2695:
2685:
199:
This value is defined as "modern carbon" referenced to AD 1950. Radiocarbon measurements are compared to this modern carbon value, and expressed as "fraction of modern" (fM). "Radiocarbon ages" are calculated from fM using the exponential decay relation and the "Libby half-life" 5568 a. The ages are expressed in years before present (BP) where "present" is defined as AD 1950.
272:
Many scholarly and scientific journals require that published calibrated results be accompanied by the name (standard codes are used) of the laboratory concerned, and other information such as confidence levels, because of differences between the methods used by different laboratories and changes in
198:
was prepared as NBS Standard
Reference Material (SRM) 4990B. Its C concentration was about 5% above what was believed to be the natural level, so the standard for radiocarbon dating was defined as 0.95 times the C concentration of this material, adjusted to a C reference value of −19 per mil (PDB).
53:
in the 1950s. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date (epoch) of the age scale, with 1950 being labelled as the "standard year". The abbreviation "BP" has been interpreted retrospectively as "Before
Physics", which refers to the time
269:(dating based on tree growth-rings) and stratigraphy (dating based on sediment layers in mud or sedimentary rock). Such calibrated dates are expressed as cal BP, where "cal" indicates "calibrated years", or "calendar years", before 1950.
257:
radiocarbon dates should be clearly noted as such by "uncalibrated years BP", because they are not identical to calendar dates. This has to do with the fact that the level of atmospheric radiocarbon (
285:
years to Before
Present years is by starting with the 1950-01-01 epoch of the Gregorian calendar and increasing the BP year count with each year into the past from that Gregorian date.
1332:
1246:"Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records"
900:
1123:
542:
261:
or C) has not been strictly constant during the span of time that can be radiocarbon-dated. Uncalibrated radiocarbon ages can be converted to calendar dates by
65:
In a convention that is not always observed, many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating; the alternative notation
1244:; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kershaw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jacob (2009).
1240:
Walker, Mike; Jonsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune
Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jørgen-Peder; Gibbard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John;
2280:
1927:
1187:
3284:
2960:
2545:
695:
1376:
1063:
288:
For example, 1000 BP corresponds to 950 AD, 1949 BP corresponds to 1 AD, 1950 BP corresponds to 1 BC, 2000 BP corresponds to 51 BC.
207:
at that time. It also marked the publication of the first radiocarbon dates in
December 1949, and 1950 also antedates large-scale
904:
1454:
1316:
877:
653:
563:
179:
established 1950 as the origin year for the BP scale for use with radiocarbon dating, using a 1950-based reference sample of
669:
2731:
2072:
1278:
1485:
569:
3078:
2363:
3279:
2875:
1224:
2915:
2022:
517:
187:
The problem was tackled by the international radiocarbon community in the late 1950s, in cooperation with the U.S.
1144:
Arnold JR, Libby WF (1949-03-04). "Age determinations by radiocarbon content: Checks with samples of known age".
49:, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical
3325:
3073:
3068:
2368:
2306:
2099:
1212:
359:
188:
3576:
3258:
3128:
2206:
1534:
3468:
3448:
2540:
2345:
2181:
1690:
541:
van der Plicht, Johannes (January 2004). "Radiocarbon, the
Calibration Curve and Scythian Chronology".
443:
351:
737:
265:
based on comparison of raw radiocarbon dates of samples independently dated by other methods, such as
3458:
3430:
3263:
3042:
2310:
355:
77:
The BP scale is sometimes used for dates established by means other than radiocarbon dating, such as
1333:"ICS chart containing the Quaternary and Cambrian GSSPs and new stages (v 2018/07) is now released!"
3525:
2724:
2243:
1786:
1727:
1354:
1306:
745:
262:
228:
116:
1049:
3463:
3413:
3200:
3047:
2191:
2060:
1478:
55:
1623:
3586:
3581:
3363:
3164:
2910:
2809:
2017:
1641:
715:
470:
343:
2627:
1120:
867:
2965:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2418:
1880:
927:
522:
3398:
3339:
3315:
3310:
2525:
2408:
2233:
2141:
1759:
1653:
1569:
1260:
1153:
1008:
939:
832:
797:
754:
81:. This usage differs from the recommendation by van der Plicht & Hogg, followed by the
20:
8:
3425:
3320:
3238:
3228:
3003:
2920:
2900:
2890:
2717:
2607:
2378:
2340:
2176:
2126:
1976:
1954:
1949:
1895:
1825:
1793:
1417:
1104:
903:. Centre for Ice and Climate – University of Copenhagen. 3 September 2009. Archived from
42:
1264:
1157:
1012:
943:
836:
801:
758:
3550:
3530:
3408:
3393:
3378:
3300:
3099:
3063:
2865:
2698:
2515:
2413:
2136:
2114:
2079:
2050:
1855:
1835:
1554:
1549:
1513:
1471:
1404:
1302:
1091:
1024:
848:
770:
693:
626:
618:
457:
312:
282:
204:
172:
89:(for "annum", Latin for "year") and reserve the term "BP" for radiocarbon estimations.
