 2940:Norse mythology 2895:Capitoline Wolf 2886: 2880: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2850:has 10,000 and 2741: 2737: 2729: 2711: 2651: 2640: 2612: 2594: 2588: 2496: 2490: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2379: 2373: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2281: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2243:sexual maturity 2207: 2201: 2196: 2188: 1996: 1990: 1902: 1736: 1675: 1669: 1664: 1650:Rocky Mountains 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1544:tissue-freezing 1508: 1495:Bergmann's rule 1489: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1395: 1338:Sinai Peninsula 1300: 1294: 1281:Tibetan Mastiff 1174:C. mosbachensis 1163:C. mosbachensis 1136: 1130: 1124: 1087:) based on the 1075:of "wolf", the 1015: 1009: 1003: 960:Systema Naturae 942: 927: 915: 856: 824: 792: 760: 728: 696: 592: 511: 505: 489:hunter-gatherer 287: 276: 267: 261: 248: 156: 148: 131: 120: 116: 109: 100: 73: 72: 65: 59: 55: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15918: 15908: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15830: 15829: 15827: 15826: 15813: 15800: 15787: 15774: 15761: 15748: 15735: 15725: 15712: 15699: 15686: 15673: 15660: 15647: 15634: 15621: 15608: 15595: 15582: 15572: 15559: 15550:Fauna Europaea 15546: 15533: 15520: 15507: 15497: 15484: 15471: 15461: 15448: 15435: 15420: 15404: 15402: 15396: 15395: 15381: 15380: 15378: 15377: 15376: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15354: 15352: 15344: 15343: 15341: 15340: 15335: 15329: 15327: 15319: 15318: 15316: 15315: 15309: 15307: 15299: 15298: 15296: 15295: 15289: 15287: 15281: 15280: 15278: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15256: 15254: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15244: 15243: 15242: 15241: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15164: 15162: 15156: 15155: 15153: 15152: 15151: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15119: 15117: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15105: 15099: 15097: 15091: 15090: 15088: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15071: 15069: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15059: 15058: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15040:Eastern coyote 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15011: 15009: 15003: 15002: 15000: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14983: 14981: 14975: 14974: 14972: 14971: 14970: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14937:American Breed 14928: 14926: 14920: 14919: 14916: 14915: 14909: 14903: 14896: 14895: 14892: 14891: 14888:Mammal hybrids 14884: 14883: 14876: 14869: 14861: 14852: 14851: 14848: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14832: 14828:M. strigidorsa 14823: 14814: 14805: 14796: 14787: 14781:Least weasel ( 14778: 14769: 14760: 14751: 14742: 14733: 14727:Haida ermine ( 14724: 14715: 14711:M. eversmannii 14706: 14697: 14688: 14678: 14676: 14660: 14659: 14657: 14656: 14647: 14638: 14629: 14619: 14617: 14606: 14600: 14599: 14596: 14595: 14593: 14592: 14583: 14574: 14564: 14562: 14554: 14553: 14551: 14550: 14540: 14538: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14526: 14517: 14507: 14505: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14493: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14477: 14476: 14466: 14464: 14456: 14455: 14453: 14452: 14443: 14439:L. longicaudis 14434: 14428:Marine otter ( 14425: 14415: 14413: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14401: 14391: 14385: 14371: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14363: 14362: 14360: 14359: 14350: 14340: 14338: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14326: 14316: 14313: 14312: 14310: 14309: 14299: 14297: 14286: 14272: 14271: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14264: 14255: 14245: 14243: 14227: 14226: 14224: 14223: 14213: 14207: 14198: 14192: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14184: 14175: 14166: 14157: 14148: 14142:Beech marten ( 14139: 14130: 14121: 14111: 14109: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14089: 14079: 14077: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14065: 14055: 14053: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14041: 14031: 14025: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14015: 14006: 13997: 13988: 13979: 13970: 13960: 13958: 13942: 13941: 13938: 13937: 13935: 13934: 13925: 13919:Asian badger ( 13916: 13907: 13897: 13895: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13883: 13874: 13865: 13861:A. albogularis 13855: 13853: 13842: 13828: 13827: 13825: 13824: 13818:Honey badger ( 13814: 13812: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13790: 13784: 13779: 13772: 13771: 13759: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13751: 13750: 13748: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13739: 13737: 13731: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13710: 13700: 13698: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13686: 13677: 13667: 13665: 13654: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13636: 13627: 13618: 13609: 13599: 13597: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13577: 13568: 13559: 13555:P. cancrivorus 13549: 13547: 13531: 13530: 13528: 13527: 13523:B. sumichrasti 13518: 13508: 13506: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13494: 13484: 13478: 13472: 13471: 13468: 13467: 13465: 13464: 13455: 13446: 13437: 13427: 13425: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13396: 13386: 13384: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13355: 13349:Hooded skunk ( 13345: 13343: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13331: 13322: 13313: 13304: 13294: 13292: 13273: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13251: 13241: 13239: 13229: 13228: 13216: 13215: 13212: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13200: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13192: 13183: 13174: 13168:Weddell seal ( 13165: 13159:Leopard seal ( 13155: 13149: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13131: 13122: 13112: 13110: 13094: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13062: 13052: 13046: 13029: 13015: 13014: 13011: 13010: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13003: 12994: 12985: 12979:Caspian seal ( 12975: 12973: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12961: 12952: 12946:Spotted seal ( 12942: 12940: 12932: 12931: 12929: 12928: 12919: 12910: 12900: 12894: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12884: 12875: 12869:Bearded seal ( 12865: 12859: 12842: 12838:or true seals) 12836:(earless seals 12826: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12818: 12809: 12800: 12791: 12782: 12773: 12764: 12755: 12745: 12743: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12731: 12721: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12714: 12704: 12702: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12680: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12669: 12660: 12650: 12648: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12636: 12626: 12620: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12610: 12600: 12598: 12587: 12562: 12561: 12559: 12558: 12548: 12546: 12536: 12535: 12520: 12519: 12516: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12498: 12492: 12490: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12472: 12470: 12454: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12427: 12418: 12409: 12399: 12397: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12385: 12376: 12366: 12360: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12350: 12340: 12338: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12322:A. melanoleuca 12316: 12314: 12303: 12288: 12283: 12280: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12264: 12255: 12246: 12240:Eastern wolf ( 12237: 12228: 12222:African wolf ( 12219: 12210: 12204:Domestic dog ( 12201: 12191: 12189: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12177: 12168: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12151: 12142: 12132: 12130: 12119: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12090: 12084:Sechuran fox ( 12081: 12077:L. gymnocercus 12072: 12063: 12057:Darwin's fox ( 12054: 12044: 12042: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12030: 12021: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12004: 11994: 11992: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11980: 11970: 11964: 11949: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11920: 11911: 11902: 11893: 11884: 11875: 11866: 11857: 11848: 11839: 11830: 11826:V. bengalensis 11820: 11818: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11787: 11777: 11775: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11753: 11747: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11728: 11718: 11716: 11705: 11695: 11688: 11687: 11672: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11648: 11639: 11630: 11621: 11612: 11602: 11600: 11592: 11591: 11589: 11588: 11579: 11570: 11566:B. crassicauda 11560: 11558: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11546: 11537: 11528: 11519: 11509: 11506: 11505: 11503: 11502: 11493: 11484: 11475: 11466: 11457: 11448: 11439: 11430: 11420: 11418: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11397: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11358: 11349: 11340: 11330: 11328: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11307: 11297: 11295: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11283: 11273: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11266: 11257: 11247: 11245: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11216: 11206: 11204: 11193: 11184: 11166: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11145: 11135: 