59:
50:
974:
3358:
3154:
3149:
2993:
2829:
2688:
2555:
2550:
2296:
2248:
2186:
2166:
1981:
1932:
1902:
1840:
1803:
1798:
1744:
1707:
1648:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1539:
1450:
1409:
1312:
1298:
1220:
1169:
1096:
1032:
955:
873:
852:
774:
649:
630:
559:
439:
335:
844:
809:
3555:
3504:
3420:
3368:
3144:
3122:
2988:
2885:
2535:
2275:
2265:
2161:
1966:
1961:
1890:
1850:
1830:
1820:
1776:
1702:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1636:
1564:
1544:
1399:
1391:
1268:
1161:
1086:
1078:
1016:
947:
840:
805:
762:
707:
610:
551:
266:
1241:
3488:
3453:
3440:
3403:
3350:
3208:
3103:
3037:
2998:
2835:
2565:
2560:
2491:
2355:
2320:
2270:
2228:
2146:
2131:
2067:
2055:
2045:
1991:
1922:
1912:
1845:
1808:
1749:
1712:
1665:
1660:
1165:
1127:
1020:
996:
766:
673:
396:
208:
161:
2119:
1245:
869:
Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for
Authors, Editors, and Publishers
3388:
3186:
3174:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3032:
2955:
2880:
2388:
2253:
2238:
2196:
2171:
2109:
2104:
2027:
2012:
1986:
1939:
1917:
1907:
1813:
1781:
1766:
1734:
1717:
1685:
1559:
1518:
1508:
3570:
3305:
3223:
3218:
3169:
3159:
2799:
2258:
2211:
2201:
2156:
2151:
1996:
1971:
1944:
1885:
1868:
1739:
1722:
1603:
1574:
997:"Age determinations by radiocarbon content: checks with samples of known age"
959:
149:
93:
2639:
951:
555:
3383:
3181:
2895:
2870:
2855:
2821:
2781:
2595:
2570:
2445:
2373:
1863:
1413:
1173:
1131:
1100:
1036:
496:
78:
3083:
2980:
2942:
2925:
2860:
2841:
2774:
2754:
2575:
2501:
2470:
2465:
2383:
1873:
1395:
1384:
Journal of
Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
1082:
1071:
Journal of
Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
694:
North
American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature (November 2005).
435:
323:
192:
180:
176:
108:
102:
46:
2221:
1377:"The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating [II]"
1121:"The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating [II]"
1064:"The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating [II]"
711:
2850:
2845:
2740:
2590:
2585:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2330:
1695:
1028:
431:
375:
347:
622:
550:. Vol. 42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 45-61 (47).
3540:
3520:
3253:
3213:
2950:
2759:
2668:
2632:
2600:
2496:
2475:
2455:
1579:
1273:
644:
Dincauze, Dena (2000). "Measuring time with isotopes and magnetism".
411:
258:
216:
212:
195:
124:
1219:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 165–167.
3535:
3373:
3017:
2930:
2663:
2460:
1494:
614:
415:
379:
327:
127:
86:
2216:
3545:
2769:
2764:
366:
672:. American Geophysical Union. 21 September 2007. Archived from
648:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 110.
977:. Universität Bremen: Marine Geochemistry - Laboratory Methods
2970:
2709:
2450:
975:"Numerous ways to say "thousand years" in a scientific paper"
387:
233:
Dates determined using radiocarbon dating come as two kinds:
69:
stands for the explicit "radio carbon years before present".