11133: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11104: 11100:G. grandidieri 11095: 11085: 11083: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11061: 11055: 11049: 11048: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11032: 11022: 11020: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11008: 10999: 10989: 10983: 10974: 10957: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10918: 10916: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10904: 10895: 10885: 10879: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10863: 10853: 10851: 10840: 10820: 10819: 10807: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10783: 10781: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10759: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10752: 10751: 10742: 10733: 10724: 10715: 10706: 10697: 10688: 10679: 10670: 10664:Letaba genet ( 10661: 10652: 10646:Common genet ( 10643: 10634: 10625: 10616: 10606: 10604: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10577: 10567: 10565: 10548: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10525: 10516: 10507: 10497: 10495: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10474: 10464: 10458: 10443: 10431: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10416: 10412:P. zeylonensis 10407: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10370:Paguma larvata 10365: 10356: 10347: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10312: 10303: 10294: 10284: 10282: 10273: 10268: 10261: 10260: 10248: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10224: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10192: 10183: 10174: 10165: 10156: 10147: 10141:Domestic cat ( 10138: 10128: 10126: 10118: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10110: 10101: 10097:P. rubiginosus 10092: 10083: 10074: 10070:P. bengalensis 10064: 10062: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10044:Pallas's cat ( 10040: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10010: 10008: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9996: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9979: 9969: 9967: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9937: 9931:Iberian lynx ( 9928: 9919: 9909: 9907: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9895: 9886: 9877: 9868: 9859: 9850: 9841: 9832: 9822: 9820: 9812: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9795: 9785: 9783: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9741: 9732: 9722: 9720: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9698: 9696: 9685: 9676: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9642: 9633: 9624: 9615: 9609:Snow leopard ( 9605: 9603: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9591: 9582: 9572: 9570: 9559: 9546: 9536: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9516: 9506: 9504: 9488: 9483: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9472: 9462: 9456: 9451: 9444: 9443: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9422:Laurasiatheria 9418: 9412: 9406: 9400: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9380: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9357: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9335: 9325: 9316: 9307: 9298: 9294:C. l. manningi 9289: 9280: 9274:Eastern wolf ( 9271: 9262: 9253: 9244: 9235: 9226: 9217: 9211:Mexican wolf ( 9208: 9198: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9182:C. l. pallipes 9177: 9168: 9158:Domestic dog ( 9155: 9146: 9137: 9128: 9119: 9113:Arabian wolf ( 9110: 9100: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9080: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9026: 9025: 9018: 9011: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8978: 8977:(January 2009) 8968: 8961: 8960:External links 8958: 8957: 8956: 8950: 8931: 8925: 8906: 8900: 8881: 8875: 8867:Reaktion Books 8856: 8850: 8835: 8829: 8814: 8808: 8795: 8789: 8779:(3 ed.). 8768: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8724: 8709: 8707:, p. 108. 8697: 8668: 8666:, p. 267. 8656: 8637: 8625: 8603: 8569: 8533: 8526: 8504: 8471: 8438: 8423: 8365: 8359:978-0199663217 8358: 8340: 8328: 8326:, p. 306. 8316: 8314:, p. 307. 8304: 8278: 8276:, p. 173. 8266: 8264:, p. 309. 8254: 8252:, p. 305. 8235: 8208:(3): 809–814. 8192: 8167:Never Cry Wolf 8155: 8116: 8114:, p. 294. 8104: 8081: 8079:, p. 162. 8069: 8057: 8055:, p. 263. 8045: 8033: 8031:, p. 259. 8021: 8009: 8007:, p. 123. 7997: 7985: 7973: 7971:, p. 110. 7961: 7959:, p. 133. 7949: 7937: 7931:978-0826419132 7930: 7907: 7905:, p. 128. 7895: 7893:, p. 210. 7883: 7881:, p. 292. 7868: 7839:(11): 765–70. 7815: 7764: 7762:, p. 232. 7752: 7723:(3): 115–116. 7703: 7701:, p. 328. 7691: 7632: 7589: 7587:, p. 327. 7577: 7550: 7548:, p. 231. 7538: 7526: 7496: 7464: 7451:(4): 173–180. 7431: 7406: 7390: 7378: 7360: 7331: 7305: 7298: 7272: 7250: 7228: 7196: 7165: 7134: 7119: 7117:, p. 230. 7107: 7095: 7083: 7081:, p. 185. 7071: 7064: 7056:Souvenir Press 7042: 7030: 7018: 7003: 6990:(3): 595–605. 6970: 6968:, p. 240. 6958: 6956:, p. 233. 6946: 6934: 6907:(4): 879–889. 6891: 6879: 6873:978-0894642029 6872: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6813: 6798: 6786: 6784:, p. 175. 6774: 6762: 6760:, p. 248. 6745: 6726:(6): 628–637. 6710: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6662: 6650: 6643: 6621: 6554: 6537: 6487: 6475: 6468: 6440: 6428: 6416: 6357: 6342: 6340:, p. 164. 6330: 6315: 6303: 6288: 6276: 6241: 6222: 6203: 6183: 6159: 6140: 6119: 6068: 6033:"Gray Wolves, 6023: 6011: 6004: 5980: 5978:, p. 265. 5965: 5963:, p. 266. 5953: 5941: 5929: 5927:, p. 269. 5917: 5884: 5851: 5836: 5817: 5815:, p. 180. 5805: 5803:, p. 109. 5793: 5787:978-0785837381 5786: 5764: 5758:978-0520254732 5757: 5737: 5714: 5671: 5652: 5650:, p. 201. 5637: 5635:, p. 172. 5625: 5569: 5557: 5555:, p. 107. 5542: 5511:(4): 255–269. 5487: 5480: 5460: 5441:(4): 333–347. 5425: 5412:10.1086/284670 5406:(5): 755–760. 5390: 5361:(6): 435–436. 5341: 5283: 5271: 5269:, p. 168. 5259: 5247: 5236:(3): 821–830. 5217: 5205: 5193: 5176: 5169: 5146: 5139: 5114: 5112:, p. 174. 5099: 5084: 5077: 5036: 5034:, p. 112. 5024: 5013:(3): 249–270. 4997: 4985: 4940: 4928: 4926:, p. 166. 4913: 4901: 4849: 4791: 4778:(2): 405–417. 4758: 4720: 4701:(4): 341–347. 4684: 4627: 4572: 4511: 4462: 4393: 4324: 4272: 4243:(2): 163–173. 4217: 4168: 4117: 4110: 4079: 4034: 3966: 3954: 3921: 3870: 3855: 3824: 3817: 3789: 3768: 3718: 3706: 3685: 3666: 3645: 3621: 3596: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3513: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3473:Main article: 3470: 3467: 3374: 3371: 3297: 3294: 3276: 3273: 3231: 3228: 3219: 3216: 3211:Hollywood film 3206:Never Cry Wolf 3180:. The musical 3172:and Chekhov's 3050: 3047: 2948:Geri and Freki 2924:Ancient Romans 2916:Ancient Greeks 2876:Main article: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2840:Andhra Pradesh 2828:Madhya Pradesh 2722:European Union 2710: 2707: 2663:reintroduction 2650: 2647: 2637:are listed in 2587: 2584: 2548:carotid artery 2492:Main article: 2489: 2486: 2372: 2369: 2320: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2289: 2286:Wolves howling 2284: 2283: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2266:Main article: 2263: 2260: 2226:nuclear family 2220:The wolf is a 2200: 2197: 2187: 2184: 2030:papillomatosis 2010:Viral diseases 1992:Main article: 1989: 1986: 1982:striped hyenas 1967:Siberian tiger 1953:, such as the 1901: 1898: 1735: 1732: 1671:Main article: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1624:Wolves in the 1507: 1504: 1499:Arabian wolves 1394: 1391: 1370:Italian wolves 1334:golden jackals 1330:African wolves 1296:Main article: 1293: 1290: 1228:are part of a 1222:Himalayan wolf 1126:Main article: 1123: 1120: 1066:subspecies of 1005:Main article: 1002: 999: 949: 948: 944: 943: 939: 938: 929: 928: 924: 923: 917: 916: 912: 911: 908: 907: 895: 892: 891: 888: 887: 875: 870: 868: 865: 864: 858: 857: 853: 852: 849: 848: 836: 833: 832: 826: 825: 821: 820: 817: 816: 804: 801: 800: 794: 793: 789: 788: 785: 784: 772: 769: 768: 762: 761: 757: 756: 753: 752: 744:Ethiopian wolf 740: 737: 736: 730: 729: 725: 724: 721: 720: 708: 705: 704: 698: 697: 693: 692: 689: 688: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 656: 651: 649: 644: 642: 637: 635: 630: 628: 623: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 602: 599: 598: 591: 588: 524:Proto-Germanic 504: 501: 454:hooved mammals 356:subspecies of 312: 311: 307: 306: 298: 297: 290:Subspecies of 283: 282: 278: 277: 268: 257: 256: 250: 249: 242: 240: 236: 235: 228: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 150: 149: 136: 133: 132: 114: 111: 110: 105: 102: 101: 87: 84: 83: 75: 74: 58: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15917: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15842: 15840: 15823: 15818: 15814: 15810: 15805: 15801: 15797: 15792: 15788: 15784: 15779: 15775: 15771: 15766: 15762: 15758: 15753: 15749: 15745: 15740: 15736: 15732: 15726: 15722: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15704: 15700: 15696: 15691: 15687: 15683: 15678: 15674: 15670: 15665: 15661: 15657: 15652: 15648: 15644: 15639: 15635: 15631: 15626: 15622: 15618: 15613: 15609: 15605: 15600: 15596: 15592: 15587: 15583: 15579: 15573: 15569: 15564: 15560: 15556: 15551: 15547: 15543: 15538: 15534: 15530: 15525: 15521: 15517: 15512: 15508: 15504: 15498: 15494: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15476: 15472: 15468: 15462: 15458: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15440: 15436: 15431: 15425: 15421: 15416: 15410: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15401: 15397: 15393: 15388: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15360: 15359: 15356: 15355: 15353: 15351: 15350: 15345: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15325: 15320: 15314: 15311: 15310: 15308: 15306: 15305: 15300: 15294: 15291: 15290: 15288: 15286: 15282: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15253: 15249: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15215: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15208:Serengeti cat 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15166: 15165: 15163: 15161: 15157: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15125: 15124: 15121: 15120: 15118: 15116: 15115: 15110: 15104: 15101: 15100: 15098: 15096: 15092: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15070: 15068: 15064: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15017: 15016: 15013: 15012: 15010: 15008: 15004: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14980: 14976: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14933: 14930: 14929: 14927: 14925: 14921: 14914: 14910: 14908: 14904: 14902: 14898: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14882: 14877: 14875: 14870: 14868: 14863: 14862: 14859: 14831: 14829: 14824: 14822: 14820: 14815: 14813: 14811: 14806: 14804: 14802: 14797: 14795: 14793: 14788: 14786: 14784: 14779: 14777: 14775: 14770: 14768: 14766: 14765:M. lutreolina 14761: 14759: 14757: 14752: 14750: 14748: 14743: 14741: 14739: 14734: 14732: 14730: 14725: 14723: 14721: 14716: 14714: 14712: 14707: 14705: 14703: 14698: 14696: 14694: 14689: 14687: 14685: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14667: 14666: 14661: 14655: 14653: 14648: 14646: 14644: 14639: 14637: 14635: 14630: 14628: 14626: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14616: 14615: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14601: 14591: 14589: 14584: 14582: 14580: 14575: 14573: 14571: 14566: 14565: 14563: 14561: 14560: 14555: 14549: 14547: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14537: 14536: 14531: 14525: 14523: 14518: 14516: 14514: 14509: 14508: 14506: 14504: 14503: 14498: 14492: 14490: 14485: 14484: 14481: 14475: 14473: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14463: 14462: 14457: 14451: 14449: 14444: 14442: 14440: 14435: 14433: 14431: 14426: 14424: 14422: 14421:L. canadensis 14417: 14416: 14414: 14412: 14411: 14406: 14400: 14398: 14395:Giant otter ( 14393: 14392: 14389: 14386: 14376: 14372: 14358: 14356: 14351: 14349: 14347: 14342: 14341: 14339: 14337: 14336: 14331: 14325: 14323: 14318: 14317: 14314: 14308: 14306: 14301: 14300: 14298: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14287: 14277: 14273: 14263: 14261: 14256: 14254: 14252: 14247: 14246: 14244: 14234: 14233: 14228: 14222: 14220: 14215: 14214: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14193: 14183: 14181: 14176: 14174: 14172: 14167: 14165: 14163: 14158: 14156: 14154: 14153:M. gwatkinsii 14149: 14147: 14145: 14140: 14138: 14136: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14100: 14099: 14094: 14088: 14086: 14081: 14080: 14078: 14076: 14075: 14070: 14064: 14062: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14052: 14051: 14046: 14040: 14038: 14033: 14032: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14020: 14014: 14012: 14007: 14005: 14003: 13998: 13996: 13994: 13993:M. orientalis 13989: 13987: 13985: 13980: 13978: 13976: 13971: 13969: 13967: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13949: 13948: 13943: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13924: 13922: 13917: 13915: 13913: 13908: 13906: 13904: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13894: 13893: 13888: 13882: 13880: 13875: 13873: 13871: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13852: 13851: 13846: 13843: 13833: 13829: 13823: 13821: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13811: 13810: 13805: 13799: 13797: 13796:Taxidea taxus 13792: 13791: 13788: 13785: 13782: 13777: 13773: 13769: 13764: 13760: 13743: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13738: 13736: 13732: 13718: 13716: 13711: 13709: 13707: 13706:N. meridensis 13702: 13701: 13699: 13697: 13696: 13691: 13685: 13683: 13678: 13676: 13674: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13655: 13645: 13641: 13635: 13633: 13628: 13626: 13624: 13619: 13617: 13615: 13610: 13608: 13606: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13588: 13587: 13582: 13576: 13574: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13538: 13537: 13532: 13526: 13524: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13493: 13491: 13486: 13485: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13473: 13463: 13461: 13456: 13454: 13452: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13438: 13436: 13434: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13416: 13415: 13410: 13404: 13402: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13392:M. javanensis 13388: 13387: 13385: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13363: 13361: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13342: 13341: 13336: 13330: 13328: 13323: 13321: 13319: 13318:C. leuconotus 13314: 13312: 13310: 13309:C. humboldtii 13305: 13303: 13301: 13296: 13295: 13293: 13283: 13282: 13277: 13274: 13268: 13260: 13256: 13250: 13248: 13243: 13242: 13240: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13221: 13217: 13191: 13189: 13184: 13182: 13180: 13175: 13173: 13171: 13166: 13164: 13162: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13150: 13140: 13136: 13130: 13128: 13123: 13121: 13119: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13101: 13100: 13095: 13085: 13083: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13073: 13072: 13067: 13061: 13059: 13054: 13053: 13050: 13047: 13037: 13033: 13030: 13020: 13016: 13002: 13000: 12997:Baikal seal ( 12995: 12993: 12991: 12988:Ringed seal ( 12986: 12984: 12982: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12972: 12971: 12966: 12960: 12958: 12955:Harbor seal ( 12953: 12951: 12949: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12927: 12925: 12920: 12918: 12916: 12913:Ribbon seal ( 12911: 12909: 12907: 12902: 12901: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12889: 12883: 12881: 12878:Hooded seal ( 12876: 12874: 12872: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12860: 12850: 12846: 12843: 12831: 12827: 12817: 12815: 12814:A. tropicalis 12810: 12808: 12806: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12783: 12781: 12779: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12741: 12740:Arctocephalus 12736: 12730: 12728: 12723: 12722: 12719: 12713: 12711: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12700: 12695: 12689: 12687: 12682: 12681: 12678: 12668: 12666: 12665:Z. wollebaeki 12661: 12659: 12657: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12641: 12635: 12633: 12628: 12627: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12615: 12609: 12607: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12588: 12582: 12577: 12573:(eared seals: 12568: 12563: 12557: 12555: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12525: 12521: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12485: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12462: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12449: 12435: 12433: 12428: 12426: 12424: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12414:U. thibetanus 12410: 12408: 12406: 12405:U. americanus 12401: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12395: 12390: 12384: 12382: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12368: 12367: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12355: 12349: 12347: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12325: 12323: 12320:Giant panda ( 12318: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12312: 12307: 12304: 12296: 12292: 12289: 12286: 12281: 12263: 12261: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12238: 12236: 12234: 12229: 12227: 12225: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12206:C. familiaris 12202: 12200: 12198: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12182: 12176: 12174: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12164:Lycaon pictus 12160: 12159: 12156: 12150: 12148: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12128: 12123: 12120: 12112: 12108: 12098: 12096: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12040: 12035: 12029: 12027: 12022: 12020: 12018: 12013: 12012: 12009: 12003: 12001: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11990: 11985: 11979: 11977: 11972: 11971: 11968: 11965: 11957: 11953: 11950: 11942: 11938: 11928: 11926: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11894: 11892: 11890: 11885: 11883: 11881: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11860:Tibetan fox ( 11858: 11856: 11854: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11814: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11795: 11793: 11792:N. viverrinus 11788: 11786: 11784: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11762: 11760: 11755: 11754: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11742: 11736: 11734: 11733:U. littoralis 11729: 11727: 11725: 11720: 11719: 11717: 11715: 11714: 11709: 11706: 11698: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11677: 11673: 11647: 11645: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11608:H. flavescens 11604: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11598: 11593: 11587: 11585: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11571: 11569: 11567: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11556: 11551: 11545: 11543: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11511: 11510: 11507: 11501: 11499: 11498:U. vitticolla 11494: 11492: 11490: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11458: 11456: 11454: 11449: 11447: 11445: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11417: 11416: 11411: 11405: 11403: 11402:Xenogale naso 11398: 11396: 11394: 11389: 