1463:
1188:"Nuclear Bombs Made It Possible to Carbon Date Human Tissue"
123:, for "years before 2000 AD", often in combination with the
2904:
2786:
2580:
597:
Taylor RE (1985). "The beginnings of radiocarbon dating in
422:
403:
85:, both of which requested that publications should use the
823:
Wolff, Eric W. (December 2007). "When is the "present"?".
2804:
1239:
700:
The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin
544:
NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences
788:"The use of time units in Quaternary Science Reviews".
378:
age, the current and latest of the three stages in the
112:
as terminology for uncalibrated dates for these eras.
62:
in the atmosphere, which scientists must account for.
203:
The year 1950 was chosen because it was the standard
152:
may be used to express larger periods of time, e.g.
133:
Some authors who use the YBP dating format also use
3285:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
1143:
696:"North American Stratigraphic Code: Article 13 (c)"
19:"YBP" and "ybp" redirect here. For other uses, see
1297:
735:
646:Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice
3568:
516:Flint, Richard Foster; Deevey, Edward S (1962).
1061:
1374:
972:
865:
540:
2725:
1479:
1293:
1291:
872:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 495–.
736:van der Plicht, Johannes; Hogg, Alan (2006).
292:Example milestone years in the BP time scale
1311:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1205:
994:
515:
175:was first used in 1949. Beginning in 1954,
58:artificially altered the proportion of the
2732:
2718:
2684:
1486:
1472:
1288:
222:
183:. According to scientist A. Currie Lloyd:
1403:
1272:
1090:
1043:
596:
16:Time scale used in scientific disciplines
3280:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
859:
643:
592:
590:
1352:
988:
670:"AGU Editorial Style Guide for Authors"
662:
358:, which is November 24, 4714 BC in the
3569:
1353:Conners, Deanna (September 18, 2018).
1211:
1137:
1055:
925:
209:atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons
115:The Centre for Ice and Climate at the
2713:
1467:
966:
822:
587:
229:Radiocarbon dating § Calibration
167:
130:Chronology 2005 (GICC05) time scale.
1062:Currie, Lloyd A (March–April 2004).
687:
473:of the Before Present dating scheme
211:, which altered the global ratio of
1447:Science-based Dating in Archaeology
1233:
866:Edward J. Huth (25 November 1994).
191:. A large quantity of contemporary
13:
3079:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
995:Arnold, J.R.; Libby, W.F. (1949).
354:noon on January 1, 4713 BC of the
14:
3598:
928:"Milankovitch Theory and Climate"
738:"A note on reporting radiocarbon"
2694:
2693:
2683:
1284:from the original on 2013-11-04.
2961:English and British regnal year
2546:English and British regnal year
1444:
1368:
1355:"Welcome to the Meghalayan age"
1346:
1325:
1180:
919:
893:
845:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.008
810:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.002
350:system: Julian day 0 starts at
2739:
816:
781:
729:
637:
534:
509:
144:
141:) to denote years after 1950.
1:
3074:Old Style and New Style dates
1493:
1253:Journal of Quaternary Science
601:: a historical perspective".
276:
119:instead uses the unambiguous
3026:Pre-Julian / Julian
1217:Archaeology: An Introduction
1166:10.1126/science.109.2827.227
1021:10.1126/science.110.2869.678
767:10.1016/j.quageo.2006.07.001
502:
360:proleptic Gregorian calendar
189:National Bureau of Standards
7:
3259:Geological history of Earth
3129:Astronomical year numbering
1134:(accessed 30 October 2019).
490:
10:
3603:
1438:
825:Quaternary Science Reviews
790:Quaternary Science Reviews
226:
96:use the lowercase letters
83:Quaternary Science Reviews
18:
3513:
3497:
3481:
3439:
3431:Thermoluminescence dating
3349:
3338:
3326:Samarium–neodymium dating
3293:
3272:
3246:
3237:
3199:
3137:
3092:
3056:
3025:
3016:
2979:
2941:
2820:
2795:
2747:
2679:
2620:
2484:
2438:
2427:
2397:
2354:
2289:
2092:
2038:
2005:
1599:
1588:
1527:
1501:
356:proleptic Julian calendar
3145:Chinese sexagenary cycle
1308:Calendrical Calculations
796:(9–10): 1193. May 2007.
746:Quaternary Geochronology
117:University of Copenhagen
72:
3359:Amino acid racemisation
1614:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)
1375:Currie Lloyd A (2004).
973:Martin Kölling (2015).