11388: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11366: 11364: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11350: 11348: 11346: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11315: 11313: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11288: 11282: 11280: 11275: 11274: 11271: 11265: 11263: 11258: 11256: 11254: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11232: 11230: 11225: 11224: 11221: 11215: 11213: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11185: 11176: 11175:sensu stricto 11171: 11167: 11153: 11151: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11120: 11118: 11113: 11112: 11109: 11103: 11101: 11096: 11094: 11092: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11082: 11081: 11076: 11070: 11068: 11063: 11062: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11050: 11040: 11038: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11018: 11013: 11007: 11005: 11004:Fossa fossana 11000: 10998: 10996: 10991: 10990: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10965: 10961: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10945: 10927: 10925: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10898:Brown hyena ( 10896: 10894: 10892: 10891:Hyaena hyaena 10887: 10886: 10883: 10880: 10872: 10868: 10862: 10860: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10812: 10808: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10750: 10748: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10718:Hausa genet ( 10716: 10714: 10712: 10707: 10705: 10703: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10621:G. angolensis 10617: 10615: 10613: 10612:G. abyssinica 10608: 10607: 10605: 10597: 10596: 10591: 10585: 10583: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10543: 10533: 10531: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10521:V. tangalunga 10517: 10515: 10513: 10508: 10506: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10482: 10480: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10459: 10456: 10455:sensu stricto 10451: 10447: 10444: 10440: 10435: 10429: 10425: 10415: 10413: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10373: 10371: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10339: 10338: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10329:Paradoxurinae 10326: 10320: 10318: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10297:Otter civet ( 10295: 10293: 10291: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10271: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10253: 10249: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10191: 10189: 10188:F. silvestris 10184: 10182: 10180: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10109: 10107: 10106:P. viverrinus 10104:Fishing cat ( 10102: 10100: 10098: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10079:P. javanensis 10075: 10073: 10071: 10068:Leopard cat ( 10066: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10049: 10047: 10042: 10041: 10038: 10035: 10029: 10019: 10017: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10001: 9995: 9993: 9988: 9987: 9984: 9978: 9976: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9965: 9960: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9943: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9915:L. canadensis 9913:Canada lynx ( 9911: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9894: 9892: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9869: 9867: 9865: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9803: 9801: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9770: 9768: 9763: 9762: 9759: 9756: 9750: 9740: 9738: 9737:C. temminckii 9733: 9731: 9729: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9707: 9705: 9702:Marbled cat ( 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9686: 9680: 9677: 9673: 9672:sensu stricto 9669: 9664: 9650: 9648: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9590: 9588: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9547: 9539: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9522: 9521:P. pardicolor 9517: 9515: 9513: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9481: 9477: 9471: 9469: 9464: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9411: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9391: 9386: 9378: 9373: 9371: 9366: 9364: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9343: 9341: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9213:C. l. baileyi 9209: 9207: 9205: 9202:Arctic wolf ( 9200: 9199: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9183: 9180:Indian wolf ( 9178: 9176: 9174: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9164:C. familiaris 9161: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9122:Steppe wolf ( 9120: 9118: 9116: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9104:Tundra wolf ( 9102: 9101: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9024: 9019: 9017: 9012: 9010: 9005: 9004: 9001: 8995: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8984: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8953: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8821: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8792: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8746: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8714: 8706: 8701: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8672: 8665: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8629: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8593: 8592: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8537: 8529: 8527:9780521425377 8523: 8519: 8515: 8508: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8434: 8427: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8361: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8338:, p. 45. 8337: 8332: 8325: 8320: 8313: 8308: 8293: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8196: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8168: 8159: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8129: 8120: 8113: 8108: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8073: 8066: 8061: 8054: 8049: 8042: 8037: 8030: 8025: 8018: 8013: 8006: 8001: 7995:, p. 50. 7994: 7989: 7983:, p. 47. 7982: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7947:, p. 78. 7946: 7941: 7933: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7904: 7899: 7892: 7887: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7828: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7581: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7501: 7481: 7474: 7468: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7410: 7403: 7399: 7394: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7301: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7276: 7260: 7254: 7238: 7232: 7213: 7206: 7200: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7169: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7124: 7116: 7111: 7104: 7099: 7093:, p. 58. 7092: 7087: 7080: 7075: 7067: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7034: 7027: 7022: 7015: 7010: 7008: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6883: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6856: 6849: 6844: 6838:, p. 47. 6837: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6818: 6810: 6805: 6803: 6795: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6708:, p. 90. 6707: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6684:, p. 38. 6683: 6678: 6672:, p. 59. 6671: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6646: 6644:0-8166-2959-5 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6492: 6485:, p. 38. 6484: 6479: 6471: 6469:9780801825255 6465: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6347: 6339: 6334: 6327: 6322: 6320: 6312: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6293: 6285: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6187: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6147: 6143: 6141:1-55963-080-9 6137: 6133: 6132: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6039:Puma concolor 6036: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6007: 6005:0-226-77999-8 6001: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5970: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5832: 5828: 5827:Carbyn, L. N. 5821: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5741: 5725: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5634: 5629: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505:Mammal Review 5502: 5494: 5492: 5483: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5281:, p. 22. 5280: 5275: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5222: 5214: 5209: 5203:, p. 18. 5202: 5197: 5191:, p. 19. 5190: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5097:, p. 23. 5096: 5091: 5089: 5080: 5078:0-8018-7416-5 5074: 5070: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4995:, p. 14. 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4938:, p. 13. 4937: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4910: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862:"Canis lupus" 4856: 4854: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4739:(3): 345–53. 4738: 4734: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590:PLOS Genetics 4587: 4579: 4577: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4516: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4131:PLOS Genetics 4128: 4121: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4094:Paleogenomics 4088: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4056:10.1206/574.1 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3884:PLOS Genetics 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3841:Wilson, D. E. 3838: 3834: 3828: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3636:"Canis Lupus" 3630: 3628: 3626: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3463:Kyrgyz Tajgan 3460: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3359:Mediterranean 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3227: 3225: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3169:War and Peace 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3152:Anton Chekhov 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3080:New Testament 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3008:Kwakwakaʼwakw 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2859: 2857: 2856:Japanese wolf 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2824:Uttar Pradesh 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762:Baltic states 2759: 2754: 2750: 2749:Great Britain 2745: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2670:First Nations 2664: 2660: 2655: 2649:North America 2646: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2603:Least Concern 2600: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2495: 2485: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2328: 2326: 2305: 2287: 2269: 2262:Communication 2259: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2222:social animal 2216: 2211: 2206: 2195: 2194:Dog behaviour 2190: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2109:, and death. 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071:leptospirosis 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:Eurasian lynx 1952: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1749: 1746:hindquarter, 1745: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704:British Isles 1701: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1646:Gloger's rule 1642: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1512: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1212:spotted hyena 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1116:IUCN Red List 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089:type specimen 1086: 1082: 1081:Eurasian wolf 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1030:listed under 1029: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1008: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971: 966: 962: 961: 956: 955:Carl Linnaeus 946: 945: 937: 936: 931: 930: 922: 921:2.62 mya 919: 918: 910: 909: 906: 904: 900: 894: 893: 890: 889: 886: 884: 880: 874: 873: 867: 866: 863: 862:3.06 mya 860: 859: 851: 850: 847: 845: 841: 835: 834: 831: 830:2.74 mya 828: 827: 819: 818: 815: 813: 809: 803: 802: 799: 798:1.92 mya 796: 795: 787: 786: 783: 781: 777: 776:Golden jackal 771: 770: 767: 766:1.62 mya 764: 763: 755: 754: 751: 749: 745: 739: 738: 735: 734:1.32 mya 732: 731: 723: 722: 719: 717: 713: 707: 706: 703: 702:1.10 mya 700: 699: 691: 690: 687: 685: 681: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 665: 661: 655: 654: 648: 647: 641: 640: 634: 633: 627: 626: 620: 619: 613: 612: 606: 605: 601: 600: 596: 595: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 553: 549: 545: 542: 535: 530: 525: 521: 520: 516: 510: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 473:Least Concern 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422:social nature 419: 416: 412: 408: 405: 400: 398: 394: 393:golden jackal 390: 386: 382: 381: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 359: 353: 352:North America 349: 345: 342:, is a large 341: 337: 333: 325: 324: 319: 308: 304: 299: 296: 294: 293: 284: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 258: 255: 254:Binomial name 251: 247: 246: 245:C. lupus 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 160: 155: 151: 145: 139: 134: 128: 123: 122:Least Concern 112: 108: 103: 98: 94: 90: 89:Eurasian wolf 85: 81: 76: 69: 62: 52: 49: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 15399: 15358:Ursid hybrid 15347: 15322: 15313:Iron Age pig 15302: 15285:Macropodinae 15203:Savannah cat 15168:Felid hybrid 15123:Equid hybrid 15112: 15095:Elephantidae 15015:Canid hybrid 14932:Bovid hybrid 14827: 14818: 14809: 14800: 14791: 14782: 14773: 14764: 14755: 14746: 14737: 14728: 14719: 14710: 14701: 14692: 14683: 14663: 14651: 14642: 14633: 14624: 14612: 14587: 14578: 14569: 14557: 14545: 14533: 14522:L. sumatrana 14521: 14512: 14500: 14488: 14471: 14459: 14447: 14438: 14429: 14420: 14408: 14396: 14354: 14345: 14333: 14321: 14305:V. peregusna 14304: 14292: 14259: 14250: 14230: 14218: 14205:Lyncodontini 14196:Ictonychinae 14180:M. zibellina 14179: 14170: 14161: 14152: 14143: 14135:M. flavigula 14134: 14125: 14117:M. americana 14116: 14096: 14084: 14072: 14060: 14048: 14037:Eira barbara 14036: 14010: 14002:M. personata 14001: 13992: 13983: 13974: 13965: 13945: 13929: 13920: 13912:M. canescens 13911: 13902: 13890: 13878: 13869: 13860: 13848: 13819: 13807: 13795: 13714: 13705: 13693: 13681: 13672: 13660: 13631: 13622: 13613: 13604: 13584: 13572: 13563: 13554: 13534: 13522: 13521:Cacomistle ( 13513: 13501: 13490:Potos flavus 13489: 13459: 13450: 13441: 13432: 13412: 13400: 13391: 13371: 13359: 13350: 13338: 13326: 13317: 13308: 13299: 13279: 13246: 13187: 13178: 13169: 13160: 13126: 13117: 13097: 13081: 13069: 13057: 13042:(monk seals) 12998: 12989: 12980: 12968: 12956: 12947: 12935: 12923: 12914: 12905: 12879: 12870: 12813: 12805:A. townsendi 12804: 12795: 12787:A. philippii 12786: 12777: 12768: 12759: 12751:A. australis 12750: 12738: 12726: 12709: 12697: 12685: 12664: 12655: 12643: 12631: 12605: 12593: 12553: 12432:U. maritimus 12431: 12430:Polar bear ( 12422: 12421:Brown bear ( 12413: 12404: 12392: 12380: 12371: 12370:Sloth bear ( 12345: 12333: 12321: 12309: 12259: 12250: 12241: 12232: 12230: 12223: 12214: 12205: 12196: 12184: 12173:Cuon alpinus 12172: 12163: 12147:L. mesomelas 12146: 12137: 12125: 12094: 12085: 12076: 12075:Pampas fox ( 12067: 12058: 12049: 12037: 12025: 12016: 12000:S. venaticus 11999: 11987: 11975: 11974:Maned wolf ( 11956:Cerdocyonina 11924: 11923:Fennec fox ( 11915: 11906: 11898:V. rueppelli 11897: 11888: 11879: 11870: 11869:Arctic fox ( 11862:V. ferrilata 11861: 11852: 11851:Corsac fox ( 11843: 11834: 11825: 11824:Bengal fox ( 11803: 11791: 11782: 11770: 11758: 11732: 11731:Island fox ( 11723: 11711: 11644:H. sanguinea 11643: 11634: 11625: 11617:H. ichneumon 11616: 11607: 11595: 11583: 11574: 11565: 11553: 11541: 11532: 11523: 11514: 11497: 11488: 11479: 11470: 11461: 11452: 11444:U. edwardsii 11443: 11435:U. brachyura 11434: 11425: 11413: 11401: 11392: 11362: 11353: 11344: 11336:C. alexandri 11335: 11323: 11311: 11302: 11290: 11278: 11261: 11253:M. gambianus 11252: 11240: 11228: 11212:S. suricatta 11211: 11199: 11174: 11149: 11140: 11128: 11116: 11099: 11090: 11078: 11066: 11036: 11027: 11015: 11003: 10994: 10971:carnivorans) 10952: 10923: 10911: 10899: 10890: 10858: 10846: 10816:Herpestoidea 10779:Herpestoidea 10746: 10738:G. victoriae 10737: 10728: 10727:Cape genet ( 10719: 10711:G. servalina 10710: 10701: 10700:King genet ( 10693:G. piscivora 10692: 10683: 10674: 10665: 10657:G. johnstoni 10656: 10647: 10638: 10629: 10620: 10611: 10593: 10582:P. leightoni 10581: 10572: 10554: 10529: 10520: 10512:V. megaspila 10511: 10503:V. civettina 10502: 10490: 10478: 10469: 10454: 10438: 10411: 10402: 10393: 10381: 10369: 10360: 10351: 10342: 10316: 10307: 10298: 10289: 10187: 10178: 10170:F. margarita 10169: 10160: 10151: 10150:Jungle cat ( 10142: 10133: 10121: 10105: 10096: 10088:P. planiceps 10087: 10078: 10069: 10059:Prionailurus 10057: 10045: 10015: 10003: 9991: 9990:Jaguarundi ( 9974: 9962: 9941: 9932: 9923: 9914: 9902: 9890: 9881: 9872: 9863: 9854: 9845: 9837:L. geoffroyi 9836: 9827: 9826:Pampas cat ( 9815: 9799: 9790: 9778: 9766: 9736: 9727: 9715: 9704:P. marmorata 9703: 9691: 9671: 9646: 9637: 9628: 9619: 9610: 9598: 9586: 9577: 9565: 9520: 9511: 9494: 9467: 9420:Superorder: 9414:Infraclass: 9339: 9329: 9320: 9311: 9302: 9293: 9284: 9276:C. l. lycaon 9275: 9267:C. l. ligoni 9266: 9257: 9248: 9239: 9230: 9221: 9212: 9204:C. l. arctos 9203: 9181: 9172: 9163: 9159: 9150: 9142:C. l. chanco 9141: 9133:C. l. chanco 9132: 9123: 9114: 9105: 9084: 9083: 9075: 9030: 8988: 8982: 8936: 8911: 8886: 8861: 8840: 8819: 8799: 8775: 8767:Bibliography 8752:. Retrieved 8745:the original 8740: 8727: 8700: 8688:. Retrieved 8678: 8671: 8659: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8628: 8616:. Retrieved 8590: 8547: 8543: 8536: 8517: 8507: 8488: 8484: 8474: 8462:. Retrieved 8455:the original 8441: 8432: 8426: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8392:) and dogs ( 8389: 8349: 8343: 8331: 8319: 8307: 8297:December 16, 8295:. Retrieved 8291: 8281: 8269: 8257: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8184:the original 8179: 8175: 8166: 8158: 8146:. Retrieved 8137: 8133: 8127: 8119: 8107: 8098: 8094: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8048: 8036: 8024: 8012: 8000: 7988: 7976: 7964: 7952: 7940: 7921: 7898: 7886: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7818: 7781: 7777: 7767: 7755: 7720: 7716: 7706: 7694: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7580: 7570:November 19, 7568:. Retrieved 7553: 7541: 7529: 7519:November 11, 7517:. Retrieved 7489:September 2, 7487:. Retrieved 7480:the original 7467: 7448: 7445:Mammal Study 7444: 7434: 7416: 7409: 7397: 7393: 7381: 7372: 7363: 7353:September 2, 7351:. Retrieved 7322:. Retrieved 7317: 7308: 7283: 7275: 7263:. Retrieved 7253: 7241:. Retrieved 7231: 7221:September 1, 7219:. Retrieved 7199: 7187:. Retrieved 7178: 7168: 7156:. Retrieved 7147: 7137: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7051: 7045: 7033: 7028:, p. 7. 7021: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6961: 6949: 6944:, p. 4. 6937: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6882: 6862: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6789: 6777: 6772:, p. 5. 6765: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6653: 6634: 6624: 6612:. Retrieved 6571: 6567: 6557: 6510:(1): 66–76. 