952:10.1029/RG026i004p00624
901:"The GICC05 time scale"
556:10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_5
438:, from the estimate by
223:Radiocarbon calibration
160:(million years BP) and
56:nuclear weapons testing
3364:Archaeomagnetic dating
2876:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
2645:Dungeons & Dragons
2051:Ethiopian and Eritrean
926:Berger, André (1988).
201:
3264:Geological time units
2657:The Lord of the Rings
2364:Hanke–Henry Permanent
1445:Aitken, M.J. (1990).
932:Reviews of Geophysics
326:and beginning of the
273:calibrating methods.
185:
156:(thousand years BP),
150:SI prefix multipliers
3316:Law of superposition
3311:Isotope geochemistry
1396:10.6028/jres.109.013
1192:Smithsonian Magazine
1083:10.6028/jres.109.013
907:on 18 September 2018
831:(25–28): 3023–3024.
456:Introduction of the
444:Incarnation of Jesus
395:Introduction of the
35:years before present
21:YBP (disambiguation)
3449:Fluorine absorption
3426:Luminescence dating
3321:Luminescence dating
3229:Milankovitch cycles
3069:Proleptic Gregorian
2901:Hindu units of time
2369:International Fixed
2307:Proleptic Gregorian
1928:Slavic Native Faith
1449:. London: Longman.
1303:Reingold, Edward M.
1265:2009JQS....24....3W
1158:1949Sci...109..227L
1013:1949Sci...110..678A
944:1988RvGeo..26..624B
837:2007QSRv...26.3023W
802:2007QSRv...26.1193.
759:2006QuGeo...1..237V
712:10.1306/07050504129
293:
139:years after present
3577:1950 introductions
3551:Terminus post quem
3531:Synchronoptic view
3498:Linguistic methods
3459:Obsidian hydration
3394:Radiometric dating
3379:Incremental dating
3301:Chronostratigraphy
2039:Christian variants
1299:Dershowitz, Nachum
1126:2023-01-01 at the
603:American Antiquity
599:American Antiquity
458:Gregorian calendar
291:
283:Gregorian calendar
263:calibration curves
205:astronomical epoch
173:Radiocarbon dating
168:Radiocarbon dating
51:radiocarbon dating
3564:
3563:
3477:
3476:
3334:
3333:
3195:
3194:
3150:Geologic Calendar
3012:
3011:
2707:
2706:
2689:List of calendars
2616:
2615:
2315:historiographical
2182:French Republican
2088:
2087:
1846:Manipuri (Meitei)
1456:978-0-582-49309-4
1318:978-0-521-70238-6
1152:(2827): 227–228.
1052:, pp. 60–61.
1007:(2869): 678–680.
879:978-0-521-47154-1
706:(11): 1547–1591.
655:978-0-5213-1077-2
565:978-1-4020-2655-3
518:"Volume 4 – 1962"
488:
487:
430:Beginning of the
374:Beginning of the
3594:
3556:ASPRO chronology
3505:Glottochronology
3421:Tephrochronology
3369:Dendrochronology
3347:
3346:
3244:
3243:
3043:Proleptic Julian
3033:Pre-Julian Roman
3023:
3022:
2818:
2817:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2697:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2551:Human (Holocene)
2536:Chinese Imperial
2436:
2435:
2356:Reform proposals
2311:Proleptic Julian
2073:Eastern Orthodox
1703:Germanic heathen
1681:Earthly Branches
1597:
1596:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1416:. Archived from
1407:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1276:
1274:10.1002/jqs.1227
1250:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1141:
1135:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1103:. Archived from
1094:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1040:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
970:
964:
963:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
863:
857:
856:
820:
814:
813:
785:
779:
778:
742:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
714:. Archived from
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
666:
660:
659:
641:
635:
634:
594:
585:
584:
582:
580:
574:
568:. Archived from
549:
538:
532:
531:
513:
319:
304:
299:
294:
290:
281:Conversion from
267:dendrochronology
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3509:
3493:
3489:Molecular clock
3482:Genetic methods
3473:
3454:Nitrogen dating
3441:Relative dating
3435:
3404:Potassium–argon
3351:Absolute dating
3341:
3330:
3289:
3268:
3233:
3209:Cosmic Calendar
3201:Astronomic time
3191:
3133:
3088:
3052:
3038:Original Julian
3008:
2975:
2937:
2836:Ab urbe condita
2814:
2791:
2743:
2738:
2708:
2703:
2675:
2612:
2566:Nirayana system
2492:Ab urbe condita
2480:
2432:
2430:
2423:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2350:
2301:anthropological
2285:
2084:
2068:Liturgical year
2034:
2001:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1523:
1497:
1492:
1457:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1248:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1142:
1138:
1128:Wayback Machine
1113:
1111:
1107:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
993:
989:
980:
978:
971:
967:
924:
920:
910:
908:
899:
898:
894:
884:
882:
880:
864:
860:
821:
817:
787:
786:
782:
740:
734:
730:
721:
719:
692:
688:
679:
677:
668:
667:
663:
656:
642:
638:
595:
588:
578:
576:
572:
566:
547:
539:
535:
514:
510:
505:
493:
397:Julian calendar
317:
302:
297:
279:
231:
225:
170:
147:
75:
60:carbon isotopes
45:used mainly in
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:New Chronology
3523:
3517:
3515:
3514:Related topics
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3389:Paleomagnetism
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3187:New Earth Time
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3048:Revised Julian
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2966:Lists of kings
2963:
2958:
2956:Canon of Kings
2953:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Before present