6507: 6503: 6499: 6478: 6454: 6443: 6431: 6419: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6333: 6306: 6279: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6215:November 22, 6213:. Retrieved 6193: 6186: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6152:November 22, 6150:. Retrieved 6130: 6122: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6052: 6048: 6043:Ursus arctos 6042: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6014: 5990: 5983: 5956: 5944: 5932: 5920: 5908:. Retrieved 5887: 5875:. Retrieved 5854: 5830: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5777: 5767: 5747: 5740: 5728:. Retrieved 5717: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5628: 5616:. Retrieved 5588: 5582: 5572: 5560: 5508: 5504: 5470: 5463: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5301: 5297: 5286: 5274: 5262: 5250: 5233: 5229: 5208: 5196: 5159: 5149: 5130: 5068: 5062: 5027: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4988: 4931: 4904: 4892:. Retrieved 4865: 4809: 4805: 4794: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4736: 4732: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4593: 4589: 4532: 4528: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4414: 4410: 4345: 4341: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4240: 4236: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4093: 4047: 4043: 4037: 3986: 3982: 3957: 3945:. Retrieved 3941: 3924: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3845: 3827: 3803: 3792: 3781: 3771: 3736: 3732: 3721: 3709: 3699:. New York, 3695: 3688: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3658: 3648: 3639: 3612:. Retrieved 3608: 3599: 3587:. Retrieved 3573: 3567: 3561: 3526:phylogenetic 3516: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3478: 3451:hunted using 3435: 3423:Fox Terriers 3404: 3379:Wolf hunting 3367:Central Asia 3355: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3263:(Mongolia), 3249: 3245: 3221: 3204: 3201:Farley Mowat 3194: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3133: 3126:Big Bad Wolf 3106: 3104: 3100:Gustave Doré 3093: 3058: 3012: 2988: 2956: 2913: 2893: 2844:Heilongjiang 2801: 2793: 2775: 2751:by 1684, in 2746: 2719: 2703:Mexican wolf 2679: 2667: 2595: 2574:lining. The 2556: 2536: 2517: 2505: 2446: 2422: 2417:Iberian wolf 2392: 2371:Reproduction 2357: 2331: 2322: 2304:Rallying cry 2248: 2240: 2219: 2189: 2180:malnutrition 2170:, toxic and 2168:constipation 2133: 2111: 2097:, vomiting, 2067:Lyme disease 2008: 1979: 1948: 1932: 1920:corsac foxes 1903: 1887: 1867:mountain-ash 1827:insectivores 1816: 1775: 1759:pack hunters 1756: 1696: 1691:Sassoferrato 1683:Italian wolf 1643: 1631: 1540: 1534:down to the 1521: 1516:Spiti Valley 1436: 1404: 1367: 1343: 1323: 1298:Canid hybrid 1286:Mexican wolf 1262: 1216: 1185: 1181: 1178:mosbachensis 1177: 1173: 1167: 1161: 1157: 1154:phylogenetic 1151: 1143: 1111: 1101:domesticated 1093:paleogenomic 1084: 1067: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1018: 1016: 990: 986: 968: 958: 952: 932: 920: 897: 877: 861: 838: 829: 806: 797: 774: 765: 742: 733: 712:African wolf 710: 701: 678: 659: 658: 574: 571:Anglo-Saxons 569:such as the 564: 555: 551: 537: 512: 497:Wolf attacks 470: 466:rabies virus 418:game hunting 406: 401: 384: 378: 357: 339: 335: 331: 322: 321: 317: 315: 291: 286: 262: 260: 244: 243: 231: 92: 48: 40: 15690:NatureServe 15612:iNaturalist 15457:canis-lupus 15444:Canis_lupus 15430:Canis lupus 15424:Wikispecies 15400:Canis lupus 15260:Denisova 11 15050:Sulimov dog 14819:M. sibirica 14801:M. putorius 14774:M. nigripes 14756:M. lutreola 14729:M. haidarum 14625:N. africana 14588:A. congicus 14579:A. cinereus 14570:A. capensis 14470:Sea otter ( 14448:L. provocax 14355:I. striatus 14276:Ictonychini 14171:M. melampus 14083:Wolverine ( 14061:P. pennanti 13984:M. moschata 13975:M. everetti 13921:M. leucurus 13879:A. hoevenii 13870:A. collaris 13820:M. capensis 13715:N. olivacea 13630:Olinguito ( 13586:Bassaricyon 13573:P. pygmaeus 13503:Bassariscus 13476:Procyonidae 13451:S. putorius 13442:S. gracilis 13360:M. mephitis 13351:M. macroura 13245:Red panda ( 13225:Musteloidea 13186:Ross seal ( 13139:Lobodontini 13071:Neomonachus 12999:P. sibirica 12957:P. vitulina 12922:Grey seal ( 12904:Harp seal ( 12796:A. pusillus 12760:A. forsteri 12595:Callorhinus 12529:Pinnipedia 12488:Musteloidea 12260:C. simensis 12224:C. lupaster 12093:Hoary fox ( 12086:L. sechurae 12059:L. fulvipes 12050:L. culpaeus 11946:(true dogs) 11905:Swift fox ( 11880:V. macrotis 11772:Nyctereutes 11681:Caniformia 11626:H. ochracea 11584:B. nigripes 11575:B. jacksoni 11462:U. javanica 11379:Herpestinae 11354:C. obscurus 11345:C. ansorgei 11325:Crossarchus 11181:(mongooses) 11170:Herpestidae 11150:S. durrelli 11141:S. concolor 11091:G. fasciata 11028:E. goudotii 10949:Herpestidae 10859:P. cristata 10720:G. thierryi 10675:G. maculata 10639:G. cristata 10630:G. bourloni 10383:Paradoxurus 10341:Binturong ( 10280:Hemigalinae 10257:Viverroidea 10220:Viverroidea 10179:F. nigripes 10031:Leopard cat 10016:P. concolor 9933:L. pardinus 9882:L. tigrinus 9873:L. pardalis 9864:L. jacobita 9855:L. guttulus 9828:L. colocola 9587:N. nebulosa 9557:Pantherinae 9437:Feliformia 9330:C. l. rufus 9312:C. l. orion 9173:C. l. lupus 9151:C. l. dingo 9115:C. l. arabs 9106:C. l. albus 8741:Wild Sentry 8720:Graves 2007 8404:: 232–245. 8390:Canis lupus 8336:Graves 2007 8128:Canis Lupus 8101:(1): 37–41. 8077:Marvin 2012 8065:Graves 2007 8041:Marvin 2012 8017:Marvin 2012 7993:Marvin 2012 7981:Marvin 2012 7945:Marvin 2012 7903:Marvin 2012 7318:www.fws.gov 7189:October 30, 7158:October 30, 6614:January 10, 6500:Canis lupus 6311:Graves 2007 6238:(7): 27–29. 6179:(1): 17–32. 6088:(41): e41. 6035:Canis lupus 5910:October 29, 5065:and allies" 5063:Canis lupus 4868:(37): 1–6. 4647:: 110–118. 4482:: 281–307. 3989:(1): 2882. 3714:Marvin 2012 3676:Die Sprache 3614:January 14, 3562:Canis lupus 3485:exotic pets 3479:Wolves and 3419:Bloodhounds 3415:sighthounds 3363:Middle East 3327:habituation 3302:Wolf attack 3240:Hexham wolf 3148:Leo Tolstoy 2994:Pawnee and 2832:Maharashtra 2698:Great Lakes 2393:Wolves are 2351:and raised 2251:territorial 2249:Wolves are 2083:listeriosis 2063:brucellosis 2043:dehydration 1934:Brown bears 1907:Custer Wolf 1894:Cannibalism 1863:raspberries 1859:blueberries 1811:wild horses 1628:Zoo, France 1617: in). 1528:guard hairs 1393:Description 1169:C. etruscus 1097:sister taxa 1085:C. l. lupus 1073:common name 1025:mammalogist 991:Canis lupus 515:Old English 509:Wolf (name) 446:territorial 415:cooperative 411:specialized 358:Canis lupus 323:Canis lupus 292:Canis lupus 281:Subspecies 263:Canis lupus 140:Appendix II 66:(400,000–0 15885:Scavengers 15839:Categories 15275:Koolakamba 15193:Kellas cat 15173:Bengal cat 14947:Dwarf Lulu 14792:M. nudipes 14783:M. nivalis 14747:M. kathiah 14702:M. erminea 14693:M. altaica 14643:N. frenata 14634:N. felipei 14604:Mustelinae 14346:I. libycus 14260:G. vittata 14126:M. caurina 13903:M. anakuma 13781:Mustelidae 13768:Mustelidae 13744:see below↓ 13735:Mustelidae 13632:B. neblina 13543:(raccoons) 13514:B. astutus 13512:Ringtail ( 13488:Kinkajou ( 13460:S. pygmaea 13401:M. marchei 13259:Mephitidae 13127:M. leonina 13019:Monachinae 12990:P. hispida 12981:P. caspica 12778:A. gazella 12710:N. cinerea 12606:C. ursinus 12544:Odobenidae 12497:see below↓ 12477:see below↓ 12461:Pinnipedia 12379:Sun bear ( 12346:T. ornatus 12335:Tremarctos 12311:Ailuropoda 12249:Red wolf ( 12215:C. latrans 12138:L. adustus 12095:L. vetulus 12068:L. griseus 11998:Bush dog ( 11889:V. pallida 11887:Pale fox ( 11871:V. lagopus 11842:Cape fox ( 11722:Gray fox ( 11480:U. smithii 11312:H. parvula 11303:H. hirtula 11191:Mungotinae 11080:Galidictis 11053:Galidiinae 10981:Euplerinae 10964:Eupleridae 10953:sensu lato 10924:C. crocuta 10857:Aardwolf ( 10788:see below↓ 10729:G. tigrina 10702:G. poensis 10684:G. pardina 10666:G. letabae 10648:G. genetta 10546:Genettinae 10530:V. zibetha 10450:Viverrinae 10439:sensu lato 10434:Viverrinae 10403:P. jerdoni 10270:Viverridae 10229:see below↓ 10168:Sand cat ( 9975:A. jubatus 9800:C. caracal 9693:Pardofelis 9512:P. linsang 9453:Feliformia 9328:Red wolf ( 9195:subspecies 9097:subspecies 9034:subspecies 8994:Bill Mason 8705:Lopez 1978 8653:: 162–166. 8618:August 16, 8491:(3): 253. 8485:BioScience 8053:Lopez 1978 8029:Lopez 1978 8005:Lopez 1978 7969:Busch 2007 7957:Lopez 1978 7891:Lopez 1978 7760:Busch 2007 7546:Busch 2007 7299:0816639787 6694:Lopez 1978 6682:Lopez 1978 6670:Busch 2007 5591:: 110368. 5279:Lopez 1978 5213:Lopez 1978 5201:Lopez 1978 5189:Lopez 1978 5095:Lopez 1978 3818:0521415292 3536:References 3443:Kazakhstan 3427:strychnine 3387:See also: 3160:Ivan Bunin 3108:Ysengrimus 3053:See also: 3015:Greek myth 2882:See also: 2867:In culture 2395:monogamous 2375:See also: 2325:media help 2230:mated pair 2215:Mysore Zoo 2203:See also: 2192:See also: 2160:roundworms 2144:protozoans 1988:Infections 1944:wolverines 1910:also kill 1879:cowberries 1875:bilberries 1849:, melons, 1728:topography 1716:grasslands 1712:shrublands 1700:extirpated 1311:Kadzidłowo 1265:divergence 1196:temporalis 1079:being the 1046:hallstromi 1036:familiaris 1001:Subspecies 933:3.50 507:See also: 438:mated pair 346:native to 97:Polar Park 15252:Hominidae 14979:Camelidae 14738:M. itatsi 14672:(weasels) 14535:Lutrogale 14472:E. lutris 14430:L. felina 14239:(grisons) 14162:M. martes 14105:(martens) 14023:Guloninae 13809:Mellivora 13682:N. narica 13623:B. medius 13614:B. gabbii 13605:B. alleni 13593:(olingos) 13562:Raccoon ( 13414:Spilogale 13300:C. chinga 13281:Conepatus 13237:Ailuridae 13036:Monachini 12948:P. largha 12618:Otariinae 12581:sea lions 12576:fur seals 12567:Otariidae 12452:Mustelida 12423:U. arctos 12285:Arctoidea 12242:C. lycaon 12197:C. aureus 12127:Lupulella 12039:Lycalopex 11916:V. vulpes 11914:Red fox ( 11878:Kit fox ( 11853:V. corsac 11597:Herpestes 11210:Meerkat ( 10969:(Malagasy 10871:Hyaeninae 10832:Hyaenidae 10747:G. felina 10161:F. lybica 9973:Cheetah ( 9891:L. wiedii 9880:Oncilla ( 9846:L. guigna 9817:Leopardus 9798:Caracal ( 9791:C. aurata 9726:Bay cat ( 9647:P. pardus 9645:Leopard ( 9620:P. tigris 9578:N. diardi 9496:Prionodon 9396:Kingdom: 9385:Carnivora 9193:New World 9095:Old World 9082:Species: 9064:Carnivora 9044:Kingdom: 9031:gray wolf 8754:March 21, 8274:Mech 1981 7243:March 23, 7079:Mech 1981 6504:Ecography 6257:: 85–87. 5813:Mech 1981 5687:: 30–33. 5633:Mech 1981 5618:April 23, 5613:0031-0182 4993:Mech 1981 4936:Mech 1981 4844:225956269 4439:0962-1083 4370:0028-0836 4319:237147842 4065:2246/5999 4050:: 1–218. 4011:2045-2322 3609:cites.org 3345:oblasts, 3281:sympatric 3259:(India), 3218:Conflicts 3017:tells of 3000:Milky Way 2998:call the 2996:Blackfoot 2836:Karnataka 2816:Rajasthan 2728:(Appendix 2552:mouselike 2434:domiciles 2365:urination 2360:preputial 2186:Behaviour 2156:tapeworms 2148:helminths 2114:arthropod 2103:hematuria 2075:tularemia 2053:shock or 2051:endotoxic 1831:waterfowl 1807:mule deer 1797:, moose, 1791:wild boar 1763:ungulates 1687:Apennines 1524:undercoat 1387:gene flow 1326:gene flow 1258:gene flow 1208:dire wolf 1200:premolars 1182:C. lupus. 1122:Evolution 660:Gray wolf 503:Etymology 462:Pathogens 450:carnivore 340:grey wolf 336:gray wolf 239:Species: 211:Carnivora 177:Kingdom: 171:Eukaryota 63:– present 15791:Species+ 15695:2.105212 15682:14000738 15630:11407661 15464:BioLib: 15409:Wikidata 15265:Humanzee 15198:Pumapard 15080:Wholphin 14913:Mammalia 14907:Chordata 14901:Animalia 14899:Kingdom 14718:Ferret ( 14652:N. vison 14513:L. lutra 14381:(otters) 14375:Lutrinae 14232:Galictis 14144:M. foina 14059:Fisher ( 13947:Melogale 13930:M. meles 13850:Arctonyx 13695:Nasuella 13673:N. nasua 13650:(coatis) 13564:P. lotor 13340:Mephitis 13099:Mirounga 12849:Phocinae 12830:Phocidae 12699:Neophoca 12645:Zalophus 12552:Walrus ( 12251:C. rufus 12233:C. lupus 12213:Coyote ( 12048:Culpeo ( 11989:Speothos 11925:V. zerda 11907:V. velox 11844:V. chama 11555:Bdeogale 11453:U. fusca 11292:Helogale 11262:M. mungo 11201:Suricata 11130:Salanoia 11037:E. major 11017:Eupleres 10848:Proteles 10837:(hyenas) 10601:(genets) 10152:F. chaus 10143:F. catus 10134:F. bieti 10014:Cougar ( 9964:Acinonyx 9942:L. rufus 9940:Bobcat ( 9889:Margay ( 9871:Ocelot ( 9844:Kodkod ( 9765:Serval ( 9728:C. badia 9717:Catopuma 9627:Jaguar ( 9611:P. uncia 9600:Panthera 9567:Neofelis 9485:Feloidea 9416:Eutheria 9410:Mammalia 9404:Chordata 9402:Phylum: 9398:Animalia 9068:Family: 9058:Mammalia 9052:Chordata 9050:Phylum: 9046:Animalia 8684:Archived 8609:Archived 8564:86058778 8464:July 17, 8230:84878446 8148:July 28, 8142:Archived 7863:27005517 7855:19877836 7827:Temminck 7810:26082870 7784:: e982. 7747:28585433 7686:30969994 7646:PLOS ONE 7564:Archived 7513:Archived 7376:page 50. 7347:Archived 7324:March 6, 7212:Archived 7183:Archived 7152:Archived 6929:52063038 6608:Archived 6604:22125487 6596:17770508 6532:62800394 6411:26398784 6371:PLOS ONE 6271:85957777 6209:Archived 6146:Archived 6114:31966128 5901:Archived 5877:July 26, 5868:Archived 5730:July 25, 5709:91073874 5537:31174275 5420:85236511 5377:19603061 5355:Heredity 5336:19197024 4894:July 30, 4888:Archived 4836:33122379 4753:24622972 4679:31563851 4641:iScience 4622:30419012 4567:30344120 4506:26721918 4498:27912242 4457:31840921 4388:35768506 4311:34398980 4267:26680994 4212:26004765 4163:24453982 4074:83594819 4029:35217686 3947:March 6, 3916:24453989 3865:62265494 3835:(2005). 3778:"canine" 3763:26234211 3682:: 13–18. 3447:Mongolia 3431:trapping 3411:coursing 3401:, Russia 3224:cortisol 3174:Peasants 3098:(1883), 3072:cry wolf 3043:Dena'ina 3027:werewolf 2972:Buddhism 2968:Hinduism 2936:she-wolf 2900:she-wolf 2848:Xinjiang 2804:Pakistan 2639:Appendix 2635:Pakistan 2611:Appendix 2607:Red List 2512:muskoxen 2442:railways 2436:, paved 2235:Cortisol 2095:anorexia 1855:cherries 1787:roe deer 1783:red deer 1724:pastures 1708:wetlands 1634:ochreous 1514:Wolf in 1411:rib cage 1328:between 1250:Beringia 1232:that is 1224:and the 1158:C. lupus 1068:C. lupus 1056:for the 1032:C. lupus 590:Taxonomy 573:took on 485:agrarian 481:pastoral 391:and the 270:Linnaeus 217:Family: 201:Mammalia 191:Chordata 187:Phylum: 181:Animalia 167:Domain: 127:IUCN 3.1 15817:ZooBank 15757:1506689 15669:1005943 15591:5219173 15324:Mustela 15223:Liliger 15188:Chausie 15183:Caraval 15160:Felidae 15148:Zebroid 15085:Narluga 15067:Cetacea 15055:Wolfdog 15025:Coywolf 15007:Canidae 14997:Huarizo 14942:Beefalo 14924:Bovidae 14905:Phylum 14720:M. furo 14665:Mustela 14614:Neogale 14461:Enhydra 14335:Ictonyx 14294:Vormela 14251:G. cuja 14178:Sable ( 14085:G. gulo 14050:Pekania 14035:Tayra ( 13832:Melinae 13644:Nasuina 13536:Procyon 12892:Phocini 12531:(seals) 12466:(seals) 12358:Ursinae 12300:(bears) 12295:Ursidae 12171:Dhole ( 11961:(zorro) 11835:V. cana 11745:Vulpini 11713:Urocyon 11697:Canidae 11489:U. urva 10993:Fossa ( 10913:Crocuta 10595:Genetta 10492:Viverra 10033:lineage 9955:lineage 9924:L. lynx 9780:Caracal 9754:lineage 9752:Caracal 9684:lineage 9682:Bay cat 9668:Felinae 9629:P. onca 9618:Tiger ( 9538:Felidae 9408:Class: 9387:species 9383:Extant 9149:Dingo ( 9074:Genus: 9070:Canidae 9062:Order: 9056:Class: 9029:Extant 8690:May 14, 8406:Bibcode 8210:Bibcode 7801:4465947 7738:5460078 7677:6457547 7654:Bibcode 7627:2386069 7607:Bibcode 7265:May 10, 6921:1382426 6740:1200478 6728:Bibcode 6576:Bibcode 6568:Science 6512:Bibcode 6402:4580640 6379:Bibcode 6105:6661435 5689:Bibcode 5593:Bibcode 5443:Bibcode 5435:Lethaia 5385:5228987 5327:2903542 5306:Bibcode 5298:Science 5242:3784236 4884:3503924 4827:7116352 4806:Science 4703:Bibcode 4670:6817678 4649:Bibcode 4613:6231604 4558:6224481 4537:Bibcode 4448:7317801 4419:Bibcode 4379:9279150 4350:Bibcode 4291:Bibcode 4258:4728369 4190:Bibcode 4154:3894170 4020:8881584 3991:Bibcode 3907:3894154 3741:Bibcode 3589:June 2, 3351:Ukraine 3347:Karelia 3343:Irkutsk 3335:Belarus 3331:grazing 3269:turkeys 3178:Borzois 3113:Reynard 3039:witches 2989:In the 2820:Haryana 2812:Gujarat 2776:In the 2753:Ireland 2709:Eurasia 2680:In the 2617:of the 2605:on its 2576:kidneys 2572:stomach 2479:⁄ 2465:⁄ 2426:magpies 2403:Oestrus 2389:, Japan 2353:hackles 2349:posture 2107:icterus 2087:anthrax 1959:cougars 1890:carrion 1851:berries 1835:lizards 1819:rodents 1799:caribou 1744:caribou 1693:, Italy 1662:Ecology 1612:⁄ 1598:⁄ 1584:⁄ 1570:⁄ 1556:⁄ 1488:⁄ 1474:⁄ 1460:⁄ 1446:⁄ 1433:, Italy 1407:Canidae 1315:spaniel 1277:Basenji 1246:Siberia 1230:lineage 1218:Genomic 983:jackals 541:wĺ̥kʷos 475:by the 458:carrion 430:howling 397:hybrids 375:Canidae 348:Eurasia 227:Genus: 221:Canidae 207:Order: 197:Class: 142: ( 125: ( 15895:Wolves 15770:247341 15728:NZOR: 15643:180596 15575:FEIS: 15555:305289 15529:CANILU 15516:328607 15500:ECOS: 15452:ARKive 15415:Q18498 15228:Marozi 15035:Dogxim 15020:Coydog 14967:Żubroń 14962:Yakalo 14911:Class 14410:Lontra 14098:Martes 13373:Mydaus 13267:skunks 12231:Wolf ( 12111:Canina 11941:Canini 11805:Vulpes 11701:(dogs) 11242:Mungos 10556:Poiana 9638:P. leo 9636:Lion ( 9542:(cats) 8980:Watch 8948: 8923: 8898: 8873: 8848: 8827: 8806: 8787: 8601: 8562: 8524: 8356: 8228: 7928: 7861: 7853: 7808: 7798: 7745: 7735: 7684: 7674: 7625: 7296: 7292:–119. 7062: 6927: 6919: 6870: 6738: 6641: 6602: 6594: 6530: 6466: 6409: 6399: 6269: 6201: 6138: 6112: 6102: 6055:: 76. 6002: 5784: 5755: 5707: 5611: 5535: 5478: 5418: 5383: 5375: 5334: 5324: 5240: 5167: 5137: 5075: 4882: 4842: 4834: 4824: 4751: 4677: 4667: 4620: 4610: 4565: 4555: 4504: 4496: 4455: 4445: 4437: 4386: 4376: 4368: 4342:Nature 4317: 4309: 4265: 4255: 4210: 4161: 4151: 4108: 4072: 4027: 4017: 4009: 3914: 3904: 3863: 3853: 3815: 3761: 3655:"wolf" 3459:Borzoi 3454:eagles 3438:fladry 3429:, and 3361:, the 3265:cattle 3261:horses 3064:fables 3035:Navajo 3019:Lycaon 2991:Pawnee 2963:Sirius 2946:, and 2944:Fenrir 2920:Apollo 2789:Israel 2742: 2740:II and 2738: 2736:(Annex 2730: 2692:. The 2641: 2623:Bhutan 2613: 2580:spleen 2570:, and 2521:beaver 2430:ravens 2399:litter 2340:growls 2178:, and 2152:flukes 2128:, and 2099:anemia 2055:sepsis 2049:, and 2032:, and 2014:rabies 1951:felids 1916:Arctic 1839:snakes 1752:Alaska 1720:tundra 1532:elbows 1506:Pelage 1419:molars 1417:. Its 1415:hyenas 1358:coyote 1052:—as a 680:Coyote 583:suffix 579:prefix 558:lúkʷos 532:. The 529:wulfaz 493:rabies 389:coyote 371:extant 344:canine 332:wolves 18:Wolves 15783:44860 15744:70056 15625:IRMNG 15617:42048 15537:EUNIS 15480:12514 15349:Ursus 15238:Tigon 15218:Liger 15178:Blynx 15133:Kunga 15128:Hinny 15114:Equus 14992:Bukht 14559:Aonyx 14502:Lutra 13892:Meles 13662:Nasua 12937:Phoca 12394:Ursus 12186:Canis 11813:foxes 10123:Felis 9085:lupus 9077:Canis 8869:Ltd. 8748:(PDF) 8737:(PDF) 8647:Ambio 8612:(PDF) 8595:(PDF) 8560:S2CID 8458:(PDF) 8451:(PDF) 8226:S2CID 8187:(PDF) 8172:(PDF) 7859:S2CID 7778:PeerJ 7623:JSTOR 7483:(PDF) 7476:(PDF) 7215:(PDF) 7208:(PDF) 6925:S2CID 6917:JSTOR 6600:S2CID 6528:S2CID 6267:S2CID 5904:(PDF) 5897:(PDF) 5871:(PDF) 5864:(PDF) 5705:S2CID 5533:S2CID 5416:S2CID 5381:S2CID 5238:JSTOR 4880:JSTOR 4840:S2CID 4502:S2CID 4315:S2CID 4070:S2CID 3938:(PDF) 3839:. In 3491:Notes 3339:Kirov 3257:goats 3138:and " 3084:Jesus 3076:Bible 3060:Aesop 3004:crest 2980:quail 2976:Vedic 2852:Tibet 2808:India 2631:Nepal 2627:India 2568:lungs 2564:liver 2560:heart 2540:sheep 2508:bison 2438:roads 2344:barks 2140:mange 2130:mites 2122:ticks 2118:fleas 2091:fever 1843:frogs 1823:hares 1779:moose 1771:moose 1638:rusty 1350:dhole 1238:split 1234:basal 1192:snout 1109:feral 1058:dingo 1048:—the 1041:dingo 995:canid 979:genus 970:Canis 808:Dhole 577:as a 552:lupus 548:Latin 527:* 442:packs 407:Canis 404:genus 385:Canis 380:Canis 367:dingo 232:Canis 144:CITES 138:CITES 95:) at 