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Chinese Minguo
2538:
2533:
2531:Before Present
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:Calendar round
2025:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Heavenly Stems
1683:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1390:(2): 185–217.
1367:
1345:
1324:
1317:
1287:
1242:Björck, Svante
1232:
1225:
1204:
1179:
1136:
1077:(2): 185–217.
1054:
1042:
987:
965:
938:(4): 624–657.
918:
892:
878:
858:
815:
780:
753:(4): 237–240.
728:
686:
661:
654:
636:
615:10.2307/280489
609:(2): 309–325.
586:
564:
533:
507:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
492:
489:
486:
485:
482:
479:
475:
474:
468:
465:
461:
460:
454:
451:
447:
446:
428:
425:
419:
418:
409:
406:
400:
399:
393:
390:
384:
383:
372:
369:
363:
362:
341:
338:
332:
331:
320:
315:
309:
308:
305:
300:
298:Gregorian year
278:
275:
227:Main article:
224:
221:
169:
166:
146:
143:
94:archaeologists
74:
71:
27:Before Present
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3599:
3588:
3587:Geochronology
3585:
3583:
3582:Calendar eras
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:Chronological
3337:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Geochronology
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Geologic time
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Metonic cycle
3222:
3220:
3219:Galactic year
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:ISO week date
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:Byzantine era
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2822:Calendar eras
2819:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Anno Martyrum
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2431:and numbering
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2346:'Pataphysical
2344:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Tōnalpōhualli
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Vikram Samvat
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:Vikram Samvat
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1423:on 2010-12-06
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1356:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1226:0-8122-1828-0
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:Greene, Kevin
1208:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1110:on 2010-12-06
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1050:Aitken (1990)
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
976:
969:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
911:September 17,
906:
902:
896:
881:
875:
871:
870:
862:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
739:
732:
718:on 2014-02-02
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
676:on 2008-07-14
675:
671:
665:
657:
651:
647:
640:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
591:
575:on 2011-07-24
571:
567:
561:
557:
553:
546:
545:
537:
529:
525:
524:
519:
512:
508:
498:
495:
494:
484:Current year
483:
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:
459:
455:
452:
449:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
417:
413:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
398:
394:
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22:
3469:Stratigraphy
3414:Uranium–lead
3384:Lichenometry
3182:Winter count
3165:Mesoamerican
3093:Astronomical
2911:Mesoamerican
2896:Sothic cycle
2871:Seleucid era
2856:Bosporan era
2844: /
2834:
2782:Paleontology
2667:
2655:
2652:Middle-earth
2643:
2631:
2530:
2401:applications
2399:Displays and
2309: /
2290:By specialty
2259:
2120:Xiuhpōhualli
2018:Mesoamerican
1864:Nepal Sambat
1535:Astronomical
1446:
1425:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1387:
1383:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1307:
1256:
1252:
1235:
1216:
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1194:. 2013-02-19
1191:
1182:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1132:Google Books
1112:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1074:
1070:
1057:
1045:
1004:
1000:
990:
979:. Retrieved
968:
935:
931:
921:
909:. Retrieved
905:the original
895:
883:. Retrieved
868:
861:
828:
824:
818:
793:
789:
783:
750:
744:
731:
720:. Retrieved
716:the original
703:
699:
689:
678:. Retrieved
674:the original
664:
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639:
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602:
598:
577:. Retrieved
570:the original
543:
536:
527:
521:
511:
497:Anthropocene
287:
280:
271:
255:Uncalibrated
254:
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246:
242:
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235:uncalibrated
234:
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202:
186:
177:metrologists
171:
157:
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107:
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97:
91:
82:
79:stratigraphy
76:
66:
64:
38:
34:
30:
26:
25:
3409:Radiocarbon
3084:Dual dating
2943:Regnal year
2921:Short Count
2861:Bostran era
2842:Anno Domini
2775:Big History
2755:Archaeology
2502:Anno Domini
2471:Regnal year
2466:Regnal name
2439:Terminology
2429:Year naming
2384:Symmetry454
2234:Pentecontad
2157:Culāsakaraj
2142:Cappadocian
1874:Yele Sambat
1760:Zoroastrian
1654:Bangladeshi
1592:limited use
1570:Solar Hijri
1565:Lunar Hijri
1528:In wide use
1360:February 6,
1338:February 6,
1259:(1): 3–17.
523:Radiocarbon
436:Anno Domini
324:Pleistocene
322:End of the
193:oxalic acid
181:oxalic acid
162:many others
145:SI prefixes
47:archaeology
3571:Categories
3004:Vietnamese
2916:Long Count
2851:Anno Mundi
2846:Common Era
2748:Key topics
2741:Chronology
2608:Vietnamese
2521:Anno Mundi
2511:Anno Lucis
2506:Common Era
2409:Electronic
2379:Positivist
2341:Discordian
2331:Dreamspell
2266:Sexagenary
2207:Macedonian
2177:Florentine
2127:Babylonian
2093:Historical
2023:Long Count
1977:Vietnamese
1933:Macedonian
1896:Nanakshahi
1826:Lithuanian
1696:Solar term
1427:2018-06-24
1198:2020-01-09
1114:30 October
981:2023-03-24
722:2009-06-29
680:2009-01-09
432:Common Era
376:Meghalayan
348:Julian day
277:Conversion
247:calibrated
43:time scale
3541:Year zero
3521:Chronicle
3464:Seriation
3399:Lead–lead
3273:Standards
3254:Deep time
3214:Ephemeris
3100:Lunisolar
3064:Gregorian
3057:Gregorian
3018:Calendars
2981:Era names
2951:Anka year
2830:Human Era
2760:Astronomy
2669:Star Trek
2633:Discworld
2628:Discworld
2621:Fictional
2497:Anka year
2476:Year zero
2456:Leap year
2414:Perpetual
2137:Byzantine
1856:Mongolian
1836:Malayalam
1580:Unix time
1555:Gregorian
1550:Ethiopian
1514:Lunisolar
1495:Calendars
960:8755-1209
885:4 October
853:131227900
775:128628228
631:163900461
503:Citations
440:Dionysius
412:Year zero
352:Greenwich
259:carbon-14
253:) dates.
251:Cambridge
217:carbon-12
213:carbon-14
196:dihydrate
125:Greenland
3536:Timeline
3374:Ice core
3247:Concepts
2994:Japanese
2926:Tzolk'in
2891:Egyptian
2699:Category
2664:Stardate
2640:Greyhawk
2571:Seleucid
2556:Japanese
2526:Assyrian
2461:New Year
2297:Holocene
2249:Rapa Nui
2222:Tzolkʼin
2187:Germanic
2167:Egyptian
1903:Romanian
1881:Nisg̱a'a
1841:Mandaean
1831:Maithili
1804:Javanese
1799:Japanese
1754:medieval
1708:Georgian
1619:Assyrian
1609:Armenian
1540:Buddhist
1414:27366605
1305:(2008).
1279:Archived
1215:(2002).