15809:3356 15796:4442 15752:OBIS 15721:9612 15716:NCBI 15656:3746 15651:IUCN 15638:ITIS 15599:GISD 15586:GBIF 15578:calu 15542:1367 15524:EPPO 15503:4488 15493:QLXL 15475:BOLD 15467:1857 15143:Mule 14987:Cama 14074:Gulo 12970:Pusa 11415:Urva 10005:Puma 9953:Puma 9904:Lynx 8986:and 8975:ADFG 8946:ISBN 8921:ISBN 8896:ISBN 8871:ISBN 8862:Wolf 8846:ISBN 8825:ISBN 8804:ISBN 8785:ISBN 8756:2016 8692:2014 8620:2013 8599:ISBN 8522:ISBN 8466:2019 8354:ISBN 8299:2020 8150:2012 7926:ISBN 7851:PMID 7806:PMID 7743:PMID 7682:PMID 7572:2019 7521:2019 7491:2019 7355:2019 7326:2024 7294:ISBN 7267:2023 7245:2020 7223:2019 7191:2019 7160:2019 7060:ISBN 6868:ISBN 6736:PMID 6639:ISBN 6616:2019 6592:PMID 6464:ISBN 6407:PMID 6217:2015 6199:ISBN 6154:2015 6136:ISBN 6110:PMID 6000:ISBN 5912:2019 5879:2019 5782:ISBN 5753:ISBN 5732:2019 5620:2024 5609:ISSN 5476:ISBN 5373:PMID 5332:PMID 5165:ISBN 5135:ISBN 5073:ISBN 4896:2019 4832:PMID 4749:PMID 4675:PMID 4618:PMID 4563:PMID 4494:PMID 4453:PMID 4435:ISSN 4384:PMID 4366:ISSN 4307:PMID 4263:PMID 4208:PMID 4159:PMID 4106:ISBN 4025:PMID 4007:ISSN 3949:2020 3912:PMID 3861:OCLC 3851:ISBN 3813:ISBN 3809:7–20 3759:PMID 3616:2022 3591:2024 3574:2023 3522:dogs 3507:and 3461:and 3445:and 3421:and 3381:and 3365:and 3349:and 3341:and 3304:and 3267:and 3023:Zeus 2970:and 2952:Odin 2928:Mars 2892:The 2838:and 2633:and 2599:IUCN 2578:and 2510:and 2447:The 2440:and 2428:and 2405:and 2335:howl 2162:and 2146:and 2126:lice 2085:and 1918:and 1861:and 1853:and 1847:figs 1805:and 1789:and 1767:pack 1734:Diet 1152:The 1105:IUCN 963:the 575:wulf 519:wulf 487:and 413:for 365:and 350:and 318:wolf 316:The 288:See 274:1758 54:Wolf 34:and 15804:TSA 15703:NBN 15677:MSW 15664:MDD 15604:146 15511:EoL 15488:CoL 15439:ADW 15304:Sus 14952:Dzo 9162:or 8992:by 8552:doi 8493:doi 8414:doi 8402:171 8218:doi 7841:doi 7796:PMC 7786:doi 7733:PMC 7725:doi 7672:PMC 7662:doi 7615:doi 7453:doi 7422:doi 7290:118 6992:doi 6909:doi 6584:doi 6572:198 6520:doi 6460:953 6397:PMC 6387:doi 6259:doi 6100:PMC 6090:doi 6057:doi 6053:122 5996:167 5697:doi 5601:doi 5589:571 5523:hdl 5513:doi 5451:doi 5408:doi 5404:129 5363:doi 5359:103 5322:PMC 5314:doi 5302:323 5015:doi 5011:267 4870:doi 4822:PMC 4814:doi 4810:370 4780:doi 4741:doi 4737:105 4711:doi 4665:PMC 4657:doi 4608:PMC 4598:doi 4553:PMC 4545:doi 4484:doi 4443:PMC 4427:doi 4374:PMC 4358:doi 4346:607 4299:doi 4253:PMC 4245:doi 4198:doi 4149:PMC 4139:doi 4098:doi 4060:hdl 4052:doi 4048:325 4015:PMC 3999:doi 3902:PMC 3892:doi 3749:doi 3578:doi 3193:'s 2957:In 2407:rut 1912:red 1795:elk 1722:), 1689:in 1681:An 1248:or 975:dog 935:mya 581:or 363:dog 338:or 328:pl. 68:YBP 15841:: 15819:: 15806:: 15793:: 15780:: 15767:: 15754:: 15741:: 15718:: 15705:: 15692:: 15679:: 15666:: 15653:: 15640:: 15627:: 15614:: 15601:: 15588:: 15565:: 15552:: 15539:: 15526:: 15513:: 15490:: 15477:: 15454:: 15441:: 15426:: 15411:: 8973:, 8944:. 8940:. 8919:. 8915:. 8894:. 8890:. 8865:. 8783:. 8739:. 8712:^ 8651:28 8649:. 8607:. 8572:^ 8558:. 8548:32 8546:. 8489:56 8487:. 8483:. 8412:. 8400:. 8368:^ 8290:. 8238:^ 8224:. 8216:. 8206:16 8204:. 8180:18 8178:. 8174:. 8140:. 8138:84 8136:. 8132:. 8099:24 8097:. 8093:. 7910:^ 7871:^ 7857:. 7849:. 7837:26 7835:. 7831:. 7804:. 7794:. 7780:. 7776:. 7741:. 7731:. 7721:38 7719:. 7715:. 7680:. 7670:. 7660:. 7650:14 7648:. 7644:. 7621:. 7613:. 7601:. 7499:^ 7449:41 7447:. 7443:. 7370:: 7334:^ 7316:. 7181:. 7177:. 7150:. 7146:. 7122:^ 7054:. 7006:^ 6988:88 6986:. 6982:. 6923:. 6915:. 6905:74 6903:. 6816:^ 6801:^ 6748:^ 6734:. 6724:63 6722:. 6633:. 6606:. 6598:. 6590:. 6582:. 6570:. 6566:. 6540:^ 6526:. 6518:. 6508:30 6506:. 6490:^ 6462:. 6452:. 6405:. 6395:. 6385:. 6375:10 6373:. 6369:. 6345:^ 6318:^ 6291:^ 6265:. 6255:62 6253:. 6236:18 6234:. 6207:. 6175:. 6171:. 6144:. 6108:. 6098:. 6086:54 6084:. 6080:. 6051:. 6047:. 5998:. 5968:^ 5839:^ 5776:. 5703:. 5695:. 5685:91 5683:. 5655:^ 5640:^ 5607:. 5599:. 5587:. 5581:. 5545:^ 5531:. 5521:. 5509:46 5507:. 5503:. 5490:^ 5449:. 5439:41 5437:. 5414:. 5402:. 5379:. 5371:. 5357:. 5353:. 5330:. 5320:. 5312:. 5300:. 5296:. 5234:30 5232:. 5220:^ 5179:^ 5129:. 5117:^ 5102:^ 5087:^ 5039:^ 5009:. 4943:^ 4916:^ 4886:. 4878:. 4864:. 4852:^ 4838:. 4830:. 4820:. 4808:. 4804:. 4776:15 4774:. 4770:. 4747:. 4735:. 4723:^ 4709:. 4699:75 4697:. 4673:. 4663:. 4655:. 4645:20 4643:. 4639:. 4616:. 4606:. 4594:14 4592:. 4588:. 4575:^ 4561:. 4551:. 4543:. 4533:28 4531:. 4527:. 4514:^ 4500:. 4492:. 4478:. 4474:. 4451:. 4441:. 4433:. 4425:. 4415:29 4413:. 4409:. 4396:^ 4382:. 4372:. 4364:. 4356:. 4344:. 4340:. 4327:^ 4313:. 4305:. 4297:. 4287:30 4285:. 4261:. 4251:. 4241:26 4239:. 4235:. 4220:^ 4206:. 4196:. 4186:25 4184:. 4180:. 4157:. 4147:. 4135:10 4133:. 4129:. 4104:. 4082:^ 4068:. 4058:. 4046:. 4023:. 4013:. 4005:. 3997:. 3987:12 3985:. 3981:. 3969:^ 3940:. 3910:. 3900:. 3888:10 3886:. 3882:. 3859:. 3811:. 3780:. 3757:. 3747:. 3737:25 3735:. 3731:. 3680:33 3678:. 3657:. 3638:. 3624:^ 3607:. 3572:. 3566:. 3544:^ 3433:. 3417:, 3337:, 3162:, 3158:, 3154:, 3150:, 3082:, 3010:. 2950:, 2938:. 2834:, 2830:, 2826:, 2822:, 2818:, 2814:, 2629:, 2625:, 2615:II 2566:, 2562:, 2472:17 2458:10 2342:, 2158:, 2154:, 2124:, 2120:, 2105:, 2101:, 2093:, 2081:, 2077:, 2073:, 2069:, 2065:, 2045:, 2028:, 2024:, 2020:, 2016:, 1977:. 1914:, 1881:, 1877:, 1873:, 1869:, 1841:, 1837:, 1825:, 1821:, 1801:, 1785:, 1781:, 1750:, 1730:. 1714:, 1710:, 1365:. 1332:, 1279:, 1214:. 1118:. 997:. 967:. 554:(* 495:. 330:: 326:; 272:, 14880:e 14873:t 14866:v 14830:) 14821:) 14812:) 14803:) 14794:) 14785:) 14776:) 14767:) 14758:) 14749:) 14740:) 14731:) 14722:) 14713:) 14704:) 14695:) 14686:) 14654:) 14645:) 14636:) 14627:) 14590:) 14581:) 14572:) 14548:) 14524:) 14515:) 14491:) 14474:) 14450:) 14441:) 14432:) 14423:) 14399:) 14357:) 14348:) 14324:) 14307:) 14262:) 14253:) 14221:) 14182:) 14173:) 14164:) 14155:) 14146:) 14137:) 14128:) 14119:) 14087:) 14063:) 14039:) 14013:) 14004:) 13995:) 13986:) 13977:) 13968:) 13932:) 13923:) 13914:) 13905:) 13881:) 13872:) 13863:) 13822:) 13798:) 13717:) 13708:) 13684:) 13675:) 13634:) 13625:) 13616:) 13607:) 13575:) 13566:) 13557:) 13525:) 13516:) 13492:) 13462:) 13453:) 13444:) 13435:) 13403:) 13394:) 13362:) 13353:) 13329:) 13320:) 13311:) 13302:) 13269:) 13265:( 13249:) 13190:) 13181:) 13172:) 13163:) 13129:) 13120:) 13084:) 13060:) 13001:) 12992:) 12983:) 12959:) 12950:) 12926:) 12917:) 12908:) 12882:) 12873:) 12816:) 12807:) 12798:) 12789:) 12780:) 12771:) 12762:) 12753:) 12729:) 12712:) 12688:) 12667:) 12658:) 12634:) 12608:) 12583:) 12578:, 12556:) 12434:) 12425:) 12416:) 12407:) 12383:) 12374:) 12348:) 12324:) 12262:) 12253:) 12244:) 12235:) 12226:) 12217:) 12208:) 12199:) 12175:) 12166:) 12149:) 12140:) 12097:) 12088:) 12079:) 12070:) 12061:) 12052:) 12028:) 12019:) 12002:) 11978:) 11927:) 11918:) 11909:) 11900:) 11891:) 11882:) 11873:) 11864:) 11855:) 11846:) 11837:) 11828:) 11815:) 11811:( 11794:) 11785:) 11761:) 11735:) 11726:) 11646:) 11637:) 11628:) 11619:) 11610:) 11586:) 11577:) 11568:) 11544:) 11535:) 11526:) 11517:) 11500:) 11491:) 11482:) 11473:) 11464:) 11455:) 11446:) 11437:) 11428:) 11404:) 11395:) 11365:) 11356:) 11347:) 11338:) 11314:) 11305:) 11281:) 11264:) 11255:) 11231:) 11214:) 11152:) 11143:) 11119:) 11102:) 11093:) 11069:) 11039:) 11030:) 11006:) 10997:) 10926:) 10902:) 10893:) 10861:) 10749:) 10740:) 10731:) 10722:) 10713:) 10704:) 10695:) 10686:) 10677:) 10668:) 10659:) 10650:) 10641:) 10632:) 10623:) 10614:) 10584:) 10575:) 10532:) 10523:) 10514:) 10505:) 10481:) 10472:) 10414:) 10405:) 10396:) 10372:) 10363:) 10354:) 10345:) 10319:) 10310:) 10301:) 10292:) 10190:) 10181:) 10172:) 10163:) 10154:) 10145:) 10136:) 10108:) 10099:) 10090:) 10081:) 10072:) 10048:) 10018:) 9994:) 9977:) 9944:) 9935:) 9926:) 9917:) 9893:) 9884:) 9875:) 9866:) 9857:) 9848:) 9839:) 9830:) 9802:) 9793:) 9769:) 9739:) 9730:) 9706:) 9649:) 9640:) 9631:) 9622:) 9613:) 9589:) 9580:) 9523:) 9514:) 9470:) 9376:e 9369:t 9362:v 9342:) 9332:) 9323:) 9314:) 9305:) 9296:) 9287:) 9278:) 9269:) 9260:) 9251:) 9242:) 9233:) 9224:) 9215:) 9206:) 9184:) 9175:) 9166:) 9153:) 9144:) 9135:) 9126:) 9117:) 9108:) 9022:e 9015:t 9008:v 8954:. 8929:. 8904:. 8879:. 8854:. 8833:. 8812:. 8793:. 8758:. 8694:. 8622:. 8566:. 8554:: 8530:. 8501:. 8495:: 8468:. 8420:. 8416:: 8408:: 8362:. 8301:. 8232:. 8220:: 8212:: 8169:" 8152:. 8130:" 7934:. 7865:. 7843:: 7812:. 7788:: 7782:3 7749:. 7727:: 7688:. 7664:: 7656:: 7629:. 7617:: 7609:: 7603:5 7574:. 7523:. 7493:. 7461:. 7455:: 7428:. 7424:: 7357:. 7328:. 7302:. 7269:. 7247:. 7225:. 7193:. 7162:. 7068:. 7000:. 6994:: 6931:. 6911:: 6876:. 6742:. 6730:: 6647:. 6618:. 6586:: 6578:: 6534:. 6522:: 6514:: 6472:. 6413:. 6389:: 6381:: 6273:. 6261:: 6219:. 6181:. 6177:8 6156:. 6116:. 6092:: 6065:. 6059:: 6008:. 5914:. 5881:. 5790:. 5761:. 5734:. 5711:. 5699:: 5691:: 5603:: 5595:: 5539:. 5525:: 5515:: 5484:. 5457:. 5453:: 5445:: 5422:. 5410:: 5387:. 5365:: 5338:. 5316:: 5308:: 5244:. 5173:. 5143:. 5081:. 5021:. 5017:: 4898:. 4872:: 4846:. 4816:: 4788:. 4782:: 4755:. 4743:: 4717:. 4713:: 4705:: 4681:. 4659:: 4651:: 4624:. 4600:: 4569:. 4547:: 4539:: 4508:. 4486:: 4480:5 4459:. 4429:: 4421:: 4390:. 4360:: 4352:: 4321:. 4301:: 4293:: 4269:. 4247:: 4214:. 4200:: 4192:: 4165:. 4141:: 4114:. 4100:: 4076:. 4062:: 4054:: 4031:. 4001:: 3993:: 3951:. 3918:. 3894:: 3867:. 3821:. 3786:. 3765:. 3751:: 3743:: 3663:. 3618:. 3593:. 3580:: 3564:" 3560:" 3511:. 3116:" 2643:I 2481:4 2477:3 2474:+ 2470:– 2467:2 2463:1 2460:+ 2327:. 2150:( 1614:8 1610:1 1607:+ 1605:5 1603:– 1600:8 1596:3 1593:+ 1591:4 1586:2 1582:1 1579:+ 1577:3 1572:4 1568:3 1565:+ 1563:2 1561:– 1558:8 1554:3 1551:+ 1549:2 1490:8 1486:7 1483:+ 1481:9 1479:– 1476:8 1472:5 1469:+ 1467:8 1462:8 1458:3 1455:+ 1453:4 1451:– 1448:2 1444:1 1441:+ 1439:3 1083:( 536:* 320:( 146:) 129:) 91:( 70:) 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index