1174:17818054
1124:Archived
1101:27366605
1037:15407879
579:8 August
491:See also
427:1949 BP
416:ISO 8601
408:1950 BP
392:1994 BP
380:Holocene
371:4200 BP
340:6663 BP
328:Holocene
318:11650 BP
128:Ice Core
87:unit "a"
41:)" is a
3546:Floruit
3294:Methods
3155:Iranian
3123:Islamic
2989:Chinese
2800:Periods
2770:History
2765:Geology
2596:Dvapara
2576:Spanish
2485:Systems
2335:New Age
2325:Martian
2281:Turkmen
2276:Swedish
2162:Coligny
2100:Arabian
2061:Revised
1967:Tripuri
1962:Tibetan
1918:Sesotho
1891:Punjabi
1851:Melanau
1821:Kurdish
1787:Tabular
1777:Islamic
1745:Iranian
1676:Chinese
1671:Burmese
1649:Bengali
1637:Pawukon
1590:In more
1545:Chinese
1502:Systems
1439:Sources
1405:4853109
1261:Bibcode
1154:Bibcode
1146:Science
1092:4853109
1029:1677049
1009:Bibcode
1001:Science
940:Bibcode
833:Bibcode
798:Bibcode
755:Bibcode
530:(1): i.
481:74 YAP
453:368 BP
442:of the
367:2251 BC
346:of the
336:4714 BC
313:9701 BC
303:BP year
54:before
3342:dating
3138:Others
3104:Hebrew
2999:Korean
2810:Epochs
2561:Korean
2321:Darian
2271:Soviet
2244:Qumran
2229:Muisca
2147:Celtic
2132:Bulgar
2080:Saints
2056:Julian
2046:Coptic
1992:Yoruba
1923:Slavic
1913:Somali
1860:Nepal
1809:Korean
1771:Gaelic
1750:Jalali
1713:Hebrew
1691:Minguo
1666:Borana
1661:Berber
1624:Baháʼí
1453:
1412:
1402:
1315:
1223:
1172:
1099:
1089:
1035:
1027:
958:
876:
851:
773:
652:
629:
623:280489
621:
562:
330:epoch
307:Event
245:) and
33:) or "
3175:Aztec
3119:Lunar
3114:Solar
3108:Hindu
2971:Limmu
2931:Haab'
2886:Hijri
2591:Treta
2586:Satya
2581:Yugas
2451:Epoch
2389:World
2254:Roman
2239:Pisan
2217:Haabʼ
2197:Hindu
2192:Greek
2172:Enoch
2110:Aztec
2105:Attic
2013:Runic
2006:Types
1987:Xhosa
1982:Wicca
1955:solar
1950:lunar
1940:Tamil
1908:Shona
1814:Juche
1782:Fasli
1767:Irish
1735:Hmong
1718:Hindu
1633:Bali
1628:Badí‘
1560:Hindu
1519:Solar
1509:Lunar
1421:(PDF)
1380:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
1249:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
1067:(PDF)
1025:JSTOR
849:S2CID
771:S2CID
741:(PDF)
627:S2CID
619:JSTOR
573:(PDF)
548:(PDF)
478:2024
471:Epoch
464:1950
450:1582
388:45 BC
382:era.
344:Epoch
239:Libby
158:Ma BP
154:ka BP
121:"b2k"
92:Some
73:Usage
67:RCYBP
3170:Maya
2905:Yuga
2805:Eras
2787:Time
2601:Kali
2419:Wall
2260:Rumi
2212:Maya
2202:Inca
2152:Cham
1997:Zulu
1972:Tulu
1945:Thai
1886:Odia
1794:Jain
1740:Igbo
1728:Saka
1642:Saka
1604:Akan
1451:ISBN
1410:PMID
1362:2019
1340:2019
1313:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1170:PMID
1116:2019
1097:PMID
1033:PMID
956:ISSN
913:2018
887:2012
874:ISBN
650:ISBN
581:2024
560:ISBN
434:and
423:AD 1
404:1 BC
106:and
2446:Era
2374:Pax
1575:ISO
1400:PMC
1392:doi
1388:109
1269:doi
1162:doi
1150:109
1130:at
1087:PMC
1079:doi
1075:109
1017:doi
1005:110
948:doi
841:doi
806:doi
763:doi
708:doi
611:doi
552:doi
414:in
243:raw
241:or
215:to
135:YAP
39:YBP
3573::
3106:,
1408:.
1398:.
1386:.
1382:.
1301:;
1290:^
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1255:.
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954:.
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934:.
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847:.
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827:.
804:.
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792:.
769:.
761:.
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704:89
702:.
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625:.
617:.
607:50
605:.
589:^
558:.
526:.
520:.
467:–
219:.
164:.
109:ad
103:bc
100:,
98:bp
31:BP
3125:)
3121:(
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843::
